No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Design method for individualised 3D printed lattice shoe midsoles
Abstract
Additive manufacturing has enabled the production of individualised 3D printed shoe soles with improved properties. A promising approach is to use lattice structures that have high energy absorption properties and low weight. A design method of a cellular shoe midsole with optimised strut diameters of lattice structures is proposed. The shoe sole model is obtained by re-modelling a 3D scan of a foot to ensure a customised fit. The optimisation of strut thicknesses is based on a simplified stress distribution acting on the shoe sole during walking or running, using finite element simulations. Therefore, the optimal strut thickness for each region of the sole can be determined and adjusted. Two types of lattice structures with different topology and thus significant variations in stiffness are chosen, resulting in a wide range of required strut thicknesses. The developed design process allowed for the creation of a 3D printed shoe sole with improved strut thicknesses and a customised fit. The resulting cellular shoe soles are additively manufactured and experimental compressive tests are conducted to investigate the mechanical behaviour and differences between the shoe soles with the corresponding lattice types. The results show that both shoe soles have a similar behaviour under compression. The design tool developed has the potential to improve foot health and comfort, especially for people with foot problems, as all parameters affecting the performance of a shoe sole can be adjusted. However, more research is needed to fully understand the durability and performance of these shoe soles in real-world conditions.
... Recently, Major et al. (2021); Hössinger-Kalteis et al. (2024) have explored the potential of utilizing the SLS process to produce structures with enhanced fatigue lifetime for applications such as shoe soles. Improving the fatigue performance requires first developing a computational methodology that e!ciently predicts the fatigue lifetime of a given structure, and then optimizing the latter via adequate techniques. ...
... Several models were proposed in the literature such as: viscoelastic (VE) Bird and Carreau (1968), Shaw and MacKnight (2018), elastoviscoplastic (EVP) Van Dommelen et al. (2003), Uchida and Tada (2013), Johnsen et al. (2019), and viscoelastic-viscoplastic (VEVP) Hasan and Boyce (1995), Frank and Brockman (2001), Miled et al. (2011). In this paper, we adopt the latter VEVP model because it is rather general (it encompasses VE and EVP models), is applicable to SLS printed materials such as polyurethane (TPU) -Hössinger- Kalteis et al. (2024)-and was extended to damage coupling by Krairi et al. (2016) (and this will be useful in a future publication about fatigue modeling). The chosen material model must be integrated within a computational strategy that enables to simulate the response of structures made of inelastic materials and subjected to large numbers of loading cycles. ...
The numerical simulation of the high cycle response of solids and structures made of thermoplastic polymers is challenging because those materials exhibit a complex viscoelastic-viscoplastic (VEVP) behavior and even under large numbers of loading cycles, they continue to dissipate energy and feature a frequency dependent response. On the one hand classical simplified methods based on linear elasticity are not applicable, and on the other hand direct structural analyses with VEVP material models are so computationally prohibitive that they are not possible in practice. In this article, a computationally efficient hybrid formulation is proposed. The structure is first computed as being purely VE, using a recently proposed formulation based on Laplace-Carson transform (LCT) and its numerical inversion, and enabling to compute accurate strain and stress fields at a very reduced cost, which is also independent of the number of cycles. Next, the VEVP solution at any points of interest is computed with a time homogenization formulation which uses fast and slow time scales and asymptotic time expansions to compute complete solutions at extremely limited cost. An experimentally identified TPU material and a 3D lattice are used for the numerical simulations. Predictions of the hybrid formulation are compared against reference VEVP solutions and their accuracy verified. Numerical simulations for one million cycles are presented and the low computational cost of the hybrid formulation illustrated. The underlying assumptions of the hybrid formulation linking the VE results with the VEVP calculations are discussed. The proposal lays the foundation for the time and space multiscale modeling and simulation of the high cycle fatigue of thermoplastic solids and structures.
Conventional corrective insoles for flatfoot individuals traditionally utilise solid arch support to prevent the collapse of medial longitudinal arch. Such design restricts the foot arch compression and recoil in stance phase and increases the expanded energy during gait. In this study, a novel customised design insole was designed and manufactured using person's 3D foot scans. A novel elastic mesh pad was implemented in the mid-insole to replace the conventional solid arch support. The new insoles were tested in standard straight gait laboratory trials. The kinematic analysis showed that the novel insoles improved foot arch compression and recoil in stance phase with flatfooted individuals. Finally, the new insoles were provided to the participants to be habitually worn during a prolonged period of daily usage. The obtained gait analysis results and user feedback indicate strongly that the novel insoles provide improved comfort, static and dynamic balance, and arch support in stance phase. In summary, the new insoles show substantive potential in addressing the shortcomings of the widely used passive support ones while providing less restrictive and effective dynamic support.
This study introduces a design procedure for improving an individual’s footwear comfort with body weight index and activity requirements by customized three-dimensional (3D)-printed shoe midsole lattice structure. This method guides the selection of customized 3D-printed fabrications incorporating both physical and geometrical properties that meet user demands. The analysis of the lattice effects on minimizing the stress on plantar pressure was performed by initially creating various shoe midsole lattice structures designed. An appropriate common 3D printable material was selected along with validating its viscoelastic properties using finite element analysis. The lattice structure designs were analyzed under various loading conditions to investigate the suitability of the method in fabricating a customized 3D-printed shoe midsole based on the individual’s specifications using a single material with minimum cost, time, and material use.
Cellular materials, especially foams, are widely used in several applications because of their special mechanical, electrical and thermal properties. Their properties are determined by three factors: bulk material properties, cell topology and shape as well as relative density. The bulk material properties include the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of the matrix. The cell topology determines if the foam exhibits stretch or bending dominated behaviour. The relative density corresponds to the foaming degree. It is defined by the cell edge length and cell wall thickness. Especially for the linear elastic properties there are many different modelling approaches. In general, these methods can be divided into two groups namely direct modelling, e.g. analytical and finite element models and constitutive modelling, e.g. models which are generated through homogenization methods. This paper presents an overview of the different modelling methods for foams. Furthermore, sensitivity studies are presented which enable the comparison of the models with regard to the estimation of the elastic properties, show the limits of those models and enable the investigation of the influence of the above mentioned factors on the elastic properties. Selected models are validated with experimental data of a low density foam regarding the Young’s modulus.
Multi-stable structures are able to achieve significant geometric change and retain specific deformed configurations after the loads have been removed. This reconfiguration property enables, for example, to design metamaterials with tunable features. In this work, a type of multi-stable metastructures exhibiting both level and tilted stable configurations is proposed based on 2D and 3D arrangements of bi-stable elements. The resulting level and tilted configurations are enabled by the rotational compliance, bi-stability and spatial arrangement of unit cells. The bi-stability of the unit cells and multi-stability of the metastructures are demonstrated and characterized by experiments and finite element analysis. Results show that transitions between level stable configurations are symmetric in terms of load–deflection response while switching to the tilted stable configurations leads to asymmetric mechanical responses. The tilted stable configurations are less stable than the level configurations. Moreover, we demonstrate that the level and tilted stable configurations of the metastructure depend on the parallel and serial arrangement of the unit cells.
Designs with adjustable gradient modulus have become necessary for applications with special demands such as diabetic insole, in which the contact stress between the foot and insole is a critical factor for ulcers development. However, since the adjustment of elastic modulus on certain regions of insole can hardly be achieved via materials selection, a porous structural unit with varying porosity becomes a feasible way. Therefore, porous structural units associated with adjustable effective modulus and porosity can be employed to construct such insoles by 3D printing manufacturing technology. This paper presents a study on the porous structural units in terms of the geometrical parameters, porosity, and their correlations with the effective modulus. To achieve this goal, finite element analyses were carried out on porous structural units, and mechanical tests were carried out on the 3D printed samples for validation purposes. In this case, the mathematical relationships between the effective modulus and the key geometrical parameters were derived and subsequently employed in the construction of an insole model. This study provides a generalized foundation of porous structural design and adjustable gradient modulus in application of diabetic insole, which can be equally applied to other designs with similar demands. Keywords: Adjustable gradient modulus, Porous structures, Diabetic insoles, 3D printing
Based on lightweight design concepts, lattices are increasingly considered as internal structures. This work deals with the simulation of periodically constructed lattices to characterize their behaviour under different loadings considering various material models. A thermo-mechanical analysis was done, which is resulting in negative CLTE-values (Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion). Simulations with linear-elastic behaviour were evaluated regarding the tensile, compression and shear modulus and the Poisson’s ratio. Some of the investigated structures behave auxetic. Beside the linear elastic behaviour, also the hyper-elastic and visco-elastic behaviour of some structures were investigated. Furthermore, elasto-plastic simulations were performed where the applied loading was biaxial. As a result the initial yield surfaces were presented. The individual RVEs (Representative Volume Elements) can be utilized for different areas of application dependent on the used materials.
Current selection of cushioning materials for therapeutic footwear and orthoses is based on empirical and anecdotal evidence. The aim of this investigation is to assess the biomechanical properties of carefully selected cushioning materials and to establish the basis for patient-specific material optimisation. For this purpose, bespoke cushioning materials with qualitatively similar mechanical behaviour but different stiffness were produced. Healthy volunteers were asked to stand and walk on materials with varying stiffness and their capacity for pressure reduction was assessed. Mechanical testing using a surrogate heel model was employed to investigate the effect of loading on optimum stiffness. Results indicated that optimising the stiffness of cushioning materials improved pressure reduction during standing and walking by at least 16 and 19% respectively. Moreover, the optimum stiffness was strongly correlated to body mass (BM) and body mass index (BMI), with stiffer materials needed in the case of people with higher BM or BMI. Mechanical testing confirmed that optimum stiffness increases with the magnitude of compressive loading. For the first time, this study provides quantitative data to support the importance of stiffness optimisation in cushioning materials and sets the basis for methods to inform optimum material selection in the clinic.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10439-017-1826-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
The insole shape and the resulting plantar stress distribution have a pivotal impact on overall health. In this paper, by Finite Element Method, maximum stress value and stress distribution of plantar were studied for different insoles designs, which are the flat surface and the custom-molded (conformal) surface. Moreover, insole thickness, heel’s height, and different materials were used to minimize the maximum stress and achieve the most uniform stress distribution. The foot shape and its details used in this paper were imported from online CT-Scan images. Results show that the custom-molded insole reduced maximum stress 40% more than the flat surface insole. Upon increase of thickness in both insole types, stress distribution becomes more uniform and maximum stress value decreases up to 10%; however, increase of thickness becomes ineffective above a threshold of 1 cm. By increasing heel height (degree of insole), maximum stress moves from heel to toes and becomes more uniform. Therefore, this scenario is very helpful for control of stress in 0.2° to 0.4° degrees for custom-molded insole and over 1° for flat insole. By changing the material of the insole, the value of maximum stress remains nearly constant. The custom-molded (conformal) insole which has 0.5 to 1 cm thickness and 0.2° to 0.4° degrees is found to be the most compatible form for foot.
Shoe soles are extremely complex to design and manufacture due to their organically shaped but technically precise nature and their manufacturing constraints. Consequently, there is a need for the increased design process flexibility offered by the use of specific CAD methodologies and techniques, to facilitate the work of expert designers and permit effective construction of the three-dimensional elements comprising the complete structure. Recent advances in additive manufacturing systems have extended the possibilities of shoe sole design. These systems can be used to create the final mould and to incorporate dynamic elements that are of particular value in sports footwear. In this article, we present a new methodology for the design and validation of shoe soles. The methodology assists designers in the design concept process and in transfer of the design to manufacturing. The model incorporates both a structural and a functional approach. To this end, a set of specific tools have been developed that can be used to quantify design quality. For example, the model calculates the coefficient of friction, or slip resistance, necessary to comply with international standards concerning safety footwear.
3D scanning is a potential technology for creating individualized products. It is used in various fields such as medicine, clothing manufacture, footwear manufacture, etc. The last mentioned field has gained a growing interest in recent years. The foot is regarded as an important part of human body. Footwear fit, is one of the main factors for consumer on purchasing shoes in the daily life decisions. Designing footwear is a very complex process. Traditional footwear design begins with a plan to sketch patterns and designs in scale drawings. The paper sketches are done by hand, or on computer-aided software, but it can be a mix of both technologies. In this paper we are going to present a full cycle of footwear production, starting from 3D foot scanning, to 3D shoes designing, 2D patterns extraction, till the production of the custom shoes. The system, explained in these work will give the opportunity to individual clients to produce their own shoes prototype. We are going to use the 3D printing technology to produce custom shoes. These will help people, which have feet problems with standard shoes available in the market creating their own shoe last. Also, it will be possible to create sample prototypes and refining the same for both functionality and aesthetics.
Mechanical properties of materials have long been one of the most fundamental and studied areas of materials science for a myriad of applications. Recently, mechanical metamaterials have been shown to possess extraordinary effective properties, such as negative dynamic modulus and/or density, phononic bandgaps, superior thermoelectric properties, and high specific energy absorption. To obtain such materials on appropriate length scales to enable novel mechanical devices, it is often necessary to effectively design and fabricate micro-/nano- structured materials. In this Review, various aspects of the micro-/nano-structured materials as mechanical metamaterials, potential tools for their multidimensional fabrication, and selected methods for their structural and performance characterization are described, as well as some prospects for the future developments in this exciting and emerging field.
The idea of mass customization is to turn customers’ heterogeneous needs into an opportunity to create value, challenging the “one size fits all” assumption of traditional mass production. In this paper, we explore the characteristics of successful mass customization implementation at the example of the footwear industry, using the method of a single case study of mi adidas, the mass customization initiative of one of the largest global sport brands. We will start with a brief overview of the mass customization concept and introduce a framework of three strategic capabilities that make mass customization work. We will then discuss the situation of the athletic footwear industry and different approaches to mass customization in this industry. The main part of this chapter will focus on the development of mi adidas, the central customization offering of Adidas. The paper ends with a reflection of the development of mass customization at Adidas.
Evidence for preventive strategies to lessen running injuries is needed as these occur in 40%-50% of runners on an annual basis. Many factors influence running injuries, but strong evidence for prevention only exists for training modification primarily by reducing weekly mileage. Two anatomical factors - cavus feet and leg length inequality - demonstrate a link to injury. Weak evidence suggests that orthotics may lessen risk of stress fracture, but no clear evidence proves they will reduce the risk of those athletes with leg length inequality or cavus feet. This article reviews other potential injury variables, including strength, biomechanics, stretching, warm-up, nutrition, psychological factors, and shoes. Additional research is needed to determine whether interventions to address any of these will help prevent running injury.
Mechanical meta-material structures (MMS) are designed structures with mechanical properties not found in ordinary materials. MMS can now be created far more easily using digital manufacturing. We explore how different MMS can be combined, through the design of a shoe sole. Thereby showing the potential of using MMS to create personalized and sustainable footwear. We analysed the phenomenon of foot deformation and mapped different structures with different behaviours to meet the needs of different feet. Consequently, a shoe sole was generated by an algorithm and 3D printed in one single material with multiple properties (e.g. stiff and soft) and responsive behaviour, making it easy to recycle. We report the design phases which required using six types of software. Our findings reflect the complexity of this process given the limited availability of software tools that support it. We conclude with a list of requirements regarding tools to further explore MMS.
The footwear industry has been experiencing a rapid growth with a constant demand for new and comfortable models of footwear by its consumers. In response to this challenge, a sole with innovative cushioning system, dedicated to a casual segment of sports shoes and aimed at the female audience, was designed. This work reports the shoe sole design process and the study of its behavior under the action of loads equivalent to the human walk. The initial study of the foot and its role in the biomechanics of gait allowed identifying the regions that suffer the most pressure and need more cushioning. Based on that, the selected concept uses a system whose cushioning would be provided by the compression of the sole structure on the most affected areas of the foot during gait. The work focused on the bi- and three-dimensional design of the sole and cushioning system, using 3D scanners, 3D modeling and rendering software, and finite element analysis. In terms of material selection, through the application of loads to the heel and toe sole parts, simulating the human walk, and the use of different types of natural rubber and styrene-butadiene rubber materials, the von Mises stresses and the sample surfaces displacement were analyzed so that it was possible to suggest the most adequate materials and possible design changes. Samples with three rubber mixtures were produced and evaluated through impact tests. It was possible to verify that the most suitable rubber for the shoe sole would be the one that presented low rigidity and high yield strength. Ethylene vinyl acetate was also proposed as a shoe material, taking into account its low density. From the impact tests, it was concluded that the material with a better commitment between the damping and resilience properties is a natural rubber polymer-based mixture that was selected for the industrial production.
Purpose
Fast-changing customer demands and rising requirements in product performance constantly challenge sports equipment manufacturers to come up with new and improved products to stay competitive. Additive manufacturing (AM), also referred to as 3D printing, can enhance the development of new products by providing an efficient approach of rapid prototyping. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the current adoption of AM technologies in the innovation process of the sports industry, i.e. level of awareness; how it is implemented; and it impact on the innovation process.
Design/methodology/approach
This work followed a qualitative research approach. After conducting a research of the current literature, this paper presents findings that include case studies from different companies, as well as a semi-structured interview with an outdoor sports equipment manufacturer. Companies from all over the world and of different sizes from under 100 employees to over 70,000 employees were considered in this research.
Findings
Literature research shows that AM brings many possibilities to enhance the innovation process, and case studies indicated several obstacles that hinder the technology from fully unfolding. AM is still at the early stage of entering the sports equipment industry and its potential benefits have not been fully exploited yet. The findings generated from the research of real-life practices show that AM provides several benefits when it comes to the innovation process, such as a faster development process, an optimised output, as well as the possibility to create new designs. However, companies are not yet able to enhance the innovation process in a way that leads to new products and new markets with AM. Limitations, including a small range of process able material and an inefficient mass production, still restrain the technology and lead to unused capability. Nevertheless, future prospects indicate the growing importance of AM in the innovation process and show that its advancement paves the way to new and innovative products.
Research limitations/implications
Limitations exist in the qualitative approach of this study, which does not include the quantitative verification of the results.
Originality/value
Very few studies have been conducted to investigate how firms can harvest AM to increase their innovation capabilities. How firms can use AM to shorten product development time is an emerging topic in business and operations but has not been studied widely. This paper aims to address this gap.
Mechanical metamaterials exhibit properties and functionalities that cannot be realized in conventional materials. Originally, the field focused on achieving unusual (zero or negative) values for familiar mechanical parameters, such as density, Poisson's ratio or compressibility, but more recently, new classes of metamaterials — including shape-morphing, topological and nonlinear metamaterials — have emerged. These materials exhibit exotic functionalities, such as pattern and shape transformations in response to mechanical forces, unidirectional guiding of motion and waves, and reprogrammable stiffness or dissipation. In this Review, we identify the design principles leading to these properties and discuss, in particular, linear and mechanism-based metamaterials (such as origami-based and kirigami-based metamaterials), metamaterials harnessing instabilities and frustration, and topological metamaterials. We conclude by outlining future challenges for the design, creation and conceptualization of advanced mechanical metamaterials.
In brief: This retrospective survey of the clinical records of 1,650 patients seen from 1978 to 1980 identified 1,819 injuries. Almost 60% of the patients were men, but women under age 30 had the greatest risk of overuse running injuries. The knee was the most commonly injured site, and patellofemoral pain syndrome was the most common injury. Most patients had moderate to severe degrees of varus alignment and subsequent overpronation. Because certain injuries were more frequent in one sex or the other, the authors say future studies should differentiate injuries by sex.
Several spring-damper-mass models of the human body have been developed in order to reproduce the measured ground vertical reaction forces during human running (McMahon and Cheng, 1990; Ferris et al., 1999; Liu and Nigg, 2000). In particular, Liu and Nigg introduced at the lower level of their model, i.e. at the interface between the human body and the ground, a nonlinear element representing simultaneously the shoe midsoles and the ground flexibility. The ground reaction force is modelled as the force supported by this nonlinear element, whose parameters are identified from several sets of experimental data. This approach proved to be robust and quite accurate. However, it does not explicitly take into account the shoe and the ground properties. It turns out to be impossible to study the influence of shoe materials on the impact force, for instance for footwear design purposes. In this paper, a modification of the Liu and Nigg's model is suggested, where the original nonlinear element is replaced with a bi-layered spring-damper-mass model: the first layer represents the shoe midsole and the second layer is associated with the ground. Ground is modelled as an infinite elastic half-space. We have assumed a viscoelastic behaviour of the shoe material, so the damping of shoe material is taken into account. A methodology for the shoe-soles characterization is proposed and used together with the proposed model. A parametric study is then conducted and the influence of the shoe properties on the impact force is quantified. Moreover, it is shown that impact forces are strongly affected by the ground stiffness, which should therefore be considered as an essential parameter in the footwear design.
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Calgary, 1995. Includes bibliographical references.
It has been frequently reported that vertical impact force peaks during running change only minimally when changing the midsole hardness of running shoes. However, the underlying mechanism for these experimental observations is not well understood. An athlete has various possibilities to influence external and internal forces during ground contact (e.g. landing velocity, geometrical alignment, muscle tuning, etc.). The purpose of this study was to discuss one possible strategy to influence external impact forces acting on the athlete's body during running, the strategy to change muscle activity (muscle tuning). The human body was modeled as a simplified mass-spring-damper system. The model included masses of the upper and the lower bodies with each part of the body represented by a rigid and a non-rigid wobbling mass. The influence of mechanical properties of the human body on the vertical impact force peak was examined by varying the spring constants and damping coefficients of the spring-damper units that connected the various masses. Two types of shoe soles were modeled using a non-linear force deformation model with two sets of parameters based on the force-deformation curves of pendulum impact experiments. The simulated results showed that the regulation of the mechanical coupling of rigid and wobbling masses of the human body had an influence on the magnitude of the vertical impact force, but not on its loading rate. It was possible to produce the same impact force peaks altering specific mechanical properties of the system for a soft and a hard shoe sole. This regulation can be achieved through changes of joint angles, changes in joint angular velocities and/or changes in muscle activation levels in the lower extremity. Therefore, it has been concluded that changes in muscle activity (muscle tuning) can be used as a possible strategy to affect vertical impact force peaks during running.
Simple spring-damper-mass models have been widely used to simulate human locomotion. However, most previous models have not accounted for the effect of non-rigid masses (wobbling masses) on impact forces. A simple mechanical model of the human body developed in this study included the upper and lower bodies with each part represented by a rigid and a wobbling mass. Spring-damper units connected different masses to represent the stiffness and damping between the upper and lower bodies, and between the rigid and wobbling masses. The simulated impact forces were comparable to experimentally measured impact forces. Trends in changes of the impact forces due to changes in touch-down velocity reported in previous studies could be reproduced with the model. Simulated results showed that the impact force peaks increased with increasing rigid or wobbling masses of the lower body. The ratio of mass distribution between the rigid and wobbling mass in the lower body was also shown to affect the impact force peak, for example, the impact force peak increased with increasing rigid contribution. The variation in the masses of upper body was shown to have a minimum effect on the impact force peak, but a great effect on the active force peak (the second peak in the ground reaction force). Future studies on the dynamics and neuro-muscular control of human running are required to take into consideration the influence of individual variation in lower body masses and mass distribution.
To maintain and improve foot environment that forms the basis of everyday life of the elderly is an important issue not only from the viewpoint to provide support for functional capacity, but also to maintain the quality of life (QOL) of the elderly.
To determine the effects of shoe-fitting guidance and wearing shoes with custom-made insoles (CMI) on improving the health-related QOL of community-living elderly women. Methods: Seventy-nine healthy women who lived in an urban community aged 65-92 years were allocated randomly to a control group (n = 40; mean age +/- SD 75.0 +/- 5.1 years) or an intervention group (n = 39; mean age +/- SD 75.5 +/- 6.0 years). The intervention group was given detail guidance on shoe fitting and asked to wear shoes with CMI for 1 month. The control group had a 30-min lecture on better ways of choosing shoes. The QOL was assessed using the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36).
No significant differences in baseline measurements were observed between the two groups in all 10 scores of the SF-36 (8 domains and 2 summary scores). After intervention, the two groups differed significantly in three domains: mental health, bodily pain, and general health (p < 0.05). In comparing the mean baseline and postintervention SF-36 scores, the control group showed no significant differences in all 10 scores. On the other hand, the intervention group improved in five domains and two summary scores, i.e., vitality and mental component summary (p < 0.05), role physical, general health perceptions, role emotional and physical component summary (p < 0.01), and mental health (p = 0.0003). The intervention was markedly effective not only in the physical but also in the mental aspect.
Wearing shoes with CMI adjusted to individual feet significantly improves the health-related QOL, including both physical and mental aspects in community-living elderly women.
Footwear sole incorporating a lattice structure
- C Fusco
Fusco C. Footwear sole incorporating a lattice structure. US
Patent US6763611B1, July 2004.
Synergetic building construction. US Patent
- R B Fuller
Fuller RB. Synergetic building construction. US Patent
US2986241A, May 1961.
The next revolution in mass customization: An insight into the sneaker market
- V B Graciá
- K Winkelheus
- Graciá VB
Graciá VB and Winkelheus K. The next revolution in mass
customization: An insight into the sneaker market. Int J Adv
Media Comm 2016; 4: 85-104.
3D printing for foot
- Isr Bathula
- Virupakshi
- H Mali
- Bathula ISR
Bathula ISR, Virupakshi, H Mali. 3D printing for foot. MOJ
Proteomics Bioinform 2017; 5: 165-169.
Custom shoe sole design and modeling toward 3D printing
- A Zolfagharian
- M Lakhi
- S Ranjbar
- Zolfagharian A
A novel 3D printed personalised insole for improvement of flat foot arch compression and recoil – preliminary study
- C W Hu
- C T Nguyen
- D Hölbling
- Hu CW
Development of a rubber sole with an integral cushioning system for casual sport shoes
- H Cardoso
- M Guimarães
- L Lopes
- Cardoso H
Unlocking innovation in the sport industry through additive manufacturing
- M Meier
- K Tan
- M K Lim
- Meier M