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New woodlands are boosting the Shetland Islands' sawfly diversity (Hymenoptera: Symphyta: Tenthredinidae)
Abstract
Five species of sawfly are recorded for the first time from the Shetland Islands, four of which were found in a planted woodland first established in 1996. All five use shrubs and trees as larval hosts: two are attached to Alnus Mill., and three exclusively or mainly to Salix L. Whereas the Alnus -feeders have almost certainly been introduced to Shetland, the history of the Salix -feeders in the archipelago is unclear. Pristiphora sermola Liston, 1993, is faunistically noteworthy, having previously been recorded in the British Isles from only two localities in the Scottish mainland. With these additions, the known sawfly fauna of Shetland now comprises 13 established species, with one more needing confirmation.
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North-Western Palaearctic species of Pristiphora Latreille, 1810 are revised. Altogether, 90 species are treated, two of which are described as new: P.caraganae Vikberg & Prous, sp. n. from Finland and P.dedeara Liston & Prous, sp. n. from Germany. Host plant of P.caraganae is Caraganaarborescens Lam. Pristiphoradasiphorae (Zinovjev, 1993) (previously known from East Palaearctic) and P.cadma Wong & Ross, 1960 (previously known from North America) are recorded for the first time from Europe. Nematusnigricans Eversmann, 1847 [= Pristiphoranigricans (Eversmann, 1847), comb. n. ], N.breviusculus Eversmann, 1847 [= Euuramelanocephalus (Hartig, 1837)], and N.caudalis Eversmann, 1847 [= E.caudalis (Eversmann, 1847), comb. n. ] are removed from synonymy with P.pallidiventris (Fallén, 1808), N.paralellus Hartig, 1840 [= P.paralella (Hartig, 1840), comb. n. ] is removed from synonymy with P.bufo (Brischke, 1883), and P.mesatlantica Lacourt, 1976 is removed from synonymy with P.insularis Rohwer, 1910. The following 29 new synonymies are proposed: P.nigropuncticeps Haris, 2002, syn. n. with P.albitibia (Costa, 1859); Lygaeonematuskarvoneni Lindqvist, 1952, syn. n. with P.alpestris (Konow, 1903); P. (P.) anivskiensis Haris, 2006, syn. n. with P.appendiculata (Hartig, 1837); Nematuscanaliculatus Hartig, 1840, syn. n with P.carinata (Hartig, 1837); P.nigrogroenblomi Haris, 2002, syn. n. with P.cincta Newman, 1837; Tenthredoflavipes Zetterstedt, 1838, syn. n. , Nematuscongener W.F. Kirby, 1882, syn. n. , and P.thomsoni Lindqvist, 1953, syn. n. with P.dochmocera (Thomson, 1871); P.atrata Lindqvist, 1975, syn. n. with P.friesei (Konow, 1904); P.gelida Wong, 1968, syn. n. with P.frigida (Boheman, 1865); Pachynematusnigricorpus Takagi, 1931, syn. n. with P.laricis (Hartig, 1837); Nematus (Pikonema) piceae Zhelochovtsev in Zhelochovtsev and Zinovjev, 1988, syn. n. and P. (P.) hoverlaensis Haris, 2001, syn. n. with P.leucopodia (Hartig, 1837); Mesoneuraarctica Lindqvist, 1959, syn. n. , Pachynematusincisus Lindqvist, 1970, syn. n. , Pachynematusintermedius Verzhutskii, 1974, syn. n. , and P.mongololaricis Haris, 2003, syn. n. with P.malaisei (Lindqvist, 1952); Nematusanderschi Zaddach, 1876, syn. n. , P.inocreata Konow, 1902, syn. n. , and P.discolor Lindqvist, 1975, syn. n. with P.nigricans (Eversmann, 1847); Lygaeonematustenuicornis Lindqvist, 1955, syn. n. with P.paralella (Hartig, 1840); Lygaeonematusconcolor Lindqvist, 1952, syn. n. with P.pseudocoactula (Lindqvist, 1952); P.flavipicta Lindqvist, 1975, syn. n. , P.flavopleura Haris, 2002, syn. n. , P.mongoloexigua Haris, 2002, syn. n. , and P.mongolofausta Haris, 2003, syn. n. with P.punctifrons (Thomson, 1871); P.listoni Lacourt, 1998, syn. n. with P.sootryeni Lindqvist, 1955; P.gaunitzi Lindqvist, 1968, syn. n. with P.testacea (Jurine, 1807); and Nematusbreviusculus Eversmann, 1847, syn. n. with Euuramelanocephalus (Hartig, 1837). The valid name of Pachynematus (Pikonema) carpathiensis Haris, 2001 is Nematinuscarpathiensis (Haris, 2001) comb. n. Lectotypes are designated for 43 taxa. An illustrated electronic key made with Lucid and a traditional dichotomous key are provided to facilitate identification of the species. Species belonging to the carinata (previously Lygaeotus ), micronematica (previously Lygaeophora ), and rufipes (also known as thalictri or aquilegiae ) groups are not keyed to the species level, because additional research is needed to delimit the species more reliably in these groups. Phylogeny of Pristiphora is reconstructed based on one mitochondrial (COI) and two nuclear (NaK and TPI) genes. Remarkably, around 50–60% (depending on the exclusion or inclusion of the carinata , micronematica , and rufipes groups) of the species cannot be reliably identified based on COI barcodes. Limited data from nuclear genes indicate a better identification potential (about 20% remain problematic).
http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.59.12565
The nine sawfly species known from the Shetland Islands are listed, with some new
data, including the first records of sawflies from Fair Isle.
Keywords: Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Shetland Islands, Fair Isle, United Kingdom
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