Available via license: CC BY 4.0
Content may be subject to copyright.
Industrial Engineering
2024, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 13-19
https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ie.20240801.12
*Corresponding author:
Received: 9 September 2024; Accepted: 25 September 2024; Published: 29 October 2024
Copyright: © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group. This is an Open Access article, distributed
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which
permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Research Article
Evaluation of Modified Conventional Still Distiller Using
Coupled External Passive Condenser: An Experimental
Study
Omolara Oni1 , Hamzah Adams2 , Raphael Oguike1, *
1Corrosion Protection and Materials Science Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University
Bauchi, Bauchi, Nigeria
2Statistics Department, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, Bauchi, Nigeria
Abstract
Solar radiation plays an important part in the desalination of saline water owing to its abundance in areas with potable water
shortage and it also occupies a paramount place in green energy generation due to its simplicity of application. Still distiller is
viewed by researchers as a suitable source of potable water because of low cost of fabrication, easy operation and zero emission
technology. Studies by researchers are geared towards exploring new models to improve the productivity of solar stills and
enhance its production rate is ongoing. The main aspiration of this work is to experiment the consequence of introducing a
passive condenser to a modified conventional solar still to enhance its productivity yield. It was observed that the modified
passive still distiller coupled with the external condenser gave about 11.85% higher production yield in comparison with the
modified conventional still distiller. Daily and accumulated distillate yield for the still distillers have been studied and analyzed.
The result of the findings revealed that sawdust padding around the still distillers is recommended to maximize productivity
leading to efficient water distillation in regions where that require still distiller usage. This recommendation has been seen to
produce the desired result in accessing to potable water within areas where water scarcity prevails. This is suggested to contribute
effectively bearing the cost ineffective water desalination technique.
Keywords
Modified Passive Still Distiller, Modified Conventional Still Distiller, Potable Water, Solar Radiation, Sawdust, Distillate
1. Introduction
The access to potable water to meet global demand has
been on the decline despite the earth’s abundant water bodies
and is among global challenges. Scarcity of potable water is
listed as the sustainable development goal of the United
Nations (UN) which pose a threat to millions of people around
the world today due to urbanization, growing population,
industrial demand and contamination of water resources,
meteorological conditions, etc. [1-4]. Remote settlements arid
regions, especially in the sub-Saharan are characterized by
below the poverty line populations that live with poor
geographical accessibility [5, 6] Although demand for potable
water in such areas is paramount to sustain population growth
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which drives the agricultural activity. In such areas, the water
resource is limited to seawater, deep groundwater and
blackish water which cannot be directly used for potable
water because of contaminants [7]. Therefore, purification of
the contaminated water is in lockstep with freshwater and
drinkable water availability for the populace in such regions.
Several techniques known for water purification systems such
as reverse osmosis, electro-dialysis, vacuum distillation,
Nano-filtration, multi-effect distillation, solar distillation etc.
are engaged around the globe [8, 9]. Most techniques’
reliance on fossil fuels with attendant emission of greenhouse
gases pose a challenge to the environment.
Desalination is a reliable approach to generate potable
water for societal usage considering the abundance of
non-potable water and solar desalination technology with
ecofriendly benefits including minimal maintenance
requirements, insignificant environmental impact, zero
emission of greenhouse gases, powered by solar energy which
improves process sustainability and ease of fabrication have a
promising future [10-13]. Desalination of saline water with
still distillers represents a practical way of solving potable
water scarcity problem in regions where solar radiation is
readily available. Researcher have presented several
modifications to solar still in a bid to better its performance on
daily yield such as single slope, single slope with solar
collector, pyramid shaped, double slope with condenser,
tubular shaped, hemispherical shaped, multi-slopes, vertical
inclined stills, heat storage with different phase change
material (PCM), amongst others [14-17]. According to Tuly et
al. [18], the improvement in potable water production using
double slope modified still distiller coupled with external
condenser, fin and wick with PCM in a comparative
assessment of modified, and traditional still distillers. The
authors investigated the mutual contribution of the solid
rectangular fin coated with paraffin wax as the thermal
storage of the system while the wick material was black cotton
cloth. Their results showed daily potable water productivity
rate of 3.07 for modified still distiller, 2.70 for finned, and
2.46 L/m2 for traditional solar still. They opined that with the
inclusion of an external condenser, the productivity rate was
boosted with about 10%. Researchers have tried to improve
the unpredictable pattern of solar radiation as regards the still
distiller by involving several thermal storage systems with
coupled PCM for improved still distiller performance. The
study by Abdullah et al. [19], experimented the daily output
for conventional absorber still distiller against convex still
absorber distiller using nano black paint, different wick
materials, and nano PCM. Their work suggested a linear
relationship between the convex height and daily productivity
implying that by increasing convex height, productivity
increases till an optimum height of 15 cm after which a
decline was observed. They proposed that the wick material
had a superior performance than the jute while the jute had
better function than the cotton. Result obtained from their
study revealed convex height of about 15 cm with jute wick
recorded a 54% improved performance than conventional still
distiller.
Benhammou and Y. Sahli [20], studied the efficiency of
heat storage system that is coupled with double glazing solar
collector which provided stored latent heat to single slope
solar still. This setup is modelled to work autonomously and
continuously throughout the day with results indicating
increased productivity for daily and nocturnal yield to be at
63% and 635% respectively as compared to the conventional
systems. They proposed that increasing the PCM mass, the
solar radiation absorption is negatively affected even at
optimum tilt angle of 15ᵒ for stills distillers. Eltawil and
Omara [21] investigated the performance of still distillers
fabricated with flat plate solar collectors, solar air collector,
external condenser, and perforated tubes. They suggested that
the increased production yield of 51% was attained because
the external condenser gave more surface area for
condensation while the still distiller installed with water solar
collector and condenser showed greater performance of a 104%
increase. However, still distillers installed with external
sources of heat generation such as with hot water spray and
hot air better increased their performance coupled with a
condenser recorded high performance over conventional solar
still by 148%.
Abdullaha et al., [22], researched the effect of installing
internal reflectors and the impacts of different surface coating
materials like a mixture of black paint and copper oxide
nanoparticles (CuO Np) on tray distiller productivity. Their
work proposed that heat transfer mechanism could enhance in
the still distiller if appropriate surface coating material is used.
They evaluated the influence on still distiller performance
when paraffin wax is mixed with CuO Np as a PCM with
obtained results revealing daily productivity yield of 57% for
reflectors, 14% for CuO Np in paint, 70.7% for reflectors and
nano-coating, and 108% nano coating and PCM with CuO Np
when compared with the conventional still distiller. A study
by Sharshira et al. [23], on the use of linen wicks and carbon
black nanoparticle to improve the still distiller performance
by varying evaporation surface area and improved heat
transfer for stepped double slope solar still. Both the exergy
and energy calculation for the convection and evaporation
efficiency for each different still distiller modification was
analyzed and found to increase daily efficiency proficiency.
The experimental work by Abdel-Aziz et al. [24], investigated
the effect of introducing an electric heater powered by solar
radiation to traditional solar still using paraffin wax as PCM
positioned beneath the still distillers’ basin. Their work
reports enhanced productivity of the modified still distiller at
252.4% using electric heater regulated at temperature of 65°C
during spring season while 214.5% greater performance
during the summer at same conditions. They further
elaborated their study to incorporate economic importance of
the proposed still distiller using the knowledge of cost per litre
of the produced potable water and resolved that the still
distiller using an electric heater 65°C exhibited higher
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exergoeconomic value compared to the traditional one.
Kabeel and Abdelgaied [25], assessed the effectiveness of
parabolic trough concentrator attached to a solar still which
was controlled by oil heat exchanger and phase change
material. Their report concluded that the solar still design
exhibited 140.4% superior efficiency than normal traditional
still distiller. One of the factors affecting still distiller
performance is the top glass cover thickness and
Khechekhouche et al. [26], studied the impact of glass cover
thickness on the performance of traditional still distiller using
three (3) different glass thickness. They proposed that solar
radiation passes through the top glass cover of the still distiller
in form of heat energy hence, the thinner the glass cover, the
better the performance while the greater the thickness, the
lower still distiller’s productivity. The results obtained in their
study revealed glass thickness of 3 mm as optimum still
distiller top glass thickness as it yielded better productivity in
the traditional still distiller as recorded efficiency were 30.71%
for 3 mm thickness, 19.02% for 5 mm, and 11.44% 6 mm.
Several solar still modification have been studied in recent
years in a bid to improve its performance in service. The
research work in view involves a systematic approach in
designing a still distiller with cost ineffectiveness
modifications in order to mitigate heat dissipation and
improve productivity yield. The present research evaluates
modified conventional single slope still distiller as a yardstick
for which the productivity of modified passive single slope
still distiller installed with an external condenser is evaluated.
Among the features included to the modified conventional
still distiller in a bid to reduce heat loss involve suspending its
water basin within the still distiller using sawdust of a few
inches depth as an insulator and an outer wooden frame
around the still distiller also filled with sawdust. However, to
enhance productivity, the research adopted a low-cost feature
to increase condensation rate process through the attached
passive hollow condenser as a concentrated effort geared
towards containing dissipation of heat and redelivering same
to elevate the systems’ temperature. The experiments were
conducted within the months of March and April 2024 in the
northern parts of Nigeria using the modified still distillers.
The graphic representation of the constructed stills distiller
used for experiments is shown in Figure 1 below.
Figure 1. Graphic representation of the constructed stills distiller.
2. Experimental Methodology
2.1. Working Principle
Still distillers engage solar energy to produce clean water
using heat energy acquired through suns’ radiation to
propagate evaporation and subsequent condensation process
[7]. The two core working principal forms of still distiller is
active and passive solar still depending on the heat generation
source used to evaporate the water in the basin. Heat
generation can be accessed directly from the suns radiation
(passive) and/ or generation of heat energy by some
mechanical techniques (active) [9]. Convectional still distiller
(CSD) grouped under the passive solar stills basically
comprises of a water basin, transparent glass cover and a
distillate collector. Several modifications have been added to
CSD by researchers to improve its performance in terms of
hourly yield and aesthetic design [1]. The simplicity of its
operation involves the sun’s incident rays transmitted through
the upper transparent glass top in a bid to increase temperature
of the basin containing either saline or brackish water within
the still distiller. The heated water then evaporates towards the
top glass cover where condensation takes place to water
droplets collected by the distillate collector. However, heat
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losses are known to occur during the condensation process in
form of heat released through latent heats and heat lost by
convection.
2.2. Design of the Experimental
The object of the experimental work here is to suggest a
novel design for still distiller in order to overcome the
prevalent heat losses associated with its operation in service.
To realize this aim, the system is fabricated with corrugated
iron sheets and partly imbedded with sawdust as an insulator
to mitigate heat losses. In addition, the surface area available
for condensation process is increased by coupling passive
external condenser to the still that might recycle latent heat of
condensation within the system. Condensation process is
enhanced by using 4 mm thick transparent glass cover which
also offer maximum access of solar radiation. For optimal
yield, the gas cover is inclined at angle of 12ᵒ to achieve
enhanced water droplet slide under gravity. Overall
dimensions and specifications for MPSD and MCSD are
recorded in Table 1. As seen in Table 1, the design geared
towards containment of heat within the system. Improvement
to the solar radiation absorption within the still distiller was
achieved by painting the base and sides with glossy black and
also black gravels were placed at the base to retain heat within
the basin. However, the passive condenser is painted white
within and outside as a reflector to external radiations with an
aluminum roof placed over the condenser to shade direct
sunrays. The distillate is collected through an inclined conduit
connected to 4L volumetric flask on a frame base. The
experiments were conducted in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
University Bauchi between the months of March and April
2024 from 7:30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m. on a daily basis. On March
30, 2024, experiments commenced with MPSD and MCSD
with total distillate volume measured for each day. A snapshot
of the experimental still distiller is shown in Figure 2.
A B
Figure 2. Snapshot of the Solar Stills (a) Modified Passive Still Distiller (b) Modified Convectional Still Distiller.
Table 1. Design specification of modified conventional still distiller (MCSD) and modified passive still distiller (MPSD).
Parameter
MCSD
MPSD
Solar still outer dimensions
1.0 m x 0.9 m
1.0 m x 0.9 m
Inside water basin dimensions
0.8 m x 0.7 m
0.8 m x 0.7 m
Depth of the still distiller
45 cm
45 cm
Water depth within the basin
8 cm
8 cm
The thickness of glass cover
0.4 cm
0.4 cm
Glass angle of inclination with the horizontal
12ᵒ
12ᵒ
Depth of the sawdust beneath the water basin
35 cm
35 cm
Thickness of the sawdust around the water basin
9 cm
9 cm
Distance of the water basin from top cover
25 cm
25 cm
Thickness of the sawdust around the still distiller
20 cm
20 cm
Thickness of the sawdust beneath the still distiller
30 cm
30 cm
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3. Results and Analysis
Purification of saline and/ or brackish or contaminated
water using still distiller is seen as an effective technique to
provide sufficient potable water for household usage and
reduce greenhouse gas emission involved in other techniques
of water purification [27]. Factors considered in increasing
evaporation and condensation process of the passive still
distiller are low-cost fabrication and design that will enhance
overall yield [28]. Data obtained from the study revealed that
MCSD which is the reference still distiller produced an
accumulated distillate totaling 30263.3 ml for the period of
the study while MPSD recorded total distillate yield of
33850.4 ml in the same period and conditions. The calculated
average showed that MPSD had better average percentage
yield of 11.85% for the period of experiments indicating that
modified still distillers using cost effective materials can serve
effectively as potable water source. According to Kabeel et al.
[2], enhancement of solar still performance is seen as a future
potable water solution in regions with saline or brackish water
due to its Eco-friendliness and ease of operation. As can be
clearly seen from Figure 3, MPSD had high rate of distillate
yield that fluctuated with weather conditions. The enhanced
productivity is attributed to attached passive condenser which
provided more condensation surface area and volume that
contained dissipated latent heat within the system. However,
as observed from the graph, the passive condenser
compartment had low yield of the distillate. The accumulated
distillate from the condenser totaled 1173.4 ml that is 3.5% of
MPSD output. Similarly, Ahmed et al. [29], in a study
reported an output of 27.4% from condenser compartment
which reveals that the design in this study did not produce at
optimal condenser efficiency. The low output is attributed
mainly to the design pattern and weather conditions during the
period of experiments. As seen in Figure 4, design of the
condenser got heated up with the sun’s radiation despite the
white paint that was intended to repel the radiations and its
overhead aluminum shade. The passive condenser however
did contribute to the overall total distillate yield for MPSD.
Figure 5 shows the comparison of the stills’ daily distillate
yield which clearly revealed fluctuations in daily distillate
yield from both MPSD and MCSD. This fluctuation could be
ascribed to environmental factors such as sun’s radiation,
wind velocity and weather conditions which is in agreement
with the work by Abdelgaied and Kabeel [13]. Perusal of
Figure 6 reveals highest daily distillate yield for MPSD was
obtained on day nine of the experimental study with a total
distillate volume of about 1.6 L/day with the second peak
recorded on the thirteenth day with a total distillate volume of
about 1.5 L/day. MCSD had the highest daily distillate yield
on day eight with about 1.7 L/day of the distillate collected.
This suggests that MCSD had higher distillate yield than
MPSD on few days a phenomenon that we ascribed to
environmental factors and weather conditions [30].
Figure 3. Comparison of production rate of daily distillate yield for
modified passive solar distiller and condenser distillate output.
Figure 4. Snapshot of the coupled condenser.
Figure 5. Comparison of production rate between modified
conventional still distiller and modified passive still distiller with
external condenser on daily basis.
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Figure 6. Comparison of production rate between modified
conventional still distiller, modified passive still distiller and the
passive condenser on a daily basis.
4. Conclusion
The present work experimented on coupling a passive
condenser to a modified passive still distiller with an
improved productivity of 11.85% better than that of the
modified conventional still distiller under the same
experimental conditions. The higher accumulated yield could
be attributed to the passive condenser which provided
increased condensation area and enhanced heat dissipation
containment within the system. The accumulated high yield
could also be that the coupled condenser contained the
dissipated latent heat and redelivered same to the system. The
padded still distiller was found to have good daily yield as the
sawdust reduced loss of heat within the system. The use of
cost un-effectiveness materials for still distiller fabrication to
produce potable water is seen to demonstrate objective of
improving solar stills productivity. The overall low yield
(3.5%) from the condenser compartment in the modified
passive still distiller may be as a direct result of a higher
conductivity rate of the corrugated iron design of the coupled
condenser.
Abbreviations
CDS
Convectional Still Distiller
MCSD
Modified Conventional Still Distiller
MPSD
Modified Passive Still Distiller
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to TETFUND Nigeria for finan-
cially supporting this work under grant no. TETFUND/
DESS/UNI/BAUCHI/IBR/2022/VOL.1.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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