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30 ISSN 2071-2227, E-ISSN 2223-2362, Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, 2024, № 5
© Lozynskyi V. H., Falshtynskyi V. S., 2024
https://doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2024-5/030
V. H. Lozynskyi*,
orcid.org/0000-0002-9657-0635,
V. S. Falshtynskyi,
orcid.org/0000-0002-3104-1089
Dnipro University of Technology, Dnipro, Ukraine
* Corresponding author e-mail: lvg.nmu@gmail.com
ANALYTICAL JUSTIFICATION OF THE THERMOCHEMICAL INTERACTION
BETWEEN BLAST REAGENTS AND CARBON-CONTAINING PRODUCTS
UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF MAGNETIC FIELDS
Purpose. To justify and develop a model that describes the effect of magnetic treatment of blast reagents and carbon-containing
products on the gasification process for predicting the intensification of gas formation.
Methodology. The study involves theoretical modeling based on experimental data to investigate the influence of magnetic
fields on the underground coal gasification process and co-gasification of coal and carbon-containing products. The Arrhenius
equation was used to estimate the rate constants of gasification reactions in the temperature range of 800–1,000 °C. The effect of
the magnetic field was incorporated by adjusting the activation energy (Ea). The results of analytical and experimental studies were
processed using methods of computer and mathematical modeling.
Findings. The results show that the application of magnetic fields significantly intensifies the gasification process of carbon
containing products. Increasing the reactivity of the blast reagents, particularly water and oxygen, leads to a higher overall yield of
combustible gases. The use of magnetic fields in the gasification process substantially increases the reaction rate (k) due to the re-
duction in activation energy (Ea), improving the overall efficiency of gasification.
Originality. For the first time, an analytical model has been developed to describe the effect of magnetic treatment of blast re-
agents and carbon-containing products on the gasification process in the temperature range of 800–1,000 °C. The obtained reac-
tion rates follow an exponential trend. The established and correlation-validated pattern shows the relationship between changes
in the approximation coefficient (F ) and the change in the carbon fraction (C, %) during the magnetic treatment of blast compo-
nents within the specified temperature range.
Practical value. The results of this study can be applied to enhance the efficiency of industrial gasification processes, particu-
larly underground coal gasification and co-gasification of coal and carbon-containing productss.
Keywords: magnetic field, gasification, underground coal gasification, сo-gasification thermochemical interaction, syngas, intensification
Introduction. The global energy crisis, exacerbated by the
depletion of readily accessible fossil fuel reserves and rising en-
vironmental concerns, has driven the demand for more effi-
cient and sustainable energy production methods [1, 2]. Tradi-
tional energy sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas are be-
coming increasingly expensive to extract, and their environ-
mental impact is drawing heightened scrutiny [3, 4]. Topical
issues include the exploration of prospective methods for coal
mine methane utilization, which offers the potential to gener-
ate an additional valuable energy resource for the regional de-
velopment of coal-mining areas [5]. As a result, alternative
methods for energy production are being actively pursued, with
underground coal gasification (UCG) emerging as one of the
most promising technologies. UCG enables the conversion of
coal into syngas directly at the site of its occurrence, offering a
method to exploit coal seams that are otherwise too deep, thin,
or hazardous to mine through conventional means [6]. This
process not only provides access to previously untapped coal
resources but also minimizes surface disruption, reducing the
overall environmental footprint of coal extraction.
While UCG presents a compelling solution, the efficiency
of the gasification process is often limited by factors such as
coal seam characteristics and the quality of the blast (air, oxy-
gen, and steam) used to facilitate the reaction [7]. In particu-
lar, the thermochemical interaction between blast reagents
and carbon-based materials plays a crucial role in determining
the overall yield and quality of syngas [8]. Therefore, intensify-
ing the gasification process to enhance syngas production is a
key area of focus for researchers.
One promising avenue for process intensification is the ap-
plication of magnetic fields to the gasification process [9].
Magnetic fields can influence the behavior of both blast re-
agents and carbon-based products by altering the spin states of
molecules, particularly oxygen and water [10]. This modifica-
tion of molecular properties can result in more efficient chem-
ical reactions, increasing the carbon participation rate and
improving the overall gasification process. Studies have shown
that the use of magnetic fields can lead to a higher yield of
combustible gases, making the gasification process more effec-
tive and economically viable.
Analysis of recent research and publications. The growing
need for efficient and sustainable energy production has led to
extensive research into underground coal gasification (UCG)
as a method to exploit coal seams that are otherwise inacces-
sible through conventional mining techniques. UCG allows
for the in-situ conversion of coal into syngas, a mixture of car-
bon monoxide, hydrogen, and methane, which can be used
for energy production or as feedstock for chemical processes.
The application of magnetic fields to intensify gasification
processes is a relatively new approach that promises to en-
hance energy efficiency and reduce the environmental impact
of traditional coal utilization.
Underground coal gasification is a technique for convert-
ing coal into synthesis gas in situ, offering potential for integra-
tion with carbon capture and storage [11]. Several studies have
explored the fundamentals of gasification processes, focusing
on the interaction between carbonaceous materials and gasifi-
cation agents such as oxygen, water, and steam. The reaction
mechanisms underlying these processes have been extensively
documented, highlighting the role of exothermic reactions like
carbon combustion and endothermic reactions such as the
water-gas shift reaction [12]. Thermochemical models, such as
the Arrhenius-based reaction rate equations, have been instru-
mental in predicting the behavior of these reactions under
various temperature and pressure conditions [13]. However,
these models typically do not account for the influence of ex-
ternal factors such as magnetic fields on the reaction kinetics,
an area this study seeks to address.
The application of magnetic fields to enhance chemical re-
activity has garnered attention in recent years. Magnetic fields
can significantly influence chemical reactions, particularly un-
der specific conditions. Research shows that magnetic fields
can influence electron spin states, particularly in paramagnetic
species like oxygen, thereby altering their reactivity. Weak
ISSN 2071-2227, E-ISSN 2223-2362, Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, 2024, № 5 31
magnetic fields may induce changes in rate constants of radical
reactions, leading to bifurcation of steady states and abrupt
changes in temperature and concentration in non-equilibrium
systems [14]. High magnetic fields can influence chemical re-
actions, affecting reaction pathways, nanomaterial growth,
product phases, and the spins of catalyst surfaces [15]. Mag-
netic fields can alter the energy levels of active species in cata-
lytic reactions by interacting with their spin states [16]. While
most studies have focused on small-scale reactions, their find-
ings provide a foundation for applying magnetic fields in larger
industrial processes like UCG.
The interaction of magnetic fields with gasification pro-
cesses has only recently begun to be explored. Early studies
indicate that magnetic fields can significantly affect the ther-
mochemical behavior of both carbonaceous materials and gas-
ification agents, leading to an increase in syngas yield. Recent
studies have explored the use of magnetic fields to enhance
gasification processes [10] found that magnetic field-activated
injected blast can intensify underground coal gasification, in-
creasing the yield of combustible components. Similarly, [17]
investigated the effects of gradient magnetic fields on co-firing,
focusing on field-enhanced heat and mass transfer. Research-
ers have noted that the presence of a magnetic field can lower
the activation energy for key reactions, such as the partial oxi-
dation of carbon and the reaction of steam with coal, thereby
accelerating the gasification process. This aligns with the cur-
rent study’s findings, where magnetic treatment of blast re-
agents enhanced the overall efficiency of gasification by in-
creasing carbon participation rates. [18] further explored the
impact of gradient magnetic fields on swirling flame dynamics
during biomass gasification, observing enhanced burnout of
volatiles and cleaner heat energy production. These studies
collectively suggest that magnetic fields can be effectively ap-
plied to various gasification processes to improve efficiency,
control combustion characteristics, and potentially reduce
emissions. Also, studies suggest that magnetic field enhance-
ment can significantly improve various gasification processes,
offering potential for more efficient energy production from
carbon-containing raw materials.
Identification of unresolved part of the general problem. De-
spite extensive research into underground coal gasification and
the influence of magnetic fields on chemical reactions, a criti-
cal unresolved aspect remains the precise mechanisms by
which magnetic fields affect the thermochemical interactions
between blast reagents and carbon-containing products in
large-scale gasification processes. While previous studies have
demonstrated the potential for magnetic fields to lower activa-
tion energy and enhance reaction rates, especially in small-
scale settings, there is still a lack of comprehensive models that
accurately predict these effects in industrial-scale UCG. Spe-
cifically, the correlation between magnetic field strength, car-
bon participation in varying temperature ranges has yet to be
fully understood and quantified. Addressing these gaps is es-
sential for optimizing the efficiency and sustainability of UCG
as a clean energy solution.
The purpose of this research is to develop a model that de-
scribes the effect of magnetic fields on the co-gasification process
of carbon-based materials. By exploring how magnetic fields in-
fluence the thermochemical interactions between blast reagents
and coal, this study aims to provide a deeper understanding of
how UCG can be optimized for better energy production. This
model will help identify the key parameters required to maximize
the efficiency of the gasification process, paving the way for fu-
ture innovations in clean energy technology.
Theoretical background. Thermochemical interaction in
gasification. Gasification, particularly in underground coal
gasification, is a complex thermochemical process where car-
bonaceous materials like coal react with blast reagents – typi-
cally a combination of air, oxygen, and steam – to produce
syngas [19]. The efficiency of this process largely depends on
the interactions between the carbon in coal and the blast re-
agents, primarily through a series of chemical reactions that
release energy and form a mixture of gases including carbon
monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and
methane (CH₄). These gases are then used for various energy
applications [20].
In the UCG process, carbon (C) primarily reacts with wa-
ter (H₂O) and oxygen (O₂) from the blast to produce syngas.
The primary reactions involved are [12]
Primary reactions, kJ/mol
C + O2 → СO2 + 394; (1)
2С + O2 → 2СO + 221; (2)
C + H2O → CO + H2 - 130; (3)
C + 2H2O → CO2 + 2H2 - 80.3. (4)
Reaction of carbon with oxygen (combustion) (1) is exo-
thermic reaction releases a significant amount of heat, which
helps sustain the high temperatures necessary for other endo-
thermic gasification reactions [21]. The combustion of carbon
with oxygen is fundamental in maintaining the process’s ther-
mal balance [22]. Partial oxidation of carbon (2) produces car-
bon monoxide, an essential fuel gas that contributes to the
overall energy yield of syngas. This reaction is also exothermic
and aids in maintaining the gasification temperature. Reaction
of carbon with water vapor (steam) (3) is endothermic, mean-
ing it absorbs heat. It is crucial for generating hydrogen (H2), a
valuable component of syngas, and carbon monoxide (CO), a
fuel gas. This reaction forms the basis of the water-gas shift
reaction used in gasification processes to balance the ratio of
CO and H2 in the syngas. Reaction of carbon with excess water
vapor (4) is secondary reaction also produces hydrogen and
carbon dioxide (CO2). The higher yield of CO₂ reduces the en-
ergy content of syngas, making it less efficient for combustion.
Therefore, controlling the steam-to-carbon ratio is essential to
prevent excessive CO2 formation [23].
The introduction of magnetic fields can influence the ther-
mochemical reactions involved in UCG, particularly through
the modification of the spin states of molecules like oxygen
and water. Research has shown that magnetic fields can affect
the alignment of electron spins, altering the reactivity of oxy-
gen and enhancing the formation of syngas. This phenomenon
is particularly relevant when considering the co-gasification of
carbonaceous products in UCG. Studies, as highlighted in
previous [10] have demonstrated that magnetic fields can in-
tensify the gasification process by increasing carbon participa-
tion and boosting the yield of combustible gases.
The application of magnetic fields leads to a higher inter-
nal energy state of the reactant molecules, facilitating more
efficient reaction pathways. For instance, water molecules ex-
posed to magnetic fields tend to exhibit higher reactivity, which
accelerates the steam-carbon reactions, thereby enhancing
hydrogen production. Similarly, oxygen molecules in a mag-
netic field become more reactive, promoting partial oxidation
and increasing the production of carbon monoxide.
The effectiveness of UCG is largely determined by how
well the key parameters – temperature, pressure, and blast
composition – are controlled [24]. Magnetic fields offer a
promising method for optimizing these parameters by influ-
encing the molecular interactions between the blast reagents
and the coal. The resulting model of magnetic field-enhanced
gasification processes will provide insights into how to maxi-
mize syngas production while minimizing unwanted by-prod-
ucts like CO₂. In this case the thermochemical interactions in
UCG involve a delicate balance of reactions between carbon,
water, and oxygen. Understanding and optimizing these inter-
actions, particularly through the use of magnetic fields, will
lead to more efficient and sustainable gasification processes.
Magnetic fields and molecular activation in gasification.
Magnetic fields can significantly influence the behavior of gas-
ification reactants, particularly water (H2O) and oxygen (O2)
32 ISSN 2071-2227, E-ISSN 2223-2362, Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, 2024, № 5
molecules. These effects are rooted in quantum mechanical
principles, particularly the Pauli exclusion principle and inter-
combination transitions, which affect the spin states of elec-
trons and enhance the chemical reactivity of these molecules
[25]. By altering the spin configuration of electrons, magnetic
fields modify the way molecules participate in chemical reac-
tions, making the gasification process more efficient. At the
quantum level, each electron in an atom or molecule possesses
two types of angular momentum: orbital angular momentum,
which arises from the electron’s motion around the nucleus,
and spin angular momentum, an intrinsic property of the elec-
tron. These spins are crucial in determining how electrons in-
teract and form chemical bonds.
The Pauli exclusion principle states that no two electrons
in an atom or molecule can occupy the same quantum state
simultaneously [26]. This means that electrons in the same or-
bital must have opposite spins (a “paired” state). In normal
conditions, the electrons in water and oxygen molecules are
paired, resulting in stable, low-energy molecular configura-
tions. However, when a molecule is exposed to an external
magnetic field, this stability is disrupted.
A magnetic field can cause the reorientation of electron
spins, especially when the field is inhomogeneous (i. e., varies
in strength across space). This reorientation can force some
electrons to move from their paired, low-energy singlet state
into an unpaired triplet state, where the spins are aligned in the
same direction [27, 28]. This transition is known as an inter-
combination transition. The triplet state is higher in energy
and less stable, which means the molecules in this state be-
come more chemically reactive.
For example, oxygen is a paramagnetic molecule, mean-
ing that it naturally has two unpaired electrons in its ground
state. These electrons form a weak bond that can be disrupted
more easily under the influence of a magnetic field, leading to
higher reactivity. By transitioning to an excited triplet state,
oxygen molecules in a magnetic field are more prone to dis-
sociate into highly reactive oxygen atoms, which enhances
the oxidation reactions essential for gasification. Similarly,
water molecules, which are normally diamagnetic (non-mag-
netic with paired electrons), can transition into a paramag-
netic state when exposed to a magnetic field. This reorienta-
tion of the electrons in water molecules increases their chem-
ical reactivity, especially in reactions with carbon in the gas-
ification process.
Under normal conditions, the water molecule’s hydrogen
atoms form bonds with oxygen via p-electrons, whose spins
are aligned oppositely according to the Pauli exclusion prin-
ciple, resulting in a singlet state. This singlet state is a stable
configuration with paired spins, contributing to the low reac-
tivity of water under standard conditions.
When a magnetic field is applied, the spins of some p-elec-
trons in water molecules are reoriented. This spin reorienta-
tion leads to a triplet state, where one of the paired electrons
flips its spin, creating a molecule with unpaired electrons. This
makes the water molecule paramagnetic and increases its in-
ternal energy. In the triplet state, the molecule becomes much
more reactive because the magnetic field weakens the hydro-
gen bonds that normally hold the water molecules together.
In gasification, this transition is crucial. Water molecules
in their paramagnetic triplet state react more readily with car-
bon, participating in endothermic reactions that produce syn-
gas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide). The increased reactivity
of water due to magnetic fields makes it a more efficient reac-
tant, enhancing the overall gasification process.
The hydrogen bonds between water molecules play a sig-
nificant role in determining their chemical behavior. These
bonds, which are relatively weak compared to covalent bonds,
form between the hydrogen atom of one water molecule and
the oxygen atom of another. In the gasification process, break-
ing these hydrogen bonds is essential for the efficient conver-
sion of steam into reactive components.
A magnetic field can disrupt these hydrogen bonds through
its effect on the electron spins in the water molecules. As the
spins of the bonding electrons in water are reoriented into a
triplet state, the stability of the hydrogen bonds decreases [29,
30]. The probability of hydrogen bond formation is reduced by
half under the influence of a magnetic field. This occurs be-
cause the electrons in the excited triplet state are less likely to
form the stable configurations needed for hydrogen bonds.
As a result, water molecules treated with a magnetic field
become more chemically active, and their internal energy in-
creases. In the context of gasification, this enhanced chemical
activity leads to more efficient reactions with carbon, facilitat-
ing the production of hydrogen and carbon monoxide from
water vapor. Since less energy is required to break the weak-
ened hydrogen bonds, the overall efficiency of the gasification
process improves.
Oxygen (O2) is a key reactant in the gasification process,
particularly in its role as an oxidizer [31]. Under normal condi-
tions, oxygen molecules exist in a paramagnetic state due to
the presence of two unpaired electrons, which form a three-
electron bond that is relatively weak. In a magnetic field, these
unpaired electrons undergo spin reorientation, leading to anti-
bonding orbitals and further weakening the bond between the
oxygen atoms. As the bond weakens, oxygen molecules be-
come more likely to dissociate into highly reactive oxygen at-
oms. These reactive atoms can then more efficiently oxidize
carbon, driving the combustion reactions that provide the nec-
essary heat for gasification. The increase in chemical reactivity
of oxygen due to the magnetic field thus directly contributes to
the enhancement of gasification efficiency.
In the steam gasification process, the efficiency of steam as
a reactant is significantly influenced by its molecular structure
[32]. Water molecules treated with magnetic fields have fewer
hydrogen bonds, making them easier to dissociate into H2 and
O2 during gasification. This increases the efficiency of the
steam-carbon reaction, particularly in the production of hy-
drogen, which is a critical component of syngas. By reducing
the number of hydrogen bonds, the magnetic field allows
steam to react more readily with carbon, producing syngas at
higher rates. This reduction in bond strength also means that
less energy is required to initiate and sustain the gasification
reactions, making the process more energy-efficient.
Methodology. The hypothesis that magnetic fields inten-
sify gasification processes by increasing the internal energy
of water and oxygen molecules is grounded in the quantum
mechanics of electron behavior in these molecules. By influ-
encing the spin states of electrons, magnetic fields can reori-
ent their configuration, thereby increasing the molecules’
internal energy and enhancing their reactivity. This section
explores the physical and chemical principles behind this ef-
fect, focusing on electron spin reorientation and its impact
on gasification.
The central hypothesis is that magnetic fields enhance the
gasification process by altering the electron spin states of gas
molecules such as H2O and O2, leading to an increase in inter-
nal energy. This results in more efficient chemical reactions
between blast reagents and carbon during gasification. The fol-
lowing chain of events outlines this hypothesis:
- magnetic fields induce changes in the spin states of elec-
trons in water and oxygen molecules;
- this reorientation increases the internal energy of these
molecules, making them more reactive;
- higher reactivity leads to faster and more efficient reac-
tions in the gasification process;
- as a result, the gas yield (primarily hydrogen and carbon
monoxide) is enhanced, improving the overall efficiency of the
gasification process.
To understand how magnetic fields impact the gasification
process, it is essential to delve into the physics of electron spin
and magnetic field interactions. Electrons possess an intrinsic
property called spin, which generates a magnetic moment.
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This magnetic moment can interact with external magnetic
fields, altering the behavior of the electrons within a molecule.
In a typical molecule, electrons are paired according to the
Pauli exclusion principle, which dictates that no two electrons
in the same orbital can have the same spin orientation. In the
ground state, electrons occupy the lowest energy levels with
paired, opposite spins, creating a singlet state. This configura-
tion is stable, and the molecule’s chemical reactivity is rela-
tively low.
When an external magnetic field is applied to the mole-
cule, the energy levels of the electrons are split due to Zeeman
splitting, where the magnetic field interacts with the magnetic
moment of the electrons. This effect is described by the Zee-
man effect, which explains how electron energy levels shift un-
der the influence of a magnetic field. In the presence of a
strong magnetic field, the paired electrons can reorient their
spins, transitioning from a singlet to a triplet state, where the
spins are aligned in parallel.
This reorientation is known as spin reorientation or an in-
tercombination transition. The triplet state is higher in energy
and less stable than the singlet state. Molecules in this state are
more chemically reactive due to the increased internal energy.
In the context of gasification, this enhanced reactivity allows
water and oxygen molecules to participate more readily in
thermochemical reactions, such as the formation of hydrogen
and carbon monoxide.
The energy associated with an electron’s magnetic mo-
ment is given by the following equation (quantum mechanical
explanation)
E = -mB ⋅ B, (5)
where E – the energy, J; mB – the Bohr magneton, which rep-
resents the magnitude of the electron’s magnetic moment,
J/T; B – the strength of the applied magnetic field, T.
As the magnetic field strength increases, the difference be-
tween the energy levels of the electrons also increases, causing
a greater separation between the spin states. The probability of
an electron flipping its spin – transitioning from a singlet to a
triplet state-rises with the field strength. This is described by
the Boltzmann distribution, where the population of electrons
in higher energy states increases at higher temperatures or un-
der stronger magnetic fields.
The transition from a singlet to a triplet state can be under-
stood in terms of the Pauli exclusion principle. In a singlet
state, the spins are paired (opposite), and the molecule is in a
low-energy configuration. When the magnetic field is applied,
the interaction between the field and the electron spins causes
some of the paired electrons to flip their spins, violating the
stable singlet configuration and entering the triplet state. In
this state, the molecule becomes paramagnetic, meaning it has
unpaired electrons that are more chemically active.
Water molecules, which are normally diamagnetic, have
paired electrons in their ground state, making them relatively
unreactive. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins of the
p-electrons that form the bonds between oxygen and hydrogen
atoms can reorient. The transition from a singlet state to a trip-
let state occurs when one of the paired electrons flips its spin,
creating a higher-energy state with unpaired electrons. This
transition increases the internal energy of the water molecule,
enhancing its reactivity in gasification reactions. Specifically,
the magnetic field weakens the hydrogen bonds between water
molecules by disrupting the alignment of the electron spins.
The result is a more chemically active steam that reacts more
efficiently with carbon in the gasification process.
In chemical terms, the reduction in hydrogen bond
strength allows the water molecule to dissociate more easily
into hydrogen and oxygen, as represented in the following re-
action H2O + C → CO + H2. The reactivity of the water mol-
ecule is directly proportional to its internal energy. By elevat-
ing the internal energy through spin reorientation, magnetic
fields accelerate the production of syngas.
Oxygen is naturally paramagnetic, meaning it already has
unpaired electrons in its ground state. However, the application
of a magnetic field further enhances the reactivity of oxygen mol-
ecules by increasing the number of electrons in higher-energy
antibonding orbitals. In oxygen molecules, the bonding between
oxygen atoms involves paired and unpaired electrons. Under the
influence of a magnetic field, the unpaired electrons can occupy
antibonding orbitals, destabilizing the O2 molecule and making
it more likely to dissociate into highly reactive oxygen atoms (O).
This dissociation is critical in the combustion reactions during
gasification, where oxygen atoms rapidly oxidize carbon to pro-
duce carbon monoxide and dioxide. The reaction of oxygen with
carbon in the presence of a magnetic field can be represented as
O2 + C → CO2.The increase in oxygen atom reactivity due to the
magnetic field intensifies the oxidation of carbon, providing the
necessary heat for sustaining the gasification process.
To quantify the impact of magnetic fields on gasification,
the following chemical and thermodynamic principles are em-
ployed. By raising the internal energy of the molecules, the
activation energy required for gasification reactions decreases.
The rate of reaction (k) is given by the Arrhenius equation (ac-
tivation energy lowering)
,
Ea
RT
k Ae-
= (6)
where k – the rate constant; A – the pre-exponential factor;
Ea – the activation energy, J/mol; R – the gas constant,
8.314 J/mol ⋅ K; T – the temperature, K.
Activation energy (Ea) for coal gasification typically ranges
between 100 to 200 kJ/mol, depending on the type of coal and
the specific gasification process used. This value can vary sig-
nificantly based on factors like the coal’s rank, the presence of
catalysts, and the conditions under which gasification occurs.
The presence of a magnetic field effectively lowers the Ea by
increasing the internal energy of reactant molecules, leading to
a higher reaction rate.
The efficiency of gasification (thermodynamic efficiency) is
also influenced by the Gibbs free energy (DG) of the reactions, J
DG = DH - TDS, (7)
where DH – the enthalpy change, J; DS – the entropy change,
J/K; DH – the absolute temperature, K.
Magnetic fields increase entropy (DS) by introducing more
possible spin configurations, making the reactions thermody-
namically favorable.
Results and discussion. In order to compare the experi-
mental data from research [10] (carbon participation share
with and without magnetic treatment of blast mixtures) with
analytical calculations, we can consider thermodynamic prin-
ciples and reaction kinetics under the influence of a magnetic
field. The main reactions of carbon gasification with oxygen
and steam can be described analytically using the Arrhenius
equation and Gibbs free energy considerations. The Arrhenius
equation for the rate constant k as a function of temperature T
(6). For the gasification reactions, an increase in the tempera-
ture (as shown in the experiments where carbon participation
was higher at 1,000 compared to 800 °C) will exponentially in-
crease the reaction rate due to the decrease in Ea. From previ-
ously obtained results, with a 500 E magnetic field applied, the
carbon participation increased from approximately 47.2 % at
800 °C to 59.4 % at 1,000 °C (Table 1).
The experimental data shows that the carbon participation
share (%) increases with both temperature and magnetic field
treatment. The magnetic field enhances molecular activation,
effectively lowering the activation energy (Ea) for reactions in-
volving both oxygen and steam. The Gibbs free energy DG of
these reactions is temperature dependence (7). In the presence
of a magnetic field, the entropy (DS) increases due to the high-
er number of accessible molecular states (from spin reorienta-
tion), which further reduces the Gibbs free energy, making
reactions more spontaneous.
34 ISSN 2071-2227, E-ISSN 2223-2362, Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, 2024, № 5
For an analytical comparison, can be calculated the car-
bon gasification rates at different temperatures using the Ar-
rhenius equation with and without the magnetic field impact.
By incorporating the experimentally derived values, the ana-
lytical model can be refined to predict gasification efficiency
across various temperatures. The enhancement from the mag-
netic field can be quantified by adjusting the activation energy
in the Arrhenius model for treated vs untreated conditions.
To calculate the analytical data and compare it with the
experimental results from [10], we will use the Arrhenius equa-
tion to estimate the rate constants for carbon gasification at
different temperatures, both with and without the magnetic
field influence.
Let consider several assumptions. For carbon gasification,
we assume a typical value of A = 106 mol-1s-1. Activation energy
(Ea) are as follows. Without magnetic field: Ea = 200 kJ/mol.
With magnetic field: The activation energy decreases by
around 10 % due to molecular activation, so we assume
Ea = 180 kJ/mol under the magnetic field. The final value of Ea
was calculated as the difference between the initial value and
the carbon participation share difference indicated in previous
research [10]. The Arrhenius equation given by (5) require gas
constant that is equal to 8.314 J/mol ⋅ K.
The analytical model uses the Arrhenius equation to esti-
mate the rate constants of gasification reactions at different
temperatures, both with and without magnetic field influence.
These rate constants are linked to the efficiency of carbon par-
ticipation in the gasification process. Obtained results are pre-
sented on Table 2 and Fig. 1.
In Fig. 1 Ea
RT
-is exponential factor of activation energy in
the Arrhenius equation. This term governs how temperature
and activation energy influence the reaction rate. When expo-
nential factor is large (due to high activation energy or low
temperature), the exponential function
Ea
RT
e
- becomes small,
meaning the reaction rate decreases. Conversely, lower values
of exponential factor led to a larger exponential term, increas-
ing the reaction rate.
The Fig. 2 demonstrates the general principle of thermally
activated reactions: higher temperatures lead to increased mo-
lecular activity, reducing the effective activation energy re-
quired for gasification reactions.
This results in higher rate constants, which enhance the
overall efficiency of the gasification process. The presence of a
magnetic field accelerates the reaction rate further, as seen by
the higher rate constants compared to those without magnetic
influence. This is likely due to the effect of the magnetic field
on the spin states of oxygen and water molecules, increasing
their reactivity by lowering the activation energy for gasifica-
tion. The impact is more pronounced at higher temperatures,
suggesting that the magnetic field’s ability to reduce activation
energy becomes more effective when combined with thermal
effects. The relationships (Fig. 2) between temperature and the
rate constants of gasification reactions, comparing conditions
with and without the influence of a magnetic field shows that,
as temperature increases (from 800 to 1,000 °C), the rate con-
stants also increase significantly, following the Arrhenius
equation, which predicts an exponential rise in reaction rates
with temperature. Under both conditions (with and without a
magnetic field), the rate constants increase exponentially with
temperature, consistent with the Arrhenius equation. Howev-
er, the magnetic field-enhanced rates are consistently higher,
indicating that the magnetic treatment provides a significant
advantage in boosting reaction kinetics.
As can be seen from Fig. 3 at 800 °C, the experimental car-
bon participation share is 29.7 % without a magnetic field and
47.3 % with magnetic treatment. The analytical rate constants
show an increase in reaction rates by a factor of approximately
7.11 under magnetic treatment. This is calculated by compar-
ing the analytical rate constants with and without magnetic
treatment (s-1),
41
41
13.04 10 s
1.83 10 s .F
--
--
=⋅
⋅ This correlates with the
experimental increase in carbon participation from 29.7 to
47.3 %, reflecting a roughly 58.9 % increase in carbon gasifica-
tion efficiency.
At 900 °C, the experimental data reports carbon participa-
tion of 34.4 % without a magnetic field and 53.3 % with mag-
netic treatment. The analytical rate constant increases from
12.40 ∙ 10-4 to 86.13 ∙ 10-4 s-1 (F = 6.94), increasing the reaction
rate, which aligns with the experimental 54.9 % improvement
in carbon participation.
At 1,000 °C, the experimental carbon participation is
39.2 % without the magnetic field and 59.4 % with it. The rate
constant increases under magnetic treatment, going from
62.11 ∙ 10-4 to 418.84 ∙ 10-4 s-1 (F = 6.74), closely matching the
51.5 % increase observed in the experimental carbon partici-
pation.
Magnetic field-enhanced gasification offers practical ben-
efits for industries that rely on coal gasification for energy pro-
duction. By improving the reaction rates and reducing the en-
Table 1
Values of carbon participation share (C), in solid fuel gasifica-
tion at a temperature change and magnetic treatment of the
injected blast mixtures (at magnetic field strength of 500 E)
The injected blast mixtures
Temperature in gasification zone
(T ), °C
800 850 900 950 1,000
Untreated with a magnetic
field, %
29.7 31.8 34.4 35.8 39.2
Treated with a magnetic field,
%
47.2 49.4 53.3 55.2 59.4
Difference in data, units 17. 5 17.6 18.9 19.4 20.2
Difference in data, % 58.9 55.3 54.9 54.2 51.5
Table 2
Parameters of analytical model of gasification reactions at different temperatures, both with and without magnetic field influence
Temperature
(T), °C/K
Untreated with a magnetic field Treated with a magnetic field Factor of
approximately
(F )
Exponential factor,
Ea
RT
-Rate constant k
at Ea = 200 kJ/mol Ea, kJ/mol
Exponential factor,
Ea
RT
-Rate constant k
800/1,073 22.42 1.83∙10- 10 182.5 20.46 13.04∙10-10 7.11
850/1,123 21.42 4.98∙10-10 183.4 19.54 32.78∙10-10 6.59
900/1,173 20.51 12.40∙10- 10 181.1 18.57 86.13∙10- 10 6.94
950/1,223 19.67 28.68∙10- 10 180.6 17.76 193.31∙10-10 6.74
1,000/1,273 18.90 62.11∙10-10 179.8 16.99 418.84∙10-10 6.74
ISSN 2071-2227, E-ISSN 2223-2362, Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, 2024, № 5 35
ergy activation required for gasification, this method could
make UCG and similar processes more economically viable
and environmentally friendly. The technology holds potential
for reducing greenhouse gas emissions by maximizing the pro-
duction of hydrogen and carbon monoxide while minimizing
unwanted by-products like carbon dioxide. While significant
progress has been made in understanding the fundamental
mechanisms of gasification, the application of magnetic fields
presents an innovative approach to process intensification. Fu-
ture research should focus on optimizing magnetic field pa-
rameters for large-scale applications and further refining theo-
retical models to predict reaction behaviors under varying
magnetic field strengths.
Conclusions. The application of magnetic fields in gasifica-
tion significantly enhances the reactivity of molecules like water
and oxygen by increasing their internal energy through electron
spin reorientation. This effect lowers the activation energy re-
quired for gasification reactions, accelerating syngas production
and improving overall process efficiency. Magnetic fields also
weaken hydrogen bonds in water, making the molecules more
reactive and further boosting the gasification process. Analytical
data based on the Arrhenius equation supports these findings,
showing that magnetic fields increase reaction rates, which align
closely with experimental increases in carbon participation. This
demonstrates the potential of magnetic field-enhanced gasifica-
tion for more efficient energy production and higher syngas yield.
The application of magnetic fields in the gasification process
significantly increases the reaction rates (k), as indicated by the
Ea
RT
- term in the analytical rate constants. This highlights the
substantial impact of magnetic fields in enhancing the gasifica-
tion process by lowering the activation energy (Ea), thereby im-
proving reaction rates and overall carbon gasification efficiency.
Our results shows that magnetic fields can significantly en-
hance the efficiency of gasification by increasing the rate con-
stants, especially at higher temperatures, making the gasifica-
tion process faster and more efficient. This supports the hy-
pothesis that magnetic fields can be used to intensify industrial
gasification processes, leading to better syngas production and
overall system efficiency.
Acknowledgements. The presented results have been obtained
within the framework of the research work GP-512 “Co-gasifica-
tion of carbon-containing raw materials during ultrathin coal
seams gasification with a focus on hydrogen production”, state
registration No. 0123U100985 funded by the Ministry of Educa-
tion and Science of Ukraine. The author expresses gratitude to the
editors, as well as anonymous reviewers for useful suggestions and
recommendations taken into consideration during revision.
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Аналітичне обґрунтування термохімічної
взаємодії реагентів дуття та вуглецевмісних
продуктів під дією магнітних полів
В. Г. Лозинський*, В. С. Фальштинський
Національний технічний університет «Дніпровська по-
літехніка», м. Дніпро, Україна
* Автор-кореспондент e-mail: lvg.nmu@gmail.com
Мета. Обґрунтування й розробка моделі, що описує
вплив намагнічування реагентів дуття та вуглецевмісних
продуктів на процес газифікації для прогнозування ін-
тенсифікації газоутворення.
Методика. Дослідження включає теоретичне моде-
лювання на основі експериментальних даних для ви-
вчення впливу магнітних полів на процес підземної гази-
фікації вугілля та когазифікації вугілля й вуглецевмісних
продуктів. При моделюванні термохімічних взаємодій у
дослідженні було використано рівняння Арреніуса для
оцінки констант швидкості реакцій газифікації в діапа-
зоні температур 800–1000 °C. Вплив магнітного поля
було враховано шляхом коригування енергії активації
(Ea). Обробку результатів аналітичних та експеримен-
тальних досліджень проведено з використанням методів
комп’ютерного й математичного моделювання.
Результати. Отримані результати показують, що за-
стосування магнітних полів суттєво інтенсифікує процес
газифікації вуглецевмісних продуктів. Підвищення реак-
ційної здатності реагентів дуття, зокрема води й кисню,
призводить до збільшення загального виходу горючих
газів. Застосування магнітних полів у процесі газифікації
значно збільшує швидкість реакції (k), що є результатом
зниження енергії активації (Ea), покращуючи загальну
ефективність газифікації.
Наукова новизна. Уперше розроблена аналітична мо-
дель впливу намагнічування реагентів дуття й вуглецев-
місних продуктів на процес газифікації в діапазоні темпе-
ратур 800–1000 °C. Отримані значення швидкості реак-
цій, що змінюються за експоненціальною закономірніс-
тю. Встановлена й кореляційно підтверджена закономір-
ність зв’язку зміни коефіцієнту апроксимації (F) зі змі-
ною дольової участі вуглецю (С, %) при магнітній обробці
компонентів дуття в діапазоні зазначених температур.
Практична значимість. Результати дослідження мо-
жуть бути застосовані для підвищення ефективності про-
мислових процесів газифікації, зокрема підземної газифі-
кації та когазифікації вугілля й вуглецевмісних продуктів.
Ключові слова: магнітне поле, газифікація, підземна га-
зифікація вугілля, когазифікація, термохімічна взаємодія,
синтез-газ, інтенсифікація
The manuscript was submitted 20.05.24.
