Critical Rationalist Physics

Abstract

We can incorrectly cling to the Newtonian and macroscopic view, thereby abandoning relativity, quantum mechanics, modern cosmology and string theory. We can incorrectly not adjust premises and concepts upon contradictions in relativity, quantum mechanics, modern cosmology and string theory. Or we can apply the law of identity to all of modern physics, PERHAPS identifying the afterlife.

Full text

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Alexander Ohnemus
Physics
16 June 2024
Critical Rationalist Physics
Criterion of falsifiability is synonymous with critical rationalism. “criterion of
falsifiability, in the philosophy of science, a standard of evaluation of putatively scientific
theories, according to which a theory is genuinely scientific only if it is possible in principle to
establish that it is false”(Britannica 2024).
Critical rationalism(falsifiability) matches the scientific while skeptical empiricism does
NOT. Thus, critical rationalism epistemologically maps physics more than skeptical empiricism
does. “He (Popper) rejects Hume’s psychological account of induction, specifically his theory of
belief formation by repetition”(Parusniková 2018). Hume excessively dismisses rationalism.
Specifically, Hume forgets the importance of identity, while excessively referencing repetition.
Popper, a self described critical rationalist, correctly moderates between the known and unknown
with his deductive reasoning. Fortunately, both Hume and Popper rejected inductive reasoning.
Objectivist epistemology correctly emphasizes the law of identity but continues inductive
reasoning. “Leonard Peikoff and David Harriman have denounced modern physics as
incompatible with Objectivist metaphysics and epistemology. Physics, they say, must return to a
Newtonian viewpoint; much of relativity theory must go, along with essentially all of quantum
mechanics, string theory, and modern cosmology. In their insistence on justifications in terms of
“physical nature,” they cling to a macroscopic worldview that doesn't work in the high-velocity

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arena of relativity or the subatomic level of quantum mechanics. It is suggested that the concept
of identity be widened to accommodate the probabilistic nature of quantum phenomena”(Gibson
2013). Objectivism correctly notes reality exists. Rejecting scientific advancements lead to both
epistemological ignorance and stagnation. Science ONLY approximately derives from
philosophy. Science observes literally. Science can overlap with epistemology. But ethics are
philosophical. Scientism is the excessive reliance on science, which this essay will later cover
more explicitly. The Newtonian viewpoint was abandoned, on some level, out of practicality.
Relativity matters. Quantum mechanics also. String theory is a valuable attempt to merge
relativity with quantum mechanics. Modern cosmology is probably necessary for space
exploration. Not everything is macroscopic. Some of the most vital information is invisible to the
naked eye. The law of identity applies at any speed. The law of identity goes for any size. Only
viewing the macroscopic view would greatly hinder science. Adjusting the concept of identity
does NOT mean keeping the premises after contradictions. Rather, the law of identity applies to
non macroscopic views as well. The law of identity applies to quantum phenomena.
The law of identity deserves a formal definition. “a statement of an identity is the
expression of an abstract relation of identity symbolized by a term (as A in "A is A") that
apparently refers in its separate instances to the subject and predicate
respectively”(Meeriam-Webster). A is A in relativity. A is A in quantum mechanics. A is A in
string theory. A is A in modern cosmology. A is A across all of modern physics and all
contradictions, at any speed and or size, warrants adjusting both premises and concepts.
Critical rationalism is self critically rationalist. Nominalism could be critical rationalism
without the self criticism because the former engages with less rationalism. “nominalism, in

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philosophy, position taken in the dispute over universals—words that can be applied to
individual things having something in common—that flourished especially in late medieval
times”(Britannica 2018). Both critical rationalism and nominalism boil down to the most
fundamentals then the former slightly utilizes universals. Empiricism without any rationalism is
haphazard and mindless. While rationalism without any empiricism, abandons reality. Either
every entity is unique or too different for too perfectly to predict the future. One detail from the
past could have changed an outcome due to dimensionality. Thus, for rigorous physics, the law
of identity must apply at all levels to prevent contradictions and foster practicality.
Even if time is relative, each being across is unique.
If everything is unique then all scales apply.
All vibrations are also unique.
Every being across the cosmos is unique.
Even in Newtonian physics, contradictions ignore reality, thus preventing rigor. The law
of identity always applies. Misidentification is most obvious macroscopically.
Science cannot answer everything. “Scientism is Faith Theorem (group theory) Given
that the roots are humanism(faith that humans are ethical despite being the most unethical
species), induction(faith that because x is the case in particular situations then x is always the
case), and credentialism(OFTEN trusting in intellectuals whose end products are ideas thus
without direct enough consequences to encourage improvement)”(Ohnemus 2023).
Intimately ending contradictions may lead to completely understanding the afterlife.
“(RESPECTFULLY, Quantum Entanglement ≠ Reincarnation) Quantum Entanglement does not
offer enough reincarnation evidence. "Entanglement is at the heart of quantum physics and future

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quantum technologies. Like other aspects of quantum science, the phenomenon of entanglement
reveals itself at very tiny, subatomic scales. When two particles, such as a pair of photons or
electrons, become entangled, they remain connected even when separated by vast distances. In
the same way that a ballet or tango emerges from individual dancers, entanglement arises from
the connection between particles. It is what scientists call an emergent property"(Caltech).
Science cannot explain all, at least not yet. PERHAPS engineering can demonstrate what science
has attempted to explain. Scientific theories must be falsifiable. One cannot prove science. One
can prove a scientific theory is wrong. A scientific theory MUST be debunkable or it is
metaphysics NOT science. The law of identity also applies to subatomic scales. The law of
identity also applies to photons. The law of identity also applies to electrons. Science can be
highly counterintuitive BUT, contradictions prompt adjusting both concepts and premises. Parts,
by definition, are NOT the same. Two beings can connect in some ways yet separate IN
OTHERS. The law of identity PROHIBITS contradictions. Ignoring reality does NOT avoid
consequences. Quantum entanglement does NOT defeat these arguments against
reincarnation:…”(Ohnemus 2024).

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