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Harnessing of Green Pea Peel Waste for Extraction of Phenolic Compounds Using Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction Technique
Abstract
This study explored the untapped potential of green pea pods, a significant byproduct of pea processing, as a valuable resource. Conventional solvent extraction and ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) were employed to obtain methanolic extracts. Varying sonicator power and time revealed distinct antioxidant activities in eight extracts (UAE1-8). In vitro tests, including metal chelation, DPPH scavenging, and FRAPS methods, were conducted. UAE5 was the most potent extract and demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity. This research suggests a promising avenue for repurposing green pea pods, addressing food waste concerns, and potentially contributing to functional food and pharmaceutical applications.
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Lignocellulosic biomass is of significant industrial and scientific interest. Residues derived from different activities (agro-industrial work, food consumption, wood use, urban solid waste, etc.) and their subsequent use are key to extending circularity models to the different technological sectors that are beginning to implement circular economy cycles. Biorefineries are integrated platforms that value waste conversion into various value-added products. The generation of bioproducts derived from lignocellulosic waste (green fuels, green chemicals, and biomaterials) has promoted a shift from a fossil fuel–based economy to a more sustainable one. In addition, integrating biorefineries into the circular economy framework promotes a comprehensive approach to resource management, waste reduction, and sustainable development, which contributes to the overall resilience and efficiency of societal systems. There has been increased focus on the application of “canonical microorganisms” for residual biomass conversion, such as fungi, bacteria, and yeast. However, there is a plethora of other potential microorganisms that can be candidates for new biotechnological applications. This review aims to describe the valorization of different sources of lignocellulosic biomass in the global context, with a focus on Brazilian practice, and to emphasize how the use of microbial diversity is critical to enhancing current technologies, such as advanced liquid fuels. Finally, there is a discussion of the potential of anaerobic fungi, archaea, protists, and oomycetes as microbial product conversion technologies.
This research work was conducted to investigate the anatomical and antioxidant studies of some ethnoveterinary grasses (Cenchrus pennisetiformis and Dichanthium annulatum). The anatomical characteristics (compact epidermal layer, large cortical cells, thickened sclerenchyma, central and scattered vascular bundles, large metaxylem, small protoxylem, and centrally located pith) were observed. For the antioxidant activity studies, the crude methanol extract was prepared by maceration techniques and different fractions were prepared (n-hexane, chloroform, and aqueous solution). The maximum antioxidant potential in DPPH was shown by C. pennisetiformis at a concentration of 250 µL in the chloroform fraction, while D. annulatum showed a maximum value of 68.47±0.30 at a concentration of 250µL in the methanolic extract. In both species, chloroform extract in TAA showed maximum potency at a concentration of 500 µL, but C. pennisetiformis showed a higher value (i.e. 1.15±0.0018) and D. annulatum showed a higher value (i.e. 1.05±0.0017). The best reducing power in FRAP was shown by D. annulatum followed by C. pennisetiformis. C. pennisetiformis showed the highest value in the chloroform fraction while D. annulatum showed a higher significant value in the methanol fraction. These grasses have the potential to control several diseases caused by ROS in animals.
Edible packaging plays an important role in protecting food products from physical, mechanical, chemical, and microbiological damages by creating a barrier against oxidation, water, and controlling enzymatic activation. The employment of active agents such as plant extracts, essential oils, cross-linkers, and nanomaterials in edible packaging promises to improve mechanical, physical, barrier, and other properties of edible materials as well as food products. In the current review, we have compiled information on the recent advances and trends in developing composite (binary and ternary) edible packaging for food application. Several types of active agents such as essential oils, plant extracts, cross-linking agents, and nanomaterials as well as their functions in edible packaging (active composite) have been discussed. The present study provides the collective information about the high- (high-pressure homogenizer, ultrasonication, and microfludizer) and low-energy (phase inversion temperature and composition and spontaneous emulsification) methods for developing nanoformulations. In addition, concepts of comprehensive studies required for developing edible coatings and films for food packaging applications, as well as overcoming challenges like consumer acceptance, regulatory requirements, and non-toxic scaling up to the commercial applications, have also been discussed.
In the present study, pomegranate peel extract was used as a reinforcing agent in developing chitosan-based edible film. Different concentrations (0.2 g/mL, 0.4 g/mL, 0.6 g/mL, 0.8 g/mL, and 1.0 g/mL) of pomegranate peel extract were incorporated in chitosan-based edible film. A neat chitosan film was used as a control. This work covers the effect of pomegranate peel extract on the physical, biological, mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of enriched chitosan-based edible film. The results showed that the thickness (0.142–0.159 mm), tensile strength (32.45–35.23 MPa), moisture (11.23–15.28%), opacity (0.039–0.061%), water (1.32–1.60 g·mm/m2), gas barrier properties (93.81–103.45 meq/kg), phenolic content (5.75–32.41 mg/g), and antioxidant activity (23.13–76.54%) of the films increased with increasing volume fraction of pomegranate peel extract. A higher concentration of incorporated pomegranate peel extracts significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the thermal stability of the film, along with its transparency, solubility, swelling, and color. This work revealed that the incorporation of a higher portion of pomegranate peel extract in chitosan film holds significant (p < 0.05) potential for the increase in biological activities of such films in terms of antioxidant and antimicrobial behavior. The properties of pomegranate peel extract-enriched chitosan films could be an excellent cure for free radicals, whereas they could also inhibit the growth of the foodborne pathogens during the processing and preservation of the food. Further studies are needed for the application of pomegranate peel extract-enriched edible films on food products such as fruits and vegetables in order to extend their storage life and improve the quality and safety of preserved food products.
The present work aimed to study the effect of two different commonly applied extraction techniques for the evaluation of total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of fresh south Algerian red potatoes cultivars (Solanum tuberosum L). These techniques are namely Soxhlet extraction (SE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction combines with maceration (UAE-M) for 5 min, 2 hours and 24 hours. A 40 kHz probe was used for the sonication at 3 different amplitudes (30 %, 50 %, and 70 %) with a mixture of ethanol/water at ratios of 70:30 and 100 % v/v as solvent. TPC and TFC obtained using SE are respectively 13.94 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g extract and 11.32 mg rutin equivalents (RE)/g extract, the amount of these contents is increased to 22.29 mg GAE/g extract and 85.93 mg RE/g extract using UAE-M with 100 % ethanol at amplitude 30 % and 24 hours maceration time. HPLC analysis of samples extract shows four contents with different concentration. In addition, all the results demonstrate a statistically significant with (p < 0.001). It should be noted that the use of UAE-M proved to be faster and more efficient process when compared to Soxhlet extraction. © 2017 ALMA MATER Publishing House, “VASILE ALECSANDRI” University of Bacău. All rights reserved.
Context: We report the first ever chemical/biochemical study on Crocus mathewii Kerndorff
(Iridaceae) - a Turkish endemic angiosperm. This plant has never been explored for its
phytochemistry and bioactivities.
Objective: This study explores C. mathewii corm and aerial parts for the chemical and biological
properties of hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water fractions of the extracts.
Material and methods: Plant material (20 g) was extracted by methanol (250 mL x 5, 3 days
each) and fractioned into hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water. All fractions were subjected
to β-carotene-linoleic acid, DPPH•, ABTS•+, CUPRAC, metal chelating and tyrosinase inhibition
activities. Hexane fractions were submitted to GC-MS analysis.
Results: Ethyl acetate fractions showed excellent IC50 values in DPPH• (aerial 36.21 ± 0.76 and
corm 33.87 ± 0.02 mg/L) and ABTS•+ (aerial 33.01 ± 0.79 and bulb 27.87 ± 0.33 mg/L); higher
than IC50 of the standard α-tocopherol (DPPH 116.25 ± 1.97; ABTS 52.64 ± 0.37 mg/L), higher
than BHA in DPPH (57.31 ± 0.25 mg/L), but slightly lower in ABTS (19.86 ± 2.73 mg/L).
Methanol extract of aerial parts also showed higher activity than α-tocopherol in DPPH (85.56 ±
11.51 mg/L) but slightly less (72.90 ± 3.66 mg/L) than both the standards in ABTS. Linoleic
(aerial 51.9%, corm 43.9%) and palmitic (aerial 22.2%, corm 18%) were found as the major fatty
acids.
Discussion and Conclusion: Some fractions of C. mathewii showed higher antioxidant activities
than the standards. There is a need to explore more about this plant.
This study deals with evaluating antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the peel of pea (Pisum sativum), with particular attention to the content of some bioactive compounds. Total content of polyphenols and flavonoids of Pisum sativum peel extracts, including a crude aqueous extract, a methanolic extract and an ethyl acetate extract was carried out according to the standard methods to assess their corresponding antioxidant activities. The organic solvents extracts antioxidant activities, determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, ferric reducing (FRAP) assay and 2,2 azinobis 3-ethylbenzo-thiozoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assay, were relatively high. The highest activity was found in ethyl acetate extract. The antimicrobial activities of extracts were also assessed. The highest MIC value was occurred with E.Coli (850 µg/ml) when using ethyl acetate extract. From the results obtained, Pisum sativum peel can be considered as a very good source of health promoting compounds.
Epidemiological studies have indicated that guava leaf extract can act as an anti-free radical reagent, which could reduce the risk of several cancer types. The objective of this research was to investigate ascorbic acid content, total phenolics content and antioxidant activity in guava leaf extracts of 30 cultivars consisting of
10 dessert, 12 processing and 8 local types. The results showed that guava leaf extracts from processing type had the highest level of total phenolic content (gallic acid equivalents) at 5,304±1,485 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW) and antioxidant activity (ascorbic acid equivalents) at 685±135 μmol/g FW. The highest value of ascorbic
acid was found in local type at 98±21 mg/100 g FW. Green leaf had higher value of phenolic content (4,584±1,710 mg/100 g FW) and antioxidant activity (559±242 μmol/g FW) than maroon leaf. While, maroon leaves contained higher value of ascorbic acid than green leaves that were 142±52 and 86±29 mg/100 g FW,
respectively. Therefore, antioxidants in guava leaf should be extracted from the green processing type in order to get the highest value.
Unani system of medicine (Unanipathy) originated in Greece, enriched by Persians and Arabs and now became an integral part of Alternative medicinal systems of Pakistan and India. Habbe Sara (HS) is a Unani medicine prescribed for liver damage and febrile convulsions. The drug was tested for antioxidant activity, as there is growing evidence of role of free radicals in disease progression in liver disorders and epilepsy and benefits of concomitant antioxidant administration. Currently available antiepileptic drugs either exacerbate or decrease free radicals. Habbe Sara was tested for free radical scavenging and metal chelating activity. It showed considerable in vitro antioxidant activity in a dose dependent manner.
Extraction is an important step in the route of phytochemical processing for the discovery of bioactive constituents from plant materials. The extraction technique plays a significant role in the yield, chemical structure, and bioactivity of the extracts. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) has been widely applied as a novel, green, and rapidly developing extraction method suitable for upscaling and improving the extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds. UAE has substantial advantages such as low consumption of solvent and energy, simplification of manipulation and work-up, high extraction yield and purity of the final product, and fewer damages of active compounds, over the conventional Soxhlet extraction and cold maceration. UAE can also provide the opportunity for enhanced extraction of heat-sensitive bioactive and food components at lower processing temperatures. Ultrasound-assisted herbal extracts exhibit higher anticancer, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic activities than extracts prepared through conventional methods. Nowadays most of the industry-based extractions are carried out using UAE as full extraction can be completed in minutes with high reproducibility. UAE of herbal, oil, protein, polysaccharide, bioactive compounds, such as phenolics, flavonoids, and natural colors, which have importance in food, pharmaceutical, and allied industries, is discussed here.
The successively growing consumer interest in natural bioactive compounds associated with human health promotion and disease prevention has received huge attention in the food market toward effective extraction techniques. Bioactive compounds can be extracted from natural sources and commercially utilized in the development of nutraceuticals and functional foods. Various novel extraction technologies, such as supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasound and microwave-assisted extraction, and accelerated solvent extraction, have been considered effective for large-scale recovery, less extraction time, and superior extract quality. The choice of an appropriate extraction technique could be based on the final applications or the process optimization of bioactive compounds. This chapter aims to present conventional and emerging techniques suitable for extraction of bioactive compounds from natural sources and its potential utilization in food and nutraceutical industries.
Lignans, a group of polyphenolic low molecular weight bioactive compounds with health benefits, are major constituents of sesame cake (SC), a by-product derived from sesame oil processing. The utilization of this by-product in the food or nutraceutical industries could explore its valorization route in compliance with sustainability and circular economy principles. This study aimed to investigate the impact of different environmental-friendly processing approaches such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) for lignans extraction from SC using central composite design (CCD) with response surface methodology (RSM). Sesaminol triglucoside (SETRI) and sesaminol diglucoside (SEDI) were identified and quantified as the major lignan glucosides in SC. Ethanol/water mixture was selected as 'green' solvent for all extraction methods. The influence of ethanol concentration (X 1), extraction time (X 2), temperature (X 3) and solid-to-solvent (SS) ratio or solid weight (X 4) on extraction yield (EY), SETRI and SEDI contents for each technique was examined. The developed models exhibited a high degree of desirability (> 0.72) with determined optimal levels of extraction parameters as follows: X 1 = 71%, X 2 = 10 min, X 3 = 50 • C, X 4 = 1.50 g/20 mL for UAE; X 1 = 80%, X 2 = 5 min, X 3 = 50 • C, X 4 = 0.85 g/20 mL for MAE; X 1 = 80%, X 2 = 20 min, X 3 = 65 • C, X 4 = 2 g for ASE. Under these optimal conditions, the experimental values for EY, SETRI and SEDI contents in SC extracts were: 8.28%, 105.98 mg/g and 16.93 mg/g, respectively for UAE; 8.75%, 105.41 mg/g and 18.76 mg/g, respectively for MAE; 9.34%, 108.00 mg/g and 18.34 mg/g, respectively for ASE. The ANOVA analysis from the RSM were fitted with quadratic models yielding acceptable R 2 (> 0.87), adjusted R 2 (> 0.77), predicted R 2 (> 0.74), and nonsignificant lack-of-fit (p > 0.05) values. Ethanol concentration and solid-to-solvent ratio were the most influencing factors affecting lignans extraction. Although ASE was found as the most suitable method for extracting lignans from SC, from an industrial viewpoint, UAE could be a more affordable technique due to advances in ultrasonic processing devices for large scale applications.
In the present study, the phenolic compounds, mineral composition, of ethanol and water extracts from different Reamuria vermiculata parts (leaves, stems and roots) was investigated. The antioxidant and antimicrobial proprieties were screened using experimental and computational approaches. Results have reported that the fraction aqueous of roots had a higher amount of polyphenol, flavonoid and tanins than stems and leaves (1153.29 mg GAE/g, 308.16 mg CE/g, 31.84 mg CE/g DW) respectively. Also, the same extract has significant scavenging activity to decrease free radicals especially for DPPH (IC50 = 0.04 mg/mL), ABTS radicals (IC50 = 0.002 mg/mL) and β-carotene (IC50 = 0.06 mg/mL). In addition, the minerals K, Mg, Na, and Ca were detected as considerably high quantities in leaves. Moreover, the ethanol extract of roots exhibited an antimicrobial property against bacterial strains Listeria monocytogenes with MIC =0.0781 mg/ml, staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis with MIC = 0.3125 mg/ml. The overall results provided some valuable information that spices have powerful antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials, which could be an interesting material for industrial purposes.
Background: All parts of the pomegranate (fruits, leaves, flowers, and roots) are traditionally used as a folk medicine due to its high antioxidant and phenolic property. The pomegranate fruit is known for its antimicrobial, anticancer and anti-arteriosclerotic properties.
Objective: The current study aims to the effect of ultra-sonication and temperature (45°C) on freezedried pomegranate arils powder for extraction of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and to study the antioxidant activity.
Methods: The freeze-dried arils of pomegranate (Ganesh variety) were procured and subjected to ultra- sonication methods at 45ºC applied for 30 minutes by using methanol, ethanol, water, acetone and hexane solvent for obtaining the extract. The methanolic extract showed the highest phenolic (3036.725 ± 5.39 Gallic acid equivalents mg/100gm), flavonoid (15882.088 ± 0.64, quercetin mg/100g), antioxidant activity (96.1367±0.13%) and free reducing antioxidant power (FRAP assay-18.9033 ± 0.12, Tor. mg/100 ml) respectively, as compared to the extract obtained through other solvents.
Results: The results obtained indicate that the freeze-drying method and ultrasonic extraction method is one of the effective and quick methods for quality extraction of phenolic and flavonoids compounds from fruits.
Conclusion: The technology can further be explored for the development of nutraceutical and health supplements.
Keywords: Antioxidant activity, drying, pomegranate arils, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, ultra-sonication.
Clinacanthus nutans (C. nutans) is a prominent herb species that widely cultivated in Southeast Asia region. The effect of water-based ultrasonic assisted extraction at various temperature (30 to 60 °C) and time (5 to 30 minutes) on the total phenolic, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity in C. nutans leaves extract was investigated. Acquired extract was quantified for its total phenolic, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity by Folin-Ciocalteu, aluminium chloride test and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, respectively. The result has revealed that the highest temperature led to the degradation of bioactive compound in C. nutans leaves. The highest phenolic content and antioxidant activity achieved at 55 °C and 25 minutes with 13.87 ± 0.15 mg gallic acid g⁻¹ dry sample and 52.88 ± 3.91% inhibition, respectively. Meanwhile, greatest flavonoid content was obtained for 12.25 ± 1.01 mg quercetin g⁻¹ of dry sample at 55 °C and 15 minutes of extraction. From this study, it was shown that C. nutans extraction has gained benefit from ultrasonic assisted extraction and has possibilities of being used for the herbs utilisation of beneficial food materials, nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals at manufacturing industry. © 2018, Malaysian Society of Analytical Sciences. All rights reserved.
The pomegranate and their derivative parts contain various phenolic activities. The pomegranate peel had the highest antioxidant activity as compared to other parts of pomegranate fruit. It contains bioactive compounds such as Flavonoids, Polyphenols, Ellagitannins compounds (Gallic acid, Ellagic acid, Punicalagin, Punicalin, luteolin, Quercetin, kaempferol, glycosides, Pedunculagin), minerals (calcium, phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, sodium), and polysaccharide composite. In this study, the influence of different drying methods on the properties of two varieties (Bhagwa and Ganesh) of pomegranate peels was investigated. The pomegranate peel of both varieties was dried in a different method such as Freeze drying (-45 ºC for 94 hrs), Tray Oven drying (60 ºC for 29 hrs) and Sun drying (72 hrs). In this experiment used five different solvents such as methanol, ethanol, water, acetone, and hexane. In this study observed the freeze-dried sample of Ganesh pomegranate peel showed highest phenolic activity in the water, Flavonoid activity in ethanol and FRAP activity in methanolic extraction. The primary antioxidant (DPPH) activity was highest observed in GSD-A followed by GSD-M and GSD-E. The Bhagwa variety of pomegranate peel extract showed the highest phenolic and FRAP activity in the Methanolic extraction of freeze-dried and tray dried peel sample. The ethanolic extraction of Bhagwa tray dried peel showed highest flavonoid and antioxidant (DPPH) activity.
Objectives: To find out the effect of ultrasonic assisted extraction with various solvents of phenolic and flavonoid compound extracted from P. niruri. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Phenolic content from P. niruri was analyzed using Singleton’s method while the flavonoid content was analyzed by aluminum chloride colorimetric assay. Findings: The polyphenols extraction was greatly affected by the solvent type and concentration, particle size of the plant powder, solid liquid ratio and frequency. The highest phenolic content and flavonoid content were obtained at the solid ratio of 2g dry weight P. niruri powder at 119.28 mg GAE/g DW and 75.86 mg QE/g DW. Application/Improvements: The phenolic and flavonoid content reached its optimum extraction yield at the particle size of 125 μm, using 40% EtOH as solvent and the extraction yield increased when the ultrasonic frequency is increased to 53 kHz. The extraction method used in this work may serve as a useful guide to obtain optimum polyphenol extraction from P. niruri.
Natural bioactive compounds include a broad diversity of structures and functionalities that provide an excellent pool of molecules for the production of nutraceuticals, functional foods, and food additives. Some of those compounds can be found in nature at high concentration such as polyphenols but others can only be found at very low levels, so that massive harvesting is needed to obtain sufficient amounts, and their structural diversity and complexity make chemical synthesis unprofitable. The inherent difficulties in screening and producing these compounds have led to the development of advanced technologies. The commonly used methods for their extraction are the conventional liquid–liquid or solid–liquid extraction and the advanced include pressurized-liquid extraction, subcritical and supercritical extractions, and microwave- and ultrasound-assisted extractions. In addition, these extraction techniques have been improved with previous steps (enzyme-and instant controlled pressure drop-assisted extractions) which help to release the compounds from the matrix. These technologies could provide in the next few years an innovative approach to increase the production of specific compounds for use as nutraceuticals or as ingredients in the design of functional foods.
Antioxidant activity of aqueous hull extracts of commonly consumed legumes in India namely Vigna radiata (mung bean), Cicer arietinum (Bengal gram) and Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea) was studied by several in vitro assays. The extracts showed high phenolic content and excellent DPPH scavenging activity (75–85%) at very low concentration. The IC50 values for superoxide radical scavenging activity was also low (85–150μg/ml). The antioxidant activity coefficient as determined by β-carotene bleaching assay was very high (828–1086). The hull extracts also exhibited high reducing power indicating good antioxidant potential. Of the extracts studied pigeon pea hull extract had the highest antioxidant activity. It also exhibited good antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus. This study indicated that legume hulls have good antioxidant potential comparable to the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxy toluene and could therefore have application in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry.
Sesame sprouts are consumed as vegetables in Asian folk. In this study, the nutritional evaluation and antioxidant activity of sesame sprouts were investigated. As seeding days progressed, the free amino acids, γ-aminobutyric acid and total phenolic compounds in the sprouts were rapidly increased while sesamin was reduced. Although a fatty acid composition analysis showed that sesame sprouts were abundant in unsaturated fatty acids, the crude fat content was gradually reduced during sprout growth. In the antioxidant assays, it was found that the DPPH radical scavenging activity and the reducing power of the sprouts increased as the seeding days progressed, which was positively related to the total phenolic content. Sesame sprouts can be recommended for functional ingredients, as well as being an excellent dietary source of natural antioxidants.
This review is a comprehensive survey on the latest and more recent applications of ultrasound (US) on technological properties and bioactivity of food. Apart from a brief discussion on the fundamentals of ultrasound technology, examples have been set out on the physical effects of US on the improvement of food technological properties such as emulsification ability, solubility and texture, as well as on applications such as homogenization, viscosity alteration, extraction, drying, crystallization and defoaming. Among them, special emphasis has been placed on ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE). Nowadays, developments in ultrasonic equipment are such that it is feasible to consider commercial opportunities based on industrial-scale ultrasonic-aided extraction of bioactives, with worthwhile economics gains. Additionally, the initial restrictions associated to ultrasonically generated radicals in UAE have now been explored to enhance the functionality of some types of food. Finally, and despite the improved equipment design and the higher efficiencies of US systems currently used for other applications, a better understanding of the complex physicochemical mechanism of the action of high-intensity ultrasound and its effect on technological and functional properties of food would also contribute to reinforce the future presence of ultrasonic technologies in the food industry.
This study aimed to compare in vitro antioxidant power of different types of tea (Camellia sinensis). The ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assay was used to measure the total antioxidant power of freshly prepared infusions of 25 types of teas. Results showed that different teas had widely different in vitro antioxidant power and that the antioxidant capacity was strongly correlated (r = 0. 956) with the total phenolics content of the tea. Expressed as micromol of antioxidant power/g of dried tea leaves, values ranged as 132-654 micromol/g for black ("fermented") teas, 233-532 micromol/g for Oolong ("semifermented") teas, and 272-1144 micromol/g for green ("nonfermented") teas. One cup of tea of usual strength (1-2%), therefore, can provide the same potential for improving antioxidant status as around 150 mg of pure ascorbic acid (vitamin C).
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