THE INFLUENCE OF ARMED BANDITRY ON FOOD SUPPLY CHAINS IN NORTH-WEST NIGERIA: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Full text

Kuwait Research Journal of
Agriculture and Life Science
1
Research Article
THE INFLUENCE OF ARMED BANDITRY ON FOOD SUPPLY CHAINS
IN NORTH-WEST NIGERIA: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Sadiq, M.S1., Singh, I.P2. and Ahmad, M.M3.
1Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, FUD, Dutse, Nigeria
2Department of Agricultural Economics, SKRAU, Bikaner, India
3Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, BUK, Kano, Nigeria
INTRODUCTION
Armed banditry has become a pervasive threat in
North-West Nigeria, a region traditionally known for
its agricultural productivity [1,2].This form of
organized crime typically involves the use of
firearms by bandits to commit violent acts such as
robbery, kidnapping, and cattle rustling [3]. These
activities have not only led to loss of lives and
property but have also severely disrupted food
supply chains in the region [4].
Food supply chains encompass all the
processes involved in the production, processing,
distribution, and retailing of food [5]. Further, they
are crucial for ensuring that food products move
from farms to consumers. The disruption of these
chains can have serious consequences for food
security, livelihoods, and economic stability [6].
Armed banditry in North-West Nigeria has
intensified in recent years, exacerbating the region's
security challenges and threatening its
socioeconomic stability. The violence perpetrated by
bandits has created a climate of fear and insecurity,
forcing many farmers to abandon their lands,
leading to a significant decline in agricultural
activities [7].This decline, in turn, has contributed to
food shortages and price hikes, further aggravating
food insecurity in the region [8].
The agricultural sector in North-West Nigeria, which
was once a backbone of the region's economy, has
suffered immensely due to the ongoing conflict.
Large-scale displacement of rural populations has
reduced the available labor force, while the
destruction of farms and the theft of livestock have
crippled agricultural production [9]. Additionally,
the increased difficulty of accessing farmlands due to
insecurity has made it challenging for both
smallholder farmers and commercial agricultural
enterprises to continue operations [10]
Moreover, the disruption of food supply
chains, as noted [11] affects not just local food
availability but also the broader national economy,
as North-West Nigeria is a significant contributor to
the country's food basket. The breakdown of
transportation networks due to road blockages,
attacks on vehicles, and the inability to transport
goods safely across the region has exacerbated the
crisis [12]. This disruption has also led to rising food
prices, making basic food items inaccessible to many
households, especially the most vulnerable
populations [13].
Efforts to combat armed banditry, including
military operations and community-based security
initiatives, have had limited success, with bandits
often relocating to new areas or adapting their
tactics [14]. In the long term, addressing the root
causes of banditry-such as poverty, unemployment,
and limited access to education-along with
improving law enforcement, may be crucial for
restoring peace and stability to the region [15]
*Corresponding Author
Sadiq Mohammed Sanusi
Email: sadiqsanusi30@gmail.com
Article History
Received: 19.05.2024
Revise : 11-06-2024
Accepted: 20.07.2024
Published: 21.09.2024
DOI:10.47310/krjals.2024.v01.i01.003
Citations:
Sanusi Sadiq Mohammed, et al. "The
Influence of Armed Banditry on Food
Supply Chains in North-West
Nigeria: A Comprehensive Review."
Kuwait Research Journal of
Agriculture and Life Science, vol. 1,
no. 1, Jan.-Sep. 2024, pp. 1-11.
Abstract: The North-West region of Nigeria has been increasingly
plagued by armed banditry, a form of violent criminal activity that has
significantly disrupted the region's food supply chains. This review
explores the influence of armed banditry on food supply chains in North-
West Nigeria, examining its impact on agricultural production,
distribution networks, market operations, and food security. The paper
synthesizes findings from recent studies, reports, and case studies to
provide a comprehensive understanding of how banditry affects the
region's food systems. It also discusses the broader socio-economic
implications and suggests potential policy responses to mitigate these
challenges.
Keywords: Armed Banditry; Food; Livelihood; Supply Chain; North-West;
Nigeria
Open Access

How to cite: Tu, Runsheng. "Theory and Method of Quality Management Combining Mobilization and Contract." Kuwait Research Journal of
Agriculture and Life Science, vol. 1, no. 1, Jan.-Sep. 2024, pp. 1-17.
2
Succinctly, the ongoing armed banditry in
North-West Nigeria has profound implications for
the region's agricultural productivity, food security,
and economic stability. Urgent policy interventions
aimed at resolving the security crisis, coupled with
support for displaced farmers and investments in
rebuilding food supply chains, will be essential for
mitigating the long-term impacts of the conflict.
Background on Armed Banditry in North-
West Nigeria
Definition and Nature of Armed Banditry
Armed banditry in North-West Nigeria
refers to the criminal activities of heavily
armed groups that operate primarily in
rural areas [16]. These groups engage in
various illicit activities, including
kidnapping for ransom, cattle rustling,
village raids, and highway robbery [17].
The bandits often target rural communities,
exploiting their relative isolation and lack of
security infrastructure [18]
Armed banditry in North-West Nigeria has
evolved into a highly organized and
persistent threat, often involving complex
networks of criminals who operate with
impunity due to the region's weak security
framework [19]. These armed groups are
typically well-armed with sophisticated
weapons, including assault rifles, making
them a formidable challenge for local law
enforcement and security agencies [20].
The bandits frequently use violence and
intimidation to instill fear in the rural
populations, forcing people to flee their
homes and abandon their livelihoods [21]
The bandits' criminal activities have also
extended beyond rural areas into semi-
urban and urban centers, increasing the
scope of their operations [22,23] In some
cases, the bandits collaborate with local
informants or corrupt officials, which
further complicate efforts to address the
situation [24,25]. The ransom payments
obtained from kidnappings are often used
to fund the purchase of more weapons and
vehicles, allowing the groups to sustain and
expand their activities [26,27]
Beyond the immediate violence, the
economic toll of banditry is significant. The
destruction of farmlands, theft of livestock,
and disruption of local markets has left
many communities impoverished and
unable to recover economically [28,29].The
reduction in agricultural output has led to
increased food insecurity, pushing more
people into poverty and contributing to a
cycle of violence and instability [30,31]
In response, the Nigerian government has
launched several military and police
operations aimed at combating the bandits.
However, the vast and difficult terrain of
the North-West, combined with limited
resources and the bandits' adaptability, has
made these operations only partially
effective [32,33].Additionally, some
community vigilante groups have formed to
defend themselves against the bandits,
though these groups have been criticized
for sometimes exacerbating the violence
[34,35]
The ongoing nature of armed banditry in
North-West Nigeria underscores the need
for a comprehensive approach that
combines military efforts with
socioeconomic interventions. Programs
aimed at addressing poverty,
unemployment, and local grievances could
play a key role in reducing the appeal of
banditry, while improving infrastructure
and law enforcement would help
strengthen security in rural areas [36,37].
Historical Context
The rise of armed banditry in North-West
Nigeria can be traced back to several
factors, including the proliferation of small
arms, socio-economic disparities, and the
erosion of traditional community structures
[38]. The disintegration of the pastoralist
and farming communities due to
desertification and competition over
resources has also contributed to the
emergence of banditry [4]. Over time, these
criminal activities have escalated in scale

How to cite: Tu, Runsheng. "Theory and Method of Quality Management Combining Mobilization and Contract." Kuwait Research Journal of
Agriculture and Life Science, vol. 1, no. 1, Jan.-Sep. 2024, pp. 1-17.
3
and violence, leading to widespread fear
and instability.
The rise of armed banditry in North-
West Nigeria is deeply rooted in the
region's socio-political and environmental
context, with several interrelated factors
contributing to its escalation. One
significant driver is the proliferation of
small arms and light weapons, which has
been fueled by porous borders and weak
regulatory frameworks [15,39]. The easy
availability of firearms has enabled criminal
groups to arm themselves with increasingly
sophisticated weapons, making them more
capable of challenging local security forces
and carrying out large-scale operations
[40,41]
Additionally, the socio-economic
disparities in the region, characterized by
widespread poverty, unemployment, and
lack of access to education and healthcare,
have provided fertile ground for the
recruitment of young men into banditry
[36,42]. Many of these individuals see
banditry as a means of survival in the
absence of viable economic opportunities
[43] The collapse of local economies,
particularly in rural areas where farming
and herding were once the mainstay of
livelihoods, has further exacerbated the
situation [34,44]. Another critical factor is
the erosion of traditional community
structures and governance systems that
once maintained social order and mediated
conflicts in the region [45,7]. The
weakening of these institutions, due in part
to external influences, modernity, and the
encroachment of state structures, has left a
vacuum in which criminal elements have
been able to thrive [46,47]. Traditional
leaders, who once played a crucial role in
conflict resolution and resource
management, have seen their authority,
diminish, leaving many communities
without effective local governance [48].The
disintegration of pastoralist and farming
communities, driven by environmental
changes such as desertification and
competition over dwindling resources, has
also played a central role in the rise of
banditry [4]. The expansion of deserts and
loss of arable land have forced herders and
farmers into increasingly contentious
competition over land and water, resulting
in frequent clashes and a breakdown of the
previously cooperative relationships
between these groups [15,49]. These
conflicts have often provided a gateway for
criminal elements to exploit the grievances
of displaced populations, further fueling
banditry [26,23]
Furthermore, the inefficiency of state
responses to early warning signs of
banditry allowed the phenomenon to grow
unchecked [24,50]. Initial responses were
often reactive rather than proactive,
focusing on military interventions rather
than addressing the root causes, such as
poverty, marginalization, and the effects of
climate change [51]. Over time, this has led
to a cycle of violence that continues to
destabilize the region, undermining efforts
to restore peace and security.
Succinctly, the rise of armed
banditry in North-West Nigeria is the result
of a complex interplay of factors, including
the proliferation of small arms, socio-
economic disparities, environmental
degradation, and the erosion of traditional
structures. Addressing this challenge will
require a multifaceted approach, involving
not only security interventions but also
economic development, environmental
restoration, and the rebuilding of
community governance systems.
Geographical Scope
North-West Nigeria comprises states such
as Zamfara, Katsina, Sokoto, Kebbi, and
Kaduna. These states have been particularly
affected by armed banditry due to their vast
rural areas, limited state presence, and
proximity to international borders, which
facilitate the smuggling of arms and
movement of bandit groups. Succinctly, the
region has become a hotbed for armed
banditry, primarily due to its unique

How to cite: Tu, Runsheng. "Theory and Method of Quality Management Combining Mobilization and Contract." Kuwait Research Journal of
Agriculture and Life Science, vol. 1, no. 1, Jan.-Sep. 2024, pp. 1-17.
4
geographic and socio-economic
characteristics. The vast rural areas in these
states, characterized by remote villages and
sparse settlements, provide ideal conditions
for bandits to operate with minimal
interference from security forces [52,53].
The terrain, which includes dense forests
and rugged landscapes, offers natural
hideouts and strategic advantages for the
bandits, making it difficult for security
personnel to track and apprehend them
[54]
Moreover, the limited state presence
in many rural parts of these states
exacerbates the situation. The lack of
adequate policing and basic infrastructure,
such as roads and communication
networks, has left many communities
vulnerable to attacks [45,55] In these areas,
state institutions are either weak or
entirely absent, forcing local populations to
rely on informal security arrangements
such as vigilante groups, which are often ill-
equipped to combat well-armed bandit
groups [56,57]
The proximity of North-West Nigeria to
international borders, particularly those
with Niger Republic, further complicates
efforts to control banditry. These porous
borders enable the smuggling of arms,
drugs, and other illicit goods, while also
facilitating the movement of bandit groups
between countries to evade capture
[58,59,60].Cross-border criminal networks
have capitalized on the region’s weak
border controls, allowing them to acquire
firearms and other resources with relative
ease [22,62]. This flow of arms has
significantly increased the firepower of the
bandits, enabling them to carry out more
violent and coordinated attacks [62]
The proximity to conflict zones in
neighboring regions, such as the Sahel, has
also contributed to the rise in armed
banditry. Instability and armed conflicts in
the Sahelian belt have created a surplus of
small arms and light weapons, which have
easily found their way into North-West
Nigeria, further escalating the violence
[8].Additionally, the presence of
transnational criminal groups and jihadi
movements in the broader region has at
times blurred the lines between banditry,
insurgency, and organized crime,
complicating efforts to distinguish between
different forms of violence [63,64].Efforts
to address the problem have been hindered
by inconsistent security responses from the
federal government, with military
operations being launched but often not
sustained long enough to yield lasting
results [58,23]. The lack of coordination
between local, state, and federal authorities,
as well as the challenges posed by corrupt
officials, has further limited the
effectiveness of anti-banditry campaigns
[65,20]
Thus, the rise of armed banditry in North-
West Nigeria is facilitated by a combination
of geographic, economic, and governance
factors, including vast rural landscapes,
weak state presence, and porous
international borders. These challenges
underscore the need for a comprehensive
strategy that integrates improved security
measures, stronger border control, and
socioeconomic development to mitigate the
conditions that fuel banditry in the region.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Using current reports and articles as
references, the present study was
systematically analyzed to generate some
insightful insights into the effect of armed
banditry on food supply chain in Nigeria’s
North West Region.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Impact of Armed Banditry on Food
Supply Chains
Disruption of Agricultural Production
Armed banditry has had a profound impact
on agricultural production in North-West
Nigeria [66].Agriculture is the backbone of
the region's economy, with the majority of
the population engaged in farming and
livestock rearing [67]. However, the

How to cite: Tu, Runsheng. "Theory and Method of Quality Management Combining Mobilization and Contract." Kuwait Research Journal of
Agriculture and Life Science, vol. 1, no. 1, Jan.-Sep. 2024, pp. 1-17.
5
presence of bandits has forced many
farmers to abandon their farms due to fear
of attacks, kidnappings, and extortion.
Abandonment of farms and fields
The fear of violence has led to the
abandonment of vast tracts of farmland,
especially in areas that are considered high-
risk [25].This has resulted in a significant
reduction in the cultivation of staple crops
such as maize, millet, sorghum, and rice
[30]. The decline in agricultural activities
has directly affected food production,
leading to shortages and increased prices in
local markets.
Loss of livestock
Cattle’s rustling is another major
component of armed banditry in North-
West Nigeria [18]. Livestock, particularly
cattle, are a valuable asset for many rural
households, serving as a source of income,
food, and cultural significance. Bandits
often raid villages to steal cattle, leading to
a decline in livestock numbers and the
livelihoods of pastoralists [68]. The loss of
livestock has also affected the supply of
meat and dairy products in the region.
Disruption of seasonal farming cycles
The persistent threat of bandit attacks has
disrupted the traditional farming cycles
[27]. Farmers are unable to plant or harvest
their crops on time, which leads to reduced
yields. The interruption of farming
activities during critical periods has
exacerbated food insecurity, as the affected
communities cannot produce enough food
to meet their needs[69]
Impact on Distribution Networks
The distribution of food products from
farms to markets is a critical component of
the food supply chain [47,70]. Armed
banditry has severely disrupted these
distribution networks in North-West
Nigeria.
Attacks on transportation routes
Bandits frequently target transportation
routes used by traders and distributors to
move agricultural produce from rural areas
to urban centers [71]. These attacks include
hijacking of vehicles, theft of goods, and
kidnapping of drivers and traders. The
insecurity on the roads has made it
increasingly difficult and expensive to
transport food products [52], leading to
delays and losses.
Closure of markets and trade routes
The fear of bandit attacks has led to the
closure of several local markets,
particularly in rural areas [43]. These
markets are essential for farmers to sell
their produce and for consumers to access
food. The closure of markets has disrupted
the flow of goods, reduced income for
farmers, and limited access to food for
consumers. In some cases, entire trade
routes have become inaccessible due to the
presence of bandit groups, further isolating
rural communities [72,73]
Increased transportation costs
The increased risk associated with
transporting goods through bandit-prone
areas has led to higher transportation costs
[37]. These costs are often passed on to
consumers in the form of higher prices for
food products. Additionally, the need for
security escorts or alternative, longer
routes has further increased the cost of
distribution, making food less affordable for
the population.
Effects on Market Operations
Market operations in North-West Nigeria
have been severely affected by the activities
of armed bandits [7]. The insecurity has
disrupted both formal and informal market
systems, affecting the availability and
pricing of food products.
Price volatility
The disruptions in agricultural production
and distribution networks have led to
significant price volatility in local markets.

How to cite: Tu, Runsheng. "Theory and Method of Quality Management Combining Mobilization and Contract." Kuwait Research Journal of
Agriculture and Life Science, vol. 1, no. 1, Jan.-Sep. 2024, pp. 1-17.
6
The reduced supply of food products,
coupled with increased transportation
costs, has driven up prices [74]. This
volatility makes it difficult for consumers,
particularly those with low incomes, to
afford basic food items.
Market access and availability
Insecurity has reduced market access for
both farmers and consumers [41]. Farmers
are unable to transport their produce to
markets, leading to a decrease in the
availability of food. Consumers, particularly
those in rural areas, face difficulties in
accessing markets due to fear of bandit
attacks. The reduced availability of food in
markets has further exacerbated food
insecurity in the region.
Impact on local economies
The disruption of market operations has
had broader economic implications for local
economies in North-West Nigeria. The
reduction in agricultural activities and
market closures has led to a decline in
income for farmers, traders, and other
market participants. This has contributed to
rising poverty levels and has weakened the
overall economic resilience of the region
[75].
Influence on Food Security
The cumulative effects of armed banditry
on agricultural production, distribution
networks, and market operations have had
a profound impact on food security in
North-West Nigeria [76]. Food security,
defined as the availability, access, and
utilization of sufficient, safe, and nutritious
food, has been severely compromised.
Food availability
The disruption of agricultural production
has led to a significant reduction in food
availability in the region [15]. The
decreases in crop yields, loss of livestock,
and abandonment of farms have reduced
the amount of food that is produced locally.
This has created food shortages in many
communities, particularly in rural areas
where food supply chains are most
vulnerable.
Food access
The disruptions in distribution networks
and market operations have made it
difficult for consumers to access food. The
closure of markets, increased
transportation costs, and fear of bandit
attacks has limited the ability of people to
purchase food. This has disproportionately
affected vulnerable populations, including
the poor, women, and children, who are less
able to cope with the rising costs and
scarcity of food.
Food utilization
The disruption of food supply chains has
also affected food utilization, which refers
to the proper intake and absorption of
nutrients. The scarcity of food has led to a
reliance on less nutritious, more readily
available food items. This has resulted in a
decline in the nutritional quality of diets,
particularly among children, leading to
higher rates of malnutrition and related
health issues.
Food stability
The instability caused by armed banditry
has undermined the stability of food
supplies in the region. The unpredictable
nature of bandit attacks, coupled with the
ongoing insecurity, has made it difficult to
ensure a consistent supply of food. This
instability has made it challenging for
communities to plan and manage their food
resources effectively.
Socio-Economic Implications
The influence of armed banditry on food
supply chains in North-West Nigeria
extends beyond food security. The
disruption of these chains has had far-
reaching socio-economic implications for
the region.

How to cite: Tu, Runsheng. "Theory and Method of Quality Management Combining Mobilization and Contract." Kuwait Research Journal of
Agriculture and Life Science, vol. 1, no. 1, Jan.-Sep. 2024, pp. 1-17.
7
Impact on Livelihoods
The disruption of agricultural production,
market operations, and distribution
networks has had a devastating impact on
livelihoods in North-West Nigeria [77].
Farmers, traders, and transporters have
lost their primary sources of income due to
the activities of bandits. This has led to
increased poverty, food insecurity, and
economic instability in the region.
Migration and Displacement
The persistent threat of armed banditry has
forced many people to flee their homes in
search of safety [78]. This displacement has
further disrupted food supply chains, as
displaced populations are often unable to
engage in agricultural activities or access
markets [79]. The influx of displaced people
into urban areas has also strained existing
food resources, leading to increased
competition and higher prices.
Psychological and Social Impact
The constant threat of violence has had a
profound psychological impact on the
people of North-West Nigeria. The fear of
bandit attacks has created a climate of fear
and insecurity, which has disrupted social
cohesion and community structures [65].
The psychological trauma experienced by
those affected by banditry has also
contributed to a decline in mental health
and well-being [80].
Economic Losses
The economic losses associated with armed
banditry are significant. The decline in
agricultural productivity, increased
transportation costs, and disruption of
market operations have all contributed to a
decrease in the region's economic output.
The loss of livelihoods and income has
further weakened the economic resilience
of the region, making it more difficult to
recover from the effects of banditry [81].
CASE STUDIES
Zamfara State
Zamfara State is one of the states in North-
West Nigeria most affected by armed
banditry. The state has experienced
widespread violence, leading to the
displacement of thousands of people and
the abandonment of large areas of farmland
[82]. The disruption of agricultural
activities has led to severe food shortages,
with many communities relying on food aid
to survive.
Katsina State
Katsina State has also been heavily
impacted by armed banditry. The state,
which is known for its agricultural
productivity, has seen a significant decline
in crop production due to the activities of
bandits. The disruption of transportation
routes has made it difficult for farmers to
bring their produce to market, leading to
food shortages and increased prices [72].
Kaduna State
In Kaduna State, armed banditry has
disrupted both farming and trading
activities. The closure of markets and
attacks on transportation routes has
severely affected the food supply chain.
Many farmers have been forced to abandon
their farms, leading to a decline in food
production and increased food insecurity.
Policy Responses and Recommendations
Strengthening Security
One of the most critical responses to the
influence of armed banditry on food supply
chains is to strengthen security in the
affected areas. This includes increasing the
presence of law enforcement agencies,
improving intelligence gathering, and
enhancing community policing initiatives.
By addressing the root causes of insecurity,
it is possible to reduce the incidence of
banditry and its impact on food supply
chains.
Supporting Agricultural Recovery
To mitigate the impact of armed banditry
on agricultural production, it is essential to

How to cite: Tu, Runsheng. "Theory and Method of Quality Management Combining Mobilization and Contract." Kuwait Research Journal of
Agriculture and Life Science, vol. 1, no. 1, Jan.-Sep. 2024, pp. 1-17.
8
support agricultural recovery efforts in the
region. This includes providing farmers
with the resources they need to resume
farming, such as seeds, tools, and livestock.
Additionally, efforts should be made to
rehabilitate abandoned farmland and
improve access to agricultural inputs.
Improving Infrastructure
Improving infrastructure, particularly
transportation networks, is crucial for
restoring food supply chains in North-West
Nigeria. This includes repairing roads,
bridges, and market facilities that have
been damaged or abandoned due to
banditry. Enhanced infrastructure will
facilitate the movement of goods, reduce
transportation costs, and improve market
access.
Enhancing Market Operations
Strengthening market operations is
essential for ensuring that food supply
chains function effectively. This includes
reopening closed markets, improving
security in market areas, and supporting
the development of local trade networks.
By enhancing market operations, it is
possible to increase food availability,
stabilize prices, and improve access for
consumers.
Providing Social Safety Nets
Given the impact of armed banditry on
livelihoods and food security, it is essential
to provide social safety nets for vulnerable
populations. This includes food aid, cash
transfers, and nutritional support for those
most affected by the disruption of food
supply chains. Social safety nets can help to
mitigate the impact of banditry on food
security and reduce the vulnerability of
affected communities.
CONCLUSION
The influence of armed banditry on food
supply chains in North-West Nigeria is
profound and far-reaching. The disruption
of agricultural production, distribution
networks, and market operations has had a
severe impact on food security, livelihoods,
and economic stability in the region.
Addressing these challenges requires a
comprehensive approach that includes
strengthening security, supporting
agricultural recovery, improving
infrastructure, and enhancing market
operations. By implementing these
measures, it is possible to mitigate the
impact of armed banditry and restore the
region's food supply chains.
Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that they
have no conflict of interest
Funding: No funding sources
Ethical approval: The study was approved by the
Federal University Dutse,Nigeria
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