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Exploring chemically processed Symplocos racemosa sustainable material feasibility for sorptive amputation of methylene blue dye from waste water by green technology

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Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery
Authors:
Muhammad Rashid
Muhammad Rashid
Muhammad Rashid
  • This person is not on ResearchGate, or hasn't claimed this research yet.
Rabia Rehman
Rabia Rehman
Rabia Rehman
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Mehwish Akram at University of the Punjab
Mehwish Akram
Ayman A. Ghfar
Ayman A. Ghfar
Ayman A. Ghfar
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Abstract and Figures

In this work, Symplocos racemosa (Lodh) biowaste (SR) was chemically fabricated to make it a sustainable material for detoxifying cationic pollutants from waste-water by green technology using methylene blue (MB) dye as a test case. Morphological changes that occurred in SR were observed by SEM, EDX, XRD, and FTIR methods. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to optimize tailored adsorptive detoxification of the MB dye. The equilibrium data of experiments was found to be in best fit with Langmuir isotherm, showing that the maximum dye removal capacity of SR (qmax) was 10 mg/g for MB. Kinetic modeling of equilibrium data followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, indicating enhanced porosity after chemical processing of SR. The results confirmed the prospective application of Symplocos racemosa lignocellulosic waste as a natural, cheap, and sustainable product that can be used for adsorptive removal of cationic pollutants. Graphical Abstract
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Vol.:(0123456789)
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-06219-4
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Exploring chemically processed Symplocos racemosa sustainable
material feasibility forsorptive amputation ofmethylene blue dye
fromwaste water bygreen technology
MuhammadRashid1· RabiaRehman1· MehwishAkram2· AymanA.Ghfar3· LiviuMitu4
Received: 7 June 2024 / Revised: 18 September 2024 / Accepted: 30 September 2024
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024
Abstract
In this work, Symplocos racemosa (Lodh) biowaste (SR) was chemically fabricated to make it a sustainable material for
detoxifying cationic pollutants from waste-water by green technology using methylene blue (MB) dye as a test case. Mor-
phological changes that occurred in SR were observed by SEM, EDX, XRD, and FTIR methods. Batch adsorption experi-
ments were conducted to optimize tailored adsorptive detoxification of the MB dye. The equilibrium data of experiments
was found to be in best fit with Langmuir isotherm, showing that the maximum dye removal capacity of SR (qmax) was 10
mg/g for MB. Kinetic modeling of equilibrium data followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, indicating enhanced porosity
after chemical processing of SR. The results confirmed the prospective application of Symplocos racemosa lignocellulosic
waste as a natural, cheap, and sustainable product that can be used for adsorptive removal of cationic pollutants.
Keywords Symplocos racemosa· Sustainable material· Methylene blue· Green technology
Abbreviations
MB Methylene blue
SR Symplocos racemose
AOPs Advanced oxidation process
SEM/EDX Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
DSC Differential scanning colorimetry
TGA Thermogravimetric analysis
XRD X-ray diffraction
FTIR Fourier transform infrared
IDT Initial degradation temperature
Co (mg/L) Dye concentration in solution before adding
adsorbent
Ce (mg/L) Equilibrium dye concentration
V (L) Dye solution volume
W (g) Adsorbent weight
qe Biosorption capacity at given time
1 Introduction
Environmental pollution is an emerging crisis due to the
rapid industrial development for managing the demands of
the increasing population [1]. Among this ecological pollu-
tion, water is highly affected by contamination that affects all
life forms and causes many health hazards [2]. These textile
industries widely use colorants, mostly dyes, for the manu-
facturing process, and the dyeing section alone is responsi-
ble for discharging 15–20 percent colored wastewater [3].
These dyes are toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, allergenic,
and teratogenic [4]. Among these harmful dyes, methylene
blue (MB), C16H18N3SCl·3H2O [5] is commonly used, which
* Rabia Rehman
grinorganic@yahoo.com
Muhammad Rashid
m.rashid.hunjra@gmail.com
Mehwish Akram
mehwish.geo@pu.edu.pk
Ayman A. Ghfar
aghafr@ksu.edu.sa
Liviu Mitu
ktm7ro@yahoo.com
1 Centre forInorganic Chemistry, School ofChemistry, School
ofChemistry, University ofthePunjab, Quaid-e- Azam
Campus, 54590Lahore, Pakistan
2 Institute ofGeology, University ofthePunjab, Lahore,
Pakistan, Quaid-e-Azam Campus
3 Department ofChemistry, College ofScience, King Saud
University, P.O. Box2455, Riyadh11451, SaudiArabia
4 Department ofChemistry, University ofPitesti, Pitesti,
Romania110040
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