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This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
P-ISSN: 2304-3075; E-ISSN: 2305-4360
International Journal of Veterinary Science
www.ijvets.com; editor@ijvets.com
Research Article
https://doi.org/10.47278/journal.ijvs/2024.152
Hatching Performance of Kokok Balenggek Chicken (G1): Formation of Superior
Local Chicken in West Sumatra
Husmaini, Linda Suhartati, Rusfidra, Fajri Aulia Rachman and Ananda
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science Universitas Andalas, West Sumatra, Indonesia
*Corresponding author: lindasuhartati@ansci.unand.ac.id
Article History: 23-352
Received: 08-Nov-23
Revised: 30-Dec-23
Accepted: 10-Jan-24
ABSTRACT
This study aims to determine the hatching performance of Kokok Balenggek chicken (KBC) using different males as
the formation of superior local meat-type chickens. The study used an experimental method, randomized block design
(RBD), with eight treatments and three groups. The treatment was male KBC (G0) and the group was the hatching
period. Chickens are mated using Artificial Insemination (AI) with a sex ratio of 1:5. A total of 594 KBC egg were
selected. The variables of this study consisted of fertility rate (FR%), embryonic mortality (EM%), hatchability of fertile
egg (HRF%), and day-old chick (DOC) viability. Data were analyzed using Minitab version 19. The results of the study
showed that individual differences in males had non-significant (P>0.05) effect on FR, EM, HRF and DOC viability.
The average FR was (73.38%), EM (30.96%), HRF (69.04%) and DOC viability (90.73%). The macroscopic
examination of KBC-G0 semen indicated volume as 0.31±0.11mL, consistency to be thick creamy with a milky white
color and pH as 7.35±0.17. The microscopic examination of KBC-G0 semen indicated average ++ mass movement and
sperm motility, viability and abnormality of spermatozoa to be 71.25±8.35, 78.34±6.22 and 11.67±2.90%, respectively
whereas concentration of spermatozoa was 210.46±43.68 x 107 sperm/mL spermatozoa. In conclusion, the eight males
KBC have the same and good hatching performance so can be used as males to produce KBC (G1) in the formation of
superior local meat type chickens.
Key words: DOC Viability, Fertility, Hatchability, Mortality, Semen Quality.
INTRODUCTION
Kokok Balenggek chicken (KBC) is one of native
chicken from West Sumatra, which originates from Tigo
Lurah District, Solok Regency, Indonesia (Masfi and Mafardi
2022). KBC has a multilevel crowing sound and is classified
as a singing chicken. The price of KBC is in line with the
number and frequency of crowing. However, not all KBC
broodstock can produce progeny that have multilevel cocks.
Husmaini et al. (2022) stated that 59.69% of breeders in in-
situ areas had slaughtered KBC and 52.94% of the KBC has
been discarded because these did not have a multilevel
crowing. KBC can be classified based on body size and coat
color. Based on body size, KBC is divided into three types,
namely Yungkilok Gadang chickens (body weight (BW)
>2kg), Ratiah chickens (BW <2kg) and Randah Batu chickens
(short legs like Kate chickens (Rukmana 2003). Yungkilok
Gadang type KBC, which does not have multilevel crowing,
can be used as a meat-type chicken. The average BW of
roosters and hens reported to be 2024.50±291.23 and
1429.34±228.06g, respectively (Husmaini et al. 2023).
The development of KBC into superior local meat-
type chickens can be done by selection. This development
program has been successfully carried out on several local
chickens, including the Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan
chicken (KUB-1). KUB-1 chickens are the result from
developing free-range chickens (Gallus-gallus domesticus)
from Depok, Cianjur and Majalengka (Masito 2021). The
development of free-range chickens (Gallus-gallus
domesticus) produces superior characteristics, including, at
the age of 20 weeks, male KUB-1 chickens have a body
weight of between 1.60-1.80kg (SNI 2017).
KBC selection can be done based on the quality of
male and female. The ability to produce healthy offspring
is a characteristic, one of which involves the mating
behavior of males and females as well as genetic
components (Wolc et al. 2019). The quality of the male can
be determined through the hatching performance of eggs
produced. The male's quality can determine the egg fertility
level (Ridwan and Rusdin, 2008). According to Bandu et
al. (2015), egg hatchability can also be influenced by the
male's ability to fertilize eggs. Fertilization can occur if the
Cite This Article as: Husmaini, Suhartati L, Rusfidra, Rachman FA and Ananda, 2024. Hatching performance of Kokok
Balenggek chicken (G1): Formation of superior local chicken in West Sumatra. International Journal of Veterinary
Science 13(5): 661-666. https://doi.org/10.47278/journal.ijvs/2024.152
Int J Vet Sci, 2024, 13(5): 661-666.
662
rooster has good sperm quality and even mortality is
closely related to fertility and hatchability (Astomo et al.
2016). A fertile egg has two possibilities: successfully
hatching and being mortal. If the egg hatchability is high,
the chick mortality rate will be low. Sperm quality has been
shown to predict male fertility. By adding external factors
like semen collection, processing, and storage, exposure to
environmental factors and semen application to a receptive
hen, AI further complicates the reproductive process
through human intervention (Wolc et al. 2019). So, it is
necessary to know the quality of KBC-G0 males through
the hatching performance. This difference in male quality
can be a reference in developing KBC into superior meat-
type chicken to increase reproductive and reproductive
performance of this chicken.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ethical Approval
Animal experiments were conducted following the
Republic of Indonesia Law No. 18 of 2009 (section 66),
which addressed animal keeping, raising, killing and
proper treatment and care.
Material and Experimental Design
This study used 48 Kokok Balenggek chicken (8 male
and 40 female) with male and female with an age of 48
and 36 weeks and body weight 2 and 1.5kg, respectively.
Female Kokok Balenggek chicken were in egg
production. Chicken were raised intensively using battery
cages at the Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Andalas
University. Chickens were numbered using wing-bands
for males J01 to J08 and for females B01 to B40. KBC-
G0 was procured from Solok Regency, West Sumatra.
KBC was given the ND vaccine. Chickens were
artificially inseminated twice a week with sex ratio of 1:5.
A total of 594 KBC egg were selected (storage <7 d). Eggs
were selected based on criteria that the eggshell was not
cracked, broken, has a normal shape and egg weight
ranged from 39-45g. Day-old chicks were maintained for
a week to determine its suitability.
The equipment used were three egg hatching machines
with a capacity of 200 eggs, 5 watt lamps, thermometers
(Gea Medical), hygrometers (HTC-1) with a humidity
range, thermostat (STC-1000), mini LED flashlight (Surya
SYT L017), 1mL injection syringes (Onemed), 1.5mL
microtubes and digital scale (Camry).
Measurement and Methods
This research was conducted using randomized block
design (RBD). The treatment was eight male KBC (G0)
and the groups were three hatching periods with three egg
hatching machines. After the complete end of incubation,
the total number of fertility rate, embryonic mortality,
hatchability of fertile eggs and DOC viability were
recorded according to the groups. Temperature (°C) and
humidity (%) were recorded for 21 days.
Hatching results were calculated according to the formula
(Alasahan and Copur 2016):
Fertility Rate (FR %) = (number of fertile eggs/numbers
of set egg) x 100
Embryonic mortality (%) = (number of embryonic
mortality/numbers of fertile egg) x 100
Hatchability of Fertile Egg (HRF %) = (number of hatched
chick/number of fertile egg) x 100
DOC Viability (%) = (number of initial DOC observation/
total DOC at the end of the observation) x 100.
DOC viability was observed for a week after hatching
(Suprijatna et al. 2005). The characteristics of a quality
DOC include having fur that looks smooth and full, the
DOC's body is not deformed, agile, aggressive, has a high
appetite, avoids dry feet and does not have omphalitis
(SNI 2017).
Semen collection was by massage method in a
microtube twice weekly from each cock. Fresh semen was
evaluated macroscopically (volume, color, consistency,
pH) and microscopically (mass movement, concentration,
motility, abnormalities). The evaluation procedure refers to
Arifiantini (2012) which was adapted for poultry semen.
Statistical Analyses
Data were expressed as mean±SD from three hatching
machines and analyzed statistically using Minitab version
19. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the effects of
male on hatching performance such as fertility rate,
embryonic mortality, hatchability of fertile egg and DOC
viability. The percentage was arcsine transformed before
analysis. P<0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.
Sperm quality was analyzed descriptively. Recording
temperature and humidity are displayed in graphs.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Sperm Quality of KBC-G0
The macroscopic examination of KBC-G0 semen
indicated volume as 0.31±0.11mL, consistency to be thick
creamy with a milky white color and pH as 7.35±0.17
(Table 1). Ananda et al. (2023) stated that fresh semen of
KBC produced a volume ranging from 0.2-
0.3mL/ejaculate. Andaruisworo and Yuniati (2021)
reported that the semen of the Green Jungle chicken was
white to cloudy white. Color and consistency illustrate the
concentration of spermatozoa.
The microscopic examination of KBC-G0 semen
indicated average ++ mass movement and sperm motility,
viability and abnormality of spermatozoa to be 71.25±8.35,
78.34±6.22 and 11.67±2.90%, respectively whereas
concentration of spermatozoa was 210.46±43.68 x 107
sperm/mL spermatozoa (Table 2).
Hatchability Performance
The effect of males on hatching performance and DOC
viability are showed in Table 3. The male of KBC had no
significant (P>0.05) effect on the fertility rate, embryonic
mortality, hatching rate of fertile egg and viability of KBC-
G1 DOC. Average eight male of KBC percentage of
fertility, embryonic mortality, hatching of fertile egg and
day-old chicks viability was 73.38, 30.96, 69.04 and
90.73%, respectively (Table 3).
In this study, the KBC-G0 males were selected based
on age, body weight, and perfect or flawless appearance.
Hatching performance between males does not differ in the
present study. This could be due to the same ration fed,
namely 524 TA mixed with bran, which can cause the
quality of the semen produced and the ability to fertilize to
be relatively the same. The level of protein given can affect
Int J Vet Sci, 2024, 13(5): 661-666.
663
Table 1: Macroscopic quality of male KBC-G0 semen
Male
Volume (mL)
Consistency
Color
pH
J01
0.12
Thick creamy
Milky white
7.33
J02
0.38
Thick creamy
Milky white
7.33
J03
0.45
Thick creamy
Milky white
7.17
J04
0.40
Thick creamy
Milky white
7.33
J05
0.32
Thick creamy
Milky white
7.33
J06
0.25
Thick creamy
Milky white
7.67
J07
0.38
Thick creamy
Milky white
7.17
J08
0.20
Thick creamy
Milky white
7.50
Average
0.31±0.11
Thick creamy
Milky white
7.35±0.17
Table 2: The microscopic quality of male KBC-G0 semen
Male
Mass
movement
Motility of
spermatozoa (%)
Concentration of spermatozoa
(107 sperm/mL)
Viability
(%)
Abnormality of
spermatozoa (%)
J01
++
60
162.50
73.17
13.66
J02
+++
80
228.75
79.71
7.25
J03
+++
80
251.25
88.84
10.70
J04
+++
80
278.75
86.12
9.09
J05
++
70
223.75
73.30
9.50
J06
++
70
208.75
75.36
14.98
J07
++
70
171.25
77.97
13.66
J08
++
60
158.70
72.25
14.54
Average
++
71.25±8.35
210.46±43.68
78.34±6.22
11.67±2.90
Table 3: Effect of males on hatching performance and viability of KBC-G1 Day Old Chicks
Treatment
Fertility Rate (%)
Embryonic Mortality (%)
Hatchability of Fertile Egg (%)
Day Old Chicks Viability (%)
J01
67.68±3.00
40.55±6.38
59.45±6.38
91.67±14.43
J02
74.60±9.91
38.33±12.58
61.67±12.58
88.89±19.24
J03
77.18±15.21
33.13±4.47
66.87±4.46
85.00±13.22
J04
84.87±4.50
31.94±6.36
68.06±6.36
78.06±10.55
J05
63.06±3.37
21.67±10.20
78.33±10.20
100.00±0.00
J06
76.35±14.21
18.89±10.09
81.11±10.09
100.00±0.00
J07
68.45±15.19
32.78±7.52
67.22±7.52
88.89±19.25
J08
74.81±7.14
30.36±6.44
69.64±6.44
93.33±11.55
Average
73.38±5.29
30.96±2.69
69.04±2.69
90.73±7.51
the quality of semen in male chickens and in turn, affect
fertility and hatchability (Tadondjou et al. 2013). In
addition, the eggs collected were selected based on egg
weight. Hatching egg quality and hatchability can be
affected by egg weight (Ipek and Sozcu 2017).
The average fertility (73.38%) KBC in the present
study was lower compared to results 87.70 and 85%
reported by Ritonga (2016) and Asri and Surtina (2020),
respectively. In this study, mating was carried out using
the AI method, whereas in the research conducted by
Ritonga (2016) and Asri and Surtina (2020), the natural
mating method was used. Sutiyono (2001) stated that AI
can reduce fertility and hatchability. Implementing AI
requires persistence, thoroughness, and caution. If there
are errors in the implementation of AI, it can cause damage
to the mucosa of the reproductive organs, which can affect
the quality of semen and chicken eggs. According to Sadid
et al. (2016), percentage of fertility of local chicken eggs
using natural mating methods was higher compared to AI.
The fertility rate of chicken eggs using the AI method
using fresh semen ranges from 62-77% (Long and
Kulkarni 2004).
The factors that most influence embryo mortality
include egg age, temperature, and humidity in the hatching
machine (Ningtyas et al. 2013) and egg handling during
hatching (Wicaksono et al. 2013). Napirah and Has (2017)
stated that differences in the storage time of hatching eggs
can affect embryo mortality. Kostaman et al. (2020) stated
that the longer the egg is stored, the quality of the egg
decreases, causing the egg's nutrients used for embryo
development to decrease and resulting in failure to hatch.
Ningtyas et al. (2013) stated that the temperature of the
hatching machine can affect embryo mortality. Eggs that
fail to hatch can be caused by the humidity of the hatching
machine being too low and the temperature of the hatching
machine being too high (Ningtyas et al. 2013). Air
humidity functions to maintain fluid in the egg. Inconstant
increases and decreases in temperature during hatching can
cause embryo death (Ningtyas et al. 2013).
The mortality rate in the present study (30.96%) was
lower than that reported (47.2%) by Ritonga (2016).
Embryo mortality can be influenced by several factors,
including the age of the egg, temperature and humidity
of the hatching machine (Ningtyas et al. 2013; Iraqi et al.
2024) egg weight, egg shape index, storage period (Dey
et al. 2019) breeder flock age, setter, hatcher type and
genotype (Grochowska et al. 2019) and handling of the
eggs during hatching (Wicaksono et al. 2013; Ozl et al.
2021). Higher mortality rate (65.83%) has also been
reported by Agustira and Yayuk (2017) which could be
due to more storage time of hatching eggs as Agustira
and Yayuk (2017) stored eggs for nine days while in the
present it was only five days. This statement was in
accordance with the opinion of Kostaman et al. (2020)
that the longer storage of eggs can decrease the quality
of the eggs resulting in decreased egg's nutrients
necessary for embryo development thus resulting in
failure to hatch.
Int J Vet Sci, 2024, 13(5): 661-666.
664
Fig. 1: KBC-G0 hatching temperature (°C). Three groups were
three hatching periods.
Fig. 2: Hatch humidity (%) recording. Three groups were three
hatching periods.
The average hatchability in the present study ranged
from 59.45±6.38 to 81.11±10.09%. Hatchability is also
influenced by the length of time the eggs are stored before
entering the hatching machine (Ayeni et al. 2020; Melo et
al. 2021; Kolokolnikova 2021; Adriaensen et al. 2022;
Shirley and Ardener 2023). In this study, the eggs were
kept for five days and then started hatching. Short storage
can improve hatchability of eggs from young breeders, but
not from older breeders (Nasri et al. 2019). The hatchability
rate for KBC eggs in this study was 69.04%. The average
hatchability in this study was lower than reported (75.9%)
by Syamsudin et al. (2016) in three days storage of Sentul
Chicken eggs at Warso Unggul Farm. This can happen
because hatching eggs stored for three days are fresh than
eggs stored for five days. Fresh eggs have small pores to
prevent bacteria from entering the egg so that egg quality
can be maintained properly (Susanti et al. 2015). Eggs that
are contaminated with bacteria cause the nutrients
contained in the egg to be damaged so that the nutritional
needs for embryo development are not met and this will
have an impact on the egg's hatchability (Mahmoud et al.
2022). Bacterial contamination, such as Enterococcus
faecalis and Escherichia coli, can colonize the internal
organs of chicken embryos, potentially affecting their
viability (Chiang et al. 2022).
In the present study, treatment has no effect on DOC
viability (Table 3). The average Day Old Chicks Viability
in this study ranged from 78.06 to 100%. DOC survival can
be influenced by genetic factors, feeding, breeding
management, and disease (Pratiwi et al. 2013). DOC
survivability in the study was not 100% due to DOC
mortality during one week of rearing. DOC deaths occurred
due to physical defects that prevented the DOC from
surviving. These physical defects included omphalitis,
abnormal leg, and beak shape. Santosa (2016) stated that
omphalitis is the leading cause of increased DOC mortality.
Omphalitis in chicks, also known as yolk sac infection, is a
common hatchery-born disease that leads to high rates of
early chick mortalities (El-Sawah et al. 2016). It is
characterized by the infection of the yolk sac, which can
result in the deterioration and decomposition of the yolk,
leading to nutrient deficiency and a decrease in the transfer
of maternal antibodies (Jalob et al. 2016).
Hatching Temperature and Humidity
The range of KBC-G0 hatching temperature data for
21 days was 38 to 38.8oC (Fig. 1) while KBC-G0 hatching
humidity for 21 days ranged from 59.7 to 70.72% (Fig. 2).
Temperature is one of the most important factors
during incubation and drives embryonic growth and
development. Incubation conditions have a substantial
impact on embryonic development, hatchability, chick
quality and post hatch performance (Hans et al. 2022;
Rocha et al. 2022; Fares et al. 2023; Al-Zghoul et al.
2023). Incubation condition need to be adjusted to meet
embryonic requirement to obtain optimal chick quality
and hatchability (Meijerhof 2009). Egg Shell
Temperature lower than 37.8°C from E15 onward appears
to be beneficial for optimal embryo development
(Maatjens et al. 2016).
Conclusion
In conclusion, the eight males KBC have the same and
good hatching performance so can be used as males to
produce KBC (G1) in the formation of superior local meat
type chickens.
Acknowledgment
The author would like to thank the Directorate of
Community Service Technology Research, Directorate
General of Higher Education, Research and Technology,
Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology
for funding this research through the Penelitian Dasar
Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi (PDUPT) scheme with
contract. T/13/UN.16.19/PT.01.03/PDUPT-Pangan/2023
Fiscal Year 2023. Thank you to Andalas University
through LPPM for article improvements on Scopus Camp
5 activities.
Author’s contribution
All authors contributed equally to the manuscript
Conflict of interest
The authors have declared no conflict of interest
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