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Digitizing and Protecting Archaeological Sites in The Kurdistan Region

November 2021
Qalaai Zanist Scientific Journal 7(1):418-442

DOI:10.25212/lfu.qzj.7.1.15

Authors:

Salahaddin University-Erbil

By mapping and digitalizing the archaeological sites, it is an important task in the process of protecting the heritage and archaeological sites. Digital protection of archaeological sites focuses on finding, developing and protecting archaeological sites. In other words, the digitalization of heritage and archaeology is the process of digitalizing the transmitted archaeological sites and not being moved using modern science of remote sensing in parallel with computer technology to obtain a three-dimensional digital archive to protect and renovate the archaeological sites in the event of their destruction. Having a digital archive of the foundation for the preservation of archaeological sites and heritage and the possibility of destruction of the archaeological sites will revive history. “The development of informational technology, such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality, multimedia, broadband network, and databases, has provided effective tools for heritage protection” (Zhou. et al, 2012 p.1). How these technologies are used to protect the history of archaeological sites digitally is now another task for modern archaeologists and scientists to protect the archaeological sites digitally in 3D models. In this regard, we focus on digitalizing the archaeological sites and electronically reviewing them in order to create a local database to create a photographic archive of archaeological and cultural sites.

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

-- -

(٧)(١) ناتسز٢٠٢٢

ISSN 2518-6566 (Online) - ISSN 2518-6558 (Print)

418









Abdullah.qader@su.edu.krd



Muhammad.muhammad@su.edu.krd









 ١٢

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٢٠٢١

١٨

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 ٢٠٢٢

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





 



























Archaeological site,

Mapping, Digitalization,

Archive, Protection,

Renovation.

Doi:

10.25212/lfu.qzj.7.1.15





(٧)(١) ناتسز٢٠٢٢

ISSN 2518-6566 (Online) - ISSN 2518-6558 (Print)

419

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(3D)







:







 (GPS)

(Remote Sensing) 



 (Hard copy) 

(D)





 (Gibbs & Colley 2012, p.95). 



















(٧)(١) ناتسز٢٠٢٢

ISSN 2518-6566 (Online) - ISSN 2518-6558 (Print)

420









-









()





 (GIS) 







(Baird. & McFadyen 2014, p.15). 

















(٧)(١) ناتسز٢٠٢٢

ISSN 2518-6566 (Online) - ISSN 2518-6558 (Print)

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

(Stefano, et al, 2016, p.445)









(EPAS)













(Pieraccini, et al, 2001, p.63-64)





- :

"--"

" -

-"""



(Papadatos, 2018, p.3).





(٧)(١) ناتسز٢٠٢٢

ISSN 2518-6566 (Online) - ISSN 2518-6558 (Print)

422

-: 







(D) 

(D) 





(Marston, 1998, p.7-9). 





()

 









 (Ismai, 2015, p.112). 







 





(

)



(٧)(١) ناتسز٢٠٢٢

ISSN 2518-6566 (Online) - ISSN 2518-6558 (Print)

423











(). 

- :

- (Photogrammetry): 







(Photogrammetry Software) 

 

(Triangulation). 

""

(Schenk, T. 2005. P.5) .

- (laser-triangulation techniques): 

 D)3 (

(D) 





(contour patterns) 

 



(٧)(١) ناتسز٢٠٢٢

ISSN 2518-6566 (Online) - ISSN 2518-6558 (Print)

424



 (Photogrammetry) 





(entertainment industry) 





 (laser

scanning) 

(Papadatos, 2018, p.6-9).

- :

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- : 













(٧)(١) ناتسز٢٠٢٢

ISSN 2518-6566 (Online) - ISSN 2518-6558 (Print)

425



 



. 



















 (Zhou, et al, 2012, p.1). 





(Pieraccini et al,

2001, p.64). 







()



(٧)(١) ناتسز٢٠٢٢

ISSN 2518-6566 (Online) - ISSN 2518-6558 (Print)

426

(Google Image)()

()(Google Image)



(٧)(١) ناتسز٢٠٢٢

ISSN 2518-6566 (Online) - ISSN 2518-6558 (Print)

427

()

 (Google Image)





























(٧)(١) ناتسز٢٠٢٢

ISSN 2518-6566 (Online) - ISSN 2518-6558 (Print)

428





 (Cipriani & Fantini,

2017, p.195).













(

)

()





. Image ©DigitalGlobe | U.S. Department of State



(٧)(١) ناتسز٢٠٢٢

ISSN 2518-6566 (Online) - ISSN 2518-6558 (Print)

429

()



.

Image ©DigitalGlobe | U.S. Department of State

()

. (Image, Carabiniery, TPC)



 







(٧)(١) ناتسز٢٠٢٢

ISSN 2518-6566 (Online) - ISSN 2518-6558 (Print)

430









. 















-



















 (Jason Ur. 2013, p1). 





(٧)(١) ناتسز٢٠٢٢

ISSN 2518-6566 (Online) - ISSN 2518-6558 (Print)

431

(

)

()()

 (Google Image)

() (two years in Kurdistan 1918-1920)



(٧)(١) ناتسز٢٠٢٢

ISSN 2518-6566 (Online) - ISSN 2518-6558 (Print)

432

()(Two years in

Kurdistan 1918-1920)

-









()





(Jason Ur. 2013 p.96). 

. 



(٧)(١) ناتسز٢٠٢٢

ISSN 2518-6566 (Online) - ISSN 2518-6558 (Print)

433

()

 (Jason Ur. 2013) CORONA

-

:









(٧)(١) ناتسز٢٠٢٢

ISSN 2518-6566 (Online) - ISSN 2518-6558 (Print)

434













 (Vareaa & Lemerleb, 2013 p.669) . 























(Jason Ur 2013, p.110).







()





(٧)(١) ناتسز٢٠٢٢

ISSN 2518-6566 (Online) - ISSN 2518-6558 (Print)

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

. 

()

(Jason Ur. 2013)





















(٧)(١) ناتسز٢٠٢٢

ISSN 2518-6566 (Online) - ISSN 2518-6558 (Print)

436





. 













()





(٧)(١) ناتسز٢٠٢٢

ISSN 2518-6566 (Online) - ISSN 2518-6558 (Print)

437

()

 (

 )

- :



 















(٧)(١) ناتسز٢٠٢٢

ISSN 2518-6566 (Online) - ISSN 2518-6558 (Print)

438



. 











. 



















. 



           



 







(٧)(١) ناتسز٢٠٢٢

ISSN 2518-6566 (Online) - ISSN 2518-6558 (Print)

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







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Zhou, M., Geng, G. and Wu, Z., 2012. Digital preservation technology for cultural heritage.

Higher Education Press.



 





 ( )



()



http://www.dayofarchaeology.com/the-das-project-digitization-of-an-archaeological-

collection/

https://www.livescience.com/18020-digitizing-archeology-nsf-bts.html

https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C16595





(٧)(١) ناتسز٢٠٢٢

ISSN 2518-6566 (Online) - ISSN 2518-6558 (Print)

441









 







              

   

" Zhou) 





. 



Digitalizing and Protecting Archaeological Sites in The Kurdistan

Region

Dr. Abdullah Khurshid Qader

Department of Archaeology, Collage of Arts, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region,

Iraq.

Abdullah.qader@su.edu.krd

Muhammad Hamakharib Muhammad

Department of Archaeology, Collage of Arts, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region,

Iraq.

Muhammad.muhammad@su.edu.krd

Keywords: Archaeological site, Mapping, Digitalization, Archive, Protection, Renovation



(٧)(١) ناتسز٢٠٢٢

ISSN 2518-6566 (Online) - ISSN 2518-6558 (Print)

442

Abstract

By mapping and digitalizing the archaeological sites, it is an important task in the

process of protecting the heritage and archaeological sites. Digital protection of

archaeological sites focuses on finding, developing and protecting archaeological

sites. In other words, the digitalization of heritage and archaeology is the process of

digitalizing the transmitted archaeological sites and not being moved using modern

science of remote sensing in parallel with computer technology to obtain a three-

dimensional digital archive to protect and renovate the archaeological sites in the

event of their destruction. Having a digital archive of the foundation for the

preservation of archaeological sites and heritage and the possibility of destruction of

the archaeological sites will revive history. “The development of informational

technology, such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality, multimedia, broadband

network, and databases, has provided effective tools for heritage protection” (Zhou.

et al, 2012 p.1). How these technologies are used to protect the history of

archaeological sites digitally is now another task for modern archaeologists and

scientists to protect the archaeological sites digitally in 3D models. In this regard, we

focus on digitalizing the archaeological sites and electronically reviewing them in

order to create a local database to create a photographic archive of archaeological

and cultural sites.

ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESCUE EXCAVATION AND DIGITALIZATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE

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Jul 2013

We present in this paper the original work and projects of AFT, a French company working in the complementary fields of topography, archaeological rescue excavation and digitalization of cultural heritage. Here are described more precisely the application of 3D scanning in archaeology, especially in rescue excavation, and the wish of the company to be ahead of its time in this field., followed by two examples, one in heritage object studies, the other in heritage building studies.

Mapping and Digitizing Heritage Sites: ROVINA Project for Programmed Conservation

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Mapping and digitizing archaeological sites is an important task to preserve cultural heritage. ROVINA - Robots for Exploration, Digital Preservation and Visualization of Archaeological Sites, focusses on the exploration, digital preservation, and visualization of hypogeum heritage sites. In this paper, we present our overall system that aims at making surveying of cultural heritage sites more efficient also in terms of improving the programmed conservation and semantics challenges. At the same time, we target to enabling the integration and exploitation of the rich information deriving from the multidisciplinary analysis of cultural heritage objects, monuments and sites. The present research aims to extend the ICOMOS IT approaches related to the semantic to the modelling of knowledge relating to the architectural heritage in order to provide an integrated and multidisciplinary property representation and knowledge needed to support any investigation and intervention.

Towards an archaeology of archaeological archives

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Jan 2014

Digital Preservation,: Online access and historical archaeology 'grey literature' from New South Wales, Australia

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Full-text available

Dec 2012

The New South Wales Archaeology Online (NSW AOL) Project aims to enhance the research, professional and educational value of archaeological information by using digital technology. Stages 1 and 2 (2009-13) involve collaboration with the University of Sydney Library eScholarship Repository and archaeologists studying colonial historic places and archaeological sites in New South Wales. So far the project has collected and digitised over 1000 hard-copy reports produced mainly before the mid 1990s that document previously unpublished heritage consultancy projects and student research. This 'grey literature' is being archived and content made publicly accessible online. The first version of the current NSW AOL sustainable digital archive was launched in March 2011 at http://nswaol.library.usyd.edu.au. This is designed to support preservation of digital content into the future, despite technology change, and is linked to a website with full-text search functionality and facetted-browsing that provides online access to over 600 PDF versions of digitised hard-copy reports. Stage 2 (2011-3) will archive and make further, and different kinds of, information accessible. Here we explain the background to the NSW AOL Project and our approach to creating a sustainable, scalable and interoperable digital archive and online publication. We outline the limits and future potential of the current digital tools and discuss key issues about digital preservation and online access facing archaeology in many countries, including Australia.

“Heritage protection for the 21st century”

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Sep 2008
Cult Trends

This paper assesses the recent Heritage Protection Review (HPR) process, which culminated in the publication of the Heritage White Paper “Heritage protection for the 21st century” (DCMS, 2007). It argues that although the White Paper makes laudable and useful attempts at streamlining and clarifying the management and protection process, many of its proposed changes operate at the rhetorical level only. Indeed, it does little to challenge the dominant and elitist understandings of “heritage” and attendant cultural values and meanings, and thus fails to adequately address social inclusion/exclusion issues in the cultural sector.

3D digitizing of cultural heritage

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Mar 2001
J CULT HERIT

In this paper, the authors briefly review the state of the art of the 3D acquisition and digitizing techniques applied to heritage. The main focus is on motivations, issues and technical specification of the 3D digitizing of heritage artworks. Different digitizing technologies currently available for this specific application have been evaluated and tested, with application to a pair of case studies, showing that 3D digitizing technologies are sufficiently developed for extensive application in the field of cultural heritage.

HISTORIC PRESERVATION: CURATORIAL MANAGEMENT OF THE BUILT WORLD

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Jan 1985

James Marston Fitch

This book outlines a complete programme for the restoration and preservation of historic structures and historic sites throughout the world. It is a basic text for both the novice entering the field and the specialist. Dr Fitch covers the many disciplines, concepts and technologies needed by the preservationist. He also includes discussions of the economic, legal and legislative forces acting upon historic district planning. He provides useful information on how old buildings can be moved (either intact or disassembled) to new sites via truck, rail or barge; how to heat, cool and light old buildings and still maintain the aesthetic integrity of their interiors; and how a country can develop a comprehensive policy for the care of its artistic and historic heritage.

Digital Preservation Technology for Cultural Heritage

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Jan 2012

"Digital Preservation Technology for Cultural Heritage" discusses the technology and processes in digital preservation of cultural heritage. It covers topics in five major areas: Digitization of cultural heritage; Digital management in the cultural heritage preservation; Restoration techniques for rigid solid relics; Restoration techniques for paintings; Digital museum. It also includes application examples for digital preservation of cultural heritage. The book is intended for researchers, advanced undergraduate and graduate students in Computer Graphics and Image Processing as well as Cultural heritage preservation. © Higher Education Press, Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012. All rights are reserved.

Ancient Cities and Landscapes in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: The Erbil Plain Archaeological Survey 2012 Season

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In 2012, the Erbil Plain Archaeological Survey (EPAS) conducted its first season of fieldwork. The project's goal is the complete mapping of the archaeological landscape of Erbil, with an emphasis on the Neo-Assyrian and Hellenistic periods. It will test the hypothesis that the Neo-Assyrian landscape was closely planned. This first report emphasizes the project's field methodology, especially the use of a variety of satellite remote sensing imagery. Our preliminary results suggest that the plain was part of the urbanized world of Mesopotamia, with new cities of the Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Sasanian era identified.

Introduction to Photogrammetry

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