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Discussing The Production Of Tourist Spaces As The Tool Of Capitalist Production Relations: The Case Of Kyrenia
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This book provides a comprehensive introduction to travel marketing, tourism economics and the airline product. At the same time, it provides an overview on the political, socio-economic, environmental and technological impacts of tourism and its related sectors.
This publication covers both theory and practice in an engaging style, that will spark the readers’ curiosity. Yet, it presents tourism and airline issues in a concise, yet accessible manner. This will allow prospective tourism practitioners to critically analyze future situations, and to make appropriate decisions in their workplace environments. Moreover, the book prepares undergraduate students and aspiring managers alike with a thorough exposure to the latest industry developments.
“Dr. Camilleri provides tourism students and practitioners with a clear and comprehensive picture of the main institutions, operations and activities of the travel industry.”
Phili
p Kotler, S.C. Johnson & Son Distinguished Professor of International Marketing, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston/Chicago, IL, USA
This paper reviews varying theoretical approaches in political economy and their application to the analysis of tourism development. It examines the shifting focus of enquiry and traces the evolution of the political economy of tourism from an earlier generation of predominantly technical, empirically-driven analyses of tourism’s contribution to economic development through to the various strands of development theory that have influenced and which continue to shape critical scholarship in the political economy of tourism. Particular emphasis is given to recent theoretical advances in which the application of cultural political economy and Marxian thinking herald a promising future for the political economy of tourism.
This paper aims at exploring the tourism policies that were formulated by successive governments since 1974 up to now in order to evaluate their strengths, weaknesses, effectiveness and their potential applicability in the Republic of North Cyprus (TRNC); by focusing on studying of major factors that influencing the formulation of these policies and other factors struggle their implementation in TRNC. For this goal, the researchers conduct an analytical appraisal for the different tourism policies in TRNC through an experimental approach in order to come up with profound understanding of their features and nature. To achieve the latter purpose; this research is based on two approaches; sampling procedure using the questionnaire as a tool to collect data, as well as, in-depth readings of the pertinent literature. Accordingly, this purpose achieved by means of gathering data from different stakeholders in tourism industry such as; directors of tourism business, stakeholders in both sectors (public, private), the presidents of pertinent tourism associations, managers of travel agents, restaurants, hotels and all other people engaged in a related business to tourism. Furthermore, a comparative and historical approach was conducted to develop in-depth understanding of tourism policies in this country. Therefore, the main findings in this research were; the way tourism policies were formulated was the most effective factor when formulating tourism policies, and unfortunately, there are many obstacles that hindered the successful implementation of tourism polices in North Cyprus where the political non-recognition appears as the most effective obstacle to achieve successful implementation of these policies.
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are faced with many challenges to economic development. Tourism is seen as a viable, and sometimes, only means of economic growth. This research compares the economic impact of tourism to seven SIDS. The research employs input output analysis, linkage analysis and a CGE model to assess the macroeconomic and sectoral impacts of increased tourism in these islands. The findings show that the transportation sector remains a key sector. The tourism income multipliers show that tourism generates a large amount of economic activity but the income that remains in the destinations is often very small. The results show that taking advantage of economies of scale maybe a way to maximize the benefits from tourism.
Since 1974, the Mediterranean island of Cyprus has been divided. The southern, Greek sector has benefited from international recognition as the Republic of Cyprus, and is generally much more developed than the unrecognised Turkish sector in the north. A boom in construction and environmental degradation has accompanied the rapid growth of southern Cyprus as a tourist destination. The large numbers of visitors are now viewed less positively than before, and the number of complaints by holidaymakers about noise and other forms of pollution is increasing. In contrast, northern Cyprus has been slow to develop, giving an important opportunity to the Turkish Cypriot community to avoid the pitfalls of the south.The growth of interest in alternative forms of tourism worldwide presents an opportunity for development to take place even where political problems exist, and to be both environmentally sensitive and profitable. This paper explores the possibilities currently available to the Turkish Cypriots, and recommends that resources should be switched from traditional 'sun,sand and sea' tourism towards alternative types. Some of the obstacles towards the implementation of a sustainable tourism strategy are also examined.
Recent developments in tourism strongly affect related architecture in Turkish-Cypriot northern Cyprus Increased investments are made in hotel-casino complexes since gambling was forbidden in Turkey in 1998, and the investments were directed to Cyprus With the boom of the construction-sector in the northern part of the divided island which started after the reunion plan of UN-General Secretary Kofi Annan in 2003, the number of hotel-casinos increased The implementation of concept hotels at Vokolida (Bafra) m the Karpas peninsula, is the answer to the challenges and chances of mass tourism This historical and stylistic-semiotic study on the developments in hotel architecture in northern Cyprus focuses on hotel-casino complexes which comprise postmodernist buildings, the majority of which has been constructed within the last ten years Today postmodernist complexes exceed the number of hotel-casinos which have been designed in a modernist attitude, or in "International Style" Their design rarely refers to traditional Turkish architecture, but mainly to the western classical heritage
This special issue bridges the existing gap in the tourism and urban literature regarding planning and tourism in European cities and investigates the interrelationship between urban planning and tourism and its evolvement and transition over time. It includes nine articles that focus on different cases of urban planning and tourism in European cities. All the cities presented in this special issue function as capital cities, therefore they were designed and planned to represent the nation to itself and to the world for incoming tourists. As a result, all those cities are endowed with monumental city planning and architecture, they have abundance of cultural institutions and monuments thus raising questions about the choice and type of the representation of heritage arise. In addition of being capitals, those cities are also places where ordinary people live and with the growing intensity and volume of tourism, questions of social and economic carrying capacity arises; some of the articles reflect on those growing concerns. The cities chosen to this special issue are: Berlin, Paris, Vienna, Barcelona, Lisbon, Prague, Budapest, Skopje (and several additional cities in Macedonia). Those cities represent a balanced geographic distribution of cities in the European continent from East to West and North to South.
Coercive commodities are those goods and services that promote ‘akratic’ consumption – that consumption recognised by consumers themselves to be contrary to their own best interests, all things considered. The production of coercive commodities has become an increasingly significant economic project of fractions of the capitalist class. As a form of secondary exploitation, coercive commodities facilitate the extraction of surplus profits from the savings and assets of the working classes, thus impeding the accumulation of a workers’ hoard that may act as a potential blockage to value realisation in consumption. We use the example of commercial gambling to illustrate the political economy of coercive commodity production. The gambling production system is driven by a core dynamic between spatially fixed capital, the pressures of competition, and the technological generation of akrasia. The geographical expression of this dynamic is determined by the contingencies of the ‘harm maximisation’ policies of the state and the political efforts of individual capitalists to gain and reproduce monopoly power. Gambling production is effective as a form of secondary exploitation because, in addition to the profits accrued by exploiting labour, it extracts surplus profits by diverging sale price from value, by harnessing monopoly power, and by increasing the volume of consumption through akrasia. It is this extractive power, amplified by the consumer credit system, that forms the basis of the systemic utility of coercive commodities in late capitalist economies.
The relationship between internatiomal tourism and economic growth deserves further attention compared to tourism demand models over the years. This study employs the bounds test for co-integration and Granger causality tests to investigate a long-run equilibrium relationship between international tourism, higher education sector, and real income growth, and the direction of causality among themselves for the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), which is not recognized by countries other than Turkey. Results reveal that international tourism and higher education are in long-run equilibrium relationship with real income growth. The major finding of this study is that although TRNC suffers from political non-recognition and emgargoes since 1974, real income growth is stimulated by growth in international tourism and higher education sector as found from Granger causality tests.
This article outlines essential concepts of the political economy approach of urban research and offers critical modifications and clarifications to some of its contentions concerning the functioning of cities as ‘strategic places’ of capital accumulation. The interrelations between contemporary capitalism and urban economic development are discussed at the scale of a transnationally extended urban system. Based on the general context of the global economic downturn, I focus on the role of cities in distinct circuits of capital, the switching of capital flows within the urban system and the different functional roles of cities within the world city network that interconnects cities both in the global North and South. I call into question the established focus of urban economic research on the role of cities as financial and service centres, arguing that cities might redirect their economic development trajectories towards ‘real economy’ activities, in contrast to relying on the disastrous development model of finance-dominated capitalism.
The Cyprus tourism industry has had to be sensitive to the political problems between Turkish and Greek Cypriots. Federation is considered to be a partial solution to the problems. This paper evaluates the influence of politics and nationalism on the tourism planning and development under a possible federal constitution. The views of Turkish and Greek Cypriot participants from private and public organizations are studied through semistructured interviews. The findings suggest that any future planning and development is likely to be a complex undertaking, as the two societies tend to have different sets of objectives and expectations.RésuméL’interface entre la politique et le tourisme: le cas de Chypre. Le tourisme chypriote a dû prendre en compte les problèmes politiques entre les Chypriotes turcs et les Chypriotes grecs. On considère la fédération comme une solution partielle aux problèmes. Cet article évalue l’influence qu’auraient la politique et le nationalisme sur la planification et le développement touristiques sous une Constitution fédérale. Les opinions des participants chypriotes turcs et chypriotes grecs d’organismes privés et publics sont étudiées à travers des interviews semi-structurées. Les conclusions tirées suggèrent que toute planification et tout développement futurs seront probablement très complexes puisque les deux sociétés ont généralement des objectifs et des espoirs différents.
The relationship between politics and tourism is complex and multi-faceted, and a subject which is assuming a higher priority in the research literature. This article examines the politics of tourism in Myanmar where tourism has been shaped by internal and external political forces while also becoming a highly visible and contested political issue. The political background and its effect on Myanmar's tourism are explained and the standpoints of the principal groups involved are discussed, with particular attention given to that of the government and its policies. Reference is also made to demands for a boycott and the ensuing debate about its value. The various parties are seen to interpret and make use of tourism as a political tool in contrasting ways which reflect their own interests and agendas. Finally, some general conclusions are presented about the linkages connecting the central concepts under review and the need to consider tourism within the framework of prevailing national and international political systems in order to fully appreciate its significance.
Travel and tourism has become one of the largest industrial complexes and item of consumption in modern Western economies. It is argued here that, to date, geographers studying tourism have done so without fully grasping the fact that tourism is an important avenue of capitalist accumulation. I contend that if this weakness is rectified the geographic analysis of tourism could provide important contributions to contemporary debates in geography. In an attempt to integrate critical theory and political economy into the study of tourism, two themes are developed: the capitalistic nature of most travel and tourism production and consumption; and the contribution of tourism to the analysis of territorial competition and economic restructuring. The core of the argument presented is that the study of tourism assists us to recognise how the social meaning and materiality of space and place is created, and how these representations of place are explicitly incorporated into the accumulation process. To understand how tourism is involved in this, we need a theorisation that recognises, and unveils, tourism as a capitalistically organised activity driven by the inherent and defining social dynamics of that system, with its attendant production, social, and ideological relations. -Author
There has been a shift in many developing countries, particularly Small Island Developing States (SIDS), towards tourism as the centrepiece of their development strategy. This occurs in the context of narrowing developmental options occasioned by the end of preferential access to metropolitan markets for agriculture and the attendant decline of the primary sector. This article draws on evidence from two case studies from the microstates of the Eastern Caribbean – St Lucia and St Vincent – and discusses the implications of their respective approaches and the ambiguous nature of tourism as a development strategy.
Using a panel data of 19 island economies for the years that span from 1990 to 2007, this study explores the potential contribution of tourism to economic growth and development within the conventional augmented Solow growth model. Since economic growth is argued to be essentially a dynamic phenomenon we employ GMM method to account for these issues. The results show that tourism significantly contributes to the economic growth of island economies. Moreover, the tourist-growth nexus is observed to be a dynamic phenomenon and granger causality analysis reveals a bi-causal relationship between tourist and growth. Comparative analysis with samples of developing and developed countries shows that tourism development on island economies may have comparatively higher growth effects.
This article analyses the process of globalization from the perspective of a 'political economy of space' where the interactions of the processes of capitalist accumulation within contexts of geographic and social space has profound shaping effects upon the nature of politics, economics and society more generally. The argument will show that contemporary globalization has two dimensions: outward into geographic space, and inward into culture and society. The focus then moves to culture and information technology within the space economy of late capitalism and argues that a crisis of finite geographic space has led to the deepening of the commodificationary processes of capitalist accumulation into the 'identity-spaces' of culture and society. For hugely popular 'cyber-gurus' such as Howard Rheingold and Myron W . Krueger, the development of information technologies such as the Internet-derived 'virtual communities' are spaces where new forms of democracy and 'being' can emerge. This article argues that 'cyberspace' and 'virtual communities' are deeply dystopic and alienated spaces, and cyber-Utopian dreams of other, possible worlds made virtual through information technology are at best naive, when it is realised that the information revolution that evolved from the processes of a particular type of globalization, has conceived and developed technologies with primarily profit, productivity, surveillance labour-saving and escapism in mind.
Taking the case of northern Cyprus, this paper moves beyond a 'social impact' approach to casino tourism to focus on how the rapidly growing global casino industry connects with, mediates and is mediated by, the existing local gambling culture. Gambling has an ambivalent place within the cultural values and traditions of Cyprus. On the one hand, it is seen as a disreputable and somewhat shameful activity with potentially anti-social (and, particularly, anti-family) consequences. On the other hand, when viewed in terms of qualities of risk-taking, daring and recklessness, it is celebrated in some ideals of Cypriot masculinity and the rebellious, independent and individualistic spirit of 'Cypriotness'. This ambivalent attitude produces a tension, which can be perceived, for example, in gender-differentiated attitudes to and participation in gambling and in the manner in which social controls on gambling are exercised (both formal/legal and informal controls). The paper considers the implications for the ways gambling is managed in the traditional and casino contexts and for our understanding of what constitutes 'cultural sustainability'.
When a Third World country uses tourism as a development strategy, it becomes enmeshed in a global system over which it has little control. The international tourism industry is a product of metropolitan capitalist enterprise. The superior entrepreneurial skills, resources, and commercial power of metropolitan companies enables them to dominate many Third World tourist destinations. This paper outlines the dynamics of this process, particularly in the context of the South Pacific.RésuméL'Economie politique du tourisme du Tiers Monde. Quand un pays du Tiers Monde emploie le tourisme comme stratégie de développement, il s'empètre dans un systéme global dont il a peu de contrôle. L'industrie touristique internationale est un produit de l'entreprise capitaliste métropolitain. Les talents supérieurs des entrepreneurs, les ressources et le pouvoir commercial des compagnies métropolitains leur donnent la possibilité de dominer beaucoup de destinations touristiques au Tiers Monde. Cet article expose les grandes lignes de la dynamique de ce processus, en particulier dans le contexte du Pacifique du Sud.
Given Girne’s limited growth potential, tourism is its most important activity Consequently, growth has both negative and positive impacts upon the environment and its values. It is therefore important that the tourism industry remains positive and sustainable in every way it interacts with the environment. For this to happen, a strategy that takes into consideration all related aspects has to be developed. One important step towards this is to learn about the attitudes of the people whose lives are affected by tourism. The purpose of this article is to analyze the existing situation, the physical condition of the environment and to learn the expectations and attitudes of the local residents in Girne, Northern Cyprus. To accomplish this, a questionnaire survey was prepared and administered to some people living in the historic areas of Turkish Mahalle and Liman Arkası in Girne as well as visiting tourists. They were asked to answer questions about themselves, their physical environment, their attitudes about tourism and their future expectations. The paper presents background information on tourism in Girne and summarizes the responses to questions that were put to the residents and the tourists on their needs and aspirations regarding developments for tourism.
Many islands host both tourism and offshore finance, but their coexistence has been little researched. This paper examines their relationship via a case study of the British Channel Island of Jersey. Both sectors require labor, land, and capital—all frequently scarce in small islands. The study considers the nature of the relationship and resource competition. In light of the unusual context of small polities and the political power of external actors, it also analyzes the dynamics of tourism, offshore finance, and the state in islands. The overall impact of the relationship between tourism and offshore finance is further examined, to suggest how this affects islands’ economic development.RésuméIndustries en concurrence dans des ıˆles: une nouvelle approche de tourisme. Beaucoup d’îles accueillent le tourisme et la finance offshore, mais leur coexistence a été peu étudiée. Cet article examine leur rapport au moyen d’une étude de cas de l’île anglo-normande de Jersey. Les deux secteurs exigent de la main-d’œuvre, de la terre et du capital – qui sont souvent limités dans les petites ıˆles. L’étude considère la nature de la relation et de la compétition pour des ressources. En vue du contexte inhabituel des petits États et du pouvoir politique des acteurs extérieurs, l’étude analyse aussi les dynamiques du tourisme, de la finance offshore et de l’État. L’impact global du lien entre le tourisme et la finance offshore est examiné davantage afin d’indiquer de quelle manière cet impact affecte le développement économique des ıˆles.
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