Modeling of Improved Solar Energy Installation for Efficient Power Systems

Full text

XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE
Modeling of Improved Solar Energy Installation for
Efficient Power Systems
Viktor Satsyk
Automation and Computer-Integrated
Technologies Department
Lutsk National Technical University
Lutsk, Ukraine
v.satsyk@lutsk-ntu.com.ua
Nataliia Khrystynets
Computer Engineering
and Cyber Security Department
Lutsk National Technical
University, Lutsk, Ukraine
n.khrystynets@lutsk-ntu.com.ua
Oleksandr Reshetylo
Automation and Computer-Integrated
Technologies Department
Lutsk National Technical University
Lutsk, Ukraine
o.reshetylo@lntu.edu.ua
Nataliia Bahniuk
Department of Computer Engineering
and Cyber Security
Lutsk National Technical
University, Lutsk, Ukraine
bahniuk_nataliia@lutsk-ntu.com.ua
Lyudmila Markina
Department of Automation and
Computer-Integrated Technologies
Lutsk National Technical
University, Lutsk, Ukraine
marckinaluda21@gmail.com
Yuliia Melnychuk
Department of Digital Educational
Technologies
Lutsk National Technical
University, Lutsk, Ukraine
cezar61mv@gmail.com
Abstract— in the article we develop modeling and creating
a prototype of improved solar power plant for economical
power supply systems for consumers which require simple
autonomous inexpensive practical energy solutions. On the
basis of Arduino Uno microcontroller board, a software-
hardware complex for controlling the angle of the solar panel
has been developed, which allows to follow the position of sun
and automatically turn the solar panel in its direction. With aid
of developed Android application on a smartphone screen, it is
possible to monitor the amount of voltage produced by the
solar panel at current time moment, and to analyze the
dynamics of its change over time and, accordingly, to plan
effective use the generated energy.
Keywords— Power Systems, Solar-diesel-hybrid power plant,
Software Tool
I. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays an actual global problem is the construction of
autonomous power supply systems with heterogeneous
sources, flexible connections between the elements of its
structure, because at the moment there are no scientifically
based effective technical and economic solutions for
economical, reliable and effective power supply of
technological processes, in particular in farming and
agriculture needs [1,2]. Today the major climate and other
changes take place, and world energy problems continues to
grow. It leads to large problems for production land balance
and does harm for agricultural product and environmental
stability. This express the urgent need for complex energy
innovation as main stage to face modern difficulties.
Renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and
biofuels, offer numerous benefits to private farm operations
and agriculture. In this article, we investigate these
renewable energy options and their positively impact the
economics of the farming industry.
One of the most adopted and flexible, accessible forms
of renewable energy for farms is solar power. Farmers are
able to significantly reduce their electricity bills by
harnessing the hybrid power systems included components
of renewable energy sources for producing electrical energy
based on sun energy. Solar panels installed on open fields or
barns capture sunlight and convert it into not expensive
usable electricity. This clean energy source not only helps to
reduce the carbon footprint but also provides a long-term
cost-saving solution.
So, every day humanity faces the question of inventing
such alternative sources of energy, which will solve the
above problems of economical and safe energy, in particular
for agricultural consumers, and also without harming the
environment. The using and integration renewable energy
sources into energy systems is quite perspective for
development of electric power acricultural field over the
world [3-5]. Currently, there is large interest in such
components of RES as solar energy, so introduction of RES
into power systems is very important in all mentioned
aspects, as also shown in [7-11].
Fifure 1. Solar-diesel-hybrid power plant without storage
As mentioned, solar energy source that can be included to
general distributed electrical system is flexible and
appropriate renewable energy sources [1] (see Fig.1), which
can be integrated in general hybrid energy system. Currently,
the most common type of solar panels are static type panels,
in which the angle of inclination, depending on the position
of the sun, is unchanged. There is also a type of automated
solar panel that turns by following the sun. The use of co-
generation units in this way is optimal for energy
management as shown in [19-20]. First generation PV in
hybrids, where the combined PV+battery systems decrease

the run time of the co-generation unit, have been investigated
extensively for real applications in [14-18].
This work is dedicated to solving the problem - a
contribution to the development of the concept of building
autonomous power supply systems for agricultural
consumers, which consists in establishing the regularities of
the operation of various sources of electricity (traditional and
renewable) and their influence on the characteristics. The
implementation of research results will provide a
comprehensive solution to the problems of economical and
reliable autonomous power supply of agricultural consumers,
will reduce energy and resource costs.
Therefore based on above overview, in this paper we
develop a prototype of improved solar power plant in orederr
to apply it as a component for economical hybrid power
supply systems. It can be useful for consumers which require
simple autonomous inexpensive practical energy solutions.
The problems of improving the operation of rural electricity
supply systems, in particular improving the reliability and
efficiency of electricity supply to agricultural consumers, are
also devoted to deep theoretical studies by [15-17].
The developed results can be used as a prototype of
efficient solar panels being a part of hybrid effective
distributed energy systems in farming as alternative energy
sources to ensure energy security and farm resilience in the
event of a power outage. In order to achieve energy
independence, farms can be equipped with a generator and
their own solar power plant that is part of the integrated
energy supply system, realizing savings and efficiency of
consumption in order to ensure the balance of power and
electricity in the energy system, comprehensively using the
available maneuverable capacities of traditional and
renewable sources.
This paper is organized as following. The problem
formulation and methodological base is presented in section
II and III. In section IV we present development of
electrical scheme, and in section V we describe prototype
tool development. Recommendation for a future work and
conclusion and are finally presented in the last section.
II. PROBLEM FORMULATION, ACTUALITY, PERSPECTIVES
We develop a prototype of improved solar power plant in
orederr to apply it as a component for economical hybrid
power supply systems. It can be useful for consumers which
require simple autonomous inexpensive practical energy
solutions. On the basis of Arduino Uno microcontroller
board, a software-hardware complex for controlling the angle
of the solar panel has been developed, which allows to
follow the position of sun and automatically turn the solar
panel in its direction. With aid of developed Android
application on a smartphone screen, it is possible to monitor
the amount of voltage produced by the solar panel at current
time moment, and to analyze the dynamics of its change over
time and, accordingly, to plan effective use the generated
energy. After Russia's large-scale attack on Ukraine on
February 24, 2022, the farming and agricultural sector
suffered significant losses. The war caused the destruction or
destruction of many farms. In connection with hostilities, the
electricity supply became unstable, which led to the
impossibility of using milking machines and refrigerators for
milk storage. The inability to control de-energized farms
arose from the need for appropriate temperature, ventilation
and other controls that depend on power supply. Farmers had
to install backup energy sources and emergency power
systems to ensure energy security on livestock and poultry
farms, especially in crisis situations, for example, during
power outages due to attacks on the power system.
The practical significance of the obtained results lies in
the possibility of wide application for the complex solution
of the problems of reliable and efficient autonomous power
supply of agricultural consumers who need simple
autonomous inexpensive practical solutions. Since, unlike
the use of electricity in other industries, electricity
consumption in farming and agriculture has certain essential
features, and that is why there is a need for universal flexible
hybrid solutions that can be adjusted to certain conditions
and also satisfy land use efficiency. The most important of
these features is the presence of biological production
factors: plants, animals, microflora, etc. In a complex with
man-made means, they form a unique agro-energy system
that functions in certain climatic and weather conditions, the
development of which is regulated by special laws inherent
only to this system and, to a large extent, depends on the
level of energy supply, and in this context photovoltaic use is
also has a good perspective.
Figure 2. Comparison diagram of Agrivoltaic system and
PV systems on the same agricultural land.[22]
Photovoltaic production (PV) in the context of land use
efficiency as area of developed results implementation is also
important factor. The restricting the coordinated
development of the photovoltaic and agricultural industries
also shown in [23,24]. In [25] authors show the effects of
solar panels in AV systems on soil moisture,
microclimatology, water use and biomass productivity. It is
also shown significant differences in wind speed, average air
temperature, relative humidity, wind direction and soil
moisture. AV can realize the combination of some beneficial
resources, promote the development of agriculture through
various forces, and improve efficiency of various resources,
e.g. by installing the PV panels to heights 2-5 m to allow
agricultural activities underneath [26], as shown in Figure 2.

III. MODEL AND METHODOLOGY
The proposed prototype is based on obtaining electricity
due to light flux and temperature. This type of electricity
generation is not accompanied by harmful emissions into the
atmosphere, photovoltaic energy is produced and solar
thermal energy is used on the basis of solar energy. Solar
energy is an important source of renewable solar energy,
which is obtained by a functional or passive method.
The use of the functional method allows obtaining
electricity by photovoltaic systems. At the same time, it is
necessary to focus on the selection of materials that have a
useful heat capacity or have dispersive properties. However,
it is necessary direct the equipment to the Sun, provided that
natural air circulation or the necessary illumination of the
room is achieved.
One of the types of implementation of solar energy is
photovoltaic (PV) as a method of converting solar energy
into direct current electricity using semiconductor materials
that have photoelectric properties. This effect is explained
by the action of photons (particles of light), which have the
required energy, on the electrons of a semiconductor
substance (usually silicon), resulting in a photoeffect and
generation, which leads to the emergence of a photocurrent
(or electric current).
In order to increase the capacity of the installation,
which is based on the use of the phenomenon of the external
photoeffect, silicon plates (solar components) are usually
combined in modules composed of solar cells. Solar cells
produce a galvanic current under the influence of sunlight.
Electricity, in turn, can be used to power the equipment
and/or to recharge the battery. There are some ways that can
help increase the performance of solar panels and get more
solar energy. The first is to track the point of maximum
power, and the second is to track the position of the Sun.
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) (see Fig.3) can
be implemented only with the help of specialized VTMM
controllers, which are built into most modern solar inverters.
The essence of this method is that the controller monitors
the volt-ampere characteristic (VA) of the solar battery to
find the optimal operating mode, which will generate the
maximum amount of energy under the given illumination.
Figure 3. Maximum power point tracking control
Solar trackers allow you to follow the position of the
Sun. In this case, energy production increases due to an
increase in the amount of solar energy falling on the
module.
For proposed prototype a control system for a solar
microelectric plant is developed. A solar panel (SP) is used
to convert solar energy into electrical energy. It provides
power to the charge controller, which in turn accumulates
energy in the batteries. Since the most efficient use of solar
energy is achieved by directing the sun's rays perpendicular
to the surface of the solar panel. Moreover, it is necessary to
take into account the time of day. Proposed solar tracker
consists of a plant that allows the platform on which the
panel is fixed to rotate at an angle to the horizon, servo
drives and an automated control system.
IV. DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRICAL SCHEME
Powering of Arduino Uno R3 board can be done in several
ways:
- power supply from the charger, which will provide a
constant voltage of 5 V, for this, a round plug of 2.1 mm
size is used;
- power from the computer's USB port. Since 5 V is present
at the output of the USB ports of the computer, the board
can be powered from the ports;
- battery or battery powered. In this case, the external power
source must provide a voltage from 6 to 20 V. The most
optimal option is 7...12 V. You need to connect the battery
to the GND and VIN contacts.
Below the power outputs are presented:
GND - output minus or "ground";
VIN - the contact to which the voltage from the power
source is supplied;
5V - this contact receives a voltage of 5V from the
stabilizer, which is mounted on the board, but it is not
recommended to apply unstabilized voltage to the contacts
of 5V and 3.3V, as this may lead to failure of the board.
3V3 - a voltage of 3.3 V is supplied to this contact from
the stabilizer mounted on the board.
IOREF - this pin transmits information about the power
supply of the microcontroller board to the expansion board.
It does not matter how the board will be powered, in any
case this contact will transmit information.
If there is a need to power the microcontroller from an
external power source, it is recommended to use a voltage
from 7 to 12 Volts. The maximum voltage is 20V, but
anything above 12V is likely to quickly kill the board. A
voltage of less than 7 V can lead to unstable operation,
because 1...2 V can be lost in the input stage.
Using the beta version of Fritzing, a circuit was designed
to connect the solar panel to the battery through a diode
(Figure 4), since it is necessary that a voltage of 5 V be
directed from the solar panel to the battery. Next, the
voltage through the MT3608 step-up module from 3.7 V
batteries stabilizes and increases to 7...12 V.
Two servos are connected to the Arduino Uno R3
microcontroller, the angle of rotation of which depends on
the data coming from the photoresistors, which are also
connected to the Arduino board.
Bluetooth connection of the HC-05 module to Arduino is
implemented as follows:
 RXD - data reception pin;
 TXD - data transmission pin;
 GND - ground;
 VCC - 5V power supply.

Figure 4. Connection diagram of prototype elements for
controlling the angle of inclination of solar panel
The developed basic electrical diagram of this
complex is shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Basic electrical diagram of the complex
The printed circuit boards are shown in Figure 6
were also developed with aid of Fritzing software.
Figure 6. Printed circuit boards
With aid of Fritzing, the connection diagram of the
elements of the software-hardware complex for controlling
the angle of inclination of the solar panel, the basic
electrical diagram of the complex and the printed circuit
boards were developed.
V. PROTOTYPE TOOL DEVELOPMENT
The developed software-hardware complex for controlling
the angle of inclination of the solar panel shown in Figure 7
has small dimensions, since it is a prototype of the complex
for individual use.
When choosing the material of the supporting
structure, it is necessary to take into account that the
installation will work in an open area and will be affected by
atmospheric precipitation (in particular, rain, hail, snow,
strong wind), so you need to use durable materials. In this
case, the most optimal choice will be thick, but at the same
time, light plastic. 3 mm thick plastic is used to manufacture
the frame of the complex, as it is strong enough and highly
resistant to environmental influences. To reduce the sliding
of the plastic bed, in the case of installing the complex on a
smooth surface, four rubberized plates are glued to the lower
base from below. On the same frame, the Arduino Uno R3
microcontroller, the increasing stabilization module, the
Bluetooth module HC-06 and the power on/off button of the
microcontroller are fixed. Using a strong adhesive, one of
the servo motors is attached to the frame, which rotates the
solar panel along the Y axis. Attached to the first servo
motor above, also with adhesive, is a second servo motor
that rotates the solar panel along the X-axis. The solar panel
mounting bracket is made of a zinc plate (because zinc is
resistant to environmental influences) size 3.5 * 12 mm with
a thickness of 0.4 mm, which must be bent into a U-shaped
shape and drilled two holes opposite each other.
The surface on which the solar panels are fixed was
made of the same plastic as the main frame of the complex,
measuring 12 * 18 mm. The solar elements are fixed on the
plastic base with the help of double-sided adhesive tape.
This type of installation makes it possible to easily replace
any solar element in the event of its failure. Photoresistors
are one of the main nodes of this installation, because with
the help of their readings, the microcontroller understands in
which direction the surface of the solar panel should be
turned. In order for a shadow to appear on some resistors
when the sun turns and to obtain more accurate readings of
the photoresistors, four extension cords were used, in which
the sensors were mounted. It is with their help that the
illumination, and accordingly, the resistors, differ from each
other. This design of extension cords with built-in
photoresistors is attached to the corners of the solar panel
using hot glue. The use of such an adhesive makes it
possible to quickly calibrate the sensitivity to changes in the
angle of incidence of the sun's rays. In order for the
software-hardware complex to work autonomously, two BL-
5C type rechargeable batteries are attached to the back of
the plate on which the solar cells were fixed using double-
sided tape. This makes it possible to quickly replace the
battery in case of its failure. It also solves the problem of
charging power cells, since a stabilized voltage of 4.5 V is
required to charge the battery of a mobile phone or
smartphone. Since the solar panel can output 4.7...5 V, the
need to use step-up voltage stabilizers immediately
disappears. Also, one of the characteristic features of this
software and hardware complex is that it works on the basis
of the Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller, which provides the
possibility of using it in industrial projects. The developed
prototype of the software-hardware complex for controlling
the tilt angle of the solar panel has small dimensions, its
design is highly resistant, and the elements of its technical
part are highly resistant to atmospheric influences and
precipitation.

Figure 7. Installation of solar panel tilt angle control
Compared to typical serial trackers, it has a large
reserve of power, which allows you to increase the size of
the installation. For this, it is only necessary to increase the
installation area of solar cells, use more powerful
servomotors and raise them to a greater height.
VI. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT SPECIFICATION
To design the firmware (sketch) for the software-
hardware complex for controlling the tilt angle of the solar
panel, the proprietary software for the Arduino IDE
microcontroller version 1.8.5 was used. Through the
Bluetooth module of the HC-06 software-hardware
complex, the program will connect to the complex and start
reading the voltage readings on the solar panel and a graph
will be drawn. In this way, we can monitor the voltage
produced by the solar panel.
The base of the Arduino Uno board is ATmega chip - in
the latest revision of the Arduino Uno R3, it is an
ATmega328, to solve this problem, the Uno Controller was
chosen, which is the best option, as it has a convenient size
and is quite affordable.
The driver is necessary for the operation of the CH340G
chip. It converts USB interface signals into UART format
and vice versa. The compiled software is loaded via a USB
connection (UART-Serial). On the part of the controller, the
bootloader is responsible for this process.
Figure 8. The interface of the block part of MIT App
Inverter web application
In order for the software to work with servomotors, you
need to use the integrated Servo.h library. in order for this
library to work, it must be connected using the following
command: #include <Servo.h>.
After the software-hardware complex is turned on, the
surface of the solar panel automatically returns to the
extreme point. This twist is implemented with the following
lines of code:
Servo horizontal;
int servoh = 160;
Servo vertical;
int servov = 30;
As known, voltage can be measured using the Arduino
Uno R3 microcontroller.
The logic of the software based on comparing values
from groups of photoresistors, and depending on which

group has a higher average indicator, you need to turn the
panel in that direction until indicators are equal, since
resistance of photoresistors increases with increasing
illumination. For example, consider the case of rotating the
panel horizontally:
1) we take the indicators of two subgroups of
photoresistors, namely two left and two right;
2) compare the readings - if two left resistors have a
greater average value than two right ones, then battery turns
to the left, and vice versa.
A smartphone software was developed to analyze the
voltage produced by the solar panel using the MIT App
Invertor web application. The compiler translates the visual
block language into Android bytecode. This application is
developed with the help of Open Blocks Java libraries.
(Fig.8). The design process was divided into two stages -
development of the graphic part and construction of the
logic of the program using blocks. The program interface is
conditionally divided into three parts: 1) Bluetooth
connection; 2) Indication of solar panel voltage; 3) Solar
panel voltage change schedule.
VII. EXPERIMENTAL TESTS AND DISCUSSION
For testing the proposed prototype and software solution,
a series of experiments were conducted on the basis of the
scientific laboratory of Lutsk National Technical University.
General view of the software and hardware complex during
data-set measurement, at the address: Lutsk, st. Potebny 56
(educational and laboratory complex of LNTU) is presented
in Figures below.
The experimental tests were condacted when the solar
panel is installed statically at an angle of 45⁰ to the horizon
to the south and when the control system is dynamically
monitored. Based on these data, the graphs of the
dependence of the voltage generated by the solar panels on
the time of day were drawn, which when the solar panel is
installed statically at an angle of 45⁰ to the horizon to the
south is shown in Figure 9, and when the control system is
dynamically monitored - in Figure 10. The graph of the
dependence of the voltage generated by solar panels on the
angle of incidence of the sun's rays when it is installed
statically at an angle of 45⁰ to the horizon to the south is
shown in Figure 11. The graph of the dependence of the
voltage generated by the solar panels on the angle of
rotation of the solar panels to the horizon during dynamic
monitoring by the control system is in Figure 12.
Figure 9. The dependence of the voltage generated by solar
panels on the time of day when it is installed statically at an
angle of 45⁰ to the horizon to the south
Figure 10. Dependence of voltage generated by solar panels
on time of day during dynamic monitoring of control system
Figure 11. Dependence of voltage generated by solar panels
on angle of incidence of sun's rays when it is installed
statically at an angle of 45⁰ to horizon to south
Figure 12. Dependence of voltage generated by solar panels
on angle of rotation of solar panels to horizon during
dynamic tracking of control system
Analysis of the graphs shown in Figure 9 and Figure 10
shows that:
- the average value of the voltage generated by solar panels
when installed statically at an angle of 45⁰ to the horizon to
the south per day is 2.47 V, in particular, during daylight
hours - 4.33 V and during dark - 0.88 V;
- the average value of the voltage generated by the solar
panels per day during the dynamic monitoring of the control
system is 2.77 V, in particular, 4.51 V during daylight hours
and 1.28 V during dark hours.
That is, the use of a software-hardware complex for
controlling the angle of inclination of a solar panel allows
you to get 12.3% more electricity per day than when the

panels are installed statically at an angle of 45⁰ to the
horizon to the south. In particular, it is 4.14% more in the
daylight, and 45.18% in the dark.
On the basis of the structural and technological analysis
of trackers for tracking the position of the sun, the following
conclusions we obtain: 1) the use of solar trackers is more
appropriate because it allows obtaining a larger amount of
electricity; 2) the use of a single-axis tracker to track the
position of the Sun is impractical, as it does not ensure the
maximum efficiency of the solar power plant; 3) the most
effective is the use of a two-axis tracker for tracking the
position of the sun; 4) when developing a tracker for
tracking the position of the Sun, it is necessary to ensure the
lightness and resistance of the structure to the influence of
the environment, stable resistance, and the absence of
vibrations during its operation; 5) ensure its autonomy.
The condacted calculations show the difference in the
use of energy systems on solar batteries located on a fixed
stand with energy systems that include solar trackers -
systems for tracking the sun of solar panels. The angles of
inclination of the sun depend on the location of the solar
battery. The calculation of losses by a fixed energy system
based on solar batteries takes into account only the angle of
inclination of the Sun to the solar battery (losses are related
to the movement of the sun). Other factors are not taken into
account yet. The graph of the dependence of the loss of
energy production of solar panels depending on the angle of
inclination of the Sun to the panel is built on the basis of the
real data data is shown in Figure 13.
Figure 13. Energy production losses of solar panels
depending on the angle of inclination of the Sun to the panel
Based on the obtained results data we conclud that the
efficiency of the solar panel will differ depending on the
angle of incidence of the sun's rays. Considering that the
losses depending on the angle of inclination of the Sun when
using a solar tracker will be absent, because the Sun will
always be directed perpendicular to the plane of the solar
panel, it can be concluded that the energy system will
receive more energy using a solar tracker compared to a
fixed energy system, with the same number of solar panels,
for the amount of calculated losses. This calculation does
not take into account reflected and scattered solar radiation,
which is an additional 5-10% of energy compared to fixed
systems. In different seasons of the year, this parameter is
different. For example, in winter, the sun's rays reflected
from the snow give more than a 10% increase in energy
production. Thus, taking into account the scattered, reflected
solar radiation and the use of the tracker in the systems will
give an increase in electricity generation by 57.84% per
year. Since the angle of reflection of the sun's rays is
reduced to a minimum, the efficiency of the solar panel
increases accordingly.
In addition, to build a power system based on solar
batteries using solar trackers, it is necessary to purchase
fewer panels and additional equipment for them (inverter),
compared to fixed systems. Besides, solar panels heat up
during the day and electricity production drops by 10% or
more, so it is very important to get most of the Sun's energy
in the early hours of the day, when the panels have not
heated up to the point of significant production losses.
Accordingly, the tracker helps in this, as it makes it possible
to efficiently generate electricity in the morning hours. In
winter, this factor has a smaller effect, since the solar panels
are cooled due to the naturally low air temperature.
The solar tracker does not need to be cleaned of snow
and ice in winter. This cannot be avoided in a fixed system.
And it is impossible to get rid of the consequences of
freezing rain quickly, especially to prevent damage to the
panels.Operating costs with the tracker are much lower due
to the reduced number of structural elements in the system.
Fixed systems are not protected from destruction and
damage by a hurricane, heavy precipitation (snow, hail, ice).
It is also possible to equip the solar tracker with a weather
station, which solves the problem of reorienting the tracker
to minimize losses from adverse factors.
The results of experimental studies showed the
feasibility of using the developed software-hardware
complex for controlling the angle of inclination of the solar
panel, which allows to obtain 12.3% more electricity per
day than when installing the panels statically at an angle of
45⁰ to the horizon to the south. In particular, it is 4.14%
more in the daylight, and 45.18% in the dark.
Along with this, to obtain more accurate results, it is still
necessary to conduct additional measurements at different
times of the year and with the direction of solar panels in
different directions of the world. To evaluate the energy
efficiency of this software and hardware complex for
individual needs, it is necessary to increase the generated
voltage to 12 V and conduct additional experimental tests.
VIII. CONCLUSIONS
The developed systems can be applied in agricultural
land resources use. Great contribution can be done for
management, inventory and control of research and mapping
soil data, for obtaining, analysing and managing the
agronomic parameters of the soil.
We have developed prototype of improved solar power
plant for economical power supply systems for consumers
which require simple autonomous inexpensive practical
energy solutions. A software-hardware complex for
controlling the angle of the solar panel has been developed,
which allows to follow the position of sun and automatically
turn the solar panel in its direction. With aid of developed
Android application on a smartphone screen, it is possible to
monitor the amount of voltage produced by the solar panel at
current time moment, and to analyze the dynamics of its
change over time and, accordingly, to plan effective use the
generated energy. The software and developed prototype
makes a significant contribution to the concept of improved
solar power plant production in oreder to apply it as a
component for economical hybrid power supply systems. It

can be useful for consumers which require simple
autonomous inexpensive practical energy solutions.
In future research in order to obtain more accurate
results, we plan to modernize the technical support of the
complex and conduct additional measurements at different
times of the year and by directing the solar panels in
different directions of the world. The technical
modernization of the hardware and software complex will
include: replacing the solar panel with a more efficient one
with an output voltage of 12 V; replacement of two lithium-
ion batteries with a capacity of 800 mA for more efficient
ones with a capacity of 2700 mA and increasing the total
voltage to 12 V; inclusion in the electrical circuit of a
matching board with a USB connector for the possibility of
charging mobile and other devices. The following studies
will include: study of the dependence of the amount of
voltage produced by solar panels on the orientation of its
placement relative to different parts of the world at an angle
of inclination to the horizon from 0 to 180 degrees with a
step of 15 degrees and time of day; research on the
dependence of the amount of voltage produced by solar
panels on the season and month of the year; comparison of
energy system consumption values from the network and the
energy produced; possibility and efficiency of autonomous
operation of the system for individual needs.
REFERENCES
[1] http://www.th-energy.net/english/platform-renewable-energy-and-
mining/hybrid-power-plants
[2] K.K. Shah, A. S. Mundada, J. M. Pearce. Performance of U.S. Hybrid
Distributed Energy Systems: Solar Photovoltaic, Battery and
Combined Heat and Power. Energy Conversion and Management
105, pp. 71–80 (2015). DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.07.048
[3] Sharat Ranjan. DECENTRALISED POWER GENERATION AND
DISTRIBUTION // Proceedings of the Himalayan Small Hydropower
Summit. – Dehradun, India. – 2006. – P. 147-155
[4] Taro Kondo, Jumpei Baba, Akihiko Yokoyama. VOLTAGE
CONTROL OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORK WITH A LARGE
PENETRATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATIONS USING
FACTS DEVICES // IEEE Transactions on Power and Energy. –
2006. – Vol. 126. – № 3. – P. 347-358.
[5] B. Mahdad, K. Srairi and T. Bouktir. OPTIMAL COORDINATION
AND PENETRATION OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION WITH
SHUNT FACTS USING GA/FUZZY RULES // Journal of Electrical
Engineering & Technology. – 2009. – Vol. 4. – № 1. – P. 1-12.
[6] "Energy system through increasing renewable energy and energy
efficiency", у Regional Trends Report 2021. United Nations, 2021, с.
37–66. Доступно: https://doi.org/10.18356/9789216040024c008
[7] Sharat Ranjan. DECENTRALISED POWER GENERATION AND
DISTRIBUTION // Proceedings of the Himalayan Small Hydropower
Summit. – Dehradun, India. – 2006. – P. 147-155
[8] Taro Kondo, Jumpei Baba, Akihiko Yokoyama. VOLTAGE
CONTROL OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORK WITH A LARGE
PENETRATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATIONS USING
FACTS DEVICES // IEEE Transactions on Power and Energy. –
2006. – Vol. 126. – № 3. – P. 347-358.
[9] Mahdad, K. Srairi and T. Bouktir. OPTIMAL COORDINATION
AND PENETRATION OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION WITH
SHUNT FACTS USING GA/FUZZY RULES // Journal of Electrical
Engineering & Technology. – 2009. – Vol. 4. – № 1. – P. 1-12.
[10] Hatta, S. Uemura and H. Kobayashi. COOPERATIVE CONTROL
OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM WITH CUSTOMER EQUIPMENTS
TO REDUCE REVERSE POWER FLOW FROM DISTRIBUTED
GENERATION // Proceedings of IEEE Power&Energy Society
General Meeting. – 2010. – P. 1-6.
[11] А.Kim, H. Seo, G. Kim, M. Park, I. Yu, Y. Otsuki, J. Tamura, S.
Kim, K. Sim, K. Seong. OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC
ANALYSIS OF HTS SMES FOR FREQUENCY STABILIZATION
OF DISPERSED POWER GENERATION SYSTEM // IEEE
Transmitting On Applied Superconductivity. – 2010. – Vol. 20. – №
3. – P. 1334-1338.
[12] Steffen, B., & Patt, A. (2022). A historical turning point? Early
evidence on how the Russia-Ukraine war changes public support for
clean energy policies. Energy Research & Social Science, 91, 102758.
[13] Khudaykulova, M., Yuanqiong, H., & Khudaykulov, A. (2022).
Economic Consequences and Implications of the Ukraine-Russia
War. International Journal of Management Science and Business
Administration, 8(4), 44-52.
[14] Pearce JM. Expanding photovoltaic penetration with residential
distributed generation from hybrid solar photovoltaic and combined
heat and power systems. Energy 2009; 34(11):1947–1954.
[15] Nosrat AH, Pearce, JM. Dispatch Strategy and Model for Hybrid
Photovoltaic and Combined Heating, Cooling, and Power Systems.
Applied Energy 2011; 88:3270–3276.
[16] Nosrat AH, Swan LG,Pearce, JM. Improved Performance of Hybrid
Photovoltaic-Trigeneration Systems Over Photovoltaic-Cogen
Systems Including Effects of Battery Storage. Energy 2013; 49:366-
374.
[17] Hosseini M, Dincer I, Rosen MA. Thermodynamic and Cost Analyses
of a Residential Hybrid PV–Fuel Cell–Battery System for a Canadian
House. In Progress in Exergy, Energy, and the Environment (pp. 181-
191). Springer International Publishing, 2014.
[18] Brandoni C, Renzi M. Optimal sizing of hybrid solar micro-CHP
systems for the household sector. Applied Thermal Engineering
2015;75:896-907.
[19] Helal A, Ghoneim W, Halaby A. Feasibility Study for Self-Sustained
Wastewater Treatment Plants—Using Biogas CHP Fuel Cell, Micro-
Turbine, PV and Wind Turbine Systems. Smart Grid and Renewable
Energy 2013;4:227-235.
[20] Bando S, Asano H, Tokumoto T, Tsukada T, Ogata T. Optimal
operation planning of a photovoltaic-cogeneration-battery hybrid
system. In Power System Technology, 2006. PowerCon 2006.
International Conference on (pp. 1-8). IEEE.
[21] https://www.leonics.com/support/article2_14j/articles2_14j_en.php#:
~:text=module%20and%20battery-
,What%20is%20MPPT%3F,(or%20peak%20power%20voltage).
[22] Chalgynbayeva, A.; Gabnai, Z.; Lengyel, P.; Pestisha, A.; Bai, A.
Worldwide Research Trends in Agrivoltaic Systems—A Bibliometric
Review. Energies 2023, 16, 611. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16020611
[23] Pascaris, A.S.; Schelly, C.; Burnham, L.; Pearce, J.M. Integrating
Solar Energy with Agriculture: Industry Perspectives on the Market,
Community, and Socio-Political Dimensions of Agrivoltaics. Energy
Res. Soc. Sci. 2021, 75, 102023. .
[24] Valle, B.; Simonneau, T.; Sourd, F.; Pechier, P.; Hamard, P.; Frisson,
T.; Ryckewaert, M.; Christophe, A. Increasing the Total Productivity
of a Land by Combining Mobile Photovoltaic Panels and Food Crops.
Appl. Energy 2017, 206, 1495–1507.
[25] Hassanpour Adeh, E.; Selker, J.S.; Higgins, C.W. Remarkable
Agrivoltaic Influence on Soil Moisture, Micrometeorology and
Water-Use Efficiency. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0203256.
[26] Campana, P.E.; Stridh, B.; Amaducci, S.; Colauzzi, M. Optimisation
of Vertically Mounted Agrivoltaic Systems. J. Clean. Prod. 2021,
325, 129091.