1.JCHR-2024-Publication.pdf

Full text

772
Journal of Chemical Health Risks
www.jchr.org
JCHR (2024) 14(2), 772-776 | ISSN:2251-6727
Effectiveness of Pilates Exercise and Conventional Exercise on Trunk
and Postural Stability in Collegiate Basketball Players
Rajan Balakrishnan, Selvaraj Sudhakar, Prabhu Jeevan Kumar
MAHSA University, Dr.M.G.R.Educational and Research Institute, Alva’s College of Physiotherapy and
Research Centre.
(Received: 07 January 2024 Revised: 12 February 2024 Accepted: 06 March 2024)
KEYWORDS
Athletic
performance,
Pilates, Core
strengthening,
Postural
stability
ABSTRACT:
Introduction: To study the effects of Pilates exercise and conventional exercise on trunk and
postural stability in collegiate basketball players.
Objectives: To determine the effects of pilates exercise on trunk and postural stability in
collegiate basketball players. To determine the effects of conventional exercise on trunk and
postural stability in collegiate basketball players.
Methods: This is a quasi-experimental design of pre and post-test type. The study duration was
for 6 weeks, age between 18-25 years and the study conducted on university players. The
modified star excursion balance test and double leg lowering test was used as the outcome
measures to evaluate the postural control and core muscle strength. Subjects were explained
about the training protocols.
Procedure: Subjects in Group-A underwent Pilates exercise and Group-B underwent
conventional exercise. The data was collected prior to the training program as well at the end of
the training program. A combination of mobility and stability is required by active people for
optimal functional performance and for the correction of poor posture, muscle imbalances and
poor biomechanics. The concept of trunk mobility and stability contributing to improved
performance was used in training and rehabilitating athletes today.
Conclusions: The Pilates exercise shows better improvement than the conventional exercise in
trunk and postural stability. So, it is concluded that Pilates exercise training is recommended to
improve trunk and postural stability of collegiate basketball players.
1. Introduction
Pilates is a popular form of exercise training program
which includes stretching and strengthening exercise
with proper trunk control and breathing [1].“Joseph
Pilates” described his methods of exercises as a “set of
healthful lifestyle changes and corrective exercises”.
This method has become popular with a wide variety of
athletes and people seeking fitness and rehabilitation [2].
Basketball is a high-demand sport activity with a high
prevalence of lower limb injuries, namely knee and ankle
sprains [16]. It is a sport which involves mainly jumping
and landing [17]. Disequilibrium can be found in every
specific movement of basketball, such as in the twisting
movement of feet, jump shots as well as offensive and
defensive rebounds [18].It is very important to have good
balance while executing these skills. Balance or postural
stability is a necessary component in both daily activities
and sport [6, 7].
The trunk stabilization is the basis for many trunk
stability programs because both upper and lower
extremity muscles have proximal anchors at the shoulder
and pelvic girdles respectively [13-15]. Conventional
exercise programs are commonly involved in those
exercise that target specific muscles or muscles groups

773
Journal of Chemical Health Risks
www.jchr.org
JCHR (2024) 14(2), 772-776 | ISSN:2251-6727
that are recruited during sports specific technique. The
modified star excursion balance test is used to measure a
dynamic balance with 90 degree (PM-PL) and 135
degrees (ANT-PM, ANT-PL) to developed standardize
which requires the athletic to balance on one leg whilst
simultaneously reaching as far as possible with the other
leg in three separate directions: anterior (ANT), Postero-
medial (PM) and Postero-lateral (PL) to measure the test
of stability, strength and balance in various directions.
2. Objectives
To determine the effects of Pilates exercise on trunk and
postural stability in collegiate basketball players. To
determine the effects of conventional exercise on trunk
and postural stability in collegiate basketball players. To
compare the effects of Pilates exercises and conventional
exercises on trunk and postural stability in collegiate
basketball players.
3. Methods
The study design was an experimental study with pre and
post-test study type. Whereas study duration was 6 weeks
with 3 sessions per week. The Convenient sampling was
chosen with sample size of 30 subjects and it was
conducted in chennai. Inclusion criteria: Only males
under the age of 18-25 years, Basketball players.
Exclusion criteria: Recent injuries in both upper limb and
lower limb, acute inflammation, recent fractures or
surgeries in extremities and spine, Pain or disability in
both upper and lower limb, Hypermobility of joint.
Outcome measures: Modified star excursion balance test
(MSEBT).Double leg lowering test (DLLT).
Measurement tools: Mats, Chalk, Measuring tape, Stop
watch and Goniometer.
Procedure
A total of 30 subjects were selected and divided into two
groups based on the inclusion criteria. The benefits of the
study were explained to them and asked to sign the
inform consent. Subjects in Group-A received Pilates
exercise training whereas Group-B received
conventional exercises. The subjects were then assessed
for the outcome measures. Both the groups received
intervention for 30 minutes which was conducted 3
sessions per week and finished in 6 weeks. Warm-up and
cool down exercises were included prior to the training
sessions.
Group-A: Pilates training programme:
❖ Hundreds.
❖ Articulating bridge.
❖ Plank.
❖ Reverse plank
❖ Side plank.
FIG: 1. Hundreds FIG: 2. Articulating bridge
Exercise training programme: Warm-up for 5 minutes,
specific exercise for 30 minute and 60 seconds rests in
between for each and every exercise followed by cool
downs for 5 minutes.
Group-B: Conventional training programme:
Trunk and postural stability exercise:
❖ Trunk twist
❖ Sit-up.
❖ Bird dog.
❖ Single leg stance.
❖ Trunk rotation.

774
Journal of Chemical Health Risks
www.jchr.org
JCHR (2024) 14(2), 772-776 | ISSN:2251-6727
FIG: 3.Trunk twist. FIG: 4.Sit-up.
Exercise training programme: Warm-up for 5 minutes,
specific exercise for 30 minute and 60 seconds rests in
between for each and every exercise followed by cool
downs for 5 minutes.
4. Results
On comparing the Mean Values of Group A & Group B
on SEBT (Anterior, Postero - Medial & Postero - Lateral)
Score, it shows a significant increase in the post test
mean values in both groups, but (Group A - Pilates)
shows 69.39 ± 1.27, 97.16 ± 1.12 & 89.02 ± 1.21 which
has the higher mean value is more effective than (Group
B -Conventional Exercises) 66.40 ± 1.67, 94.96 ± 2.59 &
84.88 ± 1.83 at P ≤ 0.05. Hence the null hypothesis is
rejected. On comparing the Mean Values of Group A &
Group B on Double Leg Lowering Test Score, it shows
a significant decrease in the post test mean values in both
groups, but (Group A - Pilates) shows 30.00 ± 7.79 which
has the lower mean value is more effective than (Group
B -Conventional Exercises) 37.00 ± 7.74 at P ≤ 0.05.
Hence the null hypothesis is rejected. On comparing Pre-
test and Post-test within Group A & Group B on MSEBT
(Anterior, Postero - Medial & Postero - Lateral) Score
and Double Leg Lowering Test Score shows significant
difference in the mean values at P ≤ 0.05.
5. Discussion
Statistical analysis revealed that there was a significant
difference between the groups and proved that the pilates
exercise was more effective than the conventional
exercise in the training intervention programme which
was supported by previous studies by:Kyeongjin Lee et
al. (2021):Stated that pilates is an effective exercise
method for rehabilitating musculoskeletal
disorders.Shavikloo J et al. [2018]: Showed that the
result of the study consistent with the findings concluded
that 6-weeks of Pilates training programme was more
effective than conventional training in improving
anterior, posterior-medial and posterior-lateral
components of dynamic measured by modified star
excursion balance test in basketball players.
Samir Lofty El-Sayed et al, [2010]: States that one of the
principles of Pilates is breathing control which makes
awareness of one’s own breathing during dynamic
activities. By improving the work of back and abdominal
muscles with balance and integration between them is
considered as the important factor for improving the
muscular ability of legs. Therefore, it improved the
jumping performance. Gallagher S, et al. [2002]: Stated
that in any of sporting activities, the performance is
influenced by the psychological status of the athlete. Da
Cruz et al. (2014): Stated that 6 weeks of Pilates training
were not sufficient to cause significant changes in
physical fitness and body composition in young
basketball athletes. Thus, the study has suggested that a
longer training period (>6 weeks) is necessary to detect
physical fitness changes in basketball players.
Singh et al. (2015): Stated that plyometrics training
group had shown better performance than Pilates training
group and control in sargent jump test. The results of
present study are consistent with a previous study of
which found that 6 weeks of plyometric shows
significantly improved. In this study, on comparing the
Mean Values of pilates & conventional exercise on
MSEBT (Anterior, Postero - Medial & Postero - Lateral)
Score, it shows a significant increase in the post test
mean values in both groups, but (Pilates) shows 69.39 ±
1.27, 97.16 ± 1.12 & 89.02 ± 1.21 which has the higher
mean value is more effective than (Conventional
Exercises) 66.40 ± 1.67, 94.96 ± 2.59 & 84.88 ± 1.83 at

775
Journal of Chemical Health Risks
www.jchr.org
JCHR (2024) 14(2), 772-776 | ISSN:2251-6727
P ≤ 0.05. Hence the null hypothesis is rejected. On
comparing the Mean Values of pilates & conventional
exercise on Double Leg Lowering Test Score, it shows a
significant decrease in the post test mean values in both
groups, but (Pilates) shows 30.00 ± 7.79 which has the
lower mean value is more effective than (Conventional
Exercises) 37.00 ± 7.74 at P ≤ 0.05. Hence the null
hypothesis is rejected.
On comparing Pre-test and Post-test within pilates &
conventional exercise on MSEBT (Anterior, Postero -
Medial & Postero - Lateral) Score and Double Leg
Lowering Test Score shows significant difference in the
mean values at P ≤ 0.05.From the data analysis, it showed
that there was statistically significant improvement in
trunk and postural stability in pilates. The concept of
trunk mobility and stability contributing to improve the
performance is being used in the training and
rehabilitating athletes. In basketball, the proximal
strength, scapular, pelvic girdles and trunk coupled with
appropriate mobility is important in reaching the
optimum performance levels. The outcome is to improve
trunk and postural stability. The values of pre and post-
test mean values were compared. In this study, Pilates
exercise has showed significant increase in subject with
basketball players.
References
1. Akuthata V, Nadler SF. Core strengthening. Arch
Phys Med Rehabi. 2004; 85(1):86-92.
2. Hides JA, Jull GA, Richardson CA. Long-term effects
of specific stabilizing exercises for first-episode low
back pain. Spine. 2001; 26:243–248.
3. Niehues JR, Gonzales I, Lemos RR, Haas P. Pilates
method for lung function and functional capacity in
Obese Adults. Altern Ther Health Med. 2015;
21(5):73-80.
4. Bernardo LM. The effectiveness of Pilates training in
healthy adults: An appraisal of the research literature.
J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2007; 11(2):106-10.
5. Tarpey RM. The Effect of Core Strengthening on
Lower Leg Functional Stability in Football Players
(Doctoral dissertation, California University of
Pennsylvania). 2005.
6. Goldie PA, Bach TM, Evans OM. Force platform
measures for evaluating postural control: reliability
and validity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1989;
70(7):510–517.
7. Guskiewicz KM, Ross SE, Marshall SW. Postural
Stability and Neuropsychological Deficits After
Concussion in Collegiate Athletes. J Athl
Train. 2001; 36(3):263–273.
8. Rogers ME, Page P, Takeshima N. Balance Training
for the Older Athlete. International Journal of Sports
Physical Therapy. 2013; 8(4):517–530.
9. Huang MH, Brown SH. Age differences in the control
of postural stability during reaching tasks. Gait
Posture. 2013; 38(4):837–842.
10. Greig M, Walker-Johnson C. The influence of
soccer-specific fatigue on functional
stability. Physical Therapy in Sport. 2007; 8(4):185–
190.
11. Ribeiro F, Santos F, Gonçalves P, Oliveira J. Effects
of volleyball match-induced fatigue on knee joint
position sense. European Journal of Sport
Science. 2008; 8(6):397–402.
12. Hubscher M, Zech A, Pfeifer K, Hansel F, Vogt L,
Banzer W. Neuromuscular training for sports injury
prevention: a systematic review. Med Sci Sports
Exerc. 2010; 42:413–421.
13. Butler PB. A preliminary report on the effectiveness
of trunk targeting in achieving independent sitting
balance in children with cerebral palsy. Clinical
Rehabilitation. 1998; 12:281–293.
14. Cho Lewicki J, Greene HS, Polzhofer GK, et
al. Neuromuscular function in athletes following
recovery from a recent acute low back injury. J
Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2002; 32:568–575.
15. Greene HS, Cho Lewicki J, Galloway MT, et al. A
history of low back injury is a risk factor for recurrent
back injuries in varsity athletes. Am J of Sports
Med. 2001; 29:795–800.
16. Boccolini G, Brazzit A, Bonfanti L, Alberti G. Using
balance training to improve the performance of youth
basketball players. Sport Sci Health. 2013; 9(2):37–
42.
17. Ziv G, Lidor R. Vertical jump in female and male
volleyball players: a review of observational and
experimental studies. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010;
20(4):556–567.
18. Scanlan A, Dascombe B, Reaburn P. A comparison of
the activity demands of elite and sub-elite Australian

776
Journal of Chemical Health Risks
www.jchr.org
JCHR (2024) 14(2), 772-776 | ISSN:2251-6727
men’s basketball competition. J Sports Sci. 2011;
29(11):1153–1160.
19.Ben Abdelkrim N, El Fazaa S, El Ati J. Time-motion
analysis and physiological data of elite under-19-
year-old basketball players during competition. Br J
Sports Med. 2007; 41(2):69–75.
20. Wilk KE, Meister K, Andrews JR. Current concepts
in the rehabilitation of the overhead throwing
athlete. Am J Sports Med. 2002; 30:136–151.
21. Tarpey RM. The Effect of Core Strengthening on
Lower Leg Functional Stability in Football Players
(Doctoral dissertation, California University of
Pennsylvania). 2005.
22.Frederick MFA, Hamid D, Omar AH, Hasan K, Soeed
K, Zulkapri I. Badminton specific movement agility
testing system. Movement Health and Exercise
Conference September 2014.
23. Butler PB. A preliminary report on the effectiveness
of trunk targeting in achieving independent sitting
balance in children with cerebral palsy. Clinical
Rehabilitation. 1998; 12:281–293.
24. Cho Lewicki J, Greene HS, Polzhofer GK, et
al. Neuromuscular function in athletes following
recovery from a recent acute low back injury. J
Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2002; 32:568–575.
25. Greene HS, Cho Lewicki J, Galloway MT, et al. A
history of low back injury is a risk factor for recurrent
back injuries in varsity athletes. Am J of Sports
Med. 2001; 29:795–800.
26. Top end sports Straight Leg Lift Abdominal Strength
Test Available:
https://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/abdomin
al-strength.htm(accesse 4.1.2022).
27. Haladay DE, Denegar CR, Miller SJ, Challis J.
Electromyographic and kinetic analysis of two
abdominal muscle performance tests. Physiotherapy
theory and practice. 2015 Nov 17; 31(8):587-93.
28. Gallagher S, Kryzanowska R. The Joseph H. Pilates
Archive Collection. Philadelphia Bainbridge Book:
2000.
29. Reeves NP, Everding VQ, Cho Lewicki J, Morrisette
DC. The effects of trunk stiffness on postural control
during unstable seated balance. Exp Brain Res. 2006;
174:694–700. doi: 10.1007/s00221-006-0516-5.
30. Dieën JHv, Koppes L, Twisk J. Low-back pain history
and postural sway in unstable sitting. Spine. 2010;
35:812–817.
31. Dieën JHv, Koppes L, Twisk J. Postural sway
parameters in seated balancing; their reliability and
relationship with balancing performance. Gait
Posture. 2010; 31:42–46.
doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2009.08.242.