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Stories of women's marriage and fertility experiences: Qualitative research on urban and rural cases in Bali, Indonesia
Gates Open Research
Abstract
As a Hindu-majority province in Indonesia, Bali presents a unique and distinctive culture. Patrilocal ( purusa ) marriage and patrilineal inheritance as a continuation of the patriarchal system puts a male in the key role of family representative and successor. Having a son is a priority for a married couple in Balinese society. As a consequence, Balinese women experience several constraints related to their economic productive, reproductive, and adat (ritual) roles. When a family does not have a male heir, their daughter is pressed to find a spouse willing to accept sentana (daughter succession) marriage. This secondary form of marriage brings another complication for Balinese-Hindu women and does not necessarily relieve their submissive position. This study analyzes Balinese-Hindu women’s perspectives on their marriage experiences and fertility decisions in patrilineal society in changing rural and urban conditions. The data was collected in two areas representing rural (Gianyar) and urban (Denpasar) locations in Bali Province, Indonesia from November 2019 to February 2020. Primary data was based on in-depth interviews of six rural and six urban married Balinese-Hindu women. This qualitative inquiry into Balinese women's experience of the marriage system and fertility options in urban and rural Bali revealed varying degrees of social expectation to provide male descendants for their families. At the same time, economic burdens still haunted them in this development era and manifested conflicting implications for family size. Their stories of purusa and sentana marriage were complex because it has strongly associated with customary law ( adat ) in traditional society. Paradoxically, this study found that it was predominantly rural women who opted for the sentana arrangement and expressed a preference for smaller family sizes. This study explores women's fertility aspirations, notably regarding son precedence. It problematizes the sentana marriage alternative as a potential solution to alleviate the expectations and burdens placed on women.
... Kedua daerah tersebut kerap menjadi sorotan akan modernisasi dan ilmu perkembangan teknologi (IPTEK) yang lebih berkembang daripada wilayah lainnya. Khususnya wanita Bali pada kedua daerah tersebut yang sudah menikah pada usia muda akan dihadapkan pada tantangan peran yang kompleks (Titisari et al., 2024). Peran sebagai seorang istri dan ibu, juga mengharuskan wanita Bali mengharmonisasikan perannya yang kompleks seperti peran sosial, kewajiban akan adat dan agama (Yuni & Darma, 2022). ...
Bali is known for its strong traditions and culture where women play an important role in defending these values. In the midst of modernization, Generation Z women in Bali, especially in Denpasar City and Badung Regency, face challenges in balancing their roles as workers, wives, mothers, and members of indigenous peoples. This study aims to understand how Balinese women workers who marry at a young age achieve harmony in themselves in the midst of the complexity of multi-role undertaken. This research uses a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. The research sample consisted of four Balinese women generation Z who were married and worked in the government, private, or entrepreneurial sectors in Badung Regency and Denpasar City. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, passive participation observations, and documentation, which were then analyzed using the Miles and Huberman models with the help of NVivo 14 software. The results of the study show that Balinese female workers experience role conflicts, time conflicts, and behavioral conflicts, which have an impact on work-family conflict and work stress. The main factors that affect this imbalance include triple roles, quarter life crisis, marriage culture shock, and job hopping. To overcome these challenges, the informants apply coping strategies such as work-life balance strategies, role management, time management, outsourcing, and family support. The conclusion of this study confirms that although Balinese women workers strive to achieve harmony within themselves, they still face challenges in fulfilling the aspect of work-life balance. Family support and effective adaptation strategies have an important role in achieving their harmonization of multi-roles. Bali dikenal dengan tradisi dan budaya yang kuat di mana perempuan memainkan peran penting dalam mempertahankan nilai-nilai tersebut. Di tengah modernisasi, perempuan generasi Z di Bali, khususnya di Kota Denpasar dan Kabupaten Badung, menghadapi tantangan dalam menyeimbangkan peran sebagai pekerja, istri, ibu, dan anggota masyarakat adat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami bagaimana pekerja wanita Bali yang menikah pada usia muda mencapai harmonisasi dalam dirinya di tengah kompleksitas multi peran yang dijalani. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari empat wanita Bali generasi Z yang telah menikah dan bekerja di sektor pemerintahan, swasta, atau wirausaha di Kabupaten Badung dan Kota Denpasar. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi partisipasi pasif, dan dokumentasi, yang kemudian dianalisis menggunakan model Miles dan Huberman dengan bantuan perangkat lunak NVivo 14. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pekerja wanita Bali mengalami konflik peran, konflik waktu, dan konflik perilaku, yang berdampak pada work-family conflict serta work stress. Faktor utama yang memengaruhi ketidakseimbangan ini meliputi triple roles, quarter life crisis, marriage culture shock, dan job hopping. Untuk mengatasi tantangan tersebut, para informan menerapkan strategi coping seperti work-life balance strategies, manajemen peran, manajemen waktu, outsourcing, serta dukungan keluarga. Kesimpulan penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa meskipun pekerja wanita Bali berupaya mencapai harmonisasi dalam dirinya, mereka masih menghadapi tantangan dalam memenuhi aspek work-life balance. Dukungan keluarga dan strategi adaptasi yang efektif memiliki peran penting dalam mencapai harmonisasi diri mereka menjalani multi peran.
In multi-level and multi-layered foundations of gendered approaches for understanding the kinship system, family-building behavior, son preference, and male-skewed child sex ratios in India; patriarchy and patrilineality have received greater attention than patrilocality. To fill this gap, we construct a measure of patrilocality and hypothesize that households practice sex selection and daughter discrimination because of patrilocality norms that dictate the later life co-residence between parents and sons. Our findings reveal that the child sex ratio, sex ratio at birth, and sex ratio at last birth are negatively correlated with patrilocality rates across states and districts of India. The robustness of these findings is verified by using alternative definitions of patrilocality, examining the association between patrilocality and patrilineality, and assessing the relationship between patrilocality and child sex ratios across states and by urbanization levels. We conclude that, in the absence of strong social security measures and a lack of preference for old-age homes, amidst the accepted practice of patrilocality coupled with increasingly lower fertility norms, the dependency on sons will continue, leading to the continuation of sex selection in India.
This study uses case study analysis and aims to investigate the policy direction of the Family Planning program at the central and regional levels as well as the response of stakeholders at the central and Bali levels to the Krama Bali family planning program. A total of 36 informants were successfully interviewed and selected purposively to represent various stakeholders. Bali was chosen as the study location considering that the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) was already low and the Krama Bali family planning policy was issued, which encouraging Balinese people to have up to 4 children. This is different from the central family planning target of two children. The study shows that the direction of population policy in Indonesia is to achieve SP (Stable Population) with TFR=2.1. Meanwhile, Bali has reached below 2.1, so it issued the Krama Bali family planning policy so that couples of childbearing ages can have up to 4 children. Responses from various interests at the national and local levels in Bali can be mapped into three types of responses. First, accepting the Krama Bali on the grounds of supporting local wisdom to maintain Balinese customs and culture and supported by regulations. Second, support the Krama Bali with the following conditions; that is, it must take into account the economic capacity of the community and the program is implemented without coercion. Third, reject the Krama Bali because regional programs must follow central policy and the value of small families is ingrained in Balinese society.
Keywords: Family Planning, Total Fertility Rate, Stakeholders, Stable Population, Krama Bali Family Planning
Background: Adolescent sexual and reproductive health (SRH) problems remain an important public health issue in many developing countries, such as Indonesia. Therefore, assessing SRH knowledge, attitude, and behavior among adolescents are worth considering for public health intervention purpose in order to reduce their vulnerability to SRH problems.Aims: This study aimed to assess SRH knowledge, attitude, and behavior among adolescent students in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.Methods: This was a cross-sectional school-based study conducted in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia from July to September 2016. This study applied multi-stage random sampling to recruit 1,200 students out of 24 junior, senior, and vocational high schools. Variables in this study consisted of socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitude, and behavior related to SRH. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and cross-tabulation to identify proportion differences.Results: Regarding knowledge on SRH, students had less knowledge on a reproductive process (10.1%) and reproductive risk (11.4%), but half of them knew about the sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV&AIDS (55.6%) and almost all had sufficient knowledge on puberty (90.7%). Meanwhile, few students argued that several sexual behaviors can be performed before getting married, such as kissing and hugging (48.9%), petting and oral sex (18.7%) and sexual intercourse (vaginal sex) (13.8%). Out of 1,200 adolescent students, 880 (73.3%) reported for have ever been in dating with someone. Among adolescent dating, few students reported for an experience of petting (14.3%), oral sex (9.8%), vaginal sex (6.5%), and anal sex (2.6%).Conclusion: Adolescent students in Denpasar, Bali, had a low level of sufficient knowledge in some SRH aspects, a few students reported for permissive attitude and performed premarital sexual behaviors. Therefore, providing comprehensive sexuality education (CSE) is worth considering to improve knowledge and appropriate skills in order to prevent risky sexual behavior among adolescents. Keywords: Sexual and reproductive health (SRH), Adolescents, Students, Knowledge, Attitude, Sexual behavior Received: 26 October 2018, Reviewed: 08 January 2019, Received: in revised form 25 February 2019, Accepted: 28 February 2019 DOI: 10.35898/ghmj-31554
This study explores determinants of attitudes toward gender inequality among Chinese people using five waves of the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) and East Asian Social Survey (EASS, 2016). The study uses five survey questions regarding the relative roles of men and women in the family and workplace to measure gender attitudes. Utilizing the pooled data, the study finds temporal changes of attitude: women are expected to be more responsible for paid jobs than before while their job security is not given enough support; meanwhile, women’s share in housework is not anticipated to be reduced. The results suggest that the Chinese attitude toward women’s roles is stuck between the modern and old eras. Education is found to be the most crucial determinant of attitude. Education is positively correlated with attitudes supporting women regarding gender inequality. In addition, if the wife has a higher education than the husband, the respondent tends to have an attitude toward gender equality. Furthermore, a large part of the urban-rural difference in attitude can be explained by the urban-rural difference in education. These findings have a straightforward policy implication: to reduce the negative attitude toward gender inequality, education for women and rural regions needs to be promoted. Additionally, by combining the Chinese General Social Survey 2017 and the East Asian Social Survey 2016, this study finds that an individual’s patrilineal values conflict with the attitude toward gender equality, suggesting that traditional culture is a potential root of gender inequality.
It is estimated that approximately 4.3 million sexually active persons worldwide will receive poor and/or limited access to Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) services in their lifetime. Globally, approximately 200 million women and girls still endure female genital cutting, 33,000 child marriages occur daily, and a myriad of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR) agenda gaps continue to remain unaddressed. These gaps are particularly pertinent for women and girls in humanitarian settings where SRH conditions including gender-based violence, unsafe abortions , and poor obstetric care are among the leading causes of female morbidity and mortality. Notably, the past decade has featured a record high number of forcibly displaced persons globally since World War II and has led to over 160 million persons requiring humanitarian aid globally, 32 million of whom are women and girls of reproductive age. Inadequate SRH service delivery continues to persist in humanitarian settings, with basic services insufficient or inaccessible, putting women and girls at higher risk for increased morbidity and mortality. This record number of displaced persons and the continued gaps that remain unaddressed pertaining to SRH in humanitarian settings require renewed urgency to create upstream solutions to this complex issue. This commentary discusses the gaps in the holistic management of SRH in humanitarian settings, explores why these gaps persist, and addresses the unique cultural, environmental, and political conditions which contribute to continued SRH service delivery inadequacies and increased morbidity and mortality for women and girls.
Kesehatan reproduksi dan seksualitas merupakan topik yang dianggap tabu untuk dibicarakan di Indonesia, sehingga remaja mencari alternatif untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai topik tersebut. Media sosial secara langsung ataupun tidak langsung menjadi media pembelajaran dan memberikan pengaruh bagi remaja, salah satunya tentang kesehatan reproduksi dan perilaku seksual. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan rancangan online survey cross-sectional terhadap 418 responden remaja berumur 20-24 tahun dari 9 kabupaten/kota di Bali dari Maret hingga April 2021. Meski remaja cukup aktif menggunakan media sosial, sebagian besar remaja (58.85%) jarang mengakses informasi kesehatan reproduksi melalui platform tersebut. Hasil penelitian ini juga menunjukan bahwa penggunaan media sosial dalam perannya sebagai media pembelajaran kesehatan reproduksi tidak memberikan pengaruh preventif secara langung terhadap perilaku seksual pra-nikah remaja. Namun variabel lain seperti status bekerja, jenis kelamin, umur dan pengalaman berpacaran memiliki pengaruh terhadap perilaku seksual pranikah pada remaja Bali usia 20-24 tahun.
The Indonesian family planning program has been running for over five decades. Until the present, the implementation of this program still generates debate over important policy issues. On June 14th, 2019, the Balinese provincial government released a new pro-natalist family planning policy No.1545 (Keluarga Berencana Krama Bali) to respond to the concerns from the national family planning program two-child policy success. What are the implications for Balinese women's position in response to the political and cultural policies that impact their reproductive rights? This study analyzes the tensions between the national family planning program's two-child policy and the recent local Balinese Keluarga Berencana Krama model by focusing on Balinese women's perspectives. Ethnographic research was conducted from January to February 2020 in Bali. This study indicates that the women's fertility decisions were constrained by patrilineal structures, economic stresses, and government population policies. Krama Bali, which encourages a four children model according to the Balinese naming system, complicates the triple burden impacts on Balinese women's agency. The new pro-natalist provincial policy explicitly prioritizes cultural values and indirectly exacerbates the pressure to produce inheriting sons. Balinese women had to choose between cultural preservation and economic considerations, which intensified the tensions between their productive, reproductive, and customary (adat) obligations. Internal and external pressures imposed upon the Balinese women participants have forced them to navigate conflicting economic, political, and cultural demands with varying degrees of agency.
Background
Reporting standards, such as PRISMA aim to ensure that the methods and results of systematic reviews are described in sufficient detail to allow full transparency. Flow diagrams in evidence syntheses allow the reader to rapidly understand the core procedures used in a review and examine the attrition of irrelevant records throughout the review process. Recent research suggests that use of flow diagrams in systematic reviews is poor and of low quality and called for standardised templates to facilitate better reporting in flow diagrams. The increasing options for interactivity provided by the Internet gives us an opportunity to support easy‐to‐use evidence synthesis tools, and here we report on the development of a tool for the production of PRISMA 2020‐compliant systematic review flow diagrams.
Methods and Findings
We developed a free‐to‐use, Open Source R package and web‐based Shiny app to allow users to design PRISMA flow diagrams for their own systematic reviews. Our tool allows users to produce standardised visualisations that transparently document the methods and results of a systematic review process in a variety of formats. In addition, we provide the opportunity to produce interactive, web‐based flow diagrams (exported as HTML files), that allow readers to click on boxes of the diagram and navigate to further details on methods, results or data files. We provide an interactive example here; https://prisma-flowdiagram.github.io/.
Conclusions
We have developed a user‐friendly tool for producing PRISMA 2020‐compliant flow diagrams for users with coding experience and, importantly, for users without prior experience in coding by making use of Shiny (https://estech.shinyapps.io/prisma_flowdiagram/). This free‐to‐use tool will make it easier to produce clear and PRISMA 2020‐compliant systematic review flow diagrams. Significantly, users can also produce interactive flow diagrams for the first time, allowing readers of their reviews to smoothly and swiftly explore and navigate to further details of the methods and results of a review. We believe this tool will increase use of PRISMA flow diagrams, improve the compliance and quality of flow diagrams, and facilitate strong science communication of the methods and results of systematic reviews by making use of interactivity. We encourage the systematic review community to make use of the tool, and provide feedback to streamline and improve their usability and efficiency.
Objective
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are common worldwide and pose a challenge to public health. We conducted this study to assess the annual incidence of five common STIs, including syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, and genital herpes at the global, regional, and national levels.
Materials and Methods
We obtained detailed data on STIs excluding HIV from 1990 to 2019 from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 database. Estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was calculated to quantify trends in age-standardized incidence rates (ASR) of STIs, stratified by gender, sociodemographic index (SDI) region, and pathogenic microorganism.
Results
Globally, incident cases of STIs increased by 58.15% from 486.77 million in 1990 to 769.85 million in 2019, but the annual change in ASR was only −0.04% (95% CI −0.09 to 0.01) per year. EAPC was 0.16 (0.06 to 0.26) for syphilis, 0.09 (0.05 to 0.13) for genital herpes, 0.06 (0.03 to 0.09) for trichomoniasis, −0.21 (−0.36 to −0.06) for chlamydia, and −0.14 (−0.19 to −0.08) for gonorrhea. High SDI regions reported significant increases in ASR of syphilis and chlamydia.
Conclusions
The burden of disease from STIs remains large, though control of STIs has contributed to the decreasing incidence in most regions, especially in the low-SDI regions. Globally, over the past 20 years, the ASR has remained stable for trichomoniasis and genital herpes decreased for chlamydia and gonorrhea, and increased for syphilis.
The concept ‘patriarchy’ has endured decline in use by historians despite calls for its redemption. One of the main reasons is that uses of ‘patriarchy’ fall into potentially clashing categories: There are theories of ‘patriarchy’ as hierarchical authority in the family and there are theories of ‘patriarchy’ as a ubiquitous or universal structure through which men dominate women. I suggest that the first is more useful because it allows for a better historically situated understanding of patriarchal power. Yet, patriarchy as hierarchical authority is less applicable as a toolbox to understand gender history diachronically, something patriarchy as universal structure aspired to, and a project that we should not abandon along with the abandonment of patriarchy as universal structure. Instead, I argue for an understanding of patriarchal power as something that can help us think about how gendered bodies move through time. By turning more explicitly to the way in which patriarchal power appropriates the body and claims natural and universal status, it can be a potential conceptual tool in the historian’s toolbox that helps us address the challenge of diachronic history of gendered bodies without resorting to a biological essentialism.
Given increasing policy attention to the consequences of youth marginalisation for development processes, engaging with the experiences of socially marginalised adolescents in low- and middle-income countries (including those who are out of school, refugees, married, with disabilities or adolescent parents) is a pressing priority. To understand how these disadvantages—and adolescents’ abilities to respond to them—intersect to shape opportunities and outcomes, this Special Issue draws on the Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence conceptual framework which accounts for gender roles and norms, family, community and political economy contexts in shaping adolescents’ capabilities. Implicitly critiquing a focus within youth studies on individual agency, the articles advance our understanding of how adolescents’ marginalisation is shaped by their experiences, social identities and the contexts in which they are growing up. An analytical framework foregrounding intersectionality and collective capabilities offers a means to politicise these findings and challenge uncritical academic celebration of individual agency as the means to address structural problems.
Background:
Early adolescence (ages 10-14) is a critical period of physical, cognitive, social and emotional development, which affect sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR). Yet, little is known about positive or healthy aspects of sexuality development during this period of life, especially in South East Asia where sexual norms remain restrictive. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence and correlates of sexual wellbeing among early adolescent girls and boys ages 10-14 years in Indonesia.
Methods:
Data for this cross-sectional study were collected as part of the Global Early Adolescent Study via a school-based survey in three Indonesian urban sites in 2018 (N = 4309). We assessed the prevalence of multiple indicators of sexual wellbeing (e.g. SRHR knowledge and communication, gender attitudes, body satisfaction, self-efficacy, freedom from violence) and tested for differences by sex using Chi-square, Student t-test, and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the adjusted odds ratio of selected indicators in relation to sociodemographic factors, romantic relationship status, and sexual activities.
Results:
The mean age of students was 12 years (53% girls); 90% had started puberty. SRHR knowledge and communication was low overall, but higher among boys than girls. Boys were more likely than girls to report high body satisfaction, less feelings of guilt in relation to sexuality, but also to have experienced physical peer violence. In contrast, girls were more likely to hold gender equal attitudes, greater perceived self-efficacy to say 'no', and to report being bullied by boys. In multivariable models, romantic relationship experiences, perceived voice (boys and girls) and decision-making (girls) were associated with three or more indicators of sexual wellbeing.
Conclusions:
While young adolescents in Indonesia score high on some aspects of sexual wellbeing, misconceptions, feelings of guilt and uncertainties related to sexuality are common, with clear gender differences. These findings confirm the need for comprehensive sexuality education that begins early in adolescence.
Purpose:
This study assesses the role of gender norms on the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and peer-violence perpetration among very young adolescents in three urban poor cities of Indonesia.
Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted in Bandar Lampung, Denpasar, and Semarang in Indonesia. A total of 2,974 participants (boys: 44.79%, girls: 55.21%) between 10 and 14 years were included in the analysis. Logistic regression, mediation, and moderation analyses were conducted stratified by sex.
Results:
Risk factors of peer-violence perpetration among boys and girls included three (boys: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32-4.75; girls: aOR 1.82, 95% CI .95-3.52) and four or more (boys: aOR 6.75, 95% CI 3.86-11.80; girls: aOR 5.37, 95% CI 3.07-9.37) history of ACE. Risk factors of peer-violence perpetration among boys included having inequitable sexual double standard (SDS) indices (aOR 1.46, 95% CI 1.09-1.95). SDS measures the perception boys are rewarded for romantic relationship engagement, whereas girls are stigmatized or disadvantaged for the experience. Other risk factors included lifetime tobacco use among boys and girls and lifetime alcohol use among boys. Protective factors included parental closeness among girls.
Conclusions:
Based on the research in three Indonesian communities, this study demonstrates that boys are disproportionately exposed to adversities including history of ACE, inequitable SDS, lifetime alcohol use and tobacco use in comparison to girls. Programs targeting ACE and gender norms which engage boys, girls, and families are more likely to be successful in reducing peer-violence perpetration and promoting gender equitable norms.
Purpose:
There is increasing recognition that gender norms affect adolescent health and well-being. This study explores the consistency of adolescents' gender norm perceptions across different dimensions (roles, traits, relations) and describes how the patterns of these perceptions vary across four culturally different settings.
Methods:
The study includes 8,977 adolescents aged 10-14 years from Kinshasa, Shanghai, Cuenca, and Indonesia. Three gender norm scales were examined: sexual double standard, gender stereotypical traits, and stereotypical roles. We investigated patterns of gender norms across dimensions (roles, traits, and relations) and compared results between sites. We also examined how adolescents' individual responses across the scales compared with average responses in their site, to assess the consistency of their gender views.
Results:
Patterns of gender norms varied across sites, reflected in different levels of endorsement of each gender norms scale, from least equal in Kinshasa to most equal in Shanghai, while greater variation of perspectives across gender dimensions was noted in Cuenca and Indonesia. Moving from a societal to an individual perspective, most adolescents in each site (62%-67%) held both more progressive and less progressive views compared with their average peer depending on the gender dimension.
Conclusions:
Our study demonstrates the coexistence of multiple gender worldviews that are assessed and enacted as per adolescents' experiences and social context. Accounting for such complexities is essential for gender-transformative programs, as shifting gender attitudes in one area does not necessarily translate in more gender equitable views across other spheres of life.
The current international approach to child marriage is the complete prohibition of marriage under the age of 18. Child marriage is considered a problem internationally, and those who practice it tend to be viewed as ‘traditional’, that is, insufficiently modern. This article aims to challenge this viewpoint, by discussing data that show that these young people use under-age marriage as a solution to navigate the modern world in which they live. As child marriage is rather a symptom of unplanned pregnancy outside of wedlock, the policies and programs should be redirected to address this root cause.
The aims of this study are to know the Nyeburin Marriage Inheritance System in Banjar Kutuh, Sayan Village, Ubud District, Gianyar Regency women as Purusa or nyentana men as Pradana if their inheritance is in the form of land assets and to know the position of social social status of men as Pradana in Nyeburin Marriage in indigenous communities in the Village of Sayan Banjar Kutuh, Ubud District, Gianyar Regency. This method uses Empirical legal research. Using the statutory approach, case approach, and conceptual approach. Sources of data are sourced from primary data (field research) and secondary data (library research). Data collection techniques consisted of interview techniques, document study techniques, and literature study techniques. The data collected was analyzed descriptive qualitatively. The author uses the theory of justice, the theory of legal certainty, the theory of reception in complex u. Based on the results of the study it was found that the inheritance of nyeburin marriage in Banjar village is still strong in women because of their status as Purusa and their social social status is different if the work of a person who becomes a pradana, for example, a doctor may look higher. The conclusion is that a woman still has the right to inherit because as a purusa and if the inheritance in the form of land remains the right of the woman and in social status remains the head of the household in the community remains the same except for work that makes their social status different.
Persistently low employment of women in some countries can still be ascribed to a traditional perception of women’s role in society. According to observed data and prevailing social and cultural norms, women have been bearing the primary burdens of housework, childcare, and other family responsibilities. The unequal share of care responsibilities between women and men further worsens the disadvantages of women in balancing public and private life, with an impact on their employment and health outcomes. In this paper we investigate the role of family responsibilities in shaping employment and health outcomes by gender, in Italy and France, during and after the economic downturn. We use data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions for the time windows of 2007–2010 and 2011–2014. Our results support that gender differences in the share of responsibilities roles in the public and private sphere influence the employability and health perception of women.
Despite the policy and academic interest in helping disadvantaged young people into
employment and education, and towards a more positive future, little is known about the
process of supporting positive transitions for young people. In Australia and internationally, youth work is increasingly considering alternatives to the traditional deficit-oriented and risk-averse approach to supporting young people experiencing social or material disadvantage. With an outset in youth practitioners’ perspectives on their work and underpinned by key concepts drawn from the Positive Youth Development approach, this paper seeks to improve understandings of how best to support disadvantaged young people’s ability to thrive, facilitate practitioner dialogue and strengthen practice. Qualitative interviews were conducted with twelve youth practitioners and a focus group run with an additional eight. The paper explores three concepts emerging from the analysis that were identified as key to understanding the unique potential youth work practitioners have to support positive transitions with and for disadvantaged young people: having an ecological focus, encouraging personal agency and fostering alternative possibilities. The findings propose new possibilities for working with young people with whom mainstream services struggle to engage. The paper concludes by discussing the practical implications and limitations of this approach.
The presence of patriarchal culture can be found in most regions of Indonesia, including Bali. The patriarchal culture in Bali tends to be more rigid because of the Balinese belief that any offspring, especially men, will not only continue the responsibilities of the parents in terms of the social life of the community; however, they also expected to carry out the ceremonies of death for their parents. They are trusted to help their parents reach the creator easily. The Balinese culture has been dominated by patriarchy for a long time and has continued developing to this day. Patriarchal power is increasingly persistent when it comes to power in Bali. As a result, women in Bali are still considered subordinate creatures under the patriarchy’s control and bondage. The phenomenon of premarital pregnancy in Bali is a reflection of the new way that men dominate women. The approach used in this study is Michel Foucault’s theory of power. The method used was qualitative research with in-depth interviews with 18 informants who were native Balinese. This research was conducted in Denpasar, Singaraja, and Badung City. The results of this study found that the social reality of premarital pregnancy in the urban areas of Bali’s Island is inseparable from the influence of the social discourse behind the apparent reality. The discourse then obtains the legitimacy of truth from the family and produces new knowledge to believe the truth. In this social reality, premarital pregnancy has made Balinese women significantly disadvantaged and increasingly subordinated.
Background
Adolescents in Tanzania are at risk of many health problems attributed to limited access to quality sexual and reproductive health services. Health professionals are a crucial part of service delivery, and their perspective on providing care is important in understanding the barriers that hamper access to sexual and reproductive health services for adolescents. Better understanding these barriers will support the development of more effective interventions. This paper explores these perspectives in view of the health-policy context that surrounds them.
Objective
This study has aimed to explore and understand health professionals’ perceptions and attitudes regarding the provision of adolescent sexual and reproductive health care in a selected national sexual and reproductive health programme in the Arusha region and Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania.
Methods
A qualitative cross-sectional interview design was applied. Sixteen in-depth interviews were conducted with health professionals and community health workers. Data was analysed following inductive thematic analysis.
Results
Four main themes are identified in the data: concern about the stigma directed towards adolescents; over-medicalisation of services; difficulty involving adolescent males; and ambiguous policies and contradictory messages. The findings suggest that health professionals providing care in the current adolescent sexual and reproductive health programme must navigate the legacy of vertical health programmes as well as contradicting views and messages that are influenced by social norms, by uncertainties about current laws and by statements from political leaders.
Conclusions
The findings suggest that future research, policies and health programmes should consider the perspectives of health professionals and their challenges in delivering care for adolescents to help improve the understanding of how to effectively and sensitively implement sexual and reproductive health programmes for adolescents.
Purpose
Intersectionality theory highlights the importance of the interplay of multiple social group memberships in shaping individual mental well-being. This article investigates elements of adolescent mental well-being (life dissatisfaction and psychosomatic complaints) from an intersectional perspective. It tests mental well-being consequences of membership in combinations of multiple social groups and examines to what extent such intersectional effects depend on the national context (immigration and integration policies, national-level income, and gender equality).
Methods
Using Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy, we assessed the role of the national context in shaping the interplay between immigration background, socioeconomic status, and gender, using data from 33 countries from the 2017/2018 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children survey.
Results
We found no uniform intersectionality effects across all countries. However, when allowing the interplay to vary by national context, results did point toward some intersectional effects. Some aggravated negative effects were found for members of multiple disadvantaged social groups in countries with low levels of income equality and restrictive migration policies, whereas enhanced positive effects were found for members of multiple advantaged groups in these countries. Similarly, mitigated negative effects of membership in multiple disadvantaged groups were shown in countries with higher levels of income equality and more inclusive migration policies, whereas mitigated positive effects were found for multiply advantaged individuals. Although for national-level gender equality results pointed in a similar direction, girls' scores were counterintuitive. High national-level gender equality disproportionately benefitted groups of disadvantaged boys, whereas advantaged girls were doing worse than expected, and reversed effects were found for countries with low gender equality.
Conclusions
To fully understand social inequalities in adolescent mental well-being, the interplay between individual-level and national-level indicators must be explored.
Background: Sex education in adolescents is still considered taboo to be discussed in the community. Traditional arts as communicative and informative socialization media contain meaningful messages, it is expected that teenagers get a good understanding of reproductive health so that they become healthy and quality adolescents. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate reproductive health promotion through traditional arts media on adolescent knowledge, attitudes and sexual intentions in Gianyar, Bali.Methods: A quantitative study with a quasi-experimental design was conducted with nonequivalent (pretest and posttest) control group. Data on premarital sex knowledge, attitudes and intentions were collected before and after staging traditional arts in the intervention group (75 adolescents). Data were collected from self-filled questionnaires and analyzed using STATA (version 12.0). Data analysis was conducted using Wilcoxon rank test and Wilcoxon rank-sum.Results: The results showed an overall significant improvement in the knowledge and attitudes of adolescents about premarital sex and a decrease intention toward premarital sex after intervention (p value 0.00). The improvement in knowledge, premarital sex attitudes and intentions was more pronounced in the intervention group compared to control group. The control group that was not given an intervention showed a higher average value of premarital sex intention. Conclusion: Reproductive health promotion program using traditional arts media was able to significantly reduce premarital sex intentions among teenagers.
Among the ground-breaking achievements of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) was its call to place adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) on global health and development agendas. This article reviews progress made in low- and middle-income countries in the 25 years since the ICPD in six areas central to ASRH-adolescent pregnancy, HIV, child marriage, violence against women and girls, female genital mutilation, and menstrual hygiene and health. It also examines the ICPD's contribution to the progress made. The article presents epidemiologic levels and trends; political, research, programmatic and social responses; and factors that helped or hindered progress. To do so, it draws on research evidence and programmatic experience and the expertise and experiences of a wide number of individuals, including youth leaders, in numerous countries and organizations. Overall, looking across the six health topics over a 25-year trajectory, there has been great progress at the global and regional levels in putting adolescent health, and especially adolescent sexual and reproductive health and rights, higher on the agenda, raising investment in this area, building the epidemiologic and evidence-base, and setting norms to guide investment and action. At the national level, too, there has been progress in formulating laws and policies, developing strategies and programs and executing them, and engaging communities and societies in moving the agenda forward. Still, progress has been uneven across issues and geography. Furthermore, it has raced ahead sometimes and has stalled at others. The ICPD's Plan of Action contributed to the progress made in ASRH not just because of its bold call in 1994 but also because it provided a springboard for advocacy, investment, action, and research that remains important to this day.
This article examines how the existence of multiple legal orders can impact the defense of human rights, by discussing how state legal agents in Bali navigate state law through local concerns and adat (customary) law in cases dealing with teenage pregnancy outside of marriage. In such “emergencies” where the morality of the community is at stake, families, adat authorities and state agents collaborate to find a way to fit these emergency situations into the locally accepted normative system, resulting in what international institutions call “child marriage.” In assessing the interaction between state law and customary law, this study offers a basis for discussing how legal pluralism should be addressed in the realization of human rights.
A b s t r Ac t. The following collection of articles discusses the much debated categories of patri-lineality and patriarchy. Arguing that patrilineal and patriarchal social organisations have disadvantages not only for women, but also for men, it aims to draw attention to the opportunities such organisations open up for women. Case studies from southern Ethiopia are used to add to the existing research by focusing on patrilineality and patriarchy in combination with questions of (gendered) identification. They show that instead of being limited by the patrilineal and patri-archal organisation of their societies, women overtly take agency and make use of the possibilities of multiple identification. Paternity, or the concept of social fatherhood, was undoubtedly an invention of women; men had to be taught that it also benefits them (Smedley 2004:227-228). Patrilineality appears to have many advantages for men, especially when looking at processes of identification. In patrilineal and virilocal societies, identification through social and local relations seems to be more coherent for men than for women. While men can steadily build up solid identities, women carry the burden of readjusting theirs continuously , as is the case when they marry into a new patriline. But this is only the surface of patrilineal organisation. Analytical categories such as patrilineality and virilocality have been understood as giving a far too systematic view of societies that can depict women's realities and identities only inadequately (Abu-Lughod 1993:13-18). Moreover, notions of power, freedom or autonomy that are often discussed when looking at women's lives in patrilineal and patriarchal societies are connected to western ideals of individualism and democratisation (Smedley 2004:4), sometimes replacing a western male bias with a western feminist bias (Mohanty 2006). We define patriarchy literally as 'rule of men', bearing in mind that its more common understanding comes closer to Dorothy Hodg-son's (2000a:6) description as a 'form of gender relation in which men exercise political, economic, social and cultural domination over women'. Taking a closer look at patrilineal societies, one will also recognise the disadvantages such an organisation has for men, who, while valued for securing the continuity of the lineage, are less used to having to adapt to new places and conventions. Women, on the other hand, through their experience with patrilineality, have been trained to be Paideuma 60:139-154 (2014)
Knowledge production within the field of business research is accelerating at a tremendous speed while at the same time remaining fragmented and interdisciplinary. This makes it hard to keep up with state-of-the-art and to be at the forefront of research, as well as to assess the collective evidence in a particular area of business research. This is why the literature review as a research method is more relevant than ever. Traditional literature reviews often lack thoroughness and rigor and are conducted ad hoc, rather than following a specific methodology. Therefore, questions can be raised about the quality and trustworthiness of these types of reviews. This paper discusses literature review as a methodology for conducting research and offers an overview of different types of reviews, as well as some guidelines to how to both conduct and evaluate a literature review paper. It also discusses common pitfalls and how to get literature reviews published.
Globalization is a term that is closely related to culture and social and global identity. Global culture has grown along with the growth of global capitalism and the information transparency. When globalization becomes an avoidable wave that attacks all nations all over the world, it obviously gives a positive impact that is the availability to see the life of people, especially women, who live in other parts of the world. In western communities, women can do their double-roles openly. However, in some cases, globalization also motivates the strengthening of production roles. Women no longer only do their domestic roles. It has brought a change in women’s identity, especially in the Asian Communities, that are socially, ethnically, and traditionally different from the western communities. The emergence of global identities in the women’s roles, in fact, impacts the life of people in the third-world countries including in Southeast Asia and especially in Indonesia. It has triggered the change of women social position. Balinese women have known not only the double-roles but also another role that is social (the desa adat) role from long ago. In fact, in a study conducted in Bali shows that globalization has motivated the emergence of strengthening their social identities. The strengthening identities of Balinese women are obtained from conducting their triple-roles. Even though globalization waves sweep the whole world and have ‘westernized’ women’s point of view of equality and emancipation, they still can do all of the roles at once. Furthermore, Balinese women do not think that globalization is something that needs to reject, but it is something that needs to be domesticated, and believe that new values can be perceived as better values that can be applied in their daily lives.
Background and purpose: Teenage pregnancy is a major contributing factor of high maternal and infant mortality rates in Indonesia. Unwanted pregnancy among adolescents is increasing, therefore an understanding of its causes is essential. This study aims to explore causes of unwanted pregnancy among adolescents.Methods: A qualitative study was conducted in Bali Province. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews with 10 adolescents aged between 12-21 years who experienced unwanted pregnancy. Data were collected between September and October 2016. Data were analysed thematically and presented using a narrative approach.Results: Our study revealed that determinants associated to unwanted pregnancy among adolescents included the lack of systematic education on sexual and reproductive health both at home and school, as well as the lack of self-efficacy of teenage girls to reject pre-marital sex with their partner. Our study found that this pre-marital sex was done as an expression of love, because of being forced by the partner, and due to stressful home environments.Conclusions: The main causes of unwanted pregnancy among adolescents are the lack of sexual and reproductive health education and a weak self-efficacy of teenage girls to reject pre-marital sex demanded by their partner. Given the complexities of teenage pregnancy, overarching policy to facilitate an early comprehensive sexual and reproductive health education program at home, schools, and youth-friendly health facilities is warranted.
This study aims at describing premarital sex behavior as well as to analyze peers impact on premarital sexual behavior of teenagers. The study was conducted in Bali, Indonesia. This is an analytic observational research that applied cross-sectional approach. The subject was 566 teenagers who were studying at Senior High Schools in Buleleng, Bali. Data was collected using a questionnaire. We examined the validity and reliability of the data before analyzed it. We also collected data through interviews. After being analyzed by logistic regression analysis, the data shows that 47% of teenagers have never watched porn, 35.9% of teenagers have never conducted kissing activity (with their partner), 24.7% of teenagers have never conducted sexuality rub toward their sexual organs, 22.8% of teenagers have ever masturbated, and 13.1% of teenagers have never experienced sexual intercourse. Teenagers who have got the correct information from peers are possible to have better premarital sex behaviors, 2 times greater than those who have not got correct information (OR = 2; p = 0.003). It is also found that teenagers who have got a good emotional relationship with peers are more possible to have better premarital sex behavior life, 3 times greater, than teenagers who have got a less emotional relationship with peers (OR = 3; p = 0.000). It is concluded that, statistically, there is significant influence between peers and premarital sex behaviors of teenagers in Indonesia.
Although cooperative social interactions within species are considered an important driver of evolutionary change, few studies have experimentally demonstrated that they cause adaptive evolution. Here we address this problem by studying the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides. In this species, parents and larvae work together to obtain nourishment for larvae from the carrion breeding resource: parents feed larvae and larvae also self-feed. We established experimentally evolving populations in which we varied the assistance that parents provided for their offspring and investigated how offspring evolved in response. We show that in populations where parents predictably supplied more care, larval mandibles evolved to be smaller in relation to larval mass, and larvae were correspondingly less self-sufficient. Previous work has shown that antagonistic social interactions can generate escalating evolutionary arms races. Our study shows that cooperative interactions can yield the opposite evolutionary outcome: when one party invests more, the other evolves to invest less.
Background:
Despite several decades of investment into family planning and maternal health systems strengthening, Indonesia's maternal mortality ratio remains among the highest in Southeast Asia. Among postpartum women unmet need for family planning is greater than at any other time, thus there is great potential to improve the reproductive health outcomes of Indonesian women through enhanced postpartum family planning access. This article explores the socially embedded nature of family planning choices in the Indonesian context, drawing on the experiences of a sample of urban dwelling and predominantly middle class women.
Methods:
This was an ethnographic study which explored the reproductive experiences of women residing in Yogyakarta City, and Sleman and Bantul regencies. Fieldwork was undertaken over 18 months from September 2014 to March 2016. This article draws on 31 in-depth interviews (IDIs) conducted with 20 women aged 21 to 38 years who had given birth less than two years prior.
Results:
Though there was great variance across women's reproductive trajectories, the majority had limited understandings of family planning, especially in relation to contraception. Societal norms pertaining to women's fertility and reproduction underpinned women's desires to become pregnant soon after marriage. Normative ideals concerning family size and the composition of families underpinned women's desires for a maximum of two to three children, with at least one child of each sex. Negotiations concerning timing of pregnancies and family size occurred within spousal relationships. The majority of women were using some form of fertility control to prevent or space pregnancies, with method choice decisions often informed by family members, friends and family planning providers. Quality of care among family planning providers was often lacking, perpetuating misinformation, and women's choices were not always respected.
Conclusions:
Our analysis reveals the socially embedded nature of women's postpartum family planning understandings and choices, and the ways in which social and relational factors sometimes constrain and at other times support women's reproductive agency. We identify key areas for health sector reform to enhance women's understandings of postpartum family planning and improve family planning quality of care.
Hubungan seksual sebelum nikah pada remaja merupakan masalah yang serius, berhubungan dengan peningkatan penularan penyakit menular seksual, mempunyai pasangan lebih dari satu, dan kehamilan dini. Suatu kerangka kerja model perilaku terintegrasi (Integrated Behavioral Model, IBM) digunakan untuk menilai berbagai faktor prediktor hubungan seksual prematur pada remaja. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengeksplorasi inisiasi hubungan seksual sebelum nikah pada remaja level 10 dan 11 berdasarkan kerangka kerja IBM, meliputi komunikasi tentang seks kelompok peers, orang tua, paparan perilaku pornografi, kepercayaan normatif, agen personal, dan keinginan hubungan seksual. Metode yang digunakan adalah menyertakan 626 responden dalam survei awal. Responden adalah siswa sekolah menengah atas level 10 – 11 di kota Denpasar. Data dikumpulkan dengan kuesioner laporan sendiri khususnya prediktor inisiasi hubungan seksual sebelum menikah. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pajanan pornografi, perilaku langsung dan tidak langsung berhubungan secara signifikan dengan inisiasi hubungan seksual sebelum nikah (nilai p < 0,05). Remaja laki-laki tampaknya melakukan lebih banyak aktivitas seksual daripada remaja perempuan. Penelitian ini berimplikasi terhadap pemahaman perilaku langsung dan pajanan pornografi mungkin digunakan dalam meningkatkan program kesehatan dan kesehatan remaja.Kata kunci: Hubungan seksual sebelum nikah, penyakit menular seksual, remajaAbstract Premarital sexual inisiation on adolescence is a serious problem, associated with increased transmition sexually transmitted disease/STD, had having more partners, and early pregnancy. An Integrated Behavioral Model (IBM) framework used to assess predictors of premarital sexual on adolescents. The purpose of this research is to explore predictors of premarital sexual inisiation in adolescents grade 10 and 11 based on IBM framework, includes: communication about sex with peers, parents, pornography exposure, attitude, normative belief, personal agency, and intention to have sex. Method that used is 626 respondent included in earlier survey, and respondent were students of senior high school grade 10 – 11 in Denpasar City. Data collected with self reported questionaire particularly predictor of premarital sexual initiation. The result found that pornography exposure, indirectly attitude, and directly attitude were significantly associated with premarital sexual initiation (p < 0,05). Male adolescents engage in more sexual activity like premarital sexual inisiation than female adolescents. This study has implications for understanding how directly attitude and pornography exposure may be used in intervention to promoting adolescents health program and adolescents ressiliency.Keywords: Premarital sexual, sexually transmitted disease, adolescence
Background: As a Hindu-majority province in Indonesia, Bali presents a unique and distinctive culture. Patrilocal (purusa) marriage and patrilineal inheritance as a continuation of the patriarchal system puts a man in the key role as a family successor. Having a son is a priority for a married couple in Balinese society. As a consequence, Balinese women experience several constraints related to their economic productive, reproductive, and adat (ritual) roles. When a family does not have a male heir, their daughter is pressed to find a spouse willing to accept sentana (matrilocal) marriage. This secondary form of marriage brings another complication for Balinese-Hindu women and does not necessarily relieve their submissive position.
This research analyzes Balinese-Hindu women’s perspectives on their marriage experiences and fertility decisions. Methods: The data was collected in two areas representing rural (Banjar Tumbakasa in Gianyar) and urban (Banjar Biaung in Denpasar) locations in Bali Province, Indonesia from November 2019 to February 2020. Primary data was based on in-depth interviews of six rural and six urban married Balinese-Hindu women.
Results: This qualitative inquiry into Balinese women's experience of the marriage system and fertility options in urban and rural Bali revealed varying degrees of social expectation to provide male descendants for their families. At the same time, economic burdens still haunt them in this development era, and have conflicting implications for family size. Their stories of purusa (patrilocal) and sentana (matrilocal) marriage were complex, being strongly associated with customary law (adat) in traditional society. Paradoxically, however, it was rural women in the study sample who disproportionately opted for the sentana arrangement and limitation of family size.
Conclusions: This study explores women's fertility aspirations, notably regarding son precedence. It problematizes the sentana marriage alternative as a solution to lighten the expectations and burdens affecting women.
Perkawinan bagi orang Bali-Hindu yang hidup dalam masyarakat hukum adat di Bali (dikenal dengan “desa adat†atau “desa pakramanâ€), relatif berbeda dengan perkawinan bagi masyarakat yang lainnya. Perbedaan ini terjadi sebagai konsekuensi sistem kekerabatan patrilenial atau purusadan kapurusa yang dianut. Sistem ini membawa konsekuensi adanya dua bentuk perkawinan, yaitu: (1) Perkawinan biasa (pihak wanita meninggalkan keluarganya dan masuk menjadi anggota keluarga suaminya); (2) Perkawinan nyentana atau nyeburin (pihak laki-laki yang meninggalkan keluarganya dan masuk menjadi anggota keluarga istrinya). Apabila calon pengantin tidak mungkin memilih bentuk perkawinan biasa dan bentuk perkawinan nyentana, maka akan dipilih bentuk perkawinan pada gelahang. Bentuk perkawinan ini masih menjadi pro dan kontra dalam masyarakat adat di Bali. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan kalian pada perkawinan Gelahang Masyarakat Hukum Adat di Provinsi Bali, Ditinjau dari Undang-Undang No. 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan.
Kata kunci: Masyarakat Adat, Sistem Kekeluargaan, Perkawinan Pada Gelahang.
Participatory approaches are increasingly popular in public health, but remain little used to address adolescent health issues. However, adolescent participation in research has enormous potential for identifying solutions to health issues that concern them. In Senegal, a youth-led participatory action research (YPAR) project was implemented in four communities where teams of adolescents were trained to conduct a research project and identify solutions to address adolescent sexual and reproductive health and rights (ASRHR) issues. This article presents the results of the project evaluation, which aimed to explore the potential of YPAR to address ASRHR issues and inform future YPAR projects. Observations and interviews were carried out during results dissemination meetings in each of the communities. The evaluation of the project demonstrated the potential of YPAR to identify relevant solutions, while promoting positive and meaningful adolescent participation. Despite some difficulties, such as community resistance, the youth researchers were able to successfully complete their research project, while developing their confidence and self-esteem. The adolescents were convinced that they could act as agents of positive social change. This project has shown that it is possible and relevant to involve adolescents in research projects, and that this approach has significant potential in global health.
Latar belakang dan tujuan: Dampak kehamilan resiko tinggi pada remaja yaitu seperti keguguran, pesalinan yang belum cukup bulan, mudah terjadinya infeksi, keracunan kehamilan dan kematian ibu yang tinggi. Berdasarkan studi pendahuluan di SMK N 2 Tabanan tahun 2016 didapatkan 5 orang siswi mengalami kehamilan usia dini. Penelitian ini bertujuan ddduntuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan remaja putri tentang kehamilan remaja, sikap remaja putri tentang kehamilan remaja dan mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan dengan sikap remaja tentang kehamilan remaja. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif menggunakan rancangan crosss sectional. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada tanggal 9 Juli 2018. Sempel dalam penelitian ini yaitu seluruh siswi kelas XI SMK N 2 Tabanan yang berjumlah 41 responden. Cara pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik simple random sampling. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan kuesioner dan teknik analisa data menggunakan uji korelasi sperman rank (Rho) dengan bantuan SPSS. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 63% responden berpengetahuan baik, 29% berpengetahuan cukup, dan 7% berpengetahuan kurang. Berdasarkan hasil uji kolerasi yaitu ada hubungan yang cukup kuat antara pengetahuan dengan sikap remaja putri tentang kehamilan remaja di SMK N 2 Tabanan yaitu sebesar 62,7%. Simpulan: ada hubungan pengetahuan dengan sikap remaja putri tentang kehamilan remaja di SMK N 2 Tabanan.
Adolescent girls face elevated risks of gender-based violence in humanitarian settings because of the intersectionality of age and gender, and the additional and exacerbated risk factors relevant to emergencies. Because there is no clear division of labour between the gender-based violence and child protection sectors, adolescent girls are often neglected by both groups, and violence against this subpopulation goes unaddressed. This Review presents an adapted ecological framework for gender-based violence risks facing adolescent girls in emergencies, synthesises the scant evidence for gender-based violence prevention and response, and identifies barriers to effective and ethical measurement and evaluation of programme effectiveness. Although nascent evidence highlights promising interventions for transforming girls' attitudes about violence and gender inequity and improving psychosocial and mental wellbeing, little evidence supports the ability of existing approaches to reduce gender-based violence incidence. A more explicit focus on adolescent girls is needed when designing and evaluating interventions to ensure global efforts to end gender-based violence are inclusive of this population.
Translations
For the Arabic, French and Spanish translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
Discussions of stigma (Goffman 1963) have often focused on elements of one's character, something which makes people nervous, uncomfortable, and afraid. In discussions regarding reproductive rights and reproductive justice, however, stigma can be discussed in relation not only to elements of an individuals' character, or a stigmatised behaviour, but also the taboo that surrounds specific decisions and decision-making processes. This research, framed around concepts of reproductive rights in the context of Northern Ireland, looks at spaces of discomfort in relation to the sexed and sexualised body, one that challenges traditional morals and values associated with the church. Situated in a broader context of challenges and restrictions on reproductive rights, I investigate the way in which discussions of abortion, women's sexual liberation, and the right to make choices regarding one's own body are framed in the context of a discomforting narrative, the use of which itself manages social normativities regarding reproductive choices. Utilising empirical data gathered through semi-structured interviews, ethnographic and archival material, this paper looks at the involvement of dominant narratives of women's bodies to understand how a discomforting narrative of women, of sex, and of reproduction is created in the case of Northern Ireland.
This research extends preceding academic efforts concerning the impacts of mass tourism to the socio-cultural well-being of the hosts. A total of 20 Bali islanders who have met the predetermined criteria were sampled. Results suggesting that mass tourism development not only influences the local environment, economy, and business governance but more importantly the people, culture, heritage, and traditions. Even though that mass tourism in Bali remains to offer financial opportunities and stimulating infrastructural growth, nevertheless, the opportunity costs that the tourism development of Bali has to bear is the trade-off of environmental, cultural, and social meaning to the local community.
The issue of gender inequality experienced by women is not something new. Women have long been treated unfairly and discriminatively in relation to their roles and positions. Similarly, in terms of duties and responsibilities as a wife who is required to bear children. This study aims to find out how the condition of Balinese women who are in overseas in the face of demands for childbearing sons. The method used is qualitative research with in-depth interviews (indepth interview) using the research question guide. The results show that women in the overseas (Konawe District) still face discrimination and are required to have offspring (sons). In the context of the Balinese society which prioritizes male domination, the failure to have offspring is seen as the fault of the women. Therefore, the participation of religious and community leaders in eroding the gender injustice practices is needed.
