3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education –⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Book of Abstracts

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3rd International Conference of Sport,
Health and Physical Education
BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
October 23–24, 2024
Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic

PUBLISHED BY:
Faculty of Education, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem
České mládeže 8, 400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
REVIEWED BY:
Elena Bendíková
Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Catholic University
Ružomberok, Slovakia
Štefan Balkó
Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Jan Evangelista Purkyně
University in Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
EDITOR:
Josef Heidler
Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark
ISBN: 978-80-7561-496-4
© 2024, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem
90 pages. Last updated 2024-12-12 (version 1.6)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 3
WELCOME TO ICSHPE 2024
Dear colleagues and friends,
Welcome to Ústí nad Labem for the 3rd International Conference on Sport, Health,
and Physical Education. We’re pleased to see so many active speakers and poster
presentations from researchers. The conference has a strong international presence with
participants from many countries. We hope this event fosters a friendly atmosphere,
meets your expectations, and leads to new international collaborations.
Best of luck with your presentations, and enjoy the conference.
Štefan Balkó, Chair of the Organizing Committee
EDITOR’S NOTE
Help us make this book of abstracts a masterpiece! Whether you spot a typo, suggest
improving clarity, or want to point out a factual error, your feedback is invaluable. Your input
will help ensure this publication is accurate, informative, and a valuable resource for the field.
So, please don't hesitate to email me at jheidler@health.sdu.dk with your thoughts. I greatly
appreciate your help, and it will help me sleep better at night.
Josef Heidler, Editor

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 4
COMMITTEES
HONORARY PRESIDENTS
Jaroslav Koutský, Czech Republic
Rector of Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem
Ladislav Bláha, Czech Republic
Dean of Faculty of Education, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
Elena Bendíková, Slovakia
Monika Błaszczyszyn, Poland
Zbigniew Borysiuk, Poland
Václav Bunc, Czech Republic
Jan Cacek, Czech Republic
Piotr Gronek, Poland
Jan Heller, Czech Republic
Daniel Jandačka, Czech Republic
Eva Kohlíková, Czech Republic
Josef Mitáš, Czech Republic
Miroslav Petr, Czech Republic
Michal Šafář, Czech Republic
Anatolii Tsos, Ukraine
James Tufano, Czech Republic
Jana Vašíčková, Czech Republic
František Vaverka, Czech Republic
Jacek Wąsik, Poland
Erika Zemková, Slovakia
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Štefan Balkó, Czech Republic
Iva Balkó, Czech Republic
Lenka Černá, Czech Republic
Josef Heidler, Denmark
Jan Hnízdil, Czech Republic
Martin Nosek, Czech Republic
Jaromír Šimonek, Slovakia
Martin Škopek, Czech Republic
Jitka Vaněčková, Czech Republic
Lenka Vojtíková, Czech Republic

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 5
ORGANIZED BY
CONFERENCE PARTNERS
Constantine the
Philosopher
University in Nitra
Jan Dlugosz University in
Czestochowa
Lesya Ukrainka Volyn National
University
Faculty of Physical Education
and Physiotherapy, Opole
University of Technology
SPONSORS

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 6

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 7
WEDNESDAY – OCTOBER 23, 2024
Location: Pasteurova 5, 400 01, Ústí nad Labem
09:20–10:20
Entrance Hall
Check-in & Coffee
10:30–11:00
Red Hall
Opening Ceremony
11:00–12:00
Red Hall
Keynote Speakers
ACTIVE AGING: A COMPREHENSIVE LOOK AT 24H MOVEMENT BEHAVIOUR, TECHNOLOGY-
ASSISTED INTERVENTIONS, AND HEALTH IN OLDER ADULTS
Jana Pelclová
INCLUSION OF STUDENTS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Pål Lagestad
12:00–12:15
Red Hall
Exhibition in collaboration with the Department of Music Education
12:15–13:15
Cafeteria
Lunch
13:15–15:00
Purple Hall
Session I
Chair: Ladislav Bláha
Language: Czech, Slovak
TEACHER'S VIEW ON SELECTED FACTORS INFLUENCING PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHING
AT PRIMARY SCHOOLS
David Cihlář, Eliška Škopková
DUDE, WHERE'S MY HOME? IDENTIFYING PLACES WITH GPS DATA
Josef Heidler, Jasper Schipperijn
ANALYSING COMPOSITIONAL DATA: THE ART OF WORKING WITH LOGRATIOS
Paulína Jašková
PHYSICAL FITNESS IN POST-LEUKEMIA CHILDREN
Matěj Šifalda, Jiří Nechvátal, Martin Nosek, Pavel Prchal
MEANINGFUL TESTING AND ASSESSMENT IN CZECH SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN IN PHYSICAL
EDUCATION
Iva Šeflová
OPTIMAL TIME-USE COMPOSITION OF POSTURE-SPECIFIC BEHAVIORS FOR HEALTH OUTCOMES
IN OLDER ADULTS
Jan Vindiš, Paulína Jašková, Jana Pelclová, Karel Hron
WHAT DOES THE IDEAL FAMILY SUPPORTING CHILDREN'S PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LOOK LIKE?
RESULTS OF THE FAMIPASS STUDY ACROSS SEGMENTS OF THE SCHOOL DAY
Michal Vorlíček, Jan Dygrýn, David Janda, Jaroslava Voráčová, Erik Sigmund, Dagmar Sigmundová

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 8
13:15–15:00
Red Hall
Session II
Chair: Jaromír Šimonek
Language: English
OUTDOOR EDUCATION AND THE TERM “FRILUFTSLIV” IN RELATION TO PHYSICAL LITERACY
IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION PEDAGOGIES
Idar Lyngstad, Eivind Sæther
PROMOTING GOOD BODY POSTURE THROUGH “ACTIVE SCHOOL”
Elena Bendíková, Ricardo Ricci Uvinha
IS EFFECT OF THE PHYSICAL EXERCISE AFFECTS ON BODY COMPOSITION BY BODY MASS
IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS?
Václav Bunc
THE EFFECT OF METHYLPHENIDATE ON THE DOPAMINE AND GROWTH HORMONE RESPONSE
TO EXERCISE IN CHILDREN WITH ATTENTION-DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
Sigal Ben-Zaken, Dan Nemet, Alon Eliakim
LONGITUDINAL CHANGES IN ADOLESCENTS SEDENTARY, LIGHT, MODERATE, AND VIGOROUS
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS
Hilde Kristin Mikalsen, Pål Lagestad
WHICH MUSCLES ARE MOST LOADED DURING SUDDEN ACCELERATION ON A TREADMILL?
Michalina Błażkiewicz-Janeczko
LINEAR ONSET WHOLE BODY VO2 KINETICS: A NEW METHOD FOR ASSESSING EXERCISE
TOLERANCE IN SPORTS AND CLINICAL SETTINGS
Robert Robergs, Anais Dewilde, Bridgette O’Malley
15:20–15:30
Entrance Hall
Coffee
15:30–17:00
Purple Hall
Session III
Chair: Jana Pelclová
Language: English
INTERMITTENT FASTING CAN LEAD TO CHANGES IN MUSCLE MASS BY REDUCING
SPONTANEOUS PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DUE TO EXCESSIVE FATIGUE
Erika Čermáková, Martin Forejt, Martin Čermák
DEVELOPMENT AND VERIFICATION OF THE IMPACT OF A ROPE SKIPPING MOVEMENT PROGRAM
ON LOWER LIMB STRENGTH AND BALANCE ABILITIES IN BOYS AND GIRLS IN THE FIRST GRADES
OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
Jana Černá, Roman Malíř
ANALYSIS OF STEP CYCLE IN XC SKIING USING IMUS
Tobiáš Goldschmidt, Pavel Korvas, Oliver Jaroš
DETERMINATION OF THE DEGREE OF INFLUENCE OF BALANCE ON THE POWER-DYNAMIC
ABILITY OF THE LOWER LIMBS IN SOCCER PLAYERS IN THE AGE RANGE OF 20–22 YEARS
Václav Kundera, Marek Malata, Jan Šťastný
CHILDREN'S BEHAVIOUR IN THE CONTEXT OF HEALTH
Nora Halmová, Janka Kanásová

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 9
THE EFFECT OF ACTIVATION OF THE DEEP STABILIZATION SYSTEM ON SKATING SPEED IN ICE
HOCKEY PLAYERS
Veronika Kvochová, Dominika Kolmanová
RUNNING TECHNIQUE ANALYSIS WITH THE HELP OF WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY
Pavel Korvas, Barbora Pevná
15:30–17:00
Red Hall
Session IV
Chair: Zdeněk Svoboda
Language: English
THE EFFECTS OF COACH-CREATED MOTIVATIONAL CLIMATE ON ENGAGEMENT AND TEAM
COHESION IN RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS
Bianca Maria Laroëre, Jiří Mudrák, William Crossan, Vít Třebický
THE EFFECT OF INDIVIDUALIZED HIGH-VELOCITY RESISTANCE TRAINING ON FUNCTIONAL,
NEUROMUSCULAR ADAPTATION, AND HEALTH OUTCOMES IN OLDER ADULTS
Itai Har-Nir, Jana Pelclová, Ayelet Dunsky
ARE THE SHOULDER JOINT FUNCTION, STABILITY, AND MOBILITY TESTS PREDICTIVE
OF HANDSTAND EXECUTION?
Roman Malíř, Jan Chrudimský, Adam Provazník, Vít Třebický
FRILUFTSLIV LITERACY – A CONTRIBUTION TO PHYSICAL LITERACY FOR HEALTH THROUGHOUT
THE LIFE COURSE
Eivind Sæther, Idar Lyngstad
THE DIFFERENCE IN THE MAXIMUM FORCE OF THE ROUNDHOUSE KICK BETWEEN FREE
EXECUTION AND REACTION TO A VISUAL STIMULUS
Radim Pavelka, Tereza Cvingerová, Vít Třebický
MCARDLE DISEASE AND CARBOHYDRATE INGESTION BEFORE EXERCISE: TIMING ON EXERCISE
TOLERANCE, CLINICAL RELEVANCE, AND APPLICATION TO REAL WORLD SETTINGS
Sam L. Torrens, Evelyn Parr, Craig Mcnulty, Lynda Ross, Helen L. MacLaughlin, Robert A. Robergs
THE EFFECT OF CAFFEINE ON THE MAXIMUM STRENGTH OF COMPLEX EXERCISES
Vít Třebický, Daniel Šťastný
18:30–00:00
Cafeteria
Social Evening
A gala dinner featuring a wine degustation from Hutár Winery, accompanied by live music and dance
performances including a Caribbean show and a Samba Brasil show.

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 10
THURSDAY – OCTOBER 24, 2024
Location: Pasteurova 5, 400 01, Ústí nad Labem
09:00–10:00
Entrance Hall
Check-in & Coffee
10:00–11:00
Red Hall
Keynote Speakers
THE IMPACT OF FATIGUE ON THE SPORTS PERFORMANCE AND INJURY RISK OF HEALTHY
AND/OR PARA-ATHLETES
Tatjana Trošt Bobić
VARIABILITY, STABILITY AND COMPLEXITY IN EVALUATION OF HUMAN MOVEMENT BEHAVIOUR
Zdeněk Svoboda
11:00–12:00
Entrance Hall
Posters & Coffee
Chair: Lenka Vojtíková
12:00–13:45
Purple Hall
Session V
Chair: Elena Bendíková
Language: Czech, Slovak
EFFECT OF CONCENTRATED OXYGEN (99.5%) ON VISUAL SIMPLE AND CHOICE REACTION TIME
IN SPORT ACTIVE STUDENTS
Štefan Balkó, Josef Heidler, Lukáš Vavřinec, Denisa Černá, Iva Balkó
METHODOLOGY FOR EXAMINING PLAYER DECISION-MAKING SKILLS IN TEAM SPORTS
– A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Pavol Horička, Bianka Bodnárová, Ľubomír Paška, Andrea Paprancová
COOPER'S TEST AS A PREDICTOR OF HANDGUN SHOOTING PERFORMANCE UNDER
THE INFLUENCE OF ACOUSTIC STRESS
Roman Markovič, Peter Žiška, Peter Melek, Andrea Handlovská
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CURRICULAR ASPECTS OF HEALTH LITERACY IN SELECTED
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Daniel Příhoda
HEALTH AND HEALTH-ORIENTED FITNESS OF STUDENTS IN PRIMARY EDUCATION IN THE HORNÁ
NITRA REGION
Robert Rozim
USE OF EYE TRACKING GLASSES IN JUNIOR ORIENTEERING TRAINING
Jan Šťastný, Marcel Skřivánek, Václav Kundera
MOVEMENT PERFORMANCE AND BODY FAT OF PROFESIONAL SOLDIERS
Peter Žiška, Roman Markovič, Peter Melek

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 11
12:00–13:45
Red Hall
Session VI
Chair: Tatjana Trošt Bobić
Language: English
STUDENTS’ EXPERIENCE OF BEING SEEN BY THEIR PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHERS
AND GENDER DIFFERENCES
Marthe Bjerkan Næss, Pål Arild Lagestad
HEART RATE DEFLECTION AND VARIABILITY CHANGES AS AN INDICATOR OF VENTILATORY
THRESHOLD: INSIGHTS FROM SHUTTLE RUN TEST MEASUREMENTS
Jan Hnízdil, Martin Škopek, Lenka Vojtíková
ASSESSMENT FOR LEARNING, MOTIVATION AND PERFORMANCE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION
AT UPPER SECONDARY SCHOOL
Svein Olav Ulstad, Knut Skjesol
QUANTIFYING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INTENSITY IN CZECH PRESCHOOLERS
Lenka Vojtíková, Jan Hnízdil, Martin Škopek, Hana Janošková
13:45–14:45
Cafeteria
Lunch
14:45–15:00
Red Hall
Closing Ceremony

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 13
KEYNOTE SPEAKERS
ACTIVE AGING: A COMPREHENSIVE LOOK AT 24H MOVEMENT BEHAVIOUR, TECHNOLOGY-
ASSISTED INTERVENTIONS, AND HEALTH IN OLDER ADULTS
Jana Pelclová ....................................................................................................................................................... 23
INCLUSION OF STUDENTS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Pål Lagestad ........................................................................................................................................................ 23
THE IMPACT OF FATIGUE ON THE SPORTS PERFORMANCE AND INJURY RISK OF HEALTHY
AND/OR PARA-ATHLETES
Tatjana Trošt Bobić............................................................................................................................................. 24
VARIABILITY, STABILITY AND COMPLEXITY IN EVALUATION OF HUMAN MOVEMENT
BEHAVIOUR
Zdeněk Svoboda .................................................................................................................................................. 24

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 14
SESSION I
TEACHER'S VIEW ON SELECTED FACTORS INFLUENCING PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHING AT
PRIMARY SCHOOLS
David Cihlář, Eliška Škopková ........................................................................................................................... 26
DUDE, WHERE'S MY HOME? IDENTIFYING PLACES WITH GPS DATA
Josef Heidler, Jasper Schipperijn ....................................................................................................................... 27
ANALYSING COMPOSITIONAL DATA: THE ART OF WORKING WITH LOGRATIOS
Paulína Jašková ................................................................................................................................................... 28
PHYSICAL FITNESS IN POST-LEUKEMIA CHILDREN
Matěj Šifalda, Jiří Nechvátal, Martin Nosek, Pavel Prchal .............................................................................. 29
MEANINGFUL TESTING AND ASSESSMENT IN CZECH SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN IN PHYSICAL
EDUCATION
Iva Šeflová ............................................................................................................................................................ 30
OPTIMAL TIME-USE COMPOSITION OF POSTURE-SPECIFIC BEHAVIORS FOR HEALTH
OUTCOMES IN OLDER ADULTS
Jan Vindiš, Paulína Jašková, Jana Pelclová, Karel Hron .................................................................................. 31
WHAT DOES THE IDEAL FAMILY SUPPORTING CHILDREN'S PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LOOK LIKE?
RESULTS OF THE FAMIPASS STUDY ACROSS SEGMENTS OF THE SCHOOL DAY
Michal Vorlíček, Jan Dygrýn, David Janda, Jaroslava Voráčová, Erik Sigmund, Dagmar Sigmundová ..... 32

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 15
SESSION II
OUTDOOR EDUCATION AND THE TERM “FRILUFTSLIV” IN RELATION TO PHYSICAL LITERACY
IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION PEDAGOGIES
Idar Lyngstad, Eivind Sæther ............................................................................................................................. 34
PROMOTING GOOD BODY POSTURE THROUGH “ACTIVE SCHOOL”
Elena Bendíková, Ricardo Ricci Uvinha ............................................................................................................ 35
IS EFFECT OF THE PHYSICAL EXERCISE AFFECTS ON BODY COMPOSITION BY BODY MASS IN
ADOLESCENT GIRLS?
Václav Bunc ......................................................................................................................................................... 36
THE EFFECT OF METHYLPHENIDATE ON THE DOPAMINE AND GROWTH HORMONE RESPONSE
TO EXERCISE IN CHILDREN WITH ATTENTION-DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
Sigal Ben-Zaken, Dan Nemet, Alon Eliakim ..................................................................................................... 37
LONGITUDINAL CHANGES IN ADOLESCENTS SEDENTARY, LIGHT, MODERATE, AND VIGOROUS
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS
Hilde Kristin Mikalsen, Pål Lagestad ................................................................................................................ 38
WHICH MUSCLES ARE MOST LOADED DURING SUDDEN ACCELERATION ON A TREADMILL?
Michalina Błażkiewicz-Janeczko ........................................................................................................................ 39
LINEAR ONSET WHOLE BODY VO2 KINETICS: A NEW METHOD FOR ASSESSING EXERCISE
TOLERANCE IN SPORTS AND CLINICAL SETTINGS
Robert Robergs, Anais Dewilde, Bridgette O’Malley........................................................................................ 40

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 16
SESSION III
INTERMITTENT FASTING CAN LEAD TO CHANGES IN MUSCLE MASS BY REDUCING
SPONTANEOUS PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DUE TO EXCESSIVE FATIGUE
Erika Čermáková, Martin Forejt, Martin Čermák ............................................................................................ 42
DEVELOPMENT AND VERIFICATION OF THE IMPACT OF A ROPE SKIPPING MOVEMENT
PROGRAM ON LOWER LIMB STRENGTH AND BALANCE ABILITIES IN BOYS AND GIRLS IN THE
FIRST GRADES OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
Jana Černá, Roman Malíř .................................................................................................................................. 43
ANALYSIS OF STEP CYCLE IN XC SKIING USING IMUS
Tobiáš Goldschmidt, Pavel Korvas, Oliver Jaroš .............................................................................................. 44
DETERMINATION OF THE DEGREE OF INFLUENCE OF BALANCE ON THE POWER-DYNAMIC
ABILITY OF THE LOWER LIMBS IN SOCCER PLAYERS IN THE AGE RANGE OF 20–22 YEARS
Václav Kundera, Marek Malata, Jan Šťastný ................................................................................................... 45
CHILDREN'S BEHAVIOUR IN THE CONTEXT OF HEALTH
Nora Halmová, Janka Kanásová ....................................................................................................................... 46
THE EFFECT OF ACTIVATION OF THE DEEP STABILIZATION SYSTEM ON SKATING SPEED IN ICE
HOCKEY PLAYERS
Veronika Kvochová, Dominika Kolmanová ...................................................................................................... 47
RUNNING TECHNIQUE ANALYSIS WITH THE HELP OF WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY
Pavel Korvas, Barbora Pevná ............................................................................................................................ 48

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 17
SESSION IV
THE EFFECTS OF COACH-CREATED MOTIVATIONAL CLIMATE ON ENGAGEMENT AND TEAM
COHESION IN RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS
Bianca Maria Laroëre, Jiří Mudrák, William Crossan, Vít Třebický ............................................................... 50
THE EFFECT OF INDIVIDUALIZED HIGH-VELOCITY RESISTANCE TRAINING ON FUNCTIONAL,
NEUROMUSCULAR ADAPTATION, AND HEALTH OUTCOMES IN OLDER ADULTS
Itai Har-Nir, Jana Pelclová, Ayelet Dunsky ....................................................................................................... 51
ARE THE SHOULDER JOINT FUNCTION, STABILITY, AND MOBILITY TESTS PREDICTIVE OF
HANDSTAND EXECUTION?
Roman Malíř, Jan Chrudimský, Adam Provazník, Vít Třebický ...................................................................... 52
FRILUFTSLIV LITERACY – A CONTRIBUTION TO PHYSICAL LITERACY FOR HEALTH
THROUGHOUT THE LIFE COURSE
Eivind Sæther, Idar Lyngstad ............................................................................................................................. 53
THE DIFFERENCE IN THE MAXIMUM FORCE OF THE ROUNDHOUSE KICK BETWEEN FREE
EXECUTION AND REACTION TO A VISUAL STIMULUS
Radim Pavelka, Tereza Cvingerová, Vít Třebický ............................................................................................. 54
MCARDLE DISEASE AND CARBOHYDRATE INGESTION BEFORE EXERCISE: TIMING ON
EXERCISE TOLERANCE, CLINICAL RELEVANCE, AND APPLICATION TO REAL WORLD SETTINGS
Sam L. Torrens, Evelyn Parr, Craig Mcnulty, Lynda Ross, Helen L. MacLaughlin, Robert A. Robergs ....... 55
THE EFFECT OF CAFFEINE ON THE MAXIMUM STRENGTH OF COMPLEX EXERCISES
Vít Třebický, Daniel Šťastný ................................................................................................................................ 56

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 18
SESSION V
EFFECT OF CONCENTRATED OXYGEN (99.5%) ON VISUAL SIMPLE AND CHOICE REACTION
TIME IN SPORT ACTIVE STUDENTS
Štefan Balkó, Josef Heidler, Lukáš Vavřinec, Denisa Černá, Iva Balkó ......................................................... 58
METHODOLOGY FOR EXAMINING PLAYER DECISION-MAKING SKILLS IN TEAM SPORTS – A
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Pavol Horička, Bianka Bodnárová, Ľubomír Paška, Andrea Paprancová ................................................... 59
COOPER'S TEST AS A PREDICTOR OF HANDGUN SHOOTING PERFORMANCE UNDER THE
INFLUENCE OF ACOUSTIC STRESS
Roman Markovič, Peter Žiška, Peter Melek, Andrea Handlovská ................................................................. 60
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CURRICULAR ASPECTS OF HEALTH LITERACY IN SELECTED
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Daniel Příhoda .................................................................................................................................................... 61
HEALTH AND HEALTH-ORIENTED FITNESS OF STUDENTS IN PRIMARY EDUCATION IN THE
HORNÁ NITRA REGION
Robert Rozim ....................................................................................................................................................... 62
USE OF EYE TRACKING GLASSES IN JUNIOR ORIENTEERING TRAINING
Jan Šťastný, Marcel Skřivánek, Václav Kundera .............................................................................................. 63
MOVEMENT PERFORMANCE AND BODY FAT OF PROFESIONAL SOLDIERS
Peter Žiška, Roman Markovič, Peter Melek ..................................................................................................... 64

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 19
SESSION VI
STUDENTS’ EXPERIENCE OF BEING SEEN BY THEIR PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHERS AND
GENDER DIFFERENCES
Marthe Bjerkan Næss, Pål Arild Lagestad ....................................................................................................... 66
HEART RATE DEFLECTION AND VARIABILITY CHANGES AS AN INDICATOR OF VENTILATORY
THRESHOLD: INSIGHTS FROM SHUTTLE RUN TEST MEASUREMENTS
Jan Hnízdil, Martin Škopek, Lenka Vojtíková ................................................................................................... 67
ASSESSMENT FOR LEARNING, MOTIVATION AND PERFORMANCE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION
AT UPPER SECONDARY SCHOOL
Svein Olav Ulstad, Knut Skjesol ......................................................................................................................... 68
QUANTIFYING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INTENSITY IN CZECH PRESCHOOLERS
Lenka Vojtíková, Jan Hnízdil, Martin Škopek, Hana Janošková ..................................................................... 69

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 20
POSTERS
THE EFFECTS OF FOAM ROLLING ON LUMBAR MOBILITY RESTORATION FOLLOWING TRUNK
MUSCLE FATIGUE IN SEDENTARY EMPLOYEES
Banafsheh Amiri, Erika Zemková ...................................................................................................................... 71
TREND CHANGE ANALYSIS IN THE GAIT FOLLOWING UNICOMPARTMENTAL KNEE
ARTHROPLASTY UTILIZING CAREN EXTENDED VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT
Monika Błaszczyszyn, Agnieszka Szczęsna, Magdalena Pawlyta, Jarosława Szyszka, Zbigniew Bor ........ 72
THE ALARMING PREVALENCE OF SHOULDER INJURIES IN FEMALE CANOE SLALOM ATHLETES
Jan Busta, Adriana Morenová ........................................................................................................................... 73
EFFECTIVENESS OF SPEED-STRENGTH LOAD ON CHANGES IN SELECTED MOTOR SKILLS IN
MEMBERS OF SLOVAK ARMED FORCES
Monika Czaková, Andrea Paprancová ............................................................................................................. 74
INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTING KEY STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF THE WORKING POPULATION
Svitlana Indyka, Nataliia Bielikova, Anatolii Tsos ........................................................................................... 75
AN INFLUENCE OF THE LEARNING PROGRAM FOR TEACHING THE SPORT OF FLOORBALL ON
GAME SKILLS OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
Martin Izrael, Miroslav Holienka ....................................................................................................................... 76
EVALUATION OF MOVEMENT ABILITIES OF MODERN GYMNASTS FROM THE GSK ÚSTÍ NAD
LABEM SECTION
Hana Kabešová, Kateřina Křesánková ............................................................................................................. 77
IMPACT OF STRENGTH AND DANCE TRAINING ON ANTHROPOMETRIC, COGNITIVE, AND
FUNCTIONAL FITNESS IN OLDER FEMALES
Matúš Krčmár, Matúš Guzman, Bohumila Krčmárová, Dominika Mokrá ................................................... 78
IMPACT OF AN MHEALTH INTERVENTION ON MOVEMENT BEHAVIOR AND HEALTH IN
PREDIABETES AND TYPE 2 DIABETES PATIENTS
Kateřina Mališová, Jana Pelclová, Tomáš Větrovský ....................................................................................... 79
THE IMPACT OF RUNNING STEPS AND EXPLOSIVE POWER ON ACCELERATION SPEED IN
YOUNG BASKETBALL PLAYERS
Peter Mitašík, Miroslav Vavák ........................................................................................................................... 80
COMBINED EVENTS AS ONE OF THE FACTORS OF SUCCESS IN ATHLETICS
Jiří Nechvátal, Martin Nosek, David Cihlář, Pavel Prchal ............................................................................... 81
DETERMINING FACTORS OF REACTIVE AGILITY IN MALE FOOTBALL PLAYERS
Andrea Paprancová, Ľubomír Paška, Matúš Krčmár, Natália Czaková, Filip Novotka .............................. 82
CHANGING THE ENVIRONMENT TO INTEGRATE AND SUPPORT RECREATIONAL AND HEALTH-
ENHANCING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY FOR OLDER ADULTS
Iuliia Pavlova ....................................................................................................................................................... 83

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 21
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE INVOLVEMENT OF SELECTED MUSCLES DURING THE PRE-JUMP AND
WIND-UP PHASE DURING THE EXECUTION OF A SPIKE IN U16–U18 FEMALE BEACH
VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS
Tomáš Polívka, Martin Škopek, Lucie Lebrušková .......................................................................................... 84
COMPARISON OF PHYSICAL FITNESS IN DANCE SPORT ACROSS PERFORMANCE LEVELS AND
AGE CATEGORIES
Hana Anna Šišková, Karel Hůlka, Jana Pelclová .............................................................................................. 85
THE IMPACT OF THE OLYMPIC FESTIVAL AND OLYMPIC GAMES ON YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN
SPORTS IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC
Martin Škopek, Jan Hnízdil, Jakub Ševcovic, Jan Kresta, Tomáš Mirovský, David Cihlář ............................ 86
THE NEGATIVE STRESS COPING STRATEGIES OF RECREATIONAL FEMALE RUNNERS
Vladimíra Trulíková, Tomáš Gregor ................................................................................................................. 87
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF INDIVIDUAL FITNESS PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN IN THE FIRST
PERIOD OF MATURE AGE
Liudmyla Vashchuk, Olena Demianchuk, Venera Krendeleva ....................................................................... 88
NEW PERSPECTIVES ON DIGITAL ANTHROPOMETRY IN THE CONTEXT OF SPORTS TALENT
SELECTION
Vladimír Zlatoš, Jaromír Šimonek ..................................................................................................................... 89

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 23
ACTIVE AGING: A COMPREHENSIVE LOOK AT 24H MOVEMENT BEHAVIOUR,
TECHNOLOGY-ASSISTED INTERVENTIONS, AND HEALTH IN OLDER ADULTS
Jana Pelclová
Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
Bio: Professor Pelclová is a leading expert in movement behaviour among older
adults at Palacký University in Olomouc. Since earning her PhD in 2001,
she has been actively involved in research and teaching. Her research focuses
on how physical activity affects older adults' health, and she uses technology
to monitor their daily movements. She is part of several international research
projects, including PhysAgeNet, where she leads a group studying technology-
assisted interventions. Professor Pelclová has published extensively, presented
at major conferences, and serves on the editorial boards of several academic
journals. She has also supervised many graduate students and contributed
to developing study programs in her field.
Email: jana.pelclova@upol.cz
INCLUSION OF STUDENTS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Pål Lagestad
Nord University, Norway
Bio: Professor Lagestad is a Nord University in Norway's physical education
and sports science expert. He has extensive experience in teaching and research
(over 20 years), having worked at various levels of education. His research
focuses on physical education's social, pedagogical, and physiological aspects,
with a particular emphasis on inclusion. He has published numerous articles
on this topic (over 74 papers) and supervised many graduate students. Lagestad
is also the leader of a research group dedicated to physical education, activity,
and health.
Email: pal.a.lagestad@nord.no

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 24
THE IMPACT OF FATIGUE ON THE SPORTS PERFORMANCE AND INJURY RISK
OF HEALTHY AND/OR PARA-ATHLETES
Tatjana Trošt Bobić
University of Zagreb, Croatia
Bio: Associate Professor Tatjana Trošt Bobić is a kinesiology expert
at the University of Zagreb in Croatia. She teaches kinesitherapy, injury
prevention, and adapted physical activity and supervises graduate PhD students.
She is a founder and the head of the Laboratory of Therapeutic Exercise, where
she researches therapeutic exercise modalities and factors affecting motor
performance and injury risk. Bobić has been involved in several international
research projects (ITACEP, CRO-PALS) and has published extensively
in her field. She also serves as an editor for a scientific journal, Kinesiology.
Email: tatjana.trost.bobic@kif.unizg.hr
VARIABILITY, STABILITY AND COMPLEXITY IN EVALUATION OF HUMAN
MOVEMENT BEHAVIOUR
Zdeněk Svoboda
Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
Bio: Associate Professor Svoboda is a leading expert in human movement
research at Palacký University in Olomouc, Czech Republic. He has spent
the past twenty years studying the variability and coordination of human
movement, particularly during walking. His research has revealed that a certain
degree of variation in gait patterns is standard and that different body parts move
together in specific ways during walking. Svoboda is a member of several
professional organisations and has served as the managing editor of an academic
journal, Acta Gymnica. He has also collaborated with researchers from
universities worldwide (Australia, Portugal, UK) and has published over
110 articles in Web of Science.
Email: zdenek.svoboda@upol.cz

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 26
TEACHER'S VIEW ON SELECTED FACTORS INFLUENCING PHYSICAL
EDUCATION TEACHING AT PRIMARY SCHOOLS
David Cihlář1, Eliška Škopková2
1 Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, UJEP, Czech Republic
2 Elementary school Pod Vodojemem, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
Purpose: A significant part of the research and surveys carried out points to very low volumes
of physical activity in the child population. It has even been proven that for some children, physical
education is the only organized component of physical activity in their daily routine. High demands are
placed on physical education teachers to at least somehow compensate for the lack of physical activity
in physical education lessons, but at the same time to teach children many skills, cultivate their sports
expression and, above all, motivate them to move. However, the actual implementation of physical
education lessons and its effectiveness is influenced by many factors that the physical education teacher
has to face. In our research, we were interested in how the teacher perceives the factory we have selected
and how, in his opinion, they positively or negatively blend into physical education lessons.
Material & Methods: The research was carried out using a questionnaire survey, in which 483 physical
education teachers participated. Teachers were approached through the school management.
The questionnaire survey was carried out using an electronic questionnaire. The obtained data were
evaluated by common statistical procedures using mathematical and statistical methods.
Results: We assumed that teachers would struggle with pupils' reluctance to exercise, but this was
not confirmed. However, the assumption of low performance indicators and acquired skills was
confirmed. More than 60% of the teachers surveyed say that the above findings have a negative effect
on their teaching. At the same time, about half of the teachers do not have sufficient spatial and material
conditions to carry out teaching.
Conclusion: The results pointed out the problems that physical education teachers have to face
and at the same time also the ways of remedy and possibly areas where effective support should be
directed. Last but not least, the results will help to improve the training of future teachers.
Keywords: physical education teacher, primary school, problems, teaching
Author for correspondence: David Cihlář (david.cihlar@ujep.cz)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 27
DUDE, WHERE'S MY HOME? IDENTIFYING PLACES WITH GPS DATA
Josef Heidler, Jasper Schipperijn
Department of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense,
Denmark
Purpose: Our research focuses on understanding and influencing health behaviours to promote healthier
lifestyles. A key component involves analysing individuals' movement patterns to identify opportunities
for personalised interventions. This abstract presents a novel approach that utilises GPS and GIS data
to extract valuable insights into participants' behaviours without relying on traditional questionnaires.
By analysing participants' location data, we can identify frequently visited places, travel patterns,
and potential activity levels. This information can be used to infer the purpose of trips, such as work,
leisure, or healthcare appointments, providing a deeper understanding of participants' daily routines.
We aim to demonstrate the potential of GPS and GIS data for health behaviour researchers and highlight
the valuable information that can be gleaned from this data alone. This contribution is aimed
at identifying places.
Material & Methods: Our proprietary algorithms, which will be publicly available soon, were
employed to process and analyse GPS data collected with the open-source mobile application Traccar.
Geographic information was sourced from OpenStreetMap (OSM).
Results: The analysis of location detection and trip purposes needs to be conducted. Previous research
(yet to be published) on a different dataset (n = 40) evaluated trip and transportation mode detection.
Trip detection achieved 79% precision, 84% recall, and 81% F1-score, with an overall accuracy of 93%.
Transportation mode classification was most accurate for bicycling (over 90% for all metrics), followed
by vehicles (over 85%) and walking/running (over 75%), resulting in an overall accuracy of 90%.
Conclusion: Using GPS data, we can gather detailed information about people's movements. This data
can help us understand individual behaviours and develop personalised strategies to promote healthier
lifestyles by encouraging positive changes in movement patterns.
Funding: This project is a part of the LABDA (Learning Network for Advanced Behavioural Data
Analysis) which received funding from the European Union's Horizon Europe research and innovation
programme under grant agreement No. 101072993.
Keywords: algorithm, GIS, LABDA, location, OSM, trip
Author for correspondence: Josef Heidler (jheidler@health.sdu.dk)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 28
ANALYSING COMPOSITIONAL DATA: THE ART OF WORKING WITH LOGRATIOS
Paulína Jašková
Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
Purpose: Movement behaviours such as physical activity (categorized by intensity into light, moderate,
and vigorous PA), sedentary behaviour (SB), and sleep are interrelated components of daily life and
should not be analysed separately. They can be effectively examined using a 24-hour time-use paradigm,
integrating all daily movement behaviours to assess their impact on health outcomes. This requires
the use of appropriate statistical framework that accounts for their compositional nature.
Material & Methods: Compositional data analysis (CoDA) offers a statistical approach that captures
the relative nature of data and the logratio methodology serves as a proper tool for the analysis of theme
and allows us a simple interpretation. The choice of an appropriate logratio coordinate system is crucial
for the correct interpretation of the relationship between movement behaviours and adiposity outcomes,
ensuring that meaningful conclusions can be drawn from various statistical analyses (such as regression
analyses and reallocations).
Conclusion: This contribution highlights the application of the compositional approach and basic
logratio methodology for analysing physical activities and their association with adiposity outcomes.
It also demonstrates the advantages of using a compositional approach for time-use data processing.
Funding: This research was supported by the research grant from the Czech Science Foundation No. 22-
02392S.
Keywords: compositional data, logratio, physical activity, time-use data
Author for correspondence: Paulína Jašková (paulina.jaskova@upol.cz)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 29
PHYSICAL FITNESS IN POST-LEUKEMIA CHILDREN
Matěj Šifalda1, Jiří Nechvátal2, Martin Nosek2, Pavel Prchal2
1 Elementary school of Bílina, Czechia
2 University J.E. Purkyně in Ústí nad Labem, Czechia
Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the level of fitness of children and adolescents who
have undergone treatment for leukemia using the 6 min walking test (6MWT) [1] and to compare this
fitness with normal healthy populations. We assumed that the fitness of children after leukemia
treatment would be significantly worse than the healthy normal population.
Material & Methods: A total of 28 children (16 boys, 12 girls) aged 11 to 17 years after leukemia
treatment participated in the study. To determine the fitness of our subjects the 6 min walking test
(6MWT) was used. The measurement was carried out as part of a recovery stay for children after
oncological and hemato-oncological treatment. Comparison with the normal population was performed
using percentile charts and correlation coefficient. Furthermore, we investigated the difference between
age groups using Welch's T-test for independent samples at a significance level of p < 0.001.
Results: We found out that there is a strong relationship between the age of the test subjects and the
distance measured at 6MWP, with r = 0.704 and p < 0.001. This correlation also suggests that the longer
the time after leukemia treatment, the better their performance on the 6MWT, therefore their tolerance
to physical stress is higher. The testing also revealed that if the entire study group of children aged
11 to 17 years was included, there is a statistically significant difference in 6MWT between
the measured children and the average healthy population.
Conclusion: The results show that there is a significant difference in the level of fitness between
the normal population and children who have had leukaemia. The results further suggest that there
is a gradual increase in fitness with increasing age and there is a gradual increase to physical stress
tolerance. Children aged 14–16 years already had comparable fitness to the general healthy population.
With the help of appropriately adjusted physical activity, children after leukaemia can reach
a comparable level of physical fitness to their peers within a few years.
Keywords: children, leukemia, physical fitness
References:
[1] Hooke, M. C., Garwick, A. W., & Neglia, J. P. (2013). Assessment of Physical Performance Using the 6-Minute Walk
Test in Children Receiving Treatment for Cancer. Cancer Nursing, 36(5), E9.
https://doi.org/10.1097/NCC.0b013e31829f5510
Author for correspondence: Jiří Nechvátal (jiri.nechavatal@ujep.cz)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 30
MEANINGFUL TESTING AND ASSESSMENT IN CZECH SCHOOL-AGED
CHILDREN IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Iva Šeflová
Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Science, Humanities and Education,
Technical University of Liberec, Czech Republic
Purpose: Motor competence assessment in schools plays a crucial role in understanding and promoting
the overall development of children. This study aimed to develop and validate a perceived motor
competence questionnaire compatible with the short form of the Bruininks - Oseretzky Test of Motor
Proficiency, 2nd Ed. (BOT-2). Additionally, relational recommendations for further development were
created based on the measurement results of both actual and perceived motor competence levels.
Material & Methods: The study involved 254 children aged 6 to 11 years (M = 9.1 years, SD = 1.53),
of whom 55% were boys, from a selected primary school in Liberec. To determine actual motor
competence, we used the Czech adaptation of the BOT-2, which consists of 30 fine and gross motor test
tasks. In the perceived motor competence questionnaire we developed for each of the eight subtest
categories (I. Fine motor precision, II. Fine motor integration, III. Manual dexterity, IV. Bilateral
coordination, V. Balance, VI. Running speed and agility, VII. Upper-limb coordination, VIII. Strength)
3 questions of graded difficulty, resulting in 27 questions in total.
Results: 70 % of the children were rated average in actual motor competence, 6.7 % were below average,
and 23.3% were above average. In the assessment of perceived motor competence, 56% of children were
rated as having a very high level, 40% as having a high level, and only 4% as having a low level of motor
competence. No one was classified in the category of very low perceived motor competence. Based
on a relational assessment of current and actual motor competencies, we formulated four categories
of recommendations.
Conclusion: 4 categories of recommendations represent combinations of high and low actual
and perceived motor competence. All categories provide positive feedback for children, emphasising
that they are not judged as successful or unsuccessful but are engaged in a learning process where both
teacher and child can reflect on progress and set future personal goals. This approach fosters motivation
for further development of motor competencies and encourages lifelong engagement in physical
activities. Identifying strengths contributes to developing a child's self-esteem and self-confidence,
positively influencing their overall self-concept.
Keywords: Bruininks-Oseretzky Test of Motor Proficiency, motor competence, perceived moto
competence, physical education, testing
Author for correspondence: Iva Šeflová (iva.seflova@tul.cz)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 31
OPTIMAL TIME-USE COMPOSITION OF POSTURE-SPECIFIC BEHAVIORS FOR
HEALTH OUTCOMES IN OLDER ADULTS
Jan Vindiš1, Paulína Jašková1,2, Jana Pelclová1, Karel Hron2
1 Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
2 Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
Purpose: Physical activity guidelines often overlooks the role of specific postures in promoting health
among young (65–70 years) and old (>70 years) older adults. This study aimed to determine the optimal
24-hour posture-specific composition—lying down, sitting, standing, moving, and walking—associated
with obesity prevention, maintenance of physical fitness, reduced fall risk and fear of falling in older
adults.
Material & Methods: The study analyzed data from 309 older adults (65+ years) recruited from
Czechia. Participants wore accelerometers on the wrist, thigh, and hip for 7 consecutive days to measure
24-hour physical behaviors. Compositional data analysis was used to estimate the optimal time-use
composition for a range of health outcomes, including BMI, Timed-up and Go Test (TUG), Falls
Efficacy Scale International - questionnaire (FES), Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), usual
gait speed, and the five-times sit-to-stand test (5TSST).
Results: In younger older adults, optimal BMI was associated with 10.0 hours of lying down, 6.9 hours
of sitting, 3.6 hours of standing, 1.8 hours of moving, and 1.6 hours of walking. In old older adults,
optimal BMI was linked to 10.3 hours of lying down, 7.1 hours of sitting, 3.6 hours of standing, 1.7 hours
of moving, and 1.3 hours of walking. For both groups, increased standing and reduced sitting were
associated with better physical fitness and reduced risk of falling.
Conclusion: Posture-specific behaviors are significantly associated with health outcomes in older
adults, highlighting the need to include posture recommendations in physical activity guidelines.
Optimal time spent standing and walking should be prioritized to improve physical fitness, prevent
obesity, and reduce fall risk in the elderly population.
Funding: This research was supported by the research grant from the Czech Science Foundation No. 22-
02392S.
Keywords: compositional data analysis, fall risk, obesity, physical behavior, physical fitness
Author for correspondence: Jan Vindiš (jan.vindis@upol.cz)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 32
WHAT DOES THE IDEAL FAMILY SUPPORTING CHILDREN'S PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
LOOK LIKE? RESULTS OF THE FAMIPASS STUDY ACROSS SEGMENTS OF THE
SCHOOL DAY
Michal Vorlíček1, Jan Dygrýn1, David Janda2, Jaroslava Voráčová3, Erik Sigmund1, Dagmar
Sigmundová1
1 Institute of Active Lifestyle, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc,
Czech Republic
2 Department of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University
Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
3 Department of Social Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University
Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
Purpose: This study focuses on assessing family and environmental factors in the context of physical
activity levels in children aged 3–8 years across different segments of the school day.
Material & Methods: Data were collected in 2022 and 2023 as part of the national FAMIPASS study [1],
involving 502 families from 36 kindergartens and primary schools across Bohemia, Moravia,
and Silesia. Movement behaviour was measured using ActiGraph devices over the course of one week
(24/7). Additionally, parents completed a questionnaire covering family and environmental factors,
along with an activity log, which allowed the data on movement behaviour to be divided into three
segments (before, during, and after school/kindergarten).
Results: Regression analysis revealed several significant factors associated with children's moderate-
to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Overall MVPA was related to maternal BMI, as well as both
maternal and paternal MVPA. Before school, children's physical activity was significantly associated
with paternal BMI, maternal activity levels, type of residence, and active transportation. During school
hours, both maternal and paternal MVPA were significant predictors of children's activity levels. After
school, maternal BMI and MVPA were identified as key factors associated with children's physical
activity.
Conclusion: These findings highlight the critical role of both parental physical activity and specific
family characteristics, such as BMI and active transportation, in shaping children's physical activity
patterns throughout different segments of the school day.
Funding: This research was funded by Czech Science Foundation, grant number 22-22765S.
Keywords: 24-hour movement behaviour, accelerometry, recommendations for physical activity
References:
[2] Sigmundová, D., Dygrýn, J., Vorlíček, M., et al. (2023). FAMIly Physical Activity, Sedentary behaviour and Sleep
(FAMIPASS) study: protocol for a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 13(1), e073244. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-
2023-073244
Author for correspondence: Michal Vorlíček (michal.vorlicek@upol.cz)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 33

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 34
OUTDOOR EDUCATION AND THE TERM “FRILUFTSLIV” IN RELATION
TO PHYSICAL LITERACY IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION PEDAGOGIES
Idar Lyngstad, Eivind Sæther
Nord University, Norway
Purpose: The aim of the study was to examine outdoor education and the term “friluftsliv”, which
has been used as both a Norwegian and English term in the research literature, in relation to physical
literacy (PL) in physical education (PE) pedagogies. The term “friluftsliv” is associated to outdoor
recreation and it relates to moving and being moved in nature over a specified period, changing one’s
environment, having experiences of nature and respect for the nature and its’ sustainable future.
The research question was: How can “friluftsliv” broaden the understanding of PL in PE pedagogies
and include a “friluftsliv” – and nature perspective?
Material & Methods: We exemplified and elaborated on the concept of “friluftsliv literacy” through
an analysis of textual data from a study of experiences of friluftsliv trips taken by students in an upper
secondary school that offers a three-year education program in “friluftsliv” in Norway. 37 students took
part in the study. The data analysis complied with the principles of qualitative interpretation
of the content in textual data, which the students wrote in connection with their “friluftsliv” trips.
Results: A key point in the analysis is that “friluftsliv literacy” both support and refresh the concept
of PL, which especially draws on existential and phenomenological perspectives. “Friluftsliv” may
promote attributes of PL, such as identity formation, self-esteem and self-confidence. The analysis also
revealed that “friluftsliv” have opportunities for meaningful experiences that can ultimately contribute
to human flourishing.
Conclusion: Although the concept “friluftsliv literacy” need more research, we argue that it will broaden
the understanding of PL in a useful way. At the same time, it will problematize the concept of PL,
as the PL discourse should relate more to education for an environmentally sustainable future
and for protection of life on earth both locally and globally.
Keywords: friluftsliv, outdoor education, physical education, physical literacy
Author for correspondence: Idar Lyngstad (idar.k.lyngstad@nord.no)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 35
PROMOTING GOOD BODY POSTURE THROUGH “ACTIVE SCHOOL”
Elena Bendíková1, Ricardo Ricci Uvinha2
1 Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Catholic University
Ružomberok, Slovakia
2 School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Brazil
Purpose: The current lifestyle of the school population has a hypokinetic and sedentary nature, which
is reflected in their physical activity routines as well as in their health, with an increasing trend in chronic
noncommunicable diseases. The school environment is one of the options that can respond to this
societal problem, which concerns not only Slovakia and Europe. Such a space is created by the concept
of the “Active School.” This concept motivates, creates, and promotes interest in various physical
activities among pupils from the perspective of primary health prevention, with an emphasis on health-
oriented fitness, of which body posture is a partial component. The aim of the pilot study was to show
the positive impact on the body posture of female pupils and the importance of exercise program within
the framework of the Active School.
Material & Methods: A total of 32 female pupils in the pubescent age group (11.1 ± 0.5) voluntarily
participated in the study, all of whom were in the 5th grade of elementary school. The experimental
group (ES) consisted of 17 students, and the control group (CS) consisted of 15 students. The control
group did not engage in any organized physical activities and did not participate in PE classes. As part
of the Active School program, the ES group underwent a physical intervention for a period of 5 months,
implemented 3 times a day, 3 times a week. In terms of data collection methods, we used standardized
methods for physical education focusing on body posture. As far as data processing, we used
standardized procedures.
Results: Based on the initial body posture tests, both the experimental group (ES, n = 17) and the control
group (CS, n = 15) exhibited poor body posture, which corresponds to the third qualitative level (III)
out of four. After the physical intervention within the Active School program, conducted over 5 months,
we observed an improvement (W-test, p < 0.01) in the overall posture of the ES group (n = 17). Fifteen
pupils from the ES group were reclassified to the second qualitative level (II), indicating good body
posture. In the remaining 2 students from the ES group, qualitative changes were noted, but they were
not reclassified to level II. The overall improvement was observed in the positioning of the head,
the abdominal area, and spinal curvature in the sagittal plane. A significant difference between the ES
(n = 17) and CS (n = 15) groups was found after the intervention (Mann-Whitney U-test, p < 0.01).
Conclusion: The presented research contributes to expanding knowledge on the potential of physical
activity and health-oriented exercise programs in addressing a specific health-related fitness factor
within the “Active School” framework, which in this case was the body posture. The findings show
the importance of health-oriented intervention in the experimental group (ES) compared to the control
group (CS). Additionally, these results carry not only health and preventive significance but also
educational and informative value. The findings are particularly valuable due to the seriousness
of the issue and the potential for preventing postural health problems.
Funding: The listed abstract is the part of research project VEGA 1/0427/22 Prevention of pupils’
postural health by physical activity.
Keywords: active school, body posture, prevention, pupil
Author for correspondence: Elena Bendíková (bendikova.elena@gmail.com)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 36
IS EFFECT OF THE PHYSICAL EXERCISE AFFECTS ON BODY COMPOSITION
BY BODY MASS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS?
Václav Bunc
Faculty of Pedagogy, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
Purpose: Children obesity is a growing problem over the world. Overweight or obesity in adulthood
usually begins in childhood. The overweight and obesity increase in the present population is caused
by an energy intake non-adapting to its output. In western countries an energy intake has stagnated over
the past two decades, the energy expenditure for the same period drop down by 30%. The study goal
was to assess the effect of movement intervention in girls differing in the body mass (BM).
Material & Methods: Study was carried out in 82 adolescent girls with normal BM (mean
age = 13.2 ± 2.9 years; BM = 45.3 ± 2.7 kg; height = 157.5 ± 4.0 cm; %BF = 21.8 ± 2.4 %,
VO2peak = 42.3 ± 2.6 ml‧kg-1‧min-1), 59 overweight girls (13.4 ± 2.7; 54.0 ± 3.0; 159.3 ± 3.1; 26.6 ± 2.7,
36.1 ± 2.2) and 41 obese girls (13.3 ± 3.0; 64.2 ± 4.1; 159.6 ± 3.4; 30.5 ± 3.1, 30.6 ± 2.2). Body
composition was assessed by whole body bioimpedance method using prediction equations that are valid
for the Czech girls, functional variables were assessed in open system on a treadmill. The intensity
of the mostly aerobic exercise intervention corresponded to an intensity of 75 to 85% HRpeak
determined on the treadmill; each training unit lasted at least 60 minutes and was implemented with
a frequency of at least three training units per week. The total duration of the movement intervention
was 9 weeks.
Results: The energy content of weekly movement program for boys with normal BM ranged from 1450
kcal to 2650 kcal (mean 2050 ± 330 kcal) in overweight from 1591 kcal to 2390 kcal (1990 ± 290 kcal)
and in obese from 1680 kcal to 2290 kcal (1986 ± 330 kcal). Reduction in %BF ranged from 13.9 %
in obese to 15.0% in normal BM of starting value, ECM/BCM relationship decreased from 11.9 %
in subjects with normal BM to 13.2 % in obese, and in VO2peak increased from 14.9% in normal BM
to 15.8 % in obese. In girls differing in BM are absolute changes in adiposity and aerobic fitness like
a result of imposed movement intervention substantively and statistically significant. On the contrary,
differences in percentages of pre-intervention values are non-significant.
Conclusion: We can conclude that an exercise program with a similar energy content, form and intensity
causes the similar changes in adiposity and in motor and functional performance in girls, differing
in BM.
Keywords: adolescent girls, body composition, movement intervention, overweight and obesity,
physical activity
Author for correspondence: Václav Bunc (vacl.bunc@gmail.com)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 37
THE EFFECT OF METHYLPHENIDATE ON THE DOPAMINE AND GROWTH
HORMONE RESPONSE TO EXERCISE IN CHILDREN WITH ATTENTION-
DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
Sigal Ben-Zaken1, Dan Nemet2, Alon Eliakim2
1 Levinsky-Wingate Academic College, Israel
2 Sport Center, Meir Medical Center, Israel
Purpose: Exercise typically stimulates the release of growth hormone (GH) and dopamine (DA)
in the body. However, research has shown that children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
(ADHD) exhibit an atypical response to physical activity in terms of these hormones. Specifically,
children with ADHD tend to have significantly lower GH and DA responses to exercise compared
to their non-ADHD peers. This blunted hormonal response may contribute to some of the symptoms
and challenges associated with ADHD, including difficulties with attention, impulse control,
and in some cases, potential growth impairments. The reduced GH and DA response to exercise
in children with ADHD suggests that there may be underlying differences in their neuroendocrine
systems, which could have implications for both the understanding and treatment of ADHD. This study
aimed to evaluate how exercise affects growth hormone (GH) and dopamine (DA) levels in children
with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), both with and without methylphenidate (MP)
treatment. The researchers predicted that MP would significantly reduce the GH and DA response
to exercise.
Material & Methods: The study involved 20 children (12 boys and 8 girls, aged 9–13), including
10 with ADHD and 10 control subjects. ADHD participants underwent two exercise tests – one with
MP and one without – while control subjects completed a single test. Blood samples were taken before
exercise, at peak exertion, and at 30 and 60 minutes post-exercise to measure GH and DA levels.
Results: Children with ADHD, regardless of MP use, showed significantly lower GH (p < 0.002)
and DA (p < 0.01) responses to exercise compared to the control group. Interestingly, when children
with ADHD took MP before exercising, their GH response improved significantly (p < 0.04), though
it remained lower than that of the control group.
Conclusion: The study reveals that children with ADHD have an impaired GH and DA response
to exercise. MP partially mitigates the blunted GH response. These findings may explain the link
between ADHD and growth issues in some children, and why long-term MP treatment typically doesn't
affect final adult height in ADHD patients. The researchers suggest further investigation into the
combined effects of exercise and stimulant medication as a potential therapeutic approach for ADHD.
Keywords: ADHD, dopamine, growth hormone, methylphenidate
Author for correspondence: Sigal Ben-Zaken (sigalbz@l-w.ac.il)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 38
LONGITUDINAL CHANGES IN ADOLESCENTS SEDENTARY, LIGHT,
MODERATE, AND VIGOROUS PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS
Hilde Kristin Mikalsen, Pål Lagestad
Nord University, Norway
Purpose: In recent years, sedentary behaviour (SB) has become a significant risk factor for health,
alongside the decline of physical activity (PA) in the population. This study explored adolescents’
PA and SB using a longitudinal design, from the age of 13 to 15, to elucidate any changes and when
they potentially occur. Further, the study seeks to examine the role of meaning-making in shaping
adolescent's explicit and implicit knowledge about PA, as well as its influence on their involvement
in PA. The use of meaning-making as a framework for discussing the study's findings is expected
to enrich educational perspectives and contribute to understanding factors influencing adolescent's
engagement in PA.
Material & Methods: The data material from the accelerometer measurements was analyzed using
the program SPSS, version 28. Repeated measures ANOVA (and follow-up test with Bonferroni
corrections) were used to assess changes in the four activity levels during the three years. Independent
t-tests were used to examine gender differences in each year and at each activity level and to determine
differences in activity level between participants with valid data all three years and those with valid data
only at 13 and/or 14 years of age.
Results: Statistical analyses of the accelerometer measurements revealed a significant increase in time
in the lowest activity level and a decrease in light, moderate and vigorous intensity PA levels during
the three years. These changes were larger from 13 to 14, than from 14 to 15, years-of-age. However,
no significant interaction was found between time and gender. Analyses also showed a significantly
higher time spent in SB and lower time spent in moderate activity among girls compared to boys at 13,
but not at the age of 14 and 15.
Conclusion: The findings, which indicate a reduction in PA and increased sedentary time with
increasing age, are discussed in light of the concept of meaning-making and meaningful experiences,
which we argue are important to increase and solidify involvement in PA among adolescents.
Emphasized here is the importance of communicating the diverse possibilities of movement
and challenging understandings of what PA can be for youth at school and in their leisure time.
Keywords: accelerometer, movement behaviour, sedentary behaviour
Author for correspondence: Hilde Kristin Mikalsen (hilde.k.mikalsen@nord.no)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 39
WHICH MUSCLES ARE MOST LOADED DURING SUDDEN ACCELERATION
ON A TREADMILL?
Michalina Błażkiewicz-Janeczko
Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Poland
Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the impact of external perturbations, in particular
the acceleration of one treadmill belt during the pre-swing phase, on gait kinetics and determine which
muscle generates the highest force.
Material & Methods: The study involved two older women (age: 64/62 years old; body weight: 59/58
kg; body height: 162/160 cm). The kinematic and kinetic parameters of perturbed gait were recorded
using the Grail Motek Medical system, which includes an instrumented dual-belt treadmill, a Vicon
motion capture system, and a synchronized virtual reality environment. Participants wore athletic shoes
and walked at a constant speed of 1 m‧s-1. Five unexpected perturbations, rated five on a scale of 1 to 5,
were applied every 10 seconds during the pre-swing phase, accelerating the left treadmill belt. Muscle
forces were calculated using OpenSim 4.4 [1] with the gait2392_simbody model.
Results: Of the 43 actuators controlling the left lower limb, 37 muscles showed an increase in maximum
force during the presence of perturbation. Notably, eight muscles acting on the hip joint experienced
force increases exceeding 100% compared to normal gait. The most significant force increase was in the
gluteus maximus muscle, a key hip extensor, whose strength increased by 1385%. The soleus muscle
generated the highest forces during normal gait (4155.65 N) and perturbed conditions (5291.77 N),
though the perturbation led to only a modest increase of 27.34%.
Conclusion: As gait disturbances during walking are a leading cause of falls in the elderly, the results
can help guide training protocols and identify key muscles to strengthen to reduce injury risks.
Funding: This research was funded by the Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw,
grant number UPB No. 2 (114/12/PRO/2023).
Keywords: muscle, perturbation, treadmill
References:
[1] Delp, S. L., Anderson, F. C., Arnold, A. S., Loan, P., Habib, A., John, C. T., Guendelman, E., & Thelen, D. G. (2007).
OpenSim: Open-source software to create and analyze dynamic simulations of movement. IEEE Transactions on Bio-
Medical Engineering, 54(11), 1940–1950. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2007.901024
Author for correspondence: Michalina Błażkiewicz-Janeczko (michalina.blazkiewicz@awf.edu.pl)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 40
LINEAR ONSET WHOLE BODY VO2 KINETICS: A NEW METHOD FOR
ASSESSING EXERCISE TOLERANCE IN SPORTS AND CLINICAL SETTINGS
Robert Robergs1,2, Anais Dewilde1, Bridgette O’Malley
1 Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
2 Jan Evangelista Purkyně University, Ústi nad Labem, Czech Republic
Purpose: The traditional method used to quantify the rate of increase (kinetics) in whole-body oxygen
consumption (wbVO2) is over-simplistic and insensitive to differences in physical fitness and disease
states. A new method of VO2 data analysis that focusses on the initial linear segment of the VO2 response
to exercise transitions may be superior at revealing important physiology linked to multiple
physiological systems.
Material & Methods: Fourteen subjects (12 males, 2 females), highly trained in triathlon or road
cycling completed a ramp incremental cycling protocol for measurement of the maximal rate of wbVO2
(wbVO2max). Across three added test sessions on different days subjects completed eight additional
exercise bouts at 43, 64, 93, 99, 110, 116, 134 and 148 % critical power (CP).
Results: For the initial five exercise bouts, the linear fit of the initial segment resulted in a superior fit
(lower standard error of estimates; Sx.y) compared to the mono-exponential fit (p < 0.001). There were
systematic (not random) profiles for the change in VO2 slope with increasing exercise intensity. Such
responses could be divided into two categories; 1) a sustained increase in VO2 slope (increased kinetics)
vs. 2) a plateau or decrease in the VO2 slope (impaired kinetics). Grouping subjects in such a manner
further revealed group differences in wbVO2max L‧min-1 (p = 0.014), ventilation threshold (VT) Watts
(p = 0.017), CP Watts (p = 0.013) and peak linear intensity (p < 0.001).
Conclusion: This new linear onset wbVO2 kinetics method is superior to the traditional approach
as it had physiological relevance across both steady and non-steady state exercise intensity, required
less than 2 min of exercise per bout, and identified far more complex physiology than the traditional
mono-exponential method. The new method may also have greater impact to assessing cardiorespiratory
and muscular endurance in healthy populations, and the severity of detraining and/or disease in clinical
populations.
Keywords: cycling, metabolism, oxygen consumption, respiration
Author for correspondence: Robert Robergs (rob@rrobergs.net)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 41

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 42
INTERMITTENT FASTING CAN LEAD TO CHANGES IN MUSCLE MASS BY
REDUCING SPONTANEOUS PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DUE TO EXCESSIVE
FATIGUE
Erika Čermáková1, Martin Forejt1, Martin Čermák
1 Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Purpose: Various intermittent fasting (IF) protocols are widely used as an effective weight loss tool.
However, the results on body composition are still unclear. The aim of the study was to assess the effect
of IF on the amount of muscle mass, which is a very important functional component of the human
body, and its loss is always undesirable from many aspects during the weight reduction process.
Material & Methods: A total of 75 healthy adult participants completed the three-week intervention
phase of the study. The participants were divided into three groups: IG1 (IF with 75% energy intake),
IG2 (75% continuous energy intake – no time restriction) and IG3 (IF with 100% energy intake). Body
composition was determined by BIA and meal plans were created using NutriPro software. Adverse
events were continuously monitored throughout the intervention.
Results: The highest mean fat free mass loss was observed in the IG1 1.1 ± 1.0 kg group compared
to the IG2 0.65 ± 0.91 kg group without statistically significant differences (p = 0.48). The lowest loss
of fat free mass was observed in the IG3 0.2 ± 1.3 kg (IG1×IG3 p = 0.027; IG2×IG3 p = 0.54). Fatigue
was statistically significant highest in IG1: n = 14; 51.9% compared to IG2: n = 6; 22.2% (p = 0.0473)
and IG3: n = 9; 42,9%, without statistically significant differences between groups IG1×IG3
(p = 0.5734) and IG2×IG3 (p = 0.2089).
Conclusion: IF with energy restriction causes excessive fatigue, which may lead to a spontaneous
reduction in physical activity in some individuals, with negative effects on muscle mass. The
appropriateness of the timing of food intake will depend on the incidence of adverse effects, which will
have a significant impact on long-term adherence to the chosen dietary intervention.
Funding: Supported by specific research at Masaryk University (MUNI/A/1623/2023).
Keywords: energy restriction, fat free mass, intermittent fasting, muscle mass
Author for correspondence: Erika Čermáková (211678@muni.cz)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 43
DEVELOPMENT AND VERIFICATION OF THE IMPACT OF A ROPE SKIPPING
MOVEMENT PROGRAM ON LOWER LIMB STRENGTH AND BALANCE
ABILITIES IN BOYS AND GIRLS IN THE FIRST GRADES OF ELEMENTARY
SCHOOL
Jana Černá, Roman Malíř
Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
Purpose: This study investigated the impact of a rope skipping movement program (RS-PP) on lower
limb strength and balance in children aged 6–8 years. The primary objective was to determine whether
an intervention-based movement program could enhance these physical abilities in early school-aged
children, and whether regular PE classes could achieve fitness levels comparable to sports-focused
programs through targeted intervention.
Material & Methods: A total of 116 participants from two elementary schools were divided into three
groups: L1 (PE class only, n = 25), L2 (PE class plus 10–12 minutes of daily rope skipping, n = 71),
and L3 (control group, n = 20). The program’s effectiveness was assessed through a series of motor
tests, including balance, standing long jump, Optojump (measuring jump height), handgrip strength,
and body fat percentage.
Results: The results showed improvements in stability in both intervention groups. Group L2 improved
by 17% in stability compared to Group L1 (OR = 1.172, p = 0.008), while Group L3 improved by 26%
over L1 (OR = 1.263, p = 0.003). In the Optojump test, all participants achieved an average 2.5 cm
higher jump when using arm swings (CMJF) compared to no arm swings (CMJ) (p < 0.001). However,
handgrip strength slightly declined across all groups (pre-test = 10.5, post-test = 10.6). In the standing
long jump, only L2 showed improvement, with an increase of 1 cm (pre-test = 107 cm, post-
test = 108 cm). In terms of body composition, L2 had significantly higher body fat percentages in the
pre-test but showed the only reduction post-intervention.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the rope skipping movement program (RS-PP) enhanced balance
and showed potential in improving overall fitness, particularly when combined with daily practice
outside of regular PE classes. These findings underscore the value of incorporating targeted
interventions into school physical education to promote physical development in young children
physical development in young children
Keywords: school physical education, physical activity program, early school age, movement
intervention, rope skipping
Author for correspondence: Jana Černá (jana.cerna@ftvs.cuni.cz)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 44
ANALYSIS OF STEP CYCLE IN XC SKIING USING IMUS
Tobiáš Goldschmidt, Pavel Korvas, Oliver Jaroš
Centre of Sports Activities, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Purpose: In recent years, IMUs established a foothold in monitoring and analysis of kinematic variables
in sports, especially in XC skiing. Their usefulness lies in precise analysis of movement which may help
athletes and their coaches to improve moment technique. This study aims to automatically analyze
the step cycle in XC skiing and establish systematic use of IMUs in XC skiing. This is achieved
by examining the potential data yield of the system of multiple IMUs on a sportsperson’s body and
the usefulness of IMUs in conditions of outdoor winter sports. Detailed analysis of the step cycle,
in terms of duration and start of take-off, swing and gliding phases, in XC skiing can create a path
to easier perfection of skiing technique, possibly even automatization of coaching in terms of technique
perfection.
Material & Methods: This study contains data from 6 participants of various skill levels in XC skiing
– two experienced and four beginners. Measurement was done at 100 meters long flat racing track. Each
participant underwent two measurements of skiing using the diagonal stride technique, one measurement
at a subjectively slow and the other at a subjectively fast pace. In our research, we used 4 IMUs
(Miniwave, Cometa, Milan, ITA), placed at the thighs and arms of both lower resp. upper limbs.
Reference values of phases of the step cycle were acquired by pressure insoles (fy. Medilogic, GER)
using of an algorithm developed at CESA VUT.
Results: Experienced XC skiers showed far better results (MAE = 0.048 sec for thigh sensor
and MAE = 0.041 sec for arm sensors) than beginner skiers (MAE = 0.147 sec for thigh sensor
and MAE = 0.195 sec for arm sensor). In addition, automatic detection from a thigh sensor failed
for most beginners (8 out of 12 measurements).
Conclusion: Automatic detection of phases of step cycle in XC skiing using IMUs is possible, however
it is far more precise in experienced skiers than in beginners because beginners’ technique shows greater
variability.
Keywords: inertial sensor, technique, XC skiing
Author for correspondence: Tobiáš Goldschmidt (220487@vutbr.cz)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 45
DETERMINATION OF THE DEGREE OF INFLUENCE OF BALANCE ON THE
POWER-DYNAMIC ABILITY OF THE LOWER LIMBS IN SOCCER PLAYERS
IN THE AGE RANGE OF 20–22 YEARS
Václav Kundera, Marek Malata, Jan Šťastný
Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Purpose: The research deals with the relationship between balance and power-dynamic ability
of the lower limbs in soccer players aged 20–22 years. The goal of the research was to find out if better
balance skills lead to higher shot speeds in soccer players.
Material & Methods: We performed the measurements on a group of 16 right-foot dominant soccer
players aged 20-22 years at the semi-professional level. The balance capabilities were expressed
by the so-called sway index obtained from measurements with the Biodex Balance System device,
and the Stalker ATS II radar was used to measure the force of the projectile.
Results: Based on the assumption that the shot speed is higher and the sway index is lower than
the medians of these variables from the entire group, or conversely the shot speed is lower and the sway
index is higher, we came to the conclusion that the assumption is met by 10 out of 16 tested shots with
the non-dominant (left) lower leg persons, i.e. 62.5%, and when shooting with the dominant (right) lower
limb, only 6 out of 16 tested persons, i.e. 37.5%, meet the requirement. The assumption that better
stability leads to a faster shot is met by only 4 test subjects (25%) for both right and left footed shots.
Conclusion: When shooting with the dominant leg, the individual's level of balance does not have
as much of a bearing on the resulting speed of the shot as the technique itself. On the contrary, when
shooting with a non-dominant leg, where the technique is usually not that perfect, the level of balance
has a greater share in the resulting speed of the shot.
Keywords: balance, postural stability, shooting in soccer, soccer
Author for correspondence: Václav Kundera (vaclav.kundera@vut.cz)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 46
CHILDREN'S BEHAVIOUR IN THE CONTEXT OF HEALTH
Nora Halmová, Janka Kanásová
Department of Physical Education and Sports, Constantine the Philosopher University,
Faculty of Education, Nitra, Slovak Republic
Purpose: Children's lifestyles include many aspects that affect their health as well as their behaviour.
The aim of this paper is to address the issue of how health affects children's behaviour and, conversely,
how their behaviour affects their health. We identify factors that contribute to positive or negative health
status, such as eating habits, physical activity, sedentary activity and their relationship to addictive
substances.
Material & Methods: The study population consisted of 378 children aged 13–15 years in the Nitra
region. A questionnaire focusing on health, diet, leisure and physical activity was used to collect data,
consisting of 44 closed questions.
Results: From the overall results, we can conclude that only 24% of girls and 38% of boys do the WHO
recommended 60 min of physical activity. The recommendations for fruit and vegetable consumption,
drinking and regular diet are followed by 34% of girls and 28% of boys. On the issue of leisure time,
we found that 63.4% of students spend their free time on social networks for more than 2 hours a day.
We can also confirm that pupils prefer to spend their free time sitting at the computer rather than doing
physical activity. We observed these results for 68.2% of girls and 74.2% of boys. Experience with
alcohol is 31.8% of girls and 64.5% of boys. The differences in this area between boys and girls are
statistically significant at the 1% level of significance.
Conclusion: The findings on these negative aspects of children's lifestyles allow us to focus
on addressing them comprehensively. However, this requires a systematic and long-term approach that
involves support from parents, schools and the wider community.
Funding: This paper is part of the grant project VEGA: 1/0460/23: “Postural health in children
and adolescents and the possibilities of influencing it.”
Keywords: addictive substances, health, lifestyle, physical activity, sedentary activity
Author for correspondence: Nora Halmová (nhalmova@ukf.sk)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 47
THE EFFECT OF ACTIVATION OF THE DEEP STABILIZATION SYSTEM
ON SKATING SPEED IN ICE HOCKEY PLAYERS
Veronika Kvochová1, 2, Dominika Kolmanová2
1 Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
2 Faculty of Health studies, University of J. E. Purkyně in Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
Purpose: A deep stabilization system is essential for maintaining postural stability and efficient motor
function. In ice hockey players, where speed and skating dynamics are necessary, proper activation
of this system can significantly affect performance. This research evaluates the effect of exercises aimed
at activating the deep stabilization system on skating function and speed in Czech ice hockey players.
Material & Methods: The study involved 20 ice hockey players (16 males, 4 females) aged 13–15
years. Participants were divided into two groups: experimental (n = 10) and control (n = 10).
The experimental group completed a specific exercise program aimed at activating the deep stabilization
system twice a week for eight weeks, along with regular hockey training. The control group continued
regular training without specific exercises for the system. Skating speed was assessed using
a standardized figure-eight test, and activation quality was evaluated using Kolář functional tests, both
measured at the start and after eight weeks. Statistical analysis was conducted with Statistica 13.3.
Results: Both groups showed a statistically significant improvement in forward and reverse speed.
The experimental group significantly improved in forward speed compared to the control group, while
reverse speed results were similar in both groups. In deep stabilization system quality tests,
the experimental group showed improvements across all areas, whereas the control group had
no changes. Statistically significant improvements occurred only in the diaphragm test, trunk extension
test, and tilt on all fours.
Conclusion: Integrating deep stabilization exercises into training can enhance on-ice performance.
Conversely, the lack of change in the control group suggests traditional methods may be insufficient.
Keywords: deep stabilization system, ice hockey, skating speed
Author for correspondence: Veronika Kvochová (veronika.kvochova@ujep.cz)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 48
RUNNING TECHNIQUE ANALYSIS WITH THE HELP OF WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY
Pavel Korvas, Barbora Pevná
Centre of Sports Activities, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Purpose: The selection of a device for motion analysis is currently a fundamental problem for research
methodology. Running technique has been described by a number of studies for which different types
of data collection devices or systems were used [1, 2]. The aim of the study is to identify the basic running
technique in relation to running speed using modern technology.
Material & Methods: Two groups (athletic runners-A, n = 10, orienteering runners-OB, n = 10) were
tested on a 50m run track with increasing speed from 12 km‧h-1 to personal maximum. Speed was
maintained by a speedometer. Kinematic and kinetic variables were collected using pressure insoles
(Medilogic). Variables monitored: pressure on insole, time of step cycle phase, area of load at contact
phase.
Results: The values of the mean pressure increased significantly in both groups in the forefoot (OB
by 13.3%, A by 8.1%), while a significant decrease was observed in the rearfoot (OB by 42.3%,
A by 26.7%) up to maximum velocity. The maximum pressure increased significantly in the forefoot up
to the highest velocity (OB by 29.5%, A by 27.5%). The relative size of the foot area under load
in the support phase decreased significantly with increasing velocity in the rearfoot (OB by 6.7%,
A by 19.7%), while the size remained approximately the same in the forefoot (change, OB by 1.5%,
A by 0.4%). Step cycle time and contact phase decreased significantly in both groups with increasing
speed (OB by 31.8%, 46.9% respectively, A by 31.4%, 47.0% respectively) with no significant
difference between the groups (p = 0.93, p = 0.59 respectively).
Conclusion: The plantar pressure decreases and the reduction in the loaded area in the rearfoot
document a transition to a swing running style that is more dynamic and faster. The differences
in pressure and area values document a different running technique at the observed running speeds
of both groups, which is influenced by training in different environments.
Keywords: kinematics, kinetics, technique, pressure insoles, run
References:
[1] Novacheck, T. F. (1998). The biomechanics of running. Gait & Posture, 7(1), 77–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-
6362(97)00038-6
[2] van Oeveren, B. T., de Ruiter, C. J., Beek, P. J., & van Dieën, J. H. (2024). The biomechanics of running and running
styles: A synthesis. Sports Biomechanics, 23(4), 516–554. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2021.1873411
Author for correspondence: Pavel Korvas (pkorvas@vutbr.cz)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 49

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 50
THE EFFECTS OF COACH-CREATED MOTIVATIONAL CLIMATE ON ENGAGEMENT
AND TEAM COHESION IN RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS
Bianca Maria Laroëre1, Jiří Mudrák2, William Crossan3, Vít Třebický1
1 Department of Gymnastics and Combat Sports, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles
University, Czech Republic
2 Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
3 Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University,
Czech Republic
Purpose: Coaches play a crucial role in the training and development of athletes. Rhythmic gymnastics
involves a complex and specific training process through which coaches can help shape athletes'
gymnastics journeys and training atmosphere, either positively or negatively. This study aimed
to investigate athletes' perception of the coach-created motivational climate in rhythmic gymnastics and
its relation to the athletes' motivational and social outcomes. We hypothesised that an empowering
climate would be positively related to athletes' engagement and team cohesion.
Material & Methods: A total of 88 adolescent rhythmic gymnasts (49% national, 43% international,
and 8% recreation-level athletes) completed an online survey consisting of basic demographics
and standardised questionnaires about athletes’ perceptions of motivational climates, sports
engagement, success, and social cohesion (e.g., Athlete Engagement Questionnaire).
Results: In two regression models, autonomy-supportive (β = 0.425, p < 0.001) and task-involving
climates (β = 0.309, p = 0.004) were positively related to engagement. Autonomy-supportive (β = 0.310,
p = 0.017) and socially supportive climates (β = 0.307, p = 0.022) were positively related to team
cohesion. K-means clustering divided participants into two groups: Cluster 1 (n = 31) exhibited higher
scores in ego-involving (0.839) and controlling coaching (0.696), while Cluster 2 (n = 57) had higher
scores in task-involving (0.448), autonomy-supportive (0.588), and socially supportive climates (0.462).
Conclusion: Empowering climates with high autonomy support and task involvement were linked
to higher engagement and team cohesion. Participants were categorised as “empowered”
and “disempowered” gymnasts. Consistent with our predictions, coaches who emphasise autonomy
and task orientation while avoiding social comparisons and control may enhance athletes’ positive sports
experience.
Funding: Supported by SVV (260 731/2023) and GAUK (263923).
Keywords: motivation, performance, psychology, training
Author for correspondence: Bianca Maria Laroëre (bianca.maria.laroere@ftvs.cuni.cz)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 51
THE EFFECT OF INDIVIDUALIZED HIGH-VELOCITY RESISTANCE TRAINING
ON FUNCTIONAL, NEUROMUSCULAR ADAPTATION, AND HEALTH
OUTCOMES IN OLDER ADULTS
Itai Har-Nir1, Jana Pelclová1, Ayelet Dunsky2
1 Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
2 Levinsky-Wingate Academic College, Israel
Purpose: The world population is ageing. which encloses many health challenges that related to decline
in muscle mass, strength and power loss. Muscle power, considered an essential component positively
affecting functional performance and well-being among older adults, is the result of Force-Velocity.
Although improving muscle power through resistance training shows great promises in healthy and frail
population, the exact prescriptions and individualized power training loads remains unclear. Previous
research in young adults and athletes showed that prescribing power training loads according
to individual force-velocity curve characteristic might be more effective than using generalized loading
scheme (e.g., % of 1RM). However, findings in older adults may differ, likely due to limited training
protocols and equipment. The main aims of this Doctoral thesis are 1) to evaluate the neuromuscular
responses to individualized power training prescription; 2) to assess the ability of functional tests
to identify the promised benefits of Power training; and 3) to identify interaction between the proposed
training protocol and health-related behavioral outcomes.
Material & Methods: A randomized controlled trial with 80 healthy subjects aged 65–75 will
be conducted. Subjects will be divided into three resistance training groups: 1) maximal velocity with
loads adjusted by RM (RMadj); 2) maximal velocity with loads adjusted by individual force-velocity
curve (Vadj); and 3) a control group. All subjects will undergo a battery of functional testing and force
velocity curve analysis (Bench press & RDL). Moreover, approximately 10 subjects from each group
will undergo neurophysiological and morphological testing (EMG, DEXA, Ultrasound) and follow-up
tests will be conducted to evaluate health-related behavioral changes.
Results: It is anticipated that Vadj training will be superior in improving functional capabilities,
Neuromuscular adaptation and Health outcomes in older adults.
Conclusion: The current Study’s results might refine training prescription and clarify the neuromuscular
and morphological characteristics needed to improve functional capacity and resist external balance
perturbation.
Keywords: force-velocity, power, resistance training
Author for correspondence: Itai Har-Nir (itai.harnir01@upol.cz)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 52
ARE THE SHOULDER JOINT FUNCTION, STABILITY, AND MOBILITY TESTS
PREDICTIVE OF HANDSTAND EXECUTION?
Roman Malíř, Jan Chrudimský, Adam Provazník, Vít Třebický
Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
Purpose: The handstand is a basic element common across gymnastic disciplines and physical education
classes, frequently evaluated for quality in competition or skill acquisition. The correct handstand
execution relies on maintaining balance, for which the shoulders seem particularly important. This study
explores the relationship between shoulder joint function and the quality of handstand execution.
Material & Methods: We assessed the shoulder joint function in novice college athletes (n = 111; aged
19–23 years) using standardized field tests (Upper Quarter Y Balance Test and Closed Kinetic Chain
Upper Extremity Stability Test) and evaluated handstand execution on the E-score rating scale.
Results: Ordinal logistic regression models showed no statistically discernible relationship between the
quality of handstand execution (E-score) and measures of shoulder joint stability (POR = 0.97
[0.91, 1.03]) or mobility (1.00 [0.91, 1.09]) in our sample.
Conclusion: Two major factors may have caused an observed pattern of results. Firstly, the standardized
tests assess shoulder joints in different loads and ranges of motion compared to handstands. Secondly,
our novice sample could not perform the handstand sufficiently well. In our sample of novice college
athletes, shoulder function seems unrelated to handstand execution as other latent factors hindered their
performance.
Funding: This study was supported by the Cooperatio Programme, research area Sport
Sciences – Biomedical & Rehabilitation Medicine (SPOB) and by SVV 260 731/2023.
Keywords: gymnastics, quality of movement, physical education, upper extremity
Author for correspondence: Roman Malíř (roman.malir@ftvs.cuni.cz)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 53
FRILUFTSLIV LITERACY – A CONTRIBUTION TO PHYSICAL LITERACY
FOR HEALTH THROUGHOUT THE LIFE COURSE
Eivind Sæther, Idar Lyngstad
Nord University, Norway
Purpose: This presentation discusses the concept “friluftsliv literacy” (outdoor activity literacy)
in relation to physical literacy for health throughout the life course.
Material & Methods: We obtained stories and interview data from elderly people who could help
us by providing insights into friluftsliv literacy through a number of life phases. The research questions
were: What can articulate aspects of friluftsliv literacy from the perspective of experienced friluftsliv
practitioners and generate understandings of friluftsliv literacy from childhood to old age, and how can
friluftsliv literacy contribute to the conceptualization of physical literacy for health throughout the life
course? We designed the study according to a constructionist research tradition and followed six
analytical steps of reflexive thematic analysis of the interview data. We developed four themes from
the data material and argue that friluftsliv literacy includes an existential phenomenological and idealist
dimension in the way it offers a view on the active subject in friluftsliv through the various life phases
and promotes nature experiences through the whole life.
Results: Moreover, friluftsliv literacy promotes “pure” friluftsliv experiences based on internal
motivation and desire, voluntariness, and freedom. We also argue that throughout the life course
friluftsliv literacy promotes important social values, especially within family contexts, social values that
enhance the quality of life. Friluftsliv literacy also includes a pragmatic dimension and contributes
to the conceptualization of physical literacy for health in the way that it promotes people learning to like
friluftsliv at a young age, an attitude that can then be nurtured and maintained throughout one’s entire
life by practicing friluftsliv and adapting to individual capacities and life phases.
Conclusion: We conclude by stating the following: Nature can be experienced almost everywhere
in the world, it is accessible around the clock, and adventures in nature combined with physical activity
are free for all.
Keywords: friluftsliv, health throughout the life course, physical literacy
Author for correspondence: Eivind Sæther (eivind.sather@nord.no)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 54
THE DIFFERENCE IN THE MAXIMUM FORCE OF THE ROUNDHOUSE KICK
BETWEEN FREE EXECUTION AND REACTION TO A VISUAL STIMULUS
Radim Pavelka, Tereza Cvingerová, Vít Třebický
Department of Gymnastics and Combat Sports, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles
University, Czech Republic
Purpose: An important factor in combat sports is the force used to deliver strikes. The roundhouse kick,
a prominent technique in full-contact combat sports, can score points or lead to knockouts when
executed with high force. Several variables impact the peak force of a roundhouse kick, including lower
limb position or distance from the target. Previous studies have typically measured forces in laboratory
conditions, where participants perform at their own pace. However, in actual fights, techniques
are performed in response to opponents' actions. This study aims to examine the differences
in roundhouse kick peak forces when performed freely and in response to a visual stimulus.
Material & Methods: 42 full-contact combat sports athletes (27 men) performed five roundhouse kicks
with maximal force into an Aqua training bag with a force sensor. The athletes performed under two
randomized conditions: in the control condition, they kicked freely at their own pace, and
in the experimental condition, they reacted to a visual stimulus (BlazePod). They rated their perceived
exertion (RPE) between each trial.
Results: Using two-way RM ANOVA, we found statistically discernible main effects of the condition
and athletes' sex. Kicks under the free condition reached a higher peak force than the reaction condition,
and men reached a higher peak force than women. The RPE between the conditions differed discernibly,
with the free condition reaching higher exertion. The RPE was discernibly positively correlated with
peak forces only in the free condition.
Conclusion: Our findings indicate that when performing roundhouse kicks under conditions simulating
a real fight, the maximum forces exerted are reduced. Athletes and trainers should consider incorporating
striking technique training that focuses on responding to stimuli, as this can enhance consistency
and effectiveness in combat.
Funding: Supported by the Cooperatio Program, research area SPOB.
Keywords: combat sports, high kick, martial arts
Author for correspondence: Radim Pavelka (radim.pavelka@ftvs.cuni.cz)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 55
MCARDLE DISEASE AND CARBOHYDRATE INGESTION BEFORE
EXERCISE: TIMING ON EXERCISE TOLERANCE, CLINICAL
RELEVANCE, AND APPLICATION TO REAL WORLD SETTINGS
Sam L. Torrens1,2, Evelyn Parr3, Craig Mcnulty1, Lynda Ross1, Helen L. MacLaughlin1,
Robert A. Robergs1
1 Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
2 University of Jan Evangelista, Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic
3 Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
Purpose: McArdle disease (MD) is a rare (1:100,000) genetic myopathy whereby the enzyme glycogen
phosphorylase is not expressed in skeletal muscle, resulting in the blockage of glycogenolysis
and presents as physical activity intolerance. To circumvent the blockage in glycogenolysis, current
clinical practice guidelines advise individuals with MD (IWMD) to ingest 37 g of sucrose 5–10 minutes
before undertaking exercise to alleviate exercise induced symptoms. More recent research suggests that
this management method has poor correlation with positive outcomes when transferred from lab-based
settings to real world settings (RWS).
Material & Methods: Following dietary and exercise controls five IWMD undertook randomized
repeated measure clinical exercise trials to compare exercise tolerance under different timing of sucrose
ingestion before exercise (carbohydrate ingestion 5-minutes before exercise, 25-minutes before
exercise, and a placebo zero carbohydrate condition).
Results: Results showed significantly higher plasma glucose availability at the beginning of exercise
when sucrose was ingested 25-minutes before exercise (7.5 ± 0.8 mmol‧L-1) compared to 5-minutes
before exercise (5.6 ± 0.3 mmol‧L-1, p = 0.024) or a placebo (5.3 ± 0.4 mmol‧L-1, p = 0.017). Peak heart
rates we significantly lower when sucrose was ingested 25-minutes before exercise
(117 ± 14 beats‧min-1) compared to 5-minutes before exercise (129 ± 14 beats‧min-1, p = 0.022)
or a placebo (135 ± 20 beats‧min-1, p = 0.039) which contrasts with recommendations in current clinical
practice guidelines.
Conclusion: The ingestion of sucrose (carbohydrate) before exercise for IWMD may provide
statistically significant improvements in exercise tolerance in lab-base settings, but its clinical relevance
and application to RWS is likely negligible based on the extremely low power outputs achieved
by IWMD during lab studies.
Keywords: carbohydrate ingestion, clinical relevance, exercise, McArdle disease
Author for correspondence: Sam Torrens (sam.torrens@qut.edu.com)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 56
THE EFFECT OF CAFFEINE ON THE MAXIMUM STRENGTH OF COMPLEX
EXERCISES
Vít Třebický, Daniel Šťastný
Department of Gymnastics and Combat Sports, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles
University, Czech Republic
Purpose: Caffeine is a stimulant commonly used to enhance sports performance, including maximal
strength in both aerobic and anaerobic exercises. While research indicates caffeine's positive effects
on both upper- and lower-body strength, evidence of its impact on full-body exercises and maximal
intermittent strength remains inconclusive. This pre-registered study investigated the effects of caffeine
(3 mg‧kg-1) on maximal isometric strength in complex exercises, including isometric bench press,
isometric mid-shin pulls, and maximal intermittent strength in isometric mid-thigh pulls.
Material & Methods: Thirty-six men completed three sessions: baseline, caffeine, and placebo. Peak
force was measured for each exercise in all sessions.
Results: Sixty-nine percent of participants correctly identified the caffeine condition. The results
showed no statistically discernible difference between caffeine and placebo for the isometric bench
press, while for isometric mid-shin pulls, we found a statistically discernible improvement
in performance (Cohen's d = 0.3, p < 0.001). For isometric mid-thigh pulls, caffeine had a statistically
discernible positive effect on the peak force compared to placebo (Cohen's d = 0.17, p < 0.001)
but no effect on the rate of performance decline across repetitions. No statistically discernible
differences in caffeine's ergogenic effects were found between upper-, lower-, and full-body exercises
(p > 0.05).
Conclusion: Our findings suggest limited ergogenic benefits of caffeine for acute maximal isometric
strength gains, particularly in complex movements, thus challenging the assumption of its universal
effectiveness. The study underscores the need for research based on larger samples to verify caffeine's
ergogenic effects. The small samples in current studies probably lack the sensitivity needed to observe
caffeine’s true effects, thus limiting the generalizability of the findings.
Keywords: deadlift, isometric strength, sports supplement, stimulant, pre-workout
Author for correspondence: Vít Třebický (vit.trebicky@ftvs.cuni.cz)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 57

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 58
EFFECT OF CONCENTRATED OXYGEN (99.5%) ON VISUAL SIMPLE AND CHOICE
REACTION TIME IN SPORT ACTIVE STUDENTS
Štefan Balkó1, Josef Heidler2, Lukáš Vavřinec1, Denisa Černá1, Iva Balkó1
1 Department of Physical Education and Sport, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem,
Czech Republic
2 Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense,
Denmark
Purpose: Athletic performances across different sports are drawing near the peak of human potential.
However, especially in sports where small margins determine the outcome, it is essential to keep pushing
boundaries and seek ways to improve performance. This study aims to determine if inhaling
concentrated oxygen impacts the reaction time of sports students.
Material & Methods: 16 male student-athletes (22.2 ± 2.2 years old) participated in the study. The
Fitro Reaction Check system (Fitronic, s.r.o., Slovakia) measured visual simple reaction time (SRT, one
stimulus) and visual choice reaction time (CRT, two stimuli). The study involved a double-blind
experiment to determine the values of SRT and CRT when inhaling concentrated oxygen at 99.5%
or a placebo. The measurements were conducted in two sessions with a three-week interval to minimise
the impact of practice.
Results: Based on the input and output tests comparison, it was found that concentrated oxygen
significantly improved the SRT values (p < 0.01, rrb = 0.74). Even though CRT was also improved,
the difference was not considered as significant. When the test subjects inhaled from a vessel without
concentrated oxygen (placebo), no significant difference in SRT and CRT values was found between
the input and output tests.
Conclusion: The research indicates that inhaling concentrated oxygen can enhance SRT, which
is crucial in combat sports such as fencing and boxing, where athletes must rapidly process visual
information from the environment. However, improving CRT, which involves quick decision-making
based on environmental information or multiple stimuli, requires more than inhaling concentrated
oxygen. These findings are significant for athletes and coaches, especially in sports where the response
to a simple stimulus is crucial.
Keywords: decision making, information processing, sport performance
Author for correspondence: Štefan Balkó (stefan.balko@ujep.cz)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 59
METHODOLOGY FOR EXAMINING PLAYER DECISION-MAKING SKILLS IN TEAM
SPORTS – A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Pavol Horička, Bianka Bodnárová, Ľubomír Paška, Andrea Paprancová
Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, Constantine The Philosopher
University in Nitra, Slovakia
Purpose: Decision-making, a perceptual-cognitive process, is a fundamental element of athlete
performance in many team sports, especially in open, dynamic sports where decision-making is limited
in time. While there are no systematic and comprehensive methods to evaluate an athlete's decision-
making skills, several methodological procedures can be applied to sports games. This study aims
to provide an overview of these applied methodological procedures for examining athlete decision-
making skills.
Material & Methods: The primary method of research was content analysis of data. A systematic search
was conducted in the month of 6/2024 using the following databases: Web of Science (all databases),
Scopus, and PubMed. The “advanced search” option was performed in these databases using article
titles, abstracts, and keywords. The search terms included: “sports games,“ “referee,“ “decision-
making,“ “performance and decision-making,“ “assessment of decision-making skills.“ The general
English search term was “Decision making,“ and the German term was “Entscheidung.“ To be included
in the analysis, the articles had to be primary studies and examine the qualitative aspects of decision-
making skills. The remaining articles were integrated into the report.
Results: The methods of investigation were primarily limited to a few common measurement protocols:
1) Observation and video analysis: The performance indicator, accuracy of decision-making,
was assessed using a multi-point scale assigned by experts. 2) Simulations (video simulations, CoR
assets) and model situations: Evaluation of decisions based on defined conditions of the game situations.
3) Questionnaires and interviews (MDMQ) and self-assessment tools. 4) Perceptual-cognitive tests:
Tests of visual attention, anticipation, and memory (Vienna Test System). 5) Sensory and biometric
recordings: Biomechanical and localization sensors, environmental sensors. 6) Eye-tracking analysis.
7) Experimental methods with controlled conditions: Application of nonlinear pedagogy and training
scenarios. 8) Multidisciplinary approach.
Conclusion: Sport should be viewed as a behavioral context that reveals how athletes transform
information into decision-making actions in specific situations. Currently, there is no uniform
and comprehensive method for evaluating decision-making applicable across all sports disciplines,
considering the specific conditions of each sport and combining the primary factors examining the nature
of decisions. Future research on decision-making in sports must consider both dynamic
and deterministic perspectives regarding knowledge and action.
Funding: This paper was supported by the VEGA scientific grant No. 1/0140/22 entitled “Evaluation
of the decision-making functions of an athlete in selected team and individual sports.”
Keywords: decision making, methodology, sport games
Author for correspondence: Pavol Horička (phoricka@ukf.sk)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 60
COOPER'S TEST AS A PREDICTOR OF HANDGUN SHOOTING PERFORMANCE
UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ACOUSTIC STRESS
Roman Markovič, Peter Žiška, Peter Melek, Andrea Handlovská
Department of Physical Education and Sport, Armed Forces Academy of General Milan Rastislav
Štefánik in Liptovský Mikuláš, Slovakia
Purpose: is to determine if there is a relationship between performance in the Cooper test and shooting
accuracy under the influence of acoustic stress, and to evaluate to what extent aerobic detection ability
can predict the ability to maintain accuracy and shooting stability under stressful conditions.
Material & Methods: In a pilot study, we used a simple pedagogical experiment with 30 cadets (23 men
and 7 women). The experiment consists of two parts. In the first part, the cadets completed two shooting
exercises with a pistol vz. 82 for target no. 4, while the shooting was conducted while standing without
support from a distance of 15 meters. The first round was conducted under conditions of minimal stress,
the second round took place under the influence of acoustic stress in the form of firing from a long gun
Sa vz. 58 at a distance of 3 meters. In the second part, we determined the level of aerobic abilities using
the Cooper test (12-minute run), while the cadets were divided into 2 performance groups based
on the minimum performance in the evaluation of the Physical Education subject, which
is the performance of 2600 m.
Results: In the 1st performance group (2230–2600 m), we noted a significant deterioration by 31.5%
in shooting accuracy with a large effect size (p ≤ 0.01, d = 1.02), after exposure to acoustic stress.
In the 2nd performance group (2610–3380 m), there was no significant change in shooting accuracy
under the influence of acoustic stress, deterioration was 5.8%.
Conclusion: Research results that better performance in the Cooper test is associated with higher
resistance to acoustic stress and retention of accuracy. Cadets with low aerobic stability (1st performance
group) experienced a significant decrease in shooting accuracy under the influence of acoustic stress,
while cadets with higher aerobic fitness (2nd performance group) were able to maintain shooting
accuracy even under stressful conditions. This points to the importance of aerobic performance
as a predictor of the stability of shooting performance in stressful situations.
Keywords: acoustic stress, shooting, endurance, cadets
Author for correspondence: Roman Markovič (roman.markovic@aos.sk)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 61
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CURRICULAR ASPECTS OF HEALTH LITERACY
IN SELECTED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Daniel Příhoda
Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
Purpose: The reason for this research is the deteriorating level of health of children which, according
to preliminary research, is occurring on a global scale, including in the Czech Republic. This
comparative analysis aims to find out how the health literacy standards in the chosen countries' curricula
differ from the Czech Republic.
Material & Methods: Research in the field of children's health literacy in European countries
determined a list of countries based on results. For this analysis 4 countries were chosen, the top
2 countries with the best health literacy Macedonia and Finland, and the bottom 2, including the Czech
Republic. Firstly, a textual analysis of the Czech national curriculum was performed and from this,
categories of specific topics were created. On this basis, textual analysis and the other countries'
curricula were also carried out.
Results: The Czech curriculum has the most curriculum content and focuses on the safety of all chosen
countries. Turkey and Finland focus more on critical thinking and environmentalism because they do not
separate it from health in their curriculum. However, except for Macedonia, none of the countries
surveyed have health education as a specific subject and thus it is not possible to determine with certainty
whether the health topic is sufficiently addressed in the schools of the other countries. The Macedonians
have the subject of health linked to physical education thematically and in the title of the subject itself.
Conclusion: Overall, it can be said that the Czech curriculum has the best-developed curriculum content
with a wide range of curriculum content covering important aspects of health. Thus, further research
is needed to find out what is the actual situation of teaching health topics at lower primary school levels
in the Czech Republic and other countries. However, the Czech curriculum could be more focused
on mental health, work with emotions, and linking health with movement, following the example
of selected countries with better results.
Keywords: health education, health literacy, national curriculum
Author for correspondence: Daniel Příhoda (prihodadany@gmail.com)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 62
HEALTH AND HEALTH-ORIENTED FITNESS OF STUDENTS IN PRIMARY
EDUCATION IN THE HORNÁ NITRA REGION
Robert Rozim
Department of Pre-School and Elementary Pedagogy, Faculty of Education, Catholic University
Ružomberok, Slovakia
Purpose: Horná Nitra is considered a region with significantly disrupted environmental conditions,
which poses an environmental burden and represents a serious risk to human health, the effects of which
persist to this day. The environment is a key determinant of human health. According to estimates from
the World Health Organization (WHO), nearly one in four deaths globally (approximately one in six
in Slovakia) is associated with an environment that is unsuitable for human health. The aim of the study
is to determine the opinions of 4th-grade students on health issues as well as their current level of health-
oriented fitness and body posture.
Material & Methods: The research sample consisted of 292 4th-grade elementary school students (172
boys and 120 girls) from 8 elementary schools (5 urban and 3 rural). Based on the responses from
the questionnaire, we assessed the students' opinions on health and a healthy lifestyle. The health-
oriented fitness of the students was evaluated based on the results of the BMI index and the Ruffier test.
We assessed body posture using a standardized method for school practice.
Results: Overweight and obesity affect 37.5% of girls (39.56% in urban areas and 37.93% in rural areas)
and 31.39% of boys (38.91% in urban areas and 17.14% in rural areas). We recorded obesity
and overweight (BMI index) and insufficient health-oriented fitness (Ruffier test) in 35.83% of girls
and 26.37% of boys. Additionally, 27.61% of boys and 12.33% of girls from urban elementary schools
do not enjoy sports activities. We also found poor and incorrect body posture in 69.8% of pupils.
Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, we can confirm an increase in the body weight of 4th-
grade elementary school students in the Horná Nitra region and a decrease in health-oriented physical
fitness. We also confirm body posture problems in schoolchildren. These findings require increased
attention, especially considering the environmental burden of the region.
Funding: The listed study is part of the research project VEGA 1/0427/22 Prevention of pupils' postural
health by physical activity.
Keywords: BMI index, body posture, health-oriented fitness, Ruffier test, school population
Author for correspondence: Robert Rozim (robert.rozim@ku.sk)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 63
USE OF EYE TRACKING GLASSES IN JUNIOR ORIENTEERING TRAINING
Jan Šťastný, Marcel Skřivánek, Václav Kundera
Brno University of Technology, Centre of Sports Activities, Czech Republic
Purpose: In orienteering, there are limited opportunities to provide feedback and correct athletes'
mistakes during the training process. An example of this is individual map training, which often takes
place in obscure terrain out of the direct line of sight of the coach. The evaluation of the training session
is usually done by plotting route choices on maps, using 'shadowing' by the coach, or recording
trajectories using GPS technology. In our research, we tested the use of eye tracking goggle technology
in the training process. This can now be used without a computer connection and can be worn outside
the laboratory, i.e. during outdoor sports. We expected this training method to be most effective in the
age groups where athletes are already moving independently, practising more challenging off-road
techniques and strengthening basic skills.
Material & Methods: The research was conducted on 10 participants of one training group (6 girls
and 4 boys), 10–12 years old, with at least 3 years of orienteering experience. Pupil Labs Invisible
goggles were used for data collection and Garmin Forerunner 945 watch was used for route recording.
Results: We found that it is possible to observe map and compass handling (map manipulation, map
orientation, map tracking efficiency), spatial orientation (route and environment observation) landmark
search, route choice, and intensity of movement (running/walking/standing). It is also possible
to evaluate time parameters and delays, the proportion of map tracking with compass, path (terrain and
obstacles), landmarks, distractions (e.g. animals, opponents, …).
Conclusion: The use of eye tracking in orienteering has been very successful in our research. Eye
tracking can provide detailed information that a coach would not normally be able to easily obtain. It can
be linked with other tools to assess error correction performance – for example, integration with
visualization of GPS tracks on a map (Livelox and similar apps), or tracking physical performance using
heart rate.
Keywords: eye tracking, junior, kids, orienteering, training
Author for correspondence: Jan Šťastný (jan.stastny@vut.cz)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 64
MOVEMENT PERFORMANCE AND BODY FAT OF PROFESIONAL SOLDIERS
Peter Žiška, Roman Markovič, Peter Melek
Department of Physical Education and Sport, Armed Forces Academy of General Milan Rastislav
Štefánik, Liptovský Mikuláš, Slovakia
Purpose: Movement performance is a complex of movement skills that are a key determinant
of physical fitness. In our research, we investigated the influence of body fat (BF) percentage
on the physical performance of professional soldiers. The movement performance evaluation scale
for our age category and classification is 200 pts. = 1, 150 pts. = 2, 120 pts. = 3, under 120 pts. = 4 failed.
Material & Methods: During the years 2021–2024, we tested 435 male cadets (MC) (age: 21.30 ± 1.54
years; height: 1.81 ± 0.07 m; weight: 80.9 ± 9.9 kg) and 130 female cadets (FC, age: 20.80 ± 1.30 years;
height: 1.68 ± 0.06 m; weight: 63.7 ± 8.0 kg), who are cadets at the Armed Forces Academy (AFA).
We divided the set into 4 groups according to the percentage of BF in men and 3 groups in women,
in which we compared performance in the Cooper test. For evaluation, we used an unpaired parametric
T-test for the normal distribution of the file, we set the level of significance to p ≤ 0.01. We used Cohen's
d to verify significance.
Results: MC with a level of BF of 10–15% achieved an average performance 198.28 pts compared
to cadets who had more than 20% BF, whose performance was lower at 167.98 pts, this difference 30.30
pts (18.03%) we confirmed by statistically (p ≤ 0.01, d = 1.14). FC with a level of BF up to 20% achieved
an average performance of 201.29 pts compared to FC who had more than 25% BF, whose performance
was lower at the level of 22.39 pts, this difference pts (12.52%) we confirmed by statistically (p ≤ 0.01,
d = 0.97).
Conclusion: Research has shown a negative effect of excess BF on the movement performance
of cadets. Maintaining a BF level of 10–15% for MC and below 20% for FC predisposes professional
soldiers to meet the lower limit of 200 pts. assessment (grade 1) of movement performance. A higher
percentage of BF reduces performance, and MC with a value above 20% and FC above 25% of BF
are only able to achieve a rating (grade 2), which is still sufficient to meet the criteria for the physical
performance of professional soldiers in Slovakia.
Funding: This research was carried out under the auspices of the Ministry of Defense of the Slovak
Republic in cooperation with AFA within the framework of contacts (NI4200).
Keywords: armed forces, anthropometrics, condition, physical tests, soldiers
Author for correspondence: Peter Žiška (peter.ziska@aos.sk)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 65

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 66
STUDENTS’ EXPERIENCE OF BEING SEEN BY THEIR PHYSICAL EDUCATION
TEACHERS AND GENDER DIFFERENCES
Marthe Bjerkan Næss, Pål Arild Lagestad
Nord University, Norway
Purpose: Previous research shows that there are five factors that need to be covered for the pupils
to experience being seen; (1) the importance that the teacher cared; (2) feedback from the teacher; (3)
that the student could show what he or she could do; (4) good dialogue with the teacher; and (5) pupil
participations in evaluations and goals [1]. The aim of the study was to examine gender differences
in experiencing the pedagogical term of being seen in physical education.
Material & Methods: The study included 412 students aged 16–19 (208 boys, 200 girls, and 4 student
who did not report their gender), from different study programs. To achieve the purpose of the study,
a questionnaire was developed, and factor analysis and correlation analysis were used to identify
significant factors related to being seen. The questionnaire comprised 51 questions.
Results: The findings indicate very small variations between girls’ and boys’ answers, and the analysis
showed no significant difference between girls and boys according to the experience of being seen
(z = -0.3, p = 0.803). However, there were a significant difference between girls and boys experience
of good dialogues with the teacher (z = -2, p = 0.047), where girls report higher levels. This factor stands
out as the only factor where girls report higher levels than boys.
Conclusion: The findings show that there was no significant difference between girls and boys
experience related to the pedagogical term of being seen. The analyses showed that there were
no significant differences between girls and boys according to the experience of four of the five factors
that earlier research has proven to constitute the phenomenon of being seen.
References:
[1] Andresen, F., Torvik, E., & Lagestad, P. (2023). Students’ experience of being seen by their physical education teachers
and associated factors. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 5, 1101072. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2023.1101072
Keywords: being seen, gender, high school, physical education, students
Author for correspondence: Idar Lyngstad (idar.k.lyngstad@nord.no)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 67
HEART RATE DEFLECTION AND VARIABILITY CHANGES AS AN INDICATOR
OF VENTILATORY THRESHOLD: INSIGHTS FROM SHUTTLE RUN TEST
MEASUREMENTS
Jan Hnízdil, Martin Škopek, Lenka Vojtíková
Faculty of Education, University of J. E. Purkyně in Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between heart rate deflection point
(HRDP) and heart rate variability (HRV) changes during the shuttle run test and the ventilatory threshold
(VT). Previous research has indicated a potential link between heart rate responses and ventilatory
thresholds, prompting this exploration. The hypotheses tested were that a significant correlation exists
between the point of deflection from linearity in heart rate and the ventilatory threshold, while
no correlation would be found with heart rate variability (HRV) changes.
Material & Methods: The research sample consisted of 35 students (mean 22 years, SD = 0.45) who
participated in the shuttle run test, during which heart rate deflection was measured using the Conconi
method. Heart rate variability parameters were also recorded. Following the beep test (1 week),
participants underwent a treadmill test to determine their ventilatory threshold.
Results: The results showed a strong correlation between the point of deflection from linearity in heart
rate and the ventilatory threshold. Conversely, no significant correlation was found between heart rate
deflection and changes in heart rate variability.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that heart rate deflection may serve as a useful indicator
of the ventilatory threshold, while it does not encompass the complex changes in HRV. This highlights
the importance of differential analysis of these parameters in assessing physical performance.
Keywords: Conconi method, heart rate deflection, heart rate variability, physical performance,
ventilatory threshold
Author for correspondence: Jan Hnízdil (jan.hnizdil@ujep.cz)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 68
ASSESSMENT FOR LEARNING, MOTIVATION AND PERFORMANCE IN PHYSICAL
EDUCATION AT UPPER SECONDARY SCHOOL
Svein Olav Ulstad, Knut Skjesol
Nord University, Norway
Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to answer the following questions: What
is the relationship between perceived assessment for learning (AFL) and satisfaction of the three basic
psychological needs, autonomous motivation and performance in physical education?
Material & Methods: 237 students (99 boys and 138 girls) in 12 classes attending two different upper
secondary schools answered on a questionnaire. Perception of Assessment for learning was measured
with five items from Leirhaug, 2016. Need satisfaction was measured with The Basic Psychological
Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS). Motivation was measured with BREQ-2. Effort was
measured with Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionaire (MSLQ) and performance in PE was
measured by self-reporting grades.
Results: The results supported the process model in which students’ perception of AFL positively
predict their needs satisfaction, which positively predict students’ self-report of autonomous motivation,
which positively predict students’ grades and effort in PE.
Conclusion: It is important that teachers use AFL as recommended by the Directorate of Education,
which highlights that students should 1) understand what they are going to learn and what is expected
of them, 2) receive feedback about the quality and performance of their work, 3) receive advice on how
to improve, and 4) be involved in their own learning. On this study, we see that AFL based on these
principles satisfy students’ need for competence, autonomy and relatedness, which, in turn, is essential
for promoting autonomous motivation in PE. Students who have autonomous motivation are more likely
to have positive experiences related to PE, like showing more effort and performing better.
Keywords: assessment for learning, motivation, physical education
Author for correspondence: Svein Olav Ulstad (svein.o.ulstad@nord.no)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 69
QUANTIFYING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INTENSITY IN CZECH PRESCHOOLERS
Lenka Vojtíková1, Jan Hnízdil1, Martin Škopek1, Hana Janošková2
1 University of J. E. Purkyně in Ústí nad Labem, Faculty of Education, Czech Republic
2 Department of Physical Education and Health Education, Faculty of Education, Masaryk University,
Brno
Purpose: The promotion of physical activity in early childhood is essential for healthy growth
and development. Preschools provide unique opportunities for physical activity through structured
lessons and outdoor free play. However, the intensity of typical preschool activities has seldom been
objectively quantified. This study aimed to analyze the physical activity intensity among Czech
preschoolers aged 2–5 years, utilizing heart rate monitoring to provide evidence-based
recommendations for early childhood physical activity programs.
Material & Methods: The study included 63 Czech preschool children aged 2–5 years. Physical activity
intensity was monitored using the Polar Team2 system, which allows for efficient group measurement
and recording of heart rate. The system comprises a chest strap and sensor that transmit real-time data
wirelessly to a PC for detailed analysis. This methodology provided a precise, objective measure
of the intensity of physical activities performed by the children during structured lessons and outdoor
play.
Results: The analysis showed that the average heart rate during physical activities ranged from
130 to 150 beats per minute (bpm), indicating moderate-intensity physical activity. The highest heart
rates were recorded during outdoor free play (mean 150 bpm), classifying this as vigorous-intensity
activity. Younger preschoolers (aged 2–3 years) had significantly higher heart rates compared to older
children (aged 4–5 years) (p = 0.021). Additionally, heart rates were significantly higher in girls than
in boys (p = 0.033). These findings suggest that younger children and girls are more likely to engage
in vigorous-intensity activity during outdoor play.
Conclusion: The study emphasizes the importance of incorporating daily outdoor free play in preschool
routines to promote high-intensity physical activity, which is crucial for preschoolers' physical
and developmental health. By providing an evidence-based assessment of activity intensities, this
research supports the design of early childhood programs that prioritize vigorous physical activity,
fostering significant developmental and health benefits during this critical growth period.
Keywords: early childhood, health and development, heart rate monitoring, outdoor free play,
physical activity, preschool, vigorous-intensity activity
Author for correspondence: Lenka Vojtíková (lenka.vojtikova@ujep.cz)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 70

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 71
THE EFFECTS OF FOAM ROLLING ON LUMBAR MOBILITY RESTORATION
FOLLOWING TRUNK MUSCLE FATIGUE IN SEDENTARY EMPLOYEES
Banafsheh Amiri, Erika Zemková
Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius
University in Bratislava, Slovakia
Purpose: This study investigates 1) the effect of foam rolling exercises on the recovery of fatigue-
induced reduced lumbar mobility in sedentary employees, and 2) the relationship between lumbar
curvature and mobility variables after fatigue and subsequent recovery.
Material & Methods: Eighteen sedentary adults (36.2 ± 8.1 years) participated in the study. Their
sedentary behavior was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Participants
performed Abt's fatigue protocol consisting of 8 core muscle exercises. Following this protocol, they
underwent two types of recovery in separate sessions, active involving foam rolling and passive
in the form of lying on a bed. Lumbar curvature in the upright position and the range of motion from
extension to flexion were assessed using the Spinal Mouse before and after the fatigue protocol,
immediately and 15 minutes after recovery modalities.
Results: After fatigue, lumbar mobility decreased from 75.86° to 68.41° (mean difference 7.45°,
p = 0.002), and lumbar curvature from -35.66° to -34.83° (mean difference -0.825, p = 0.004). Foam
rolling restored these values almost to pre-fatigue levels (mobility to 72.11° and curvature to -36), while
passive recovery showed no significant changes. After 15 minutes, values slightly changed but did not
differ significantly from those immediately post-recovery. The lumbar lordosis angle was highly
correlated with the reduction in lumbar mobility under fatigue (r = 0.63) and moderate with its
improvement after recovery (r = 0.46).
Conclusion: Foam rolling effectively restores lumbar mobility in sedentary employees from fatigue-
induced impairment to almost pre-fatigue levels. Interestingly, individuals with higher lumbar lordosis
experience more significant declines in lumbar mobility after fatigue and demonstrate greater
improvements following foam rolling compared to those with lower lumbar lordosis.
Funding: This work was supported by the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education,
Science, Research, and Sport of the Slovak Republic and the Slovak Academy of Sciences
(No. 1/0725/23).
Keywords: prolonged sitting, recovery modality, spinal mouse, workplace
Author for correspondence: Banafsheh Amiri (amirib1392@gmail.com)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 72
TREND CHANGE ANALYSIS IN THE GAIT FOLLOWING UNICOMPARTMENTAL
KNEE ARTHROPLASTY UTILIZING CAREN EXTENDED VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT
Monika Błaszczyszyn1, Agnieszka Szczęsna2, Magdalena Pawlyta3, Jarosława Szyszka4,
Zbigniew Borysiuk1
1 Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland
2 Department of Computer Graphics, Vision and Digital Systems, Faculty of Automatic Control,
Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
3 Polish-Japanese Academy of Information Technology, Warsaw, Poland
4 Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Opolskie Center of Rehabilitation, Korfantów, Poland
Purpose: Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) forms a recognized method that find common
application in treating degenerative changes of the knee joint [1, 2]. Some researchers state that successful
UKA procedure leads to the improvement of overall physical performance, but this is not synonymous
with the improvement of gait patterns [3, 4]. The aim of the study was to perform functional gait
assessment in patients following UKA with the use of a movable polyethylene insert and to analyze gait
parameters using three-dimensional (3D) kinetic and kinematic parameters.
Material & Methods: Following the clinical study, 10 subjects were randomly selected for the analysis
of kinetic and kinematic parameters during gait. Gait assessment was executed using virtual reality
CAREN Extended system. In the scenario applied in this research, subjects performed a level walk
through a virtual forest. The following synchronized time series was acquired during each pass for lower
body: markers trajectories, joints angles, joints powers, forces, moments and ground reactions forces.
Results: The kinematic and kinetic gait analysis demonstrated differences in the distribution of forces,
moments and angles in both lower limbs. In addition, each of the subjects was characterized
by a different motion pattern and gait cycle in terms of body positions during walk.
Conclusion: Detailed biomechanical analysis of the lower extremities during gait activity showed
differences between gait patterns, indicating the presence of an acquired, chronic gait pattern. The
observations made make it possible to implement an individualized improvement program toward gait
correction to return to daily activities.
Keywords: gait, knee arthroplasty, motion capture, virtual reality
References:
[1] Astephen, J. L., Deluzio, K. J., Caldwell, G. E., & Dunbar, M. J. (2008). Biomechanical changes at the hip, knee, and
ankle joints during gait are associated with knee osteoarthritis severity. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 26(3), 332–
341. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.20496
[2] Ismailidis, P., Egloff, C., Hegglin, L., Pagenstert, G., Kernen, R., Eckardt, A., Ilchmann, T., Mündermann, A., & Nüesch,
C. (2020). Kinematic changes in patients with severe knee osteoarthritis are a result of reduced walking speed rather than
disease severity. Gait & Posture, 79, 256–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.05.008
[3] Anand Prakash, A. (2021). Knee Arthroplasty and Gait: Effect on Level Walking—An Overview. Indian Journal of
Orthopaedics, 55(4), 815–822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43465-020-00342-w
[4] Hubley-Kozey, C. L., Hatfield, G. L., Wilson, J. L. A., & Dunbar, M. J. (2010). Alterations in neuromuscular patterns
between pre and one-year post-total knee arthroplasty. Clinical Biomechanics, 25(10), 995–1002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.07.008
Author for correspondence: Monika Błaszczyszyn (m.blaszczyszyn@po.edu.pl)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 73
THE ALARMING PREVALENCE OF SHOULDER INJURIES IN FEMALE CANOE
SLALOM ATHLETES
Jan Busta1, Adriana Morenová2
1 Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
2 Faculty of Education, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
Purpose: In the context of the scientific and methodological project Women in Canoe Sport, funded by
Erasmus+ Sport, shoulder joint problems in top female canoe slalom athletes were detected as a critical
issue. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of shoulder injuries in women and the type of injury.
Material & Methods: A research sample of all 25 Czech female canoe slalom athletes (K1 and C1
categories) of the highest performance level completed a detailed online questionnaire compiled
by coaches and physiotherapists. The athletes with detected shoulder joint injuries were analysed
for paddling technique and posture was assessed by a physiotherapist.
Results: Out of 25 Czech elite female canoe slalom competitors, serious shoulder joint problems were
detected in 64% of them (16 competitors). Even 68% of them had to consult a doctor with shoulder joint
problems, 4 racers (16%) even needed to have surgery with a subsequent recovery period of 6–12
months. The average age of the female athletes studied was only 20.3 ± 4.8 years, however, the average
athletic age was already 12.1 ± 5 years. The most frequent problems were SLAP lesions, biceps tendon
injuries, impingement syndrome, long head biceps tendonitis, rotator cuff ruptures and shoulder
luxations. Postural deficits as well as improper paddling technique were detected in all the females with
shoulder joint injuries.
Conclusion: The reason for the high prevalence of chronic, acute and combined shoulder problems
is most often due to unilateral intense loading from an early age combined with improper paddling
technique, faulty posture and improperly structured or no strength training. Therefore, we recommend
intensive preventive cooperation with physiotherapists for female athletes from an early age with
emphasis on posture, joint centration and optimal function of the shoulder complex. Furthermore,
we recommend refinement of the paddling technique, where the main propulsive force should
be generated mainly by the back muscles. We also point to the importance of systematic strength training
with emphasis on strengthening the back and shoulder complex muscles. The alarming prevalence
of shoulder injuries is highly the responsibility of youth coaches - their education in this area
is necessary.
Keywords: canoeing, kayaking, white-water
Author for correspondence: Jan Busta (jan.busta@ftvs.cuni.cz)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 74
EFFECTIVENESS OF SPEED-STRENGTH LOAD ON CHANGES IN SELECTED MOTOR
SKILLS IN MEMBERS OF SLOVAK ARMED FORCES
Monika Czaková, Andrea Paprancová
Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, Constantine the Philosopher
University in Nitra, Slovakia
Purpose: We report no studies regarding the effectiveness of speed-strength load on changes in motor
skills of professional soldiers yet. Our work deals with the current topic of the exercise based on 90%
of maximum power load and therefore we want to point out the importance of the inclusion of speed-
strength load in the training process in members of Slovak Armed Forces. By involving the speed-
strength load into the training, we can improve the functional and physical condition as well as soldiers´
efficiency and performance for example in the tactical shooting training. The aim was to determine
effectiveness of speed and strength load on changes of dynamic parameters of the lower limbs
in members of Slovak Armed Forces. A specialized program of speed-strength load has a significant
effect on positive gains in dynamic parameters of the lower limbs in squat jump test with an Olympic
bar.
Material & Methods: The research group consisted of 15 professional soldiers as an experimental
group in 37.4 ± 5.6 average age, 174.8 ± 5.4 average height and 90 ± 10 kilograms. In the experimental
set, we monitored the effectiveness of 6-week speed-strength load on the dynamic parameters of the
lower limbs. The speed-strength load consisted of exercise with an olympic bar in the zone of 90% of the
maximum power in 8 reps - 4 series with 2 minutes rest. We applied this load twice a week. Before the
experiment, we performed the pre-test measurement using Tendo power analyser to calculate the power
P = W⋅t-1 [W].
Results: In the test of maximal lower limb power in the squat-jump with an Olympic bar exercise, we
recorded average values 996.53 ± 56.84 W in the pre-test measurement. At the end of the experiment,
we performed the post-test measurement after 6 weeks and recorded the average values 1233.33 ± 80.07
W. We observed statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test measurements
at the 1% level of statistical significance (p = 0.00; p < 0.01). We also observed a high material effect
between the measurements (d = 3.410).
Conclusion: Our contribution is directed to the training of the armed forces in the context of improving
the dynamics of the lower limbs, which can form the basis for special exercises in tactical shooting.
Based on our results, we would like to point out the importance of the inclusion of speed-strength load
in the context of enhancing the performance of members of Slovak Armed Forces, as a part of their
physical training.
Funding: This research is part of the UGA V/2/2024 – Effectiveness of speed-strength load on changes
in selected motor skills in members of Slovak Armed Forces.
Keywords: explosiveness, motor skills, Slovak Armed Forces, speed-strength load
Author for correspondence: Monika Czaková (mczakova@ukf.sk)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 75
INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTING KEY STRATEGIES FOR
IMPROVING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF THE WORKING POPULATION
Svitlana Indyka1, Nataliia Bielikova1, Anatolii Tsos2
1 Sports & Health, Faculty of Physical Culture, Lesya Ukrainka Volyn National University, Lutsk,
Ukraine
2 Lesya Ukrainka Volyn National University, Lutsk, Ukraine
Purpose: The military aggression of russia has posed extremely difficult challenges for Ukraine.
The situation in the country remains dynamic and unstable. Therefore, Ukraine requires a systematic
strategic approach that will allow for minimizing risks, mitigating existing threats, and ensuring the
long-term regeneration of human capital and the workforce. This is essential for post-war economic
recovery and strengthening the country's resilience in the long term. Based on research results
it is determined that a lot of things, in particular, direction and pace of further transformations in Ukraine
in the post-war period, depend on the level and quality of life of the population. The quality of life in the
human health context is determined by certain factors, among which the physical activity is as the
leading one. Its lack is considered as the fourth leading factor risk of global mortality. The purpose of the
study is to carry out an analysis of the international key strategies experience for improving physical
activity of the working-age population.
Material & Methods: A semantic bibliography method followed by content analysis of research papers
and e-resources have been used.
Results: Investigating the negative impact of physical activity lack on public health, World Health
Organization (WHO) and the European Union (EU) reported global efforts to improve the situation by
developing national programs and recommendations on the issue of increasing the levels of physical
activity and reducing a sedentary lifestyle. Most of the member states already have, or currently have,
physical activity recommendations, or some of them are being at the development stage.
Conclusion: There is a general trend the use of the WHO Global Recommendations, which indicates
a common scientific consensus on the importance of physical activity and sustainable nature of these
recommendations in the global health context. In addition, coordination of national health monitoring
programs will allow monitor progress towards both national and global goals of physical activity
and reduction of the sedentary lifestyle. It a significant component of assessment the effectiveness
of national view and programs on solving issues related to the health of the nation.
Keywords: health, physical activity, recommendations, working population
Author for correspondence: Svitlana Indyka (indyka.svitlana@vnu.edu.ua)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 76
AN INFLUENCE OF THE LEARNING PROGRAM FOR TEACHING THE SPORT
OF FLOORBALL ON GAME SKILLS OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
Martin Izrael, Miroslav Holienka
Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
Purpose: This research was conducted because of the growing interest in floorball in elementary schools
in Slovakia, despite the fact that floorball is still on the curriculum as an optional sport. The aim of this
research was to verify the influence of the learning program for teaching floorball on game skills
of elementary school students. We set the following hypotheses: 1) Pupils in the experimental group
will experience a significant increase in their performance in the area of gaming skills; 2) Pupils in the
experimental group will experience significantly higher gains in gaming skills than pupils in the control
group.
Material & Methods: The experimental group consisted of 20 boys and the control group consisted
of 18 boys from the eighth and ninth grades of elementary school. The experimental factor in the form
of learning program consisted of twelve lessons. The following control exercises were used to test the
hypotheses: ball guidance, passing accuracy, shooting accuracy, shooting from the move. To test the
hypotheses, we used the Mann-Whitney U test for independent samples and the non-parametric
Wilcoxon test.
Results: In the outcome measures in the experimental group, we observed an average improvement
of 0.81 [s] in the ball guidance; 1 [n] in the passing accuracy; 0.75 [n] in the shooting accuracy; 1.2 [n]
in the shooting from the move. Under the first hypothesis, significant differences were found in 3 of the
4 control exercises. Under the second hypothesis, significant differences were found in 2 of the 4 control
exercises.
Conclusion: The results of the research show that the designed learning program positively influenced
the level of gaming skills and knowledge of the students in the experimental group and positive gains
were recorded in all tests.
Keywords: floorball, game skills, older school age, learning program
Author for correspondence: Martin Izrael (martin.izrael@uniba.sk)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 77
EVALUATION OF MOVEMENT ABILITIES OF MODERN GYMNASTS FROM THE GSK
ÚSTÍ NAD LABEM SECTION
Hana Kabešová, Kateřina Křesánková
Department of Physical Education and Sport, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University, Czech Republic
Purpose: The research was conducted to determine whether there are differences between
the performance classes of modern gymnastics. The aim of the work is to evaluate the movement
abilities of modern gymnasts from the GSK Ústí nad Labem section. Four hypotheses were established
in our work: 1) there is a significant difference in strength level tests between the free and combined
program; 2) there is a significant difference in tests for mobility level between the free and combined
program; 3) there is a dependency between the performed performance program and the level of running
speed and acceleration; 4) there is a dependency between the performance program performed
and the level of agility skills
Material & Methods: 20 modern gymnasts of younger school age engaged in the combined program
were tested and 20 modern gymnasts of younger school age engaged in a free program of modern
gymnastics were tested. Were tested using the Battery of Tests for the Assessment of Movement Skills
in Sports Gymnastics. The battery of tests for the assessment of movement abilities in sports gymnastics
is represented by a comprehensive overview of the movement abilities of female gymnasts. We started
by comparing the results between combined program and free program in terms of strength and mobility.
We then focused on tests of agility and speed, in which we investigated whether there was a relationship
between these tests and the performance class performed by the gymnasts. To determine the difference,
we chose mathematical-statistical methods that determine the difference between groups. We used
the Mann Whitney U test for the calculation. Furthermore, substantive significance was calculated using
Cohen's d. To analyze the effect of performance class on agility and speed tests, we used the Chi-square
test. Material significance was calculated using Cramer's V.
Results: From the strength level results, we can state that no difference was demonstrated between
the groups in tests dealing with strength levels. From the mobility results we can state that a difference
between the groups was demonstrated in the mobility tests. Running speed and acceleration are related
to the type of execution of the modern gymnastics program. Dexterity does not depend on the type
of execution of the modern gymnastics program.
Conclusion: Assessment of movement skills should be carried out in every section of modern
gymnastics. Based on the results of movement skills, we can correctly classify modern gymnasts into
performance classes, which is very important for their future training process.
Keywords: flexibility, gymnastics, hypermobility, modern gymnastics, younger school age
Author for correspondence: Kateřina Křesánková (katerina.kresankova@seznam.cz)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 78
IMPACT OF STRENGTH AND DANCE TRAINING ON ANTHROPOMETRIC,
COGNITIVE, AND FUNCTIONAL FITNESS IN OLDER FEMALES
Matúš Krčmár, Matúš Guzman, Bohumila Krčmárová, Dominika Mokrá
Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, Constantine the Philosopher
University in Nitra, Slovakia
Purpose: The aging population faces challenges in maintaining physical function, cognitive abilities,
and overall health. While exercise promotes healthy aging, the optimal type of training for older adults
is still under research. Strength training has been extensively studied for its positive effects on muscle
mass, functional fitness, and body composition [1, 2], while dance training is increasingly recognized for
its unique combination of physical and cognitive engagement [3, 4]. This study evaluates the effects
of these two training modalities on various performance metrics in older females.
Material & Methods: Eighty participants were divided into strength training (ST, n = 40) and dance
training (DT, n = 40) groups. The ST group had a mean age of 67.4 ± 4.56 years, weight 74.0 ± 14.7 kg,
and height 1.63 ± 0.06 m. The DT group had a mean age of 65.3 ± 4.50 years, weight 76.9 ± 12.3 kg,
and height 1.61 ± 0.06 m. The 12-week training program involved sessions twice a week for both groups.
Participants were tested before and after the program on body composition (muscle mass, fat mass,
visceral fat mass, phase angle, and waist-to-hip ratio), functional fitness (chair stands, arm curls, 8-Foot
Up and Go, and 2-minute step test), and cognitive function (MoCA test). Statistical analyses included
paired and independent T-tests with effect sizes (d).
Results: Both groups significantly decreased body weight and fat mass (p < 0.01) and improved MoCA
test scores (p < 0.05), 2-minute step test, and 8-Foot Up and Go (p < 0.01) with medium to large effect
size. The DT group showed significant improvements in the chair stand and arm curl tests (p < 0.01).
Group comparisons revealed that the DT group achieved significantly greater improvements in the chair
stand test compared to the ST group (12.6% vs. 0.30%, p < 0.01, d = -0.60).
Conclusion: This study demonstrates that both strength training and dance training significantly
enhance body composition, functional fitness, and cognitive function in older females. Over 12 weeks,
participants in both groups showed notable reductions in body weight and fat mass, along with
improvements in cognitive performance and certain functional fitness tests.
Keywords: cognitive performance, dancing, physical fitness, resistance training
References:
[1] Molina-Sotomayor, E., Espinoza-Salinas, A., Arenas-Sánchez, G., Pradas de la Fuente, F., Leon-Prados, J. A., &
Gonzalez-Jurado, J. A. (2021). Effects of Resistance Training Program on Muscle Mass and Muscle Strength and the
Relationship with Cognition in Older Women. Sustainability, 13(14), Article 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147687
[2] Holviala, J. H. S., Sallinen, J. M., Kraemer, W. J., Alen, M. J., & Häkkinen, K. K. T. (2006). Effects of strength training
on muscle strength characteristics, functional capabilities, and balance in middle-aged and older women. Journal of
Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(2), 336–344. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-17885.1
[3] Cruz-Ferreira, A., Marmeleira, J., Formigo, A., Gomes, D., & Fernandes, J. (2015). Creative Dance Improves Physical
Fitness and Life Satisfaction in Older Women. Research on Aging, 37(8), 837–855.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027514568103
[4] Lu, J., Abd Rahman, N. A., Wyon, M., & Shaharudin, S. (2024). The effects of dance interventions on physical function
and quality of life among middle-aged and older adults: A systematic review. PloS One, 19(4), e0301236.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301236
Author for correspondence: Matúš Krčmár (mkrcmar@ukf.sk)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 79
IMPACT OF AN MHEALTH INTERVENTION ON MOVEMENT BEHAVIOR AND
HEALTH IN PREDIABETES AND TYPE 2 DIABETES PATIENTS
Kateřina Mališová1, Jana Pelclová1, Tomáš Větrovský2
1 Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
2 Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
Purpose: The number of patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes is increasing [1], posing a public
health challenge. Regular physical activity is an effective prevention and treatment [2], but patient
compliance is low. The ENERGISED project has therefore developed an mHealth intervention that
combines behavioral therapy, a mobile app, and monitoring devices. This PhD project evaluates its
impact on patients' movement behaviors and cardiometabolic health and explores factors affecting its
effectiveness.
Material & Methods: A 12-month multicenter randomized trial was conducted to promote physical
activity in 340 patients with prediabetes and diabetes. Participants were randomized into control or
intervention groups. Both groups received Fitbit devices; the intervention group also received six
months of counseling and text messaging, followed by six months of automated text support. Movement
was objectively measured using the Actigraph wGT3X-BT, worn continuously for seven days, with
assessments at baseline, six months, and twelve months.
Results: We expect improvements in daily activity, reduced sedentary behavior, and enhanced
cardiometabolic profiles.
Conclusion: If effective, the intervention could be integrated into primary care for Czech (pre)diabetes
patients, offering potential public health benefits.
Funding: Funded by the Czech Health Research Council, Ministry of Health (grant number NU21–09–
00007).
Keywords: behavioral therapy, prevention, walking
References:
[1] Sun, H., Saeedi, P., Karuranga, S., Pinkepank, M., Ogurtsova, K., Duncan, B. B., Stein, C., Basit, A., Chan, J. C. N.,
Mbanya, J. C., Pavkov, M. E., Ramachandaran, A., Wild, S. H., James, S., Herman, W. H., Zhang, P., Bommer, C., Kuo,
S., Boyko, E. J., & Magliano, D. J. (2022). IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence
estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 183, 109119.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109119
[2] Cosentino, F., Grant, P. J., Aboyans, V., Bailey, C. J., Ceriello, A., Delgado, V., Federici, M., Filippatos, G., Grobbee, D.
E., Hansen, T. B., Huikuri, H. V., Johansson, I., Jüni, P., Lettino, M., Marx, N., Mellbin, L. G., Östgren, C. J., Rocca, B.,
Roffi, M., … ESC Scientific Document Group. (2020). 2019 ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and
cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. European Heart Journal, 41(2), 255–323.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz486
Author for correspondence: Katerina Malisova (katerina.malisova01@upol.cz)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 80
THE IMPACT OF RUNNING STEPS AND EXPLOSIVE POWER ON ACCELERATION
SPEED IN YOUNG BASKETBALL PLAYERS
Peter Mitašík, Miroslav Vavák
Department of Athletics and Conditioning Training, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports,
Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
Purpose: The aim of this study is to verify the importance of running stride parameters and lower limb
explosive power in increasing acceleration speed in young basketball players. It focuses on the first six
running strides, as the literature emphasizes the importance of the 1st and 2nd strides and attempts
to shorten the support phase of the running stride and lengthen the running stride [1]. Hypotheses:
1) A statistically significant relationship exists between running acceleration speed and contact time
during the first six steps in U13 players. 2) A statistically significant relationship exists between running
acceleration speed and step length during the first six steps in U13 players.
Material & Methods: The study involved 14 U13 basketball players with a minimum of two years
in specialized speed training. Key metrics assessed included age, height, body mass index (BMI),
running stride parameters, vertical jump, and acceleration speed. Kinematic data were collected using
the OptoJump Next optical measuring system.
Results: There was a statistically significant correlation between mat contact time during the six strides
and performance in a 15 m acceleration race. The relationship between stride length and acceleration
speed was significant only for the first two strides.
Conclusion: The OptoJump Next device effectively captures kinematic data relevant to an athlete's
running stride. This study emphasizes the need to focus on contact time and stride length when
evaluating running parameters in basketball, an area that has received limited attention in existing
literature.
Keywords: acceleration speed, biomechanics, OptoJump Next, track and field
References:
[1] Coh, M., & Tomazin, K. (2006). Kinematic analysis of the sprint start and acceleration from the blocks. IAAF New
Studies in Athletics, 21(3), 23–33.
Author for correspondence: Peter Mitašík (peter.mitasik@uniba.sk)

3rd International Conference of Sport, Health and Physical Education 81
COMBINED EVENTS AS ONE OF THE FACTORS OF SUCCESS IN ATHLETICS
Jiří Nechvátal, Martin Nosek, David Cihlář, Pavel Prchal
Department of Physical Education and Sport, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University, Czech Republic
Purpose: The success of Czech athletics at top events in the adult category has been on a downward
trend in the last few years. The Czech Athletic Association is reacting to this and is trying to develop
athletics for preschool children within the Athletics for Children project, as well as developing athletics
for younger school-age children. The main topic is to increase the inclusion of combined events in the
youth categories. Zuzana Hejnová, Barbora Špotáková, Nikola Ogrodníková and Jan Kudlička – all
of them have devoted themselves to combined events in their youth categories. Are combined events
an important factor for success in athletics? Our study aimed to investigate whether non-specialized
sports training in youth categories, represented by competitive involvement in athletic combined events,
has a positive effect on high performance in the adult category, i.e. participation in top sport events.
Similarly, the study examined whether medals from youth peak events predicted participation in peak
events in the adult category.
Material & Methods: The longitudinal research was based on the analysis of the database of the Czech
Athletic Association, World athletics and European athletics. A total of 230 athletes from the Czech
Republic who participated in youth top competitions (European or World Championships in the U16,
U18 and U22 categories) during their sport career between 2007 and 2021 were included in the research.
We analyzed in which discipline they were successful and at the same time we investigated whether
they competed in athletic combined events in the youth categories. We defined success by participating
in the top adult event (European Championships, World Championships, Olympic Games). On the other
hand, we analyzed only participants in the top events in the adult category from 2014 to 2024
and investigated whether they participated in athletic combined events in the youth categories, whether
they were successful and when they started athletics. We defined success as winning a medal from
a peak event.
Results: Our study did not show a direct link between an all-round combined events training in youth
categories and participation in