Comparison of Fruit Quality Characteristics of Çakıldak, Palaz and Tombul Hazelnut (Corylus colurna L.) Varieties Grown at Different Altitudes of Ordu Province

Abstract

The hazelnut, which is known to be among the homelands of Anatolia, has been grown in our country for centuries. Hazelnut cultivation in Turkey dates back to ancient times. In the province of Ordu, the hazelnut varieties Çakıldak, Palaz and Tombul are mainly cultivated but other varieties are also grown. This study was carried out between 2022-2023 to determine the effects of altitude and location difference on the fruit characteristics of hazelnut varieties Çakıldak, Palaz and Tombul grown in Fatsa (300 m), İkizce (590 m) and Kumru (400 m) districts of Ordu province. In the study, the lowest average values for nut and kernel fruit weight, nut and shell thickness and kernel size were obtained from trees at 400 m altitude, while the highest values were obtained from trees at 590 m altitude. According to the results, the altitude had a different effect on the weight of the nuts and kernels depending on the variety. While the weight of nuts and kernels increased with increasing altitude in Çakıldak and Palaz varieties, these values decreased in Tombul variety. As a result some fruit quality characteristics of hazelnut varieties grown at different altitudes in Ordu province were found to be different.

Full text

Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi : 11(4); 1114–1121, 2024
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Araştırma Makalesi
Comparison of Fruit Quality Characteristics of Çakıldak, Palaz and Tombul Hazelnut
(Corylus colurna L.) Varieties Grown at Different Altitudes of Ordu Province
Yakup POLAT1* , Ebru KURT2, Buse TAGAY BİCE2, Ferit ÇELİK1 , N.Ebru KAFKAS2
1Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bahçe Bitkileri Anabilim Dalı, Van
2Çukurova Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bahçe Bitkileri Anabilim Dalı, Adana
*Sorumlu Yazar: yakupyyu@gmail.com
Geliş Tarihi: 12.03.2024 Düzeltme Geliş Tarihi: 07.08.2024 Kabul Tarihi: 26.08.2024
ABSTRACT
The hazelnut, which is known to be among the homelands of Anatolia, has been grown in our country
for centuries. Hazelnut cultivation in Turkey dates back to ancient times. In the province of Ordu, the hazelnut
varieties Çakıldak, Palaz and Tombul are mainly cultivated but other varieties are also grown. This study was
carried out between 2022-2023 to determine the effects of altitude and location difference on the fruit
characteristics of hazelnut varieties Çakıldak, Palaz and Tombul grown in Fatsa (300 m), İkizce (590 m) and Kumru
(400 m) districts of Ordu province. In the study, the lowest average values for nut and kernel fruit weight, nut
and shell thickness and kernel size were obtained from trees at 400 m altitude, while the highest values were
obtained from trees at 590 m altitude. According to the results, the altitude had a different effect on the weight
of the nuts and kernels depending on the variety. While the weight of nuts and kernels increased with increasing
altitude in Çakıldak and Palaz varieties, these values decreased in Tombul variety. As a result some fruit quality
characteristics of hazelnut varieties grown at different altitudes in Ordu province were found to be different.
Key words: Altitude, Hazelnut, Fruit quality properties, Ordu.
Ordu ilinin Farklı Rakımlarında Yetiştirilen Çakıldak, Palaz ve Tombul Fındık (Corylus
colurna L.) Çeşitlerinin Meyve Kalite Özelliklerinin Karşılaştırılması
ÖZ
Anavatanları arasında Anadolu’nun da olduğu bilinen fındık, asırlardır ülkemizde yetiştirilmektedir.
Türkiye’de fındık yetiştiriciliği çok eskilere dayanmaktadır. Ordu ilinde yaygın olarak yetiştirilen fındık çeşitleri
çakıldak palaz ve tombul olmakla birlikte diğer çeşitlerle de yetiştiricilik yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışma Ordu ili Fatsa
(300 m), İkizce (590 m) ve Kumru (400 m) ilçelerinde yaygın olarak yetiştirilen Çakıldak, Palaz ve Tombul fındık
çeşitlerinin meyve özellikleri üzerine rakım ve lokasyon farkının etkisi belirlemek amacı ile 2022-2023 yılları
arasında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada en düşük ortalama kabuklu ve iç meyve ağırlığı, kabuklu meyve ve kabuk
kalınlığı ve iç meyve iriliği değerleri 400 m rakımda yetiştirilen ağaçlardan elde edilirken en yüksek ise 590 m
rakımda yetiştirilen ağaçlardan elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre rakımın çeşitlerin kabuklu ve iç meyve
ağırlığına etkisi çeşitlere göre farklılık göstermiştir. Çakıldak ve Palaz çeşitlerinde yükseltinin artmasıyla birlikte
kabuklu ve iç meyve ağırlığı artarken, Tombul çeşidinde bu değerler azalmıştır. Sonuç olarak Ordu ilinin farklı
rakımlarında yetiştirilen fındık çeşitlerinde bazı meyve kalite özelliklerinin değişkenlik gösterdiği ortaya çıkmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Fındık, Meyve kalitesi özellikleri, Ordu, Rakım.
https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.1451726

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INTRODUCTION
The Hazelnut is known to belong to the genus Corylus of the subfamily Corylaea of the family Betulaceae
of the order Fagales (Ayfer et al., 1986; Özbek, 1978). The best known species name of hazelnut is Corylus
avellana L. The hazelnuts cultivated in our country are called hybrids of Corylus avellana and Corylus maxima.
The Turkish hazelnut is Corylus colurna L. (Marangoz, 1999). It is said that the hazelnut originated in Central Asia,
the Caucasus and Anatolia, and that the eastern Black Sea region is the place where the hazelnut was cultivated
in Anatolia. It is reported that hazelnut shoots were spread by the ancient Greeks from Trabzon to Edremit and
Ayvalık and from there via Andalusia to Italy and to European cities fromthe island of . The hazelnut (Corylus
avellana) is a dwarf, shrub-like, long-lived cultivated plant. In Türkiye, hazelnut growing areas are located
between 40-41º latitude and 37-42º longitude. Within these limits, the most ecologically suitable areas are the
coasts of the Black Sea. Hazelnut cultivation extends 60 km inland from the Black Sea coasts and up to 750 m
altitude (Özbek, 1978; Köksal, 2002). Among the countries where hazelnuts are cultivated, our country is both
important in terms of breeding and rich in genetic resources. The wild hazelnut species are distributed over a
very wide area from Japan to China, Anatolia, Europe and California and Europe is the region where the wild
species have the greatest diversity. Although wild hazelnut species are widespread, the source of crop is the
coastal flora of the eastern Black Sea (Özbek, 1978). One of the basic elements of successful fruit cultivation is
the selection of varieties suitable for the climate and soil conditions (Steiner and Giuliani, 1995). In the Black Sea
region, which has the most suitable ecology for hazelnuts in the world, the highest quality hazelnut varieties in
the word are grown. Since the Black Sea region has hilly and sloping land, hazelnut cultivation is practised at
different altitudes and it has been reported that altitude and planting age cause significant differences in quality
and yield among varieties (Bostan, 1997). Hazelnut is a very important crop in our country and especially in the
Black Sea region, where a large part of the population lives on hazelnut. Therefore, the most important objective
of hazelnut research is to increase yield and quality. The provinces of Ordu, Giresun, Trabzon, Düzce, Sakarya
and Samsun in the Black Sea region, account for 92% of Türkiye's hazelnut production (Demir and Beyhan, 1998).
Türkiye's hazelnut production in 2023 is 650.000 tons (Anonymous, 2023b). The hazelnut production in the world
is 1.195.732 tons. Türkiye is in first place with a production of 765.000 tons, followed by Italy in second place
with a production of 98.670 tons, Azerbaijan in third place with 72.104 tons, and the USA in fourth place with a
production of 70.310 tons (Anonymous, 2023a). The most common hazelnut varieties grown in Ordu province
are Çakıldak and Palaz, but Tombul, Kalınkara and Sivri varieties can also be found (Balık and Beyhan, 2014). It
has been reported that differences in factors such as climatic conditions, cultivar, altitude, location, technical
and cultural treatments alter the morphological and anatomical characteristics of the plants (Koyuncu et al.,
1997; Karadeniz and Kup, 1997; Cordell et al., 1998; Özbucak et al., 2013). It is known that the temperature
decreases by 0.5°C for every 100 meters difference in altitude in the atmosphere. This affects the quality of the
fruit (Eser, 1986; Balcı, 2002). Previous studies have investigated the effects of altitude, orientation, number of
branches, and number of fruits in the nuts on hazelnut quality characteristics of hazelnuts, but the studies on
the effects of different altitudes on fruit quality were insufficient (Faniadis et al., 2010; DiVaio et al., 2013). The
aim of this study was to determine the effects of altitude on some fruit characteristics of hazelnut varieties
Çakıldak, Palaz and Tombul grown at different altitudes (300, 400, 590 m) (Fatsa, Kumru, İkizce) in Ordu province.
MATERIALS and METHODS
Plant Material
This study was carried out to determine the effects of altitude on some fruit characteristics of Çakıldak,
Palaz and Tombul hazelnut cultivars grown at 300, 400 and 590 m altitude in Fatsa, Kumru and İkizce districts of
Ordu province in 2022-2023, Nut and kernel weight (g), nut and kernel (length, width and thickness) (mm), nut
and kernel size (mm), nut shape index, kernel shape index, shell thickness (mm), kernel percentage (%),
percentage of double kernels (%), empty kernel ratio (%), percentage of shriveled kernels (%), percentage of
good kernels (%) and fiberiness were determined. The study was carried out on a total of 90 trees of 3 varieties
at 3 different altitudes, with 10 trees for each variety at each altitude.
Method
Nut and kernel weight (g): Both nuts and kernels were weighed using a digital scale with 0.01 g measurement
accuracy A total of 10 randomly selected nuts were used for nut and kernel weight. (Ayfer et al., 1986; Gülsoy
et al. 2019).

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Nut and kernel (length, width and thickness) (mm): Both the nut and kernel were measured with a digital caliper
(mm) on randomly selected 10 nuts from each fruit. (Ayfer et al., 1986; Gülsoy et al. 2019).
Nut and kernel size (mm): It was determined using the geometric mean of the length (a), width (b) and thickness
(c) values of 10 randomly sampled fruits (Yılmaz, 2005; Gülsoy et al. 2019). Shell and kernel size(mm): = 3√a.b.c
Nut shape index: It was calculated with the following formula by relating the shell length to the average of the
shell width and nut thickness (Semiz, 2016).
Nut shape ındex = nut length / [ (nut width + nut thickness) / 2 ]
Kernel shape index: It was calculated using the following formula by relating kernel length to the average of
kernel width and kernel thickness (Semiz, 2016).
kernel shape ındex = kernel length / [ (kernel width + kernel thickness) / 2 ]
Shell thickness (mm): Shell thickness was measured on 10 randomly collectedfruit samples using a digital caliper
(Ayfer et al., 1986; Gülsoy et al. 2019).
Kernel percentage (%): Kernel percentage is the percentage of kernel weight to nut weight%. Kernel weight
percentage % =kernel weight/ nut weight x100
Percentage of double kernels (%): Pertange of double kernels was calculated based on the number of double
kernels in 10 randomly selected nuts of each fruit.
Empty kernel ratio (%): It was determined by relating the number of empty fruits out of 100 fruits to the total
number of fruits (Gülsoy et al. 2019).
Empty Fruit Ratio (%) = (number of empty fruits / total number of fruits) x 100
Shriveled kernel ratio (%):100 pieces of fruit It was determined by the ratio of the number of shriveled kernel to
the total number of fruits (Gülsoy et al. 2019).
Shriveled kernel ratio = (number of shriveled kernel / total number of fruits) x 100
Good kernel ratio (%): It was determined by relating the number of hard (outer) shell completely filled, flawless
and intact kernel parts of the broken fruits to the total number of fruits (Ayfer et al., 1986; Gülsoy et al. 2019).
Fibrousness: The condition of the brown fibrous tissue on the kernel surface of the hard shell, which remained
adhered to the outer surface of the kernel fruits extracted by breaking the hard shell, was evaluated as
fibrousness. The varieties were evaluated as fibrous and non-fibrous according to the fibrous condition of the
kernel (Ayfer et al., 1986; Gülsoy et al. 2019).
Statistical analysis
Statistical Analyses Descriptive statistics were expressed as mean and standard error. ANOVA analysis
of variance was used to determine if there was a difference between the mean scores of the varieties with
respect tothese traits. Following the analysis of variance, Duncan’s multiple comparison test was used to
determine the differences. The calculations were based on a statistical significance level of 5% and the
calculations were performed using the statistical package IBM SPSS Statistics 22 (Düzgüneş et al., 1987).
Correlation analysis was performed in the IBM SPSS Statistics 22 statistical program to determine the
relationships between the pomological characteristics examined in hazelnuts.
RESULTS and DISCUSSION
According to the results of our study, the lowest average nut weight was found in the Tombul variety
(1.79 g) grown at 400 m altitude, while the highest was found in the Tombul variety (3.01 g) grown at 590 m
altitude. The highest and lowest average nut length values of the varieties were found in Palaz (15.77 mm) and
Tombul (21.59 mm) varieties grown at 590 m altitude,. In the study, the lowest average nut width was recorded
for the Tombul variety (16.99 mm) at 400 m altitude and the highest for the Palaz variety (20.63 mm) at 300 m
altitude. The lowest average nut thickness was found in the Tombul variety at 400 m altitude (15.24 mm) and
the highest in the Tombul variety at 590 m altitude (18.49 mm). In another study conducted at 6 different
altitudes between 10 and 500 m in Giresun province, it was reported that kernel width varied depending on
altitude and that there was a significant negative correlation between altitude and nut thickness in the Tombul
variety (Bostan, 2001). In addition, the shell thickness was determined between the Palaz variety at 400 m
altitude (0.96 mm) and the Tombul variety at 590 m altitude (1.24 mm). The lowest average nut and kernel weight
was determined at 400 m altitude, while the highest values were obtained at 590 m altitude (Table 1).
Table 1. Some Pomological Characteriscs of The Variees (Averages of 2022-2023).

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Variees
Altude
Nut Weight
(g)
Nut Length
(mm)
Nut Width
(mm)
Nut Thickness
(mm)
Shell
Thickness
(mm)
Palaz
Fatsa (300m)
2.57±0.24b
16.14±0.79e
20.63±0.84a
17.66±0.69ab
1.16±0.08abc
Palaz
Kumru (400m)
1.98±0.26de
16.61±0.73e
18.59±0.76bc
15.60±1.41ef
0.96±0.07e
Palaz
İkizce (590m)
2.24±0.26c
15.77±0.73e
19.19±0.81b
17.07±0.82bcd
1.19±0.08ab
Tombul
Fatsa (300m)
2.25±0.12c
17.74±1.11d
18.46±0.54bc
16.48±0.82cde
1.04±0.13de
Tombul
Kumru (400m)
1.79±0.28e
18.47±1.35cd
16.99±0.73d
15.27±1.07f
1.04±0.05de
Tombul
İkizce (590m)
3.01±0.30a
21.59±0.59a
20.41±0.58a
18.49±0.91a
1.24±0.08a
Çakıldak
Fatsa (300m)
2.37±0.21bc
19.15±0.83bc
18.68±0.62b
17.29±1.02bc
1.15±0.07bc
Çakıldak
Kumru (400m)
2.11±0.28cd
19.53±0.77b
17.76±1.68cd
16.13±1.12def
1.05±0.05d
Çakıldak
İkizce (590m)
2.36±0.27bc
19.73±0.67b
18.40±0.74bc
17.29±0.68bc
1.09±0.04cd
Signicance
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
The difference between means denoted by the same letter is not statistically important (p<0.05)
The lowest average kernel weight values of the varieties were recorded for Tombul (0.98 g) at 400 m
altitude and the highest for Tombul (1.61 g) at 590 m altitude. The lowest average kernel fruit width of the tested
varieties was recorded forthe Tombul variety at an altitude of 400 m (11.64 mm) and the highest for the Palaz
variety at an altitude of 300 m (16.36 mm). The lowest and the highest average kernel length was recorded forthe
Palaz (11.10 mm) and the Tombul variety (15.92 mm) at 590 m altitude,. In addition the lowest average kernel
thickness was recorded forthe Tombul variety (11.68 mm) at 400 m altitude and the highest for the Palaz variety
(14.26 mm) at 300 m altitude (Table 2).
Table 2. Some Pomological Characteriscs of The Variees (Averages of 2022-2023).
Varieties
Altitude
Kernel Weight
(g)
Kernel Width
(mm)
Kernel Length
(mm)
Kernel Thickness
(mm)
Palaz
Fatsa (300m)
1.29±0.23bc
16.36±0.74a
11.71±0.65e
14.26±1.23a
Palaz
Kumru (400m)
1.14±0.12cd
14.69±4.01b
12.75±0.59d
13.03±1.13bc
Palaz
İkizce (590m)
1.22±0.06bc
14.99±0.44ab
11.10±1.95e
13.62±0.62ab
Tombul
Fatsa (300m)
1.20±0.19bc
14.36±1.36b
13.50±0.89cd
13.16±1.25bc
Tombul
Kumru (400m)
0.98±0.18d
11.64±0.66c
14.12±1.62bc
11.68±0.98d
Tombul
İkizce (590m)
1.61±0.18a
14.74±0.78b
15.92±0.83a
13.19±0.79bc
Çakıldak
Fatsa (300m)
1.30±0.17bc
14.40±0.86b
15.01±0.88ab
12.90±1.03bc
Çakıldak
Kumru (400m)
1.19±0.17bc
13.73±1.06b
15.64±0.31a
12.46±1.33cd
Çakıldak
İkizce (590m)
1.33±0.07b
14.12±1.09b
15.45±0.85a
13.04±0.77bc
Significance
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
The difference between means denoted by the same letter is not statistically important (p<0.05)
In the study, the lowest average nut size was recorded forthe Tombul variety at an altitude of 400 m
(16.85 mm) and the highest value for the Tombul variety at an altitude of 590 m (20.11 mm). Demir (1997) stated
that Turkish hazelnut varieties are the best quality hazelnut varieties in the world, but the nut size is not high
compared to foreign hazelnut varieties. The lowest average nut shape index was found in Palaz variety (0.84 mm)
at 300 m altitude and the highest in Çakıldak variety at 400 m altitude. In addition the lowest average kernel size
was found in the Palaz variety at 300 m altitude (11.99 mm) and the highest in the Çakıldak variety at 590 m
altitude (14.53 mm). Among investigated the varieties, the lowest mean kernel shape index was observed in the
Palaz variety at 300 m altitude (0.77 mm) and the highest in the Tombul variety at 400 m altitude (1.27 mm). The
lowest average kernel percentage recorded forin the Palaz variety at 300 m altitude (50.48%) and the highest
average kernel percentage for the Palaz variety at 400 m altitude (57.35%) (Table 3).

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Table 3. Some pomological characteriscs of the variees (averages of 2022-2023).
Variees
Altude
Nut Size
(mm)
Nut Shape
Index (%)
Kernel Size
(mm)
Kernel
Shape Index
(%)
Kernel Rao
(%)
Palaz
Fatsa (300m)
18.05±0.48bc
0.84±0.06e
11.99±0.84c
0.77±0.02e
50.48±2.14c
Palaz
Kumru (400m)
16.86±0.64e
0.98±0.05d
13.11±0.51b
0.93±0.15d
57.35±1.78a
Palaz
İkizce (590m)
17.25±0.73de
0.87±0.03e
13.42±0.77ab
0.78±0.04e
54.63±1.23ab
Tombul
Fatsa (300m)
17.53±0.52cd
1.02±0.08cd
13.65±0.86ab
0.98±0.07cd
53.16±2.46bc
Tombul
Kumru (400m)
16.85±0.51e
1.15±0.02a
13.86±0.52ab
1.27±0.34a
54.25±2.90ab
Tombul
İkizce (590m)
20.11±0.62a
1.11±0.06ab
13.97±2.69ab
1.14±0.15ab
53.29±1.85bc
Çakıldak
Fatsa (300m)
18.35±0.62b
1.07±0.11bc
14.05±0.57ab
1.10±0.07bc
54.93±6.45ab
Çakıldak
Kumru (400m)
17.74±0.37cd
1.15±0.05a
14.16±0.32ab
1.21±0.16ab
56.19±4.08ab
Çakıldak
İkizce (590m)
18.44±0.56b
1.11±0.05ab
14.53±0.63a
1.14±0.10ab
56.33±3.50ab
Signicance
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.002
The difference between means denoted by the same letter is not statistically important (p<0.05)
Regarding fibrousness, all varieties (Çakıldak, Palaz and Tombul) were evaluated as non-fibrous. In addition,
no double kernel (twin fruit) was observed in the varieties in terms of double kernel percentage. The. empty
kernel percentage was not observed in all varieties and was determined as 100% full. The proportion of the good
interior was determined as 100% for all varieties. The good kernel ratio was found to be 100% in all varieties.
When the percentage of shriveled kernels of the varieties at different altitudes was examined, all varieties were
good and no shriveled kernels were observed (Table 4).
Table 4. Some Pomological Characteriscs of The Variees (Averages of 2022-2023).
Variees
Altude
Double
Kernel Rao
(%)
Empty Kernel
Rao
(%)
Good
Kernel
Rao (%)
Shriveled
Kernel Rao
(%)
Fibrousness
Palaz
Fatsa (300m)
0
0
100
0
non-brous
Palaz
Kumru (400m)
0
0
100
0
non-brous
Palaz
İkizce (590m)
0
0
100
0
non-brous
Tombul
Fatsa (300m)
0
0
100
0
non-brous
Tombul
Kumru (400m)
0
0
100
0
non-brous
Tombul
İkizce (590m)
0
0
100
0
non-brous
Çakıldak
Fatsa (300m)
0
0
100
0
non-brous
Çakıldak
Kumru (400m)
0
0
100
0
non-brous
Çakıldak
İkizce (590m)
0
0
100
0
non-brous
Comparing the study we conducted withthe studies in the literature; Beyhan (2000) reported that the
nut weights of the hazelnut cultivars Tombul, Palaz, Sivri, Kalınkara, Local Hazelnut and Hanım vary between
1.02- 1.07 g and their kernel rate is between 50.9-53.0%. Islam et al. (2005) conducted a study in Ordu province
between 1999 and 2001 and found that the kernel percentage of the hazelnut varieties Tombul, Palaz, Çakıldak
varied between 43.08% - 65.48%, the nut size between 15.02 - 20.39 mm, the nut weight between 1.37 - 3.64 g,
the shell thickness between 0.69 - 1.56 mm and the kernel weight between 0.76 - 1.75 g. In a study in the
Çarşamba district of Samsun, Semiz (2016) determined the nut weights of hazelnut varieties and types to be 2.14
g (Çakıldak), 1.93 g (Palaz) and 1.89 g (Tombul). In addition, the researcher recorded the shell thickness between
0.74 mm (Kuş Hazelnut-1) and 1.29 mm (Palaz-1) and the kernel weight between 0.79 g (Kuş hazelnut-1) and 1.46
g (Çarşamba Tip-1) and the nut size between 15.08 mm (Giresun Karası-2) and 18.62 mm (Çarşamba Tip-2) and
the kernel size between 11.89 mm (Kuş Hazelnut-1) and 15.86 mm (Giresun Karası-1). Gülsoy et al. (2019), study
in Ordu, in hazelnut cultivars grown in different locations, the average nut weight was between 1.52 g (Çakıldak
-350 m) and 2.92 g (Kara -350 m), kernel weight was between 0.80 g (Sivri -350 m)-1. 47 g (Kara -350 m), kernel
percentage between 46.88% (Sivri -350 m)-55.52% (Çakıldak -350 m), shell thickness between 0.94 mm (Yağlı -
350 m)-1.29 mm (Kara -800 m), nut size between 14.27 mm (Sivri -350 m)-18.67 mm (Kara -350 m). In addition,
they evaluated the varieties in 2 groups as fibrous and non-fibrous in terms of fibrousness. The Çakıldak, Yağlı,
Palaz and Sivri varieties were evaluated as non-fibrous and the Kara variety as fibrous. In a study conducted in

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the Harkköy region in the Karakaya Basin of the Tirebolu district of Giresun province, Karadeniz et al. (2020)
determined the nut weight of the genotypes to be between 1.63-2.40 g, the kernel weight between 0.90-1.18 g,
the kernel percentage between 44.91-56.27%, the shell thickness between 1.12-1.52 mm and nut size between
16.64-17.29 mm. Comparing the data obtained in our study with the studies conducted in previous years, it can
be seen that they are either similar or have better values. It is thought that the difference in similarity or
superiority of the genotypes could be due to both genetic structure and environmental factors. It is known that
the physical and chemical characteristics of fruit species are influenced by factors such as climate and soil
conditions of the region where they are grown, technical and cultural treatments, harvest time, fruit yield and
fruit ripening time (Drogoudi et al., 2009; Caliskan and Polat, 2012). It has been reported that hazelnuts grown
at different altitudes differ from each other in terms of fruit quality factors and that fruit characteristics vary
considerably depending onnutritional conditions and altitude (Karadeniz and Bostan, 2004). In a study conducted
to determine the effects of geographical region and climate on hazelnut yield and variety performance, it was
found that climate and soil characteristics and average yield values vary according to altitude and distance from
the coast (Baldwin et al., 2001).
Figure 1 Correlation graph between pomological characteristics of hazelnut cultivars.
In this study, correlation test was performed to determine the relationship between the pomological
characteristics of hazelnut cultivars and altitude (Figure 1). As a result of correlation test, nut weight showed high
positive correlation with nut width (r=0.69***), nut size (r=0.84***), nut thickness (r=0.75***), kernel weight
(r=0.93***). Moreover, nut length showed a high positive correlation trend with nut size (r=0.67***), nut shape
index (r=0.82***), kernel length (r=0.87***) and kernel shape index (r=0.67***). İn addition nut width showed
a positive correlation trend with nut size (r=0.62***), nut thickness (r=0.56***), Kernel width (r=0.58***), while
it showed a low negative correlation trend with nut shape index (r=-0.55***), kernel shape index (r=-0.44***)
and kernel ratio (r=-0.26*). Besides nut size tended to be positively correlated with nut thickness (r=0.79***),
shell thickness (r=0.51***), kernel weight (r=0.76***), kernel size (r=0.49***). Nut thickness tended to be
positively correlated with kernel thickness (r=0.53***), kernel weight (r=0.65***), kernel thickness (r=0.60***),
kernel size (r=0.44***), while nut shape index (r=-0.32**) tended to be negatively correlated with kernel shape
index (r=-0.27**). Moreover, nut shape index tended to be positively correlated with kernel length (r=0.81***)
and Kernel shape index (r=0.82***), while kernel width (r=-0.51***) and kernel thickness (r=-0.55***) were
negatively correlated. Shell thickness was positively correlated with kernel weight (r=0.40***) and negatively
correlated with kernel ratio (r=-0.31**). Kernel weight tends to be positively correlated with kernel thickness
(r=0.64 ***), kernel size (r=0.66*), kernel width (r=0.47 ***). Also kernel width showed positive correlation with
kernel size (r=0.82***), while it showed negative correlation with kernel shape index (r=-0.78 ***). Kernel length

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showed positive correlation with kernel shape index (r=0.73***) and negative correlation with kernel thickness
(r=-0.29**).
CONCLUSION and SUGGESTIONS
Hazelnut cultivation in our country is generally practiced on small plots and in the form of family farms.
Hazelnut cultivation directly or indirectly affects 8 million people in the regions (Karadeniz et al., 2020 For this
reason, hazelnuts are of great importance both for the region where they are grown and for our country. In Ordu
province, many hazelnut varieties can be grown at different altitudes. In the study, the lowest average values for
nut and kernel weight, nut and shell thickness and kernel size were obtained from trees at 400 m altitude, while
the highest values were obtained from trees at 590 m altitude. According to the results, the altitude had a
different effecton the weight of the nuts and kernels depending onthe variety While the weight of nuts and
kernels increased with increasing altitude in Çakıldak and Palaz varieties, these values decreased in Tombul
variety. It was determined that the best values in terms of yield per decare and fruit quality characteristics of
Çakıldak, Palaz and Tombul cultivars were found inorchards at different altitudes in Fatsa, İkizce and Kumru
ecosystems in Ordu province in the orchards at 590 m altitude. It was concluded that the quality parameters may
increase with increasing altitude. However, more reliable results can be obtained by conducting similar studies
consideringmany characteristics such as soil fertility, orientation, variety and cultivation methods in each district.
In this study, differences were found between the fruit characteristics of varieties grown at different altitudes.
However, longer-term and more detailed studies on the effects of altitude on the fruit quality of the varieties
will provide better results.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Acknowledgments: We would like to thank Mevlüt ERTEKİN, Rıdvan BİÇE and Mustafa KURT for their help in
providing materials for this study.
Compliance with Ethical Standards
Conflict of interest All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest
Contribution Rate Statement Summary of Researchers: The authors declare that they have contributed equally
to the article.
AUTHORS’ ORCID NUMBERS
Yakup POLAT http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5831-8199
Ebru KURT http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0072-0879
Buse TAGAY BİCE http://orcid.org/0009-0004-3107-072X
Ferit ÇELİK http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9089-2468
N.Ebru KAFKAS http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3412-5971
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