No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Bleisure in Conferences and Conventions of Hospitality and Tourism Academics
Abstract
This chapter explores the demographic profile, motivations, behaviors, challenges, and recommendations of Filipino tourism and hospitality educators who have engaged in leisure while attending a conference and convention. The results have ramifications for higher education institutions (HEI), conference organizers, and tourism and hospitality service providers. The study suggests policy considerations for HEIs to support the educators' active participation in conferences, conventions, and bleisure activities. The results also provide insights for conference organizers as well as tourism and hospitality service providers in customizing and providing quality and cost-friendly services that are tailored to this specific market's needs, expectations, and preferences.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
The way people travel has been entirely altered by COVID-19. Additionally, past studies reported that tourist behaviour has shifted because of the pandemic. Therefore, tourism management must identify the variables that impact tourists’ decisions to travel during COVID-19. However, the problem arises since research into tourist motivation, behaviour, and intention to travel in Southeast Asia is still scarce. In light of this issue, this study aims to bridge the gap by analysing tourists’ travel intentions during COVID-19 using the theory of planned behaviour broadened with push and pull factors. An online survey among Indonesians was employed to acquire data using judgment sampling. Three hundred sixty-one surveys were completed, and the data were analysed using the PLS-SEM technique. Based on the findings, only one variable had no significant effect on the intention to travel during COVID-19. Besides that, attitude towards a behaviour was the most potent variable affecting a tourist’s decision to travel. Thus, this study contributes both theoretically and practically.
Experimental research is a study that strictly adheres to a scientific research design. It includes a hypothesis, a variable that can be manipulated by the researcher, and variables that can be measured, calculated and compared. Most importantly, experimental research is completed in a controlled environment. Exploratory research is a study that seeks to answer a question or address a phenomenon. The nature of the entity being studied does not allow a variable to be manipulated by the researcher, it cannot be completed in a controlled environment, or most likely, the researcher can’t determine all the influences on the entity, therefore a more exploratory look at the topic is more beneficial.
This study aims to synthesize knowledge on the travel behavior of millennials and older adults based on literature from 2010 to 2018. The study looks into the different factors that contributed to shaping each generation’s travel behavior. Both qualitative and quantitative studies that fall within the selection criteria are reviewed, with a total of seventy-eight studies selected for review. Thirty-four papers focused on young adults/millennials, 35 included an older adult population, and 9 investigated both younger and older age groups. Six of the studies utilized qualitative methods, 68 applied quantitative methods, and 4 used mixed methods to explore the factors associated with travel behavior. Travel behaviors are explored in terms of mode choice, trip distance, trip frequency, use of alternative transport, ridesharing, and mobility tool ownership. Associated factors are categorized into five themes: personal attributes, geography and built environment, living arrangements and family life, technology adoption, and perceptions and attitudes towards travel options and environment. This study concludes that difference exists between generations in terms of travel behavior, and that the factors that influence each generation’s travel characteristics are either different or differ in their nature of influence (increase/decrease). Finally, based on the reviewed literature, this study proposes future research directions.
In this section, the concept of postmodernism, the phenomenon of postmodern consumption, the concept of postmodern consumer, postmodern tourism, and the concept of post-tourist are aimed to be informed and a general evaluation is made about these concepts.
The tourism industry has received increasing attention as it has become one of the fastest developing business sectors around the world. Service quality in tourism has come to be regarded as an important impetus for economic growth; however, the focus on tourism service quality has not yet been satisfactorily or comprehensively reviewed. Therefore, we conducted a systematic literature review combining bibliometric, citation network and keyword network analysis. We selected the top five tourism journals from the SCOPUS database and then collected papers according to their keywords. Our results revealed the critical issues, topics, and changes over time regarding research on tourism service quality. The critical issues included the important impact of service quality on tourist behavior and service quality evaluation, and topics comprised (1) tourist satisfaction, (2) sustainable issues in tourism, (3) value of service quality for customers, (4) restaurant service quality, (5) customers’ perceptions of tourism, (6) service quality evaluation in tourism, and (7) service quality’s influence on customer behavior. Furthermore, the keyword network analysis results revealed the most influential keywords.
Work, leisure and sleep are the three core cyclical activities in our society. In the past work was distinct from non-work time, in fact ‘the 8-hour work, 8-hour leisure, 8-hour sleep day’ was at the very heart of past worker movements. So, the blur between work and leisure is a postmodern trend which has impacted the way we travel. This change is mainly due to the advances of technology, which have made work outside the workplace a reality even during holiday. Consequently, a hybrid tourism product called workcation has emerged and challenges the traditional concept of tourism. Both the theory and the practice of this phenomenon are in the focus of this research. Due to the lack of the tourism-focused theorization, the related literature is multidisciplinary and eclectic; therefore, this study takes a similar approach while embedding the topic into the tourism theory. The starting point is the change in work and leisure relationship, followed by the impact of technological advances on the work. Then I also formulate a tourism-focused workcation concept. For the empirical research an online survey was conducted with 340 participants. Based on the multidisciplinary literature and the result of my empirical research six types of workcation tourists were identified and described. Finally, a specific segment of workcation tourists is singled out as an attractive market for strategists and marketers planning sustainable tourism.
Purpose – Current study is an attempt to look into the various theoretical concepts/ theories that help to understand what motivates individuals, especially young people, to travel and which are the practical implications of the analysed theories. In particular, we chose Maslow’s Theory of Needs to analyse youth travel motivations.
Research Design – The study draws its base from two streams of literature, one being associated with motivations and the other dealing with the question of how motivations can influence travelling patterns of an individual. The literature review was done extensively and articles published in the domain of tourist motivations and related areas were traced and reviewed.
Findings – Our analysis of youth tourism centred on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and confirmed its validity as an explanation of the most important youth travellers’ motivations. The results also indicate that, due to recent technological developments affecting societies and young tourists’behaviours – especially those of Millennials – new needs have emerged, which are discussed in detail.
Research Limitations – The research has been carried out in light of the available literature and it fails to address empirical evidence. Also, the analysis of youth tourism needs to be extended to other motivation theories as those which are presented in this work.
This study meta-analytically examined theoretically derived antecedents of both directions of work-family enrichment (sometimes labeled facilitation or positive spillover), namely work-to-family enrichment (WFE) and family-to-work enrichment (FWE). Contextual and personal characteristics specific to each domain were examined. Resource-providing (e.g., social support, work autonomy) and resource-depleting (e.g., role overload) contextual characteristics were considered. Domain-specific personal characteristics included the individuals’ psychological involvement in each domain, the centrality of each domain, and work engagement. Results based on 767 correlations from 171 independent studies published between 1990 and 2016 indicate that several contextual and personal characteristics have significant relationships with enrichment. While those associated with work tend to have stronger relationships with WFE and those associated with family tend to have stronger relationships with FWE, several antecedent variables have significant relationships with both directions of enrichment. Resource-providing contextual characteristics tend to have stronger relationships with enrichment than do resource-depleting characteristics. There was very little evidence of gender being a moderator of relationships between contextual characteristics and enrichment. Lastly, meta-analytic structural equation modeling provided evidence that a theoretical path model wherein work engagement mediates between several contextual characteristics and enrichment is largely generalizable across populations.
The current study develops a theoretical model of the effect of memorable tourism experiences (MTEs) on behavioral intentions by examining the structural relationships between destination image (DI), tourist satisfaction, revisit intention, and word-of-mouth (WOM) publicity. The results show that MTEs influence future behavioral intentions both directly and indirectly through DI and tourist satisfaction. Moreover, MTEs are found to be the most influential determinant of behavioral intentions. Thus, the results challenge those practitioners and researchers who perceive visitor satisfaction to be the most important indicator of destination performance. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed based on the study results, and directions for future research are provided.
The theme of motivation in travel and tourism research has been largely dominated by a leisure focus and has consequently failed to reflect the changing landscape of business travel. This paper focusses on exploring the motivations of different types of 'bleisure travelers': individuals who combine leisure with professional business obligations when abroad. We employ a multidisciplinary mixed-methods approach, using photo-elicitation to identify and describe five types of bleisure. As existing theories of tourist motivations have mainly been developed in a leisure context, they fail to fully capture the nuanced scope and subtle context of business and leisure motives. We therefore draw upon experiential learning, boundary-less career theory, expectancy theory and social capital theory in order to put forward contemporary insights on the nexus between business and leisure tourism. 3 Bleisure: Motivations and Typologies (title)
Self-determination theory (SDT) is a broad theory of human personality and motivation concerned with how the individual interacts with and depends on the social environment. SDT defines intrinsic and several types of extrinsic motivation and outlines how these motivations influence sit-uational responses in different domains, as well as social and cognitive development and personality. SDT is centered on the basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness and their necessary role in self-determined motivation, well-being, and growth. Finally, SDT describes the critical impact of the social and cultural context in either facilitating or thwarting people's basic psychological needs, perceived sense of self-direction, performance, and well-being.
Social network theory focuses on the role of social relationships in transmitting information, channeling personal or media influence, and enabling attitudinal or behavioral change. Since the 1960s, social network theory has significantly expanded the horizon of media effects research, with increasing application of network analytic methods in various empirical contexts. The two-step flow of communication hypothesis, the theory of weak ties, and the theory of diffusion of innovations are three major theoretical approaches that integrate network concepts in understanding the flow of mediated information and its effects.
Self-determination theory (SDT) is a macro theory of human motivation that evolved from research on intrinsic and extrinsic motivations and expanded to include research on work organizations and other domains of life. We discuss SDT research relevant to the workplace, focusing on (a) the distinction between autonomous motivation (i.e., intrinsic motivation and fully internalized extrinsic motivation) and controlled motivation (i.e., externally and internally controlled extrinsic motivation), as well as (b) the postulate that all employees have three basic psychological needs—for competence, autonomy, and relatedness—the satisfaction of which promotes autonomous motivation, high-quality performance, and wellness. Research in work organizations has tended to take the perspectives of either the employees (i.e., their well-being) or the owners (i.e., their profits). SDT provides the concepts that guide the creation of policies, practices, and environments that promote both wellness and high-quality performance. We examine the relations of SDT to transformational leadership, job characteristics, justice, and compensation approaches. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior Volume 4 is March 21, 2017. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Conference travel tends to be perceived as a functional activity for professional gatherings rather than leisure. Yet, there is potential for including leisure in this type of travel especially when being ‘accompanied' by a significant other. Literature has been limited on the topic but relevant studies have illustrated how conference travel can become couple leisure with the presence of an accompanying partner. This paper aims to explore accompanying partners’ conference travel experiences, particularly how conference travel fulfils the purpose of a couple's leisure. An interpretative phenomenological analysis approach is used to uncover the meanings of accompanying partners’ travel experiences from their perspective. The findings illustrate that conference travel can facilitate the pursuit of personal interests allowing opportunities for serendipity and increased intimacy in the couple's relationship compared to traditional family holiday travel. We call for further research on the lived experience of both attendees and accompanying partners travelling to conference, the gendered nature of accompanying partners’ experiences and relational issues in tourism and leisure.
Self-determination theory (SDT) conceptualizes basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness as innate and essential for ongoing psychological growth, internalization, and well-being. We broadly review the literature on basic psychological need satisfaction at work with three more specific aims: to test SDT’s requirement that each basic psychological need should uniquely predict psychological growth, internalization, and well-being; to test whether use of an overall need satisfaction measure is appropriate; and to test whether the scale used to assess basic psychological needs influenced our results. To this end, we conducted a meta-analytic review of 99 studies with 119 distinct samples examining the antecedents and consequences of basic need satisfaction. We conclude with recommendations for addressing issues arising from our review and also identify points for future research, including the study of need frustration and culture, integrating the basic needs with other motivation theories, and a caution regarding the measures and methods used.
The effect-recovery theory (Meijman and Mulder 1998) and the conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll 1998) suggest that taking a leisure trip provides opportunities for relaxation, detachment from work, mastery experience, and personal control. This research examined the role of tourism experiences as a stress reliever, particularly focusing on the underlying psychological experiences associated with recovery. Further, this research examined how these recovery experiences during a leisure trip influence perceived life satisfaction after the trip. It was found that all four dimensions of tourism recovery experiences had positive effects on life satisfaction. The results also revealed that even a weekend getaway can help people to recover from work stress, while longer trips provide more opportunities for recovery experiences.
In this conceptual article we examine the interrelationships between two fields of study, specifically the real and potential contributions of leisure studies to event studies. Furthermore, we consider the evolution of the two fields, philosophical discourses and theories associated with both. Epistemologically, both event and leisure studies have drawn heavily from the same foundation disciplines when focusing on motivation, experience, and benefits. Ontologically, event studies seeks to develop distinct concepts that differentiate planned event experiences and the meanings attached to them, but there are definitely shared areas of knowledge with leisure studies. Specific leisure philosophies, and theories are examined as to their current and potential application within event studies, and insights are provided about how these two closely related fields can cooperate in the future for their mutual benefit.
This study explores the emerging concept of “bleisure”-the integration of business and leisure- within the context of interactive events, focusing particularly on the role of gamification and provides bibliometric trends in transforming attendee participation. Leveraging the TCCM and using PRISMA technique, the research provides a comprehensive analysis of current literature, offering theoretical insights and practical implications for event organizers. The findings reveal that gamification significantly enhances attendee engagement by introducing elements of competition, reward, and play, thereby creating more memorable and enjoyable experiences. Bibliometric trends indicate a growing interest in interdisciplinary approaches to bleisure events, highlighting the integration of technology, psychology, and business studies. By synthesizing these insights, the study provides a roadmap for future research and practical applications, suggesting that the strategic incorporation of gamification and attention to bibliometric trends can substantially elevate the impact of bleisure events.
Flexwork—flexible work arrangements that depart from the standard in-office, nine-to-five schedule—has become a staple in the post-pandemic era. The inherent flexibility of place and time in flexwork has significant implications for the travel and tourism sectors. This flexibility gives rise to adaptable travel/tourism arrangements, further blurring the boundaries between work and travel/tourism. Consequently, it creates a potential state where productivity and leisure are seamlessly interwoven. A theoretical framework is developed to encapsulate the temporality, spatiality, and liminality of this flexwork–flextravel state. This conceptualization, as a response to the increasingly indistinct demarcation of time¬–space dimensions and work–travel domains, carries implications for emerging travel patterns and the potential transformation of tourism landscapes and travel-related activities.
Unlabelled:
The current COVID-19 outbreak has duly influenced tourists' psychology and subsequently their behavior and decision making to participate in outdoor activities. The purpose of this paper is to illuminate tourists' motivations, perceived constraints, and negotiation strategies to participate in outdoor recreation trips, within the current COVID-19 context. To explore and categorize motivating factors, constraints, and negotiation strategies, we employed a qualitative approach via semi-structured online focus group discussion with 16 tourists (mostly residents of Utah, United States) during late summer 2020. First, COVID-19 related restrictions and fewer opportunities to go outdoors were found to encourage outdoor recreation, for novelty-seeking and experiencing normalcy. Through content analysis, we found that tourists experience a blend of personal, social, practical, and ethical constraints. Additionally, we identified how tourists negotiate their constraints through different ways: by extensive planning and information searching, avoiding crowds, and changing leisure aspirations. Finally, we discuss theoretical and managerial implications of the study, followed by recommendations for future research.
Management implications:
Understanding of tourists' motivations, constraints, and negotiation strategies-relevant to outdoor recreation trips-provides several managerial implications to destination managers and marketers, as outlined below:•Lack of centralized and reliable information was frequently cited as a constraint in the focus group discussions. In order to provide adequate and timely information to potential participations, we proposed a novel website template including details about information to be presented.•As our study sheds light on tourists' companionship preferences, activity choice, and evaluation of a destination's COVID-related operational practices, we propose several advertising strategies and destination operational guidelines to attract tourists.
Millennials’ automobility preferences and choices have attracted widespread attention from academia, policy makers, and business industries. Existing studies, however, have reported mixed findings on whether Millennials differ from their predecessor generations, leading to contradictory conclusions drawn for transportation planning and policy recommendations. This study utilized eight U.S. national travel surveys to construct a panel data that covers a continuous range of ages for persons five years and older for Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Millennials. With this unique dataset, the study performed analyses on the trend of daily vehicle miles traveled (VMT) by an average person from each generation and its subgroups. The study found that Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Millennials shared a three-phased trending pattern of VMT over the life course but exhibited varying levels of daily VMT in different life stages. During adulthood, Millennials have kept their daily VMT consistently lower than that of Generation X by about 3 VMT, or 8%, whereas the younger group of Baby Boomers outdrove the older Millennials at age 28 and after by about 3.5 VMT, or 9% daily. When each generation is considered over its life course, peak-level daily VMT tends to occur at earlier ages for each successive generation. From the multi-level modeling of daily VMT, the study identified generation-related group effects and estimated VMT elasticities with respect to person age, driving licensure, vehicle ownership, household size, and gasoline price-adjusted income. The study’s findings on the direction and size of VMT influences associated with the five planning or policy variables did not support the speculation that Millennials would match or surpass Baby Boomers and Generation X in their future daily VMT trajectory. Public policies should be designed to nurture the shifting trend of reduced automobility from the older to the younger generations.
This book provides in-depth empirical reports on specific topics within five general areas of tourism management and marketing: (1) scanning and sense making; (2) planning; (3) implementing; (4) evaluating actions/process and performance outcomes; and (5) administering. Offering descriptions, tools and examples of tourism management decision making, the book is useful for students in tourism and management and for tourism executives. It has 27 chapters and a subject index.
This study investigates the motivation configuration of bluxury tourism behavior. According to complexity theory and push and pull motivation theory, we establish a framework of complex configuration conditions, including push forces, pull forces, and constraints that lead to bluxury tourism. Based on fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, we identified seven main motivation configurations of bluxury tourism behavior covering three core factors: physical factors, seeking/exploration in push forces, and intangible factors in pull forces. In addition, combinations of constraints in the configuration demonstrate various paths leading to bluxury tourism behavior. These findings provide unique insight into bluxury tourism participation.
The combination of business and leisure into one trip – bleisure – is becoming popular. This segment has received a strong boost, especially from Millennials. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the bleisure tourism phenomena and the potential for this business-leisure symbiosis in Porto. A mixed-method approach was adopted through a Delphi technique to explore tourism stakeholder’s perceptions concerning both the city’s opportunities and strategies that should be followed to boost the bleisure tourism sector. The assets identified as very important for the development of bleisure tourism in the city were unique gastronomy, good wines, the historical center and local people’s hospitality. Nevertheless, improve human resource qualification, increase flight connections, enhance local heritage and urban regeneration and fostering collaboration networks between local stakeholders are strategic actions that merit more attention. Many studies have been conducted from the perspective of business tourism activities and impacts; few have been conducted from the bleisure tourism perspective and none have been conducted from the perspective of bleisure tourism in the city of Porto. This work represents the first attempt to elicit experts’ opinions about the potential of Porto to develop the bleisure tourism segment. This study aims to contribute to better understanding how destinations can take advantage of this niche segment of the tourism market, which kind of touristic assets can be valued and which specific destination attributes should be considered.
The purpose of the current paper is to review the implementations of the theory of planned behavior (TPB), as one of the most widely used social-psychological model in the literature, in terms of feasibility, testability, methodological suitability, and validity within in the framework of tourism, leisure and hospitality management (TLHM). Based on a comprehensive review of TLHM literature, the search returned a total of 1559 full-text articles. After applying the criteria for selection without a specified period, a total of 259 publications from 98 high-impact journals indexed in SSCI, SCI, and ESCI using Scopus CiteScore metrics were included to be reviewed. Unlike previous studies, the current study contributes to the existing literature by conducting a systematic review of the TPB literature with a holistic view and providing up-to-date research findings in the field. The results of the study suggested the following conclusions: (i) TPB, which has widely been extended to different contexts in TLHM literature recently, differs from most social psychology theories in terms of feasibility; (ii) the theory mainly covers consumer behavior and there are few studies addressing managerial or employee-related issues, (iii) the previous studies seem to be dominated by the survey-based methods posing various limitations in practice. Limitations and future directions of the current study are discussed.
With the blurring of the boundaries between business and leisure tourism, Bleisure tourism has recently become popular. This study develops a Bleisure tourism experience chain and examines how Bleisure marketing practices are created to encourage business travelers to have better experiences and spend more money, beyond business events. To this end, a case study was conducted in Japan's capital region. The results showed that local convention bureaus and exhibition centers develop a variety of marketing programs in the hope of stimulating extra spending by business travelers, which have been yet arbitrarily delivered. Accordingly, a Bleisure marketing scheme was suggested.
This research note aims to explore hospitality faculty member perceptions on the purpose of faculty development while bringing increased awareness to the overall significance of educational development to the hospitality education discipline. The study examines the three dimensions of faculty development – faculty development, instructional development, and organizational development, in the context of data collected from a survey of hospitality management faculty members at one international hospitality management school in Switzerland. Analysis of the initial findings indicates that these faculty members view faculty development in the more traditional sense as a resource for supporting their teaching activities opposed to a strategic change agent within the institution. Areas for future research include expansion of the study to multiple institutions, the consideration of the needs of industry-centric and traditional academic faculty members, and shifting perspectives of stakeholders within the three dimensions of faculty development.
This paper reports on the motives and barriers to association conference attendance. Anecdotal evidence suggests that academics are facing increasingly constrained budgets for conference attendance. This paper seeks to confirm if this is indeed the case in reference to data drawn from an Australasian academic tourism and hospitality conference. The paper contributes to the growing body of literature on conference attendance motivations and supplements the lesser body of work on conference attendance barriers. The findings suggest that the delegates sampled were indeed receiving less support to attend conferences and this variously affected the prominence given to some motives and barriers for association conference attendance, with the motives more salient than the barriers in determining attendance. The paper concludes in proposing a research agenda aimed at ensuring the personal and professional benefits of attending academic association conferences continue into the foreseeable future.
This research note incorporates stress process theory to explore what stress-coping strategies have been adopted by business travelers. The results indicate that travel competence, social support, and destination activities, are three key components of the coping strategies business travelers utilize to decrease their stress on the road. Also, this study indicates that healthy menus, in-room amenities (i.e., technology, a temperature control panel, and quality of bedding and bath amenities), and convenience (i.e., distance to business sites/airport and hotel services) were considered important hotel attributes that help business travelers overcome travel-related stress. This study took an initial attempt to explore business travelers’ coping strategies used to combat travel-related stress. Since the need of understanding business travelers’ well-being and work–life balance has been increasing, this study could contribute to the limited research related to business travelers’ stress and bring suggestions for corporate travel policies and programs, as well as travel satisfaction. Consequently, this study broaches the subject of business travelers’ stress and implications for hospitality service providers.
This study explores residents’ identity as a possible predictor of their perceptions of the impacts of tourism as well as their support for its development in Jamaica. The study uses three measures of residents’ identity, namely: gender identity in terms of masculinity and feminine traits, cultural identity in terms of norms, values and practices and occupational identity as it pertains to occupations that are related and unrelated to tourism. The study also investigates the possible relationship between tourism impacts and residents’ support for tourism development. Identity theory is used as the theoretical framework for the research as it provides plausible explanations pertaining to the influence of an individual’s identity on their attitude and behaviour. Multiple regression analyses examine the relationships among the variables. Results indicate that perceptions of the positive and negative impacts as well as femininity and occupational identities predict residents’ support. Cultural identity predicts the positive impacts of tourism development and occupational identity predicts both the positive and negative impacts. The main theoretical contribution of the study emerges from the examination of three dimensions of resident identity as possible explanatory variables for tourism development in an island destination that is highly dependent on the tourism economy.
This study examines the relationships between brand evidence, brand hearsay, brand distinctiveness, and brand citizenship behavior. The study identifies the crucial factors of brand evidence and brand hearsay they induce customer brand distinctiveness perception. It also investigates whether brand distinctiveness influences brand citizenship behavior. A self-administered survey was conducted with visitors (n=226) to the Busan Exhibition and Convention Center (BEXCO) in South Korea. The results demonstrate that five components of brand evidence and two components of brand hearsay have significant influence on brand distinctiveness, while one component of brand hearsay, namely publicity, has no significant influence on brand distinctiveness. In addition, brand distinctiveness has a substantial influence on brand citizenship behavior. The results of this study contribute insights into the effect of each component of brand evidence and brand hearsay on brand citizenship behavior mediated by brand distinctiveness.
In this article we reviewed research on leisure motivation. We started with a brief review of the history of leisure motivation and then reviewed research on leisure motivation scales and leisure constraints negotiation. Next, we considered the relationship between leisure motivation and culture in terms of cultural, self-construals, and cross-cultural factors. In this review we found that, developmentally, the study of leisure motivation is at a point of coming of age. Finally, we highlighted critical challenges future researchers will face, including understanding leisure motivation within the context of an individual's experience, investigating the complex relationships between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and studying the relationships between leisure motivation and other factors that affect participation.
Chappel and Lane (1998)5.
Chappel, J., & Lane, D. (1998, June). Cultural dimensions of hospitality service provision. Paper presented at the Tourism and Hotel Industry in Indo-China & Southeast Asia: Development, Marketing, and Sustainability Third International Conference. http://www.hotelonline.com/Trends/AsiaPacifJournal/July98_HospitalityService.html (http://www.hotelonline.com/Trends/AsiaPacifJournal/July98_HospitalityService.html) (Accessed: 7 December 2008). View all references stated that one of the critical components of education is meeting the changing needs of industry and engaging all stakeholders in making a commitment to service quality. The key functional aspect is qualified teaching staff, the primary facilitators of educational services. It can be argued that in the literature that focuses on hospitality and tourism education there has been insufficient concern with hospitality and tourism educators; that is, with the teachers themselves (Pearce, 200722.
Pearce , P. L. 2007. Asian tourism educators: Views of their employment and possibilities for interaction with industry. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 7(1): 63–76. [Taylor & Francis Online]View all references). Faculty appears to be the missing ingredient in hospitality and tourism education research. The context for the discussion presented herein is the hospitality and tourism teaching faculty within the university/college sector in mainland China. The authors view these faculty members as educational service providers; hence, the service theory can be applied to the education sector. In-depth interviews with faculty members/students have been carried out in support of this study. The results demonstrate that the service features of tourism education require teachers to have a strong service consciousness. This study highlights the need for hospitality and tourism education to incorporate insights from the student perspective because the student is the primary consumer of such education. Furthermore, faculty members require supplementary and ongoing familiarization with the practical aspects of this industry in addition to their fundamental teaching qualifications. This study applies the concepts of service to analyze hospitality and tourism education provision, elaborates on the status and responsibilities of tourism faculty, provides a theoretical model to measure quality teaching faculty, and offers suggestions for upgrading the relevant qualifications of teaching staff with a view to further enhancing their ability to provide quality tourism education in China. Chappel and Lane (1998) 指出，教育若要跟上业界不断变化的需求，其中的关键就是整合所有的利益相关者确保服务质量。其中，起决定性作用的就是合格师资—教育服务的推进者。遗憾的是，旅游教育的研究文献对旅游教育者即教师本身的关注是很不够的 (Pearce, 200722.
Pearce , P. L. 2007. Asian tourism educators: Views of their employment and possibilities for interaction with industry. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 7(1): 63–76. [Taylor & Francis Online]View all references)，有关师资的研究显然是旅游教育研究的忽视部分。本研究主要针对中国国内的旅游高等教育师资，基于旅游教师作为教育服务提供者的视角，将服务理论应用到教育研究。在理论分析的基础上，对旅游教师和学生分别进行了深入访谈。研究发现，旅游教育的服务性特征要求从事旅游教育的教师有强烈的服务意识，再者，旅游教师除了满足基本的教学资格外，应该需要来自业界实践的知识与经验，师资建设需要与业界交流、合作。文章将服务相关概念引入旅游教育中来，阐述了旅游教师在旅游教育中的地位和职责，提出了衡量教师资质的理论模型，并就如何提升旅游教师资质提供了相关建议，以期有望提升中国旅游教育质量。
Recreational travel is a psychological experience. Therefore, recreational travel involves an individual traveler's subjective perception of an actual or imagined activity in which he or she participates at a given time. In order to serve effectively recreation travelers at their destinations, it is essential for an agency dealing in recreation at the destinations to understand the psychological forces and factors that motivate and satisfy individual travelers.
This article identifies the benefits to be gained when convention delegates engage in tourism and recreational activities at destinations by extending their trips and/or bringing guests. The key factors contributing to the decision of whether or not to extend the trip and bring a guest are reviewed, and a number of research questions are identified. Finally, a number of suggestions are made to illustrate how convention and tourism professionals can help stimulate the extenders and delegates' guests markets.
Dann, Graham M. S., Tourist Motivation: An Appraisal. Annals of Tourism Research 1981, VIII(2):187–219. Tourist motivation has been treated in a number of ways by researchers. This essay surveys the recent literature and highlights seven different, though sometimes interdependent, uses of the expression. The paper also examines various allied terms, often employed as synonyms for tourist motivation, pointing out areas of similarity and difference. Explanation for lack of consensus over definition is attributed to multidisciplinary of treatment and plurality of theoretical perspective within a given discipline. In order to overcome some of the above difficulties, a description of the phenomenon is offered. Finally a methodological problem is investigated which deals with the unwillingness or inability of tourists to disclose their motivation to researchers.RésuméDann, Graham M.S., “La Motivation touristique: Une Evaluation.” Annals of Tourism Research 1981, VIII(2):187–219. Les chercheurs ont traité le thème de la “motivation touristique” de bien des façons. Cet essai met à l'étude la littérature récente et souligne sept usages différents, mais quelquefois interdependents, de cette expression. L'article examine aussi les divers termes analogues, souvent utilisés comme synonymes pour la motivation touristique, en indicant les similarités et les differénces. Le manque d'accord quant à la définition est attribué au traitement multidisciplinaire et à la pluralité théorique en ce qui concerne une discipline spécifique. Pour surmonter les difficultés qui se présentent, comme mentionné ci-dessus, on fait une description détaillée du phénomène. Finalement on examine un problème méthodologique concernant la répugnance ou l'impuissance des touristes pour révéler leur motivation aux chercheurs.
Looking Ahead: Bleisure travel extended stay: secondary markets prove fruitful for an industry on the rebound
- A Akkam
HVS Monday Musings: Bleisure Travel is Back in Business
- . M Lambas
- Mohand
- S. M.Lamba
Phoenix: Bleisure drives hotel development.
- Hertzfelde
- E.Hertzfeld
Profile and Determinants of the Middle-Income Class of the Philippines. Discussion paper s.n.2018-20. Philippine Institute for Development Studies
- J R Albert
- A G Santos
- J F Vizmanos
What Is Bleisure Travel, And How Is It Transforming The Hospitality Industry? Forbes
- B Morgan
Here is What Makes You Poor, Middle Class, or Rich in the Philippines. Philippine Institute for Development Studies
- P Chua
1 (2024)Bleisure Travel Reimagined: Implications for Research
- I O Ezeuduji
Bleisure: Blurring the boundaries between work and leisure. (cover story).
- Yixin