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859
(Wijayanto &Prabowo , 2020)
Peterson, Park, and Seligman 2005
860
Risky cybersecurity behavior and its relationship to happiness
orientation among university students
Raghad Shakir Jassim
College of Pharmacy / Al- Al-Mustansiriyah University
Abstract
The world today lives in an advanced digital environment, where ICT
is present in every aspect of modern life. With increasing reliance on
the Internet and digital technology, we are exposed to cybersecurity
risks.
The current research aims to identify: 1. Risky cybersecurity behavior
among university students.
2. Orientation towards happiness among university students.
3. The statistically significant relationship between risky cybersecurity
behavior and the orientation toward happiness among university
students.
4. Significance: The difference in the relationship between risky
cybersecurity behavior and orientation toward happiness among
university students according to the gender variable.
To achieve the aims of this research, the researcher adopted the
Risky Cybersecurity Behavior Scale of (Wijayanto & Prabowo, 2020),
consisting of (20 items) and a six-point scale, and the Happiness
Orientation Scale of (Peterson, Park, and Seligman 2005), consisting of
(18 items) and a five-point scale. After verifying the psychometric
properties, validity of translation, and adapting the tools to the Iraqi
environment, the following results were reached:
- The research sample does not have risky cybersecurity behavior.
- The research sample has an orientation towards happiness.
- There is a statistically significant inverse relationship between risky
cybersecurity behavior and orientation toward happiness.
861
- There are differences in the correlation between risky cybersecurity
behavior and orientation toward happiness according to gender and in
favor of males.
Keywords: Risky cybersecurity behavior, Orientation toward
happiness
(Dawson & Thomson, 2018: 58-62)
(Beyer & Brummel,
2015:67)
862
.
Lyubomirsky et al., 2005: 111-113
Huta &
Ryan, 2010: 740
IT
Valcour & Hunter, 2005
Valcour & Hunter, 2005: 89
863
Zhuang, 2020: 17
Wijayanto & Prabowo, 2020
RScB)
Howard, 2018
Tkach &
Lyubomirsky, 2006
Tkach & Lyubomirsky, 2006: 39
Lyubomirsky & Schkade, Sheldon
2005
Lyubomirsky,
King, & Diener, 2005
Ross, 2016OTH
864
Park et al.,
2009Peterson et al
2005
Risky Cybersecurity Behaviors
Wijayanto & Prabowo 2020
Wijayanto & Prabowo, 2020: 395
Wijayanto & Prabowo, 2020
865
Orientations to Happiness
Peterson et al. ,2005
Peterson et
al. ,2005: 26
Peterson et al. ,2005)
Risky Cybersecurity Behaviors
Ajzen 1991TPB
Ajzen 1991
:
:Attitudes
.
:Subjective Norms
866
Ajzen, 1991: 179-181
Perceived Behavioral
Taylor & Todd, 1995: 563
Orientations to Happiness
Seligman 2002
Seligman, 2002: 87
Csikszentmihalyi,
1990
Peterson and
Seligman, 2004: 92
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868
Wijayanto & Prabowo, 2020
Peterson, Park, and Seligman 2005
18
t-test
0.05
0.05
1
1.59
1.680
0.39
0.836
6.623
11
3.31
0.916
1.43
1.202
12.930
2
2.65
1.506
1.56
1.596
5.174
12
2.48
1.568
0.80
1.406
8.317
3
2.81
1.271
1.66
1.613
5.810
13
3.12
1.358
0.82
1.057
13.862
4
2.69
1.488
1.65
1.292
5.518
14
2.94
1.426
1.31
1.539
8.072
5
2.56
1.461
0.69
1.133
10.564
15
2.62
1.557
0.72
1.049
10.508
869
1.960214
1
0.354
6
0.421
11
0.240
16
0.389
2
0.326
7
0.289
12
0.400
17
0.306
3
0.275
8
0.446
13
0.514
18
0.515
4
0.324
9
0.416
14
0.450
19
0.331
5
0.494
10
0.347
15
0.462
20
0.486
1
0.273
6
0.376
11
0.374
16
0.381
2
0.412
7
0.522
12
0.284
17
0.425
3
0.328
8
0.434
13
0.393
18
0.372
4
0.415
9
0.436
14
0.287
5
0.289
10
0.417
15
0.366
0.01
3980.115
6
3.17
1.322
1.51
1.463
8.736
16
2.47
1.931
0.64
1.148
8.482
7
2.65
1.608
2.08
1.613
2.578
17
3.10
1.289
1.69
1.706
6.886
8
2.17
1.444
0.69
1.080
8.485
18
3.46
1.010
2.21
1.330
7.779
9
2.49
1.488
0.90
1.168
8.749
19
2.67
1.669
1.24
1.761
6.108
10
2.68
1.393
1.56
1.225
6.276
20
3.80
1.123
2.08
1.321
10.309
0.05
0.05
1
4.16
0.987
1.81
1.239
15.365
10
3.23
1.280
2.08
1.261
6.641
2
4.11
1.171
2.21
0.809
13.859
11
3.71
1.408
2.54
1.155
6.710
3
3.94
1.191
2.14
0.901
12.566
12
4.56
0.812
2.04
1.168
18.472
4
4.30
0.752
1.89
1.008
19.896
13
4.04
0.995
2.40
0.976
12.224
5
3.86
1.234
2.61
1.259
7.368
14
3.58
1.402
2.11
1.113
8.546
6
2.66
1.441
1.88
1.117
4.433
15
3.88
1.266
2.31
1.133
9.574
7
4.04
1.067
2.40
0.927
12.051
16
4.06
1.044
2.25
1.193
11.899
8
4.43
0.929
2.00
1.119
17.331
17
4.25
0.877
2.31
1.091
14.371
9
3.68
1.281
2.36
1.000
8.408
18
4.24
1.110
2.19
1.226
12.859
870
0.01
3980.115
3
0.312
1
0.405
2
0.511
8
0.292
4
0.357
5
0.407
13
0.375
6
0.296
11
0.353
15
0.528
7
0.360
12
0.288
16
0.419
9
0.505
14
0.431
18
0.364
10
0.426
17
0.413
0.01
3980.115
1
0.588
0.618
0.878
1
0.515
0.819
1
0.841
1
Validity of the Scale
871
Construct Validity
Scale Reliability
Test-Retest Method
Lindquist, 1988: 57
1
0.791
1
0.821
2
0.786
3
0.742
4
0.801
Cronbach Alpha Coefficient
Cronbach, 1970: 63
1
0.818
1
0.780
2
0.710
3
0.806
4
0.793
872
Wijayanto & Prabowo, 2020
Peterson, Park, and Seligman 2005
Statistical Means
(SPSS)
T-Test
Person Correlation
T-Test
873
0.05
1.96
11
11
t
0.05
400
48.53
22.367
50
-1.692
1.96
(TPB)
Ajzen
, 2018)Howard ) Prabowo, 2020
Wijayanto
12
12
t
0.05
400
55.56
12.437
54
2.509
1.96
400
18.97
5.173
18
3.741
1.96
400
17.61
4.627
18
1.697
1.96
400
18.99
4.883
18
4.034
1.96
874
55.56
12.437 54
2.5091.960.05
399
18.97
5.173183.741
1.960.05399
17.61
4.62718-1.697
1.96
0.05399
18.99
4.883184.034
1.960.05399
(Tkach & Lyubomirsky, 2006)Lyubomirsky, King, & Diener,
2005)(Ross, 2016)(Peterson et al. 2005)(Park et
al., 2009)
875
13
13
t
0.05
400
-0.468
10.564
1.96
400
-0.286
5.954
1.96
400
-0.257
5.305
1.96
400
-0.322
6.785
1.96
-0.468
10.564
1.96 0.05 398
-0.286
5.9541.96
0.05398
-0.257
5.305
1.960.05398
-0.322
6.7851.96
876
0.05398
14
14
0.05
200
0.484
0.530
2.242
1.96
200
0.296
0.304
200
0.432
0.463
2.431
1.96
200
0.214
0.218
200
0.393
0.415
2.153
1.96
200
0.194
0.198
200
0.321
0.332
0.784
1.96
200
0.248
0.253
2.2421.96
877
2.4311.96
2.1531.96
0.784
1.96
878
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