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Object-based change detection (OBCD): a case study for measuring retail led regeneration
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The following study utilized geographic object-based image analysis methods to detect pervious and impervious landcover with respect to residential structure changes. The datasets consist of freely available very high-resolution orthophotos acquired under the United States National Agriculture Imagery Program. Over the last several decades, cities in America’s Rust Belt region have experienced population and economic declines—most notably, the city of Detroit. With increased property vacancies, many residential structures are abandoned and left vulnerable to degradation. In many cases, one of the answers is to demolish the structure, leaving a physical, permanent change to the urban fabric. This study investigates the performance of object-based classification in segmenting and classifying orthophotos across three neighbourhoods (Crary/St. Mary, Core City, Pulaski) with different demolition rates within Detroit. The research successfully generated the distinction between pervious and impervious land cover and linked those to parcel lot administrative boundaries within the city of Detroit. Successful detection rates of residential parcels containing structures ranged from a low of 63.99% to a high of 92.64%. Overall, if there were more empty residential parcels, the detection method performed better. Pervious and impervious overall classification accuracy for the 2018 and 2014 imagery was 98.333% (kappa 0.966) with some slight variance in the producers and users statistics for each year.
Land cover mapping is an important part of resource management, planning, and economic predictions. Improvements in remote sensing, machine learning, image processing, and object based image analysis (OBIA) has made the process of identifying land cover types increasingly faster and reliable but these advances have not been able to utilize all of the information encompassed within ultra-high (sub-meter) resolution imagery. There have been few known attempts to try and maximize this detailed information in high resolution imagery using advanced textural components. Hierarchical land classes are also rarely used as an attribute within the machine learning step of object-based image analysis. In this study we try to circumnavigate the inherent problems associated with high resolution imagery by combining well researched data transformations that aid the OBIA process with a seldom used texture transformation in Geographic Object Based Image Analyses (GEOBIA/OBIA) known as the Gabor Transform and the hierarchal organization of landscapes. We will observe the difference made in segmentation and classification accuracy of a random forest classifier when we fuse a Gabor transformed image to a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), high resolution multi-spectral imagery (RGB and NIR) and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) derived canopy height model (CHM) within a riparian area in Southeast Iowa, United States. Additionally, we will observe the effects on classification accuracy when adding multi-scale land cover data to objects. Both, the addition of hierarchical information and Gabor textural information, could aid the GEOBIA process in delineating and classifying the same objects that human experts would delineate within this riparian landscape.
Vertical mixed-use development is a favourite choice in urban development in high-density Asian cities to increase the land use efficiency. The flexibility of construction timing and the restrictions by lease contracts in vertical mixeduse projects are usually different from horizontal ones and single-use properties. To improve the valuation for vertical mixed-use projects, this study re-examines the real option pricing model. Simultaneous development for different uses and a finite maximum waiting period are the major characteristics of these projects. An approach is introduced to determine whether to develop a mixed-use project vertically or horizontally on the basis of a statistics called the critical height premium. The vertical mixed-use project pricing model can be further verified by containing a height premium if market price information is derived from non-vertical mixed-use properties. This study suggests a more comprehensive real option approach to quantify the advantages and disadvantages of operating vertical mixed-use developments.
We use entry by IKEA in four Swedish municipalities as a natural experiment to measure the effects of big-box retail entry on the revenues of incumbent firms in the hospitality sector. We further investigate whether the effects depend on the size of the local market before entry. Our results show a negative impact on the revenues of incumbents in Haparanda, Kalmar, and Karlstad, but insignificant effects in the metropolitan region of Gothenburg. As most firms in the hospitality sector are restaurants, we expect that our results are due to increased competition since all IKEA stores come with large, popular, and reasonably-priced restaurants.
The global response to the COVID-19 pandemic has brought with it significant changes to human mobility patterns and working environments. We aimed to explore how social distancing measures affected recreational use of urban green space during the partial lockdown in Oslo, Norway. Mobile tracking data from thousands of recreationists were used to analyze high resolution spatio-temporal changes in activity. We estimated that outdoor recreational activity increased by 291% during lockdown relative to a 3 yr average for the same days. This increase was significantly greater than expected after adjusting for the prevailing weather and time of year and equates to approx. 86 000 extra activities per day over the municipality (population of 690 000). Both pedestrians (walking, running, hiking) and cyclists appeared to intensify activity on trails with higher greenviews and tree canopy cover, but with differences in response modulated by trail accessibility and social distancing preferences. The magnitude of increase was positively associated with trail remoteness, suggesting that green spaces facilitated social distancing and indirectly mitigated the spread of COVID-19. Finally, pedestrian activity increased in city parks, peri-urban forest, as well as protected areas, highlighting the importance of access to green open spaces that are interwoven within the built-up matrix. These findings shed new light on the value of urban nature as resilience infrastructure during a time of crisis. The current pandemic also reveals some important dilemmas we might face regarding green justice on the path towards urban planning for future sustainable cities.
Although stress is an increasing global health problem in cities, urban green spaces can provide health benefits. There is, however, a lack of understanding of the link between physiological mechanisms and qualities of urban green spaces. Here, we compare the effects of visual stimuli (360 degree virtual photos of an urban environment, forest, and park) to the effects of congruent olfactory stimuli (nature and city odours) and auditory stimuli (bird songs and noise) on physiological stress recovery. Participants (N = 154) were pseudo-randomised into participating in one of the three environments and subsequently exposed to stress (operationalised by skin conductance levels). The park and forest, but not the urban area, provided significant stress reduction. High pleasantness ratings of the environment were linked to low physiological stress responses for olfactory and to some extent for auditory, but not for visual stimuli. This result indicates that olfactory stimuli may be better at facilitating stress reduction than visual stimuli. Currently, urban planners prioritise visual stimuli when planning open green spaces, but urban planners should also consider multisensory qualities.
Australian cities were transformed in the 1950s and 1960s by the spread of the automobile and suburbanization. This article examines the patterns of retail diffusion that followed and the resultant adoption of the shopping centre form. Further, it considers the broader implications of retail innovation during a period of urban disruption, revealing intersections between urban geographies, business innovation and retail hierarchies. In the Australian case, dominant firms were able to leverage their market power to adapt to shifting retail geographies and new technologies, while some small entrepreneurial developers catering to the needs of these established retailers laid foundations for national and international expansion. A by-product of these processes was the creation of a unique Australian shopping centre form.
Image segmentation is a critical and important step in (GEographic) Object-Based Image Analysis (GEOBIA or OBIA). The final feature extraction and classification in OBIA is highly dependent on the quality of image segmentation. Segmentation has been used in remote sensing image processing since the advent of the Landsat-1 satellite. However, after the launch of the high-resolution IKONOS satellite in 1999, the paradigm of image analysis moved from pixel-based to object-based. As a result, the purpose of segmentation has been changed from helping pixel labeling to object identification. Although several articles have reviewed segmentation algorithms , it is unclear if some segmentation algorithms are generally more suited for (GE)OBIA than others. This article has conducted an extensive state-of-the-art survey on OBIA techniques, discussed different segmentation techniques and their applicability to OBIA. Conceptual details of those techniques are explained along with the strengths and weaknesses. The available tools and software packages for segmentation are also summarized. The key challenge in image segmentation is to select optimal parameters and algorithms that can general image objects matching with the meaningful geographic objects. Recent research indicates an apparent movement towards the improvement of segmentation algorithms, aiming at more accurate, automated, and computation-ally efficient techniques.
The energy efficiency of US multifamily rental housing is compared with other housing types. A real and growing energy efficiency gap is documented, particularly for lower income households. Findings are based on data from the 2005 and 2009 US Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS). Individual energy efficiency features related to HVAC (heating, ventilation and cooling) systems, appliances, and the building envelope are analysed along with weighted and unweighted total energy efficiency indices. Multifamily units occupied by low income renters had 4.1 fewer energy efficiency features in 2005 and 4.7 fewer in 2009 compared with other households. If the number of efficiency features was on par with other housing, the savings could be in the range of US$200-400 per year for most lower-income renters in multifamily buildings. There is an astonishing lack of information on how efficiency retrofits would affect property (real estate) metrics such as cash flow and value. Available evidence suggests that millions of US properties could be good retrofit investment opportunities. Better efficiency would allow renters to increase spending on food, healthcare and other essentials. This is not only an economic issue: it has implications for household health, social equity and environmental problems tied to energy consumption.
The social, economic and environmental impacts of large-scale retail outlets on existing retail and urban systems have been extensively discussed in the planning literature. This article documents the last two decades of transformation in Turkey's retail sector, which have been characterized by a more organized development of the sector than traditionally existed. We begin our analysis with the late 1980s and early 1990s, when more-liberal and outward-looking policies began to emerge in Turkish economic policy. Changes in the economy and related legislation prepared a base for the subsequent transformations of that decade, culminating, especially in large cities, in the development of shopping malls as alternative retail spaces to traditional markets and stores on a shopping street. We believe that the Turkish case reveals specific aspects of resistance, adaptation and change, and thus needs a detailed account. After providing a general picture of retailing and its transformation in Turkey, we provide empirical evidence from Ankara, the capital city, through which all important dynamics of retailing are exemplified. To this end, we ask the following questions: What are the evolving processes behind the existing location patterns of shopping centres in Ankara? What is the extent of the change in definition of the new public realm? How do street retailers survive? Who are the actors and what are their approaches towards retail planning in Turkey? The answers to these questions may provide implications for urban policy and retail planning in Turkey. The case may also be interesting for countries experiencing similar patterns of change and development, that is, where the globalization process in retailing and consumption-related sites began later than in other countries and observed fast-paced development.
This paper presents traditional retail markets in the UK caught between a narrative of decline and revival, on the edge of a gentrification frontier. Traditional indoor and outdoor markets have become somewhat residual in many British cities but essential for many low-income citizens that rely on their affordability. At the same time, the market is being reinvented for a wealthier type of customer interested more in local, environmentally friendly, ethical and “authentic” shopping experience. We take the case of Kirkgate Market in Leeds, the largest of its kind in Britain to analyse the process of disinvestment by the local authority, displacement of traders and customers and rebranding of the market for a new wealthier customer base. The paper is based on an action-research project on which one of the authors is involved alongside traders and other campaigners to defend the public nature of Kirkgate Market in Leeds. ResumenEste artículo presenta el mercado tradicional en el Reino Unido atrapado en una doble narrativa de caída y ascenso, al bode de la frontera de la gentrificación. Los mercados tradicionales de abastos han sido relegados a una situación residual en muchas ciudades británicas pero son esenciales para una parte de la población en rentas bajas que depende de sus económicos precios. Al mismo tiempo, el mercado se está reinventando de cara a una clientela con más poder adquisitivo que busca una experiencia local, verde, ética y “auténtica”. Tomando el caso de Kirkgate Market en Leeds, el más grande en el Reino Unido, analizamos el proceso de desinversión municipal, la exclusión de comerciantes y clientes y la reimaginación del mercado para clientes más acaudalados. El artículo está basado en un proyecto de investigación-acción con comerciantes y otros ciudadanos para la defensa del mercado de Kirkgate.
Retail trade is a private-sector activity: its structure and location result mainly from the action of individuals and firms in a given time and space. However, planning and regulations, which translate the way collective interest relates to private interest, have a significant effect on the activity.When examining the relationship between retail and urban space in the last three decades, in what may be regarded as a process of general deregulation, it is possible to identify the continued relevance of public policies, plans and projects, although with differing intensity. This finding applies considering either those rules specifically designed for retail or those with a spatial focus on places where retail plays a significant role, as is the particular case of the “city centre”.Policy and planning are seen in this article in their relationship with retail and urban resilience, as the text deals with the way in which they influence the situation in the countries which were the object of study in the Replacis Euro-net research project: France, Portugal, Sweden and Turkey. The article intends to examine the role of the countries’ cultural framework in policy design and to demonstrate how regulations, planning systems and practices contribute significantly to understanding the differences in urban retail structure between these countries (and, in particular, in some of their cities).
The appetite for up-to-date information about earth's surface is ever
increasing, as such information provides a base for a large number of
applications, including local, regional and global resources monitoring,
land-cover and land-use change monitoring, and environmental studies.
The data from remote sensing satellites provide opportunities to acquire
information about land at varying resolutions and has been widely used
for change detection studies. A large number of change detection
methodologies and techniques, utilizing remotely sensed data, have been
developed, and newer techniques are still emerging. This paper begins
with a discussion of the traditionally pixel-based and (mostly)
statistics-oriented change detection techniques which focus mainly on
the spectral values and mostly ignore the spatial context. This is
succeeded by a review of object-based change detection techniques.
Finally there is a brief discussion of spatial data mining techniques in
image processing and change detection from remote sensing data. The
merits and issues of different techniques are compared. The importance
of the exponential increase in the image data volume and multiple
sensors and associated challenges on the development of change detection
techniques are highlighted. With the wide use of very-high-resolution
(VHR) remotely sensed images, object-based methods and data mining
techniques may have more potential in change detection.
This exploration of cross-border shopping by Mexican national shoppers at a regional discount outlet mall studies the: (1) economic impacts of their expenditures on the local and regional economies, and (2) activities they engage in while at the outlet malls and benefits received from shopping there. Spending by cross-border shoppers varied by accommodation type; hotels or motels/friends and family spent approximately 400 and $475 (U.S.). The multiplier for cross-border spending at the local level ranged from 1.27 to 1.45. Top cross-border shopper activities were shopping and buying, followed by eating, and visiting.
This paper provides an analysis of the factors underlying private investment decisions concerning property development, with specific reference to urban regeneration in the French context. It is based on the results of a behavioural survey and MCA analysis of the behaviour patterns and motivations of active private investors and developers in the French commercial property markets and their involvement in French urban regeneration initiatives. The pattern of investment and development activity over the 1997-2002 French property market recovery period has been studied and a typology of actors set up, based on their investment policy for these property markets. The findings indicate that property investors in urban regeneration essentially seek speculative developments and short-term investments.
A transition to more sustainable cities in Australia will require much greater focus on greyfield redevelopment than previously. With the multiple challenges facing city planning at the beginning of the 21st century - accommodating rapid population growth linked to immigration, attempting more intensive urban development, the need for climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies, and understanding what is required for cities to become more resilient in the face of local and global shocks to their economies and communities - a path of least resistance has seen most recent planning and urban development activity centre on greenfields and brownfields arenas. This paper focuses on the prospects for more sustainable patterns of greyfield redevelopment in Australian cities, with particular reference to Melbourne. Both the Melbourne 2030 and the Melbourne @ 5 million strategies have failed to articulate processes capable of increasing the capacity of existing, ageing, occupied suburban areas - the greyfields - to accommodate projected growth. Greyfield redevelopment at precinct scale offers the potential for jointly transitioning urban housing, energy and water systems - and the residential communities they host - to a more sustainable future.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to provide an exploratory examination of urban retail marketing and management strategies employed in six US cities with reputations for having central business districts (CBD) that are either flourishing or developing. It also investigates the roles played by urban retailers in working with CBD revitalization efforts.
Design/methodology/approach
Depth interviews were conducted with economic development managers and urban retailer owners/managers from each CBD. Content analysis, preceded by a comprehensive review of academic and trade literature, was used to identify key concepts. An iterative coding process resulted in identifying broad strategic themes and related strategies.
Findings
Strategies were classified into three urban retailing and five economic revitalization themes. These strategies varied depending on whether cities had flourishing or developing CBDs.
Research limitations/implications
The study provided a systematic and comprehensive examination of strategies that may guide theory development and provide practical information on CBD redevelopment. Potential bias in results should be considered when evaluating results due to the use of qualitative methods and convenience sampling.
Originality/value
Information concerning similarities in the redevelopment efforts of six comparable US cities is provided.
The maturation of digital(ized) consumption, together with the amplification of cities’ initiatives in response to local and global environmental challenges, has placed goods transport, an essential but impactful activity, at the forefront of urban stakeholders’ scrutiny. High-performance and low-impact supply chains benefit from the presence of logistics facilities in proximity to goods’ destinations. This development of logistics facilities in high-demand areas, which are essentially urban, dense and mixed-use, we term ‘proximity logistics’. It is the focus of this article. Proximity logistics entails extending and refining networks of logistics facilities towards urban cores and allows them to counteract some of the undesirable effects that their historic tendency to outward migration (or logistics sprawl) potentially brings about. The phenomenon is established around the world, albeit to different extents. In this article, we discuss the trends supporting proximity logistics’ development and present a typology of facilities it could entail, followed by case studies of five cities: New York (United States); Paris (France); Seoul (South Korea); Shanghai (China); and Tokyo (Japan). We characterize the state of practice of logistics facilities in each city’s dense, mixed-use areas, compare the characteristics in light of their context and distill learnings in support of sustainable land use patterns.
The purpose of this study was to explore what it means to “shop local” and to investigate the extent to which store owners and their customers support the broader community by participating in the revitalization of a downtown area through their efforts. An interpretive design was used for this study, more precisely ethnographic methods. Specifically, participant observation, field notes, in-depth and field interviews, photography and online data collection were employed. 30 in-depth interviews and 49 field interviews were conducted with shoppers, store owners, and downtown development representatives. Findings highlight the complex nature of local shopping through the functional, social, economic, aesthetic and communal factors involved with the practice. Local shopping and local retail business ownership create positive changes within the community that contribute to downtown revitalization. Considered via practice theory, these factors provide a measure of activism and empowerment in the ways that they contribute to economic and social support for the area. This study is limited to a single city which has been in the process of revitalization for more than a decade, therefore findings may not be generalizable to cities at different stages in the revitalization process. This study provides valuable contributions concerning local retail businesses who operate within revitalizing downtown areas. For example, locallyowned retailers should consider the practical needs of the community while providing the more unique products typically offered in such stores. Further, shoppers are willing to support locally-owned businesses because they view them as integral to the community. Existing research has not addressed the reasons shoppers support locally-owned retail businesses and why store owners choose to operate in a revitalizing downtown. This paper attempts to fill that research gap.
The growth of ‘Yes In My Back Yard’ (YIMBY) activism seems at first a simple story of a new social movement led by a new generation frustrated with the housing supply shortages created by decades of Not In My Back Yard (NIMBY) conservative spatial privilege and exclusion. Yet YIMBY/NIMBY dialectics reflect more fundamental transformations of intergenerational inequalities between past and present amidst today's multiple scales of intensifying competition in urban life. YIMBY movements, therefore, must be understood as part of the long history of gentrification and the current, accelerating co-evolution of socio-cultural change and the circulation of capital. YIMBY activism reflects a complex hybrid of a previous century's axioms of trickle-down filtering theory and contemporary progressive moral-ethical discourses of dynamic, diversifying lived experiences of intersectionality at the scales of individuals, families, communities, nations, and cultures. As intensified urban competition co-evolves with diverse, recombinant axes of Western/non-Western and colonial/decolonial relations of space and time, localized economic rent gaps become transnational, transhistorical moral rent gaps constituted through competing claims for inclusion into the inherent exclusivity of capitalizable property rights. YIMBY activism reveals the evolutionary frontiers of escalating competition legitimating itself on a gentrifying urban planet.
Just as geographers have given much attention to the evolution of shopping malls and power center retail complexes, it is equally important for research in business geography to continue to provide developmental evidence as new and distinctive retail cluster formats emerge and grow. The lifestyle center is a unique type of retail complex that has experienced much expansion across the United States yet has not received much research attention from location researchers. This study provides answers to basic questions, including the geography of lifestyle center development, the relationship of lifestyle center development to traditional mall activity, and the characteristics of lifestyle center market areas in comparison with the trade areas of their mall counterparts. The results show that lifestyle centers are developing in distinctive locations and markets within American cities that are not well-served by traditional malls. The study results also establish that lifestyle centers have a significant bias toward location in large cities, representing a clear contrast with traditional malls and their locational orientation toward smaller centers. The study summarizes these findings and argues that the emergence of the lifestyle center format has important implications for retailers, commercial property developers, and local economic development officials.
In the neoliberal globalization era, urban economic development (UED) has become topical issue in several sub-Saharan African cities. This paper investigates economic impact of shopping malls, and the role traditional rulers could play in enhancing poverty reduction through mall development. Using a case study methodology involving two of Accra's (Ghana) malls and relying on poverty reduction/wealth creation conceptual framework, the paper finds that the impact of (an informal) decision arrived with traditional chiefs has a more demonstrable impact on West Hills’ local communities and better enhances poverty alleviation than Accra Mall where no such decision was made. Concurrently, the paper finds that local participation in malls, related to wealth creation for citizens, is low. The paper, therefore, argues that the involvement of traditional authority typifies organic form of UED and that while the malls may be enhancing poverty reduction, they may not be enhancing wealth creation to any substantial degree. The paper, therefore, recommends a national policy on malls to optimize malls’ economic benefits.
One of the governance responses to urban shrinkage and the accompanying problems of city centre decline is mega-retail-led regeneration. It is a common regeneration tool that can, on one hand, create a popular shopping centre, but on the other hand, produce negative impacts on the city centre structures. Eventually, it can produce effects similar to urban shrinkage itself, the consequences of which should be reversed. This paper examines at the micro-spatial level the changing nature of selected services in the centre of the shrinking city of Ostrava, focusing primarily on analysing, identifying, and assessing the impacts of mega-retail-led regeneration represented by the development of the New Karolina shopping centre built within the historical city centre. Additionally, this text extends evidence of the impacts of such regeneration schemes and discusses their suitability in the case of shrinking cities.
There is widespread criticism that gambling retailers are concentrated in deprived communities and that the concentration is deliberately targeted. However, this study opines that before deliberate targeting can be supported, a comparative analysis of gambling locations with a more conventional retail group is necessary. Hence this study examined the location preferences of gambling and food and grocery retailers (FGRs) to evaluate the notion of deliberate concentration of gambling retailers in deprived communities. Comparative analyses assessed relationships between FGRs floorspaces and overall gambling locations compared to socio-economic deprivation. Results showed similarities and disparities in retail locations, but gambling provisioning were more concentrated in deprived areas compared to food provisioning. Implications for policy and practice are presented.
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.The notion of smart cities needs to be broadened beyond the fascination with technology to incorporate an approach that invests in the growth of human, social, and environmental capitals to generate ‘smart sustainable cities’. One of the most recent debates in this context is digital citizen participation. This study aimed to identify the potential role of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in citizen participation as a major contributor towards ‘smart sustainable cities’. A systematic and exhaustive literature review, coupled with critical content analysis, was conducted. The focus was on a central research question: What kind of relationship is fostered in the literature between sustainability and digital citizen participation, and how can ICT contribute to social sustainability through digital citizen participation (DCP)? The results suggested a connection between smart sustainable cities and DCP. This article is concluded by emphasizing the role of ICT in citizen participation processes and its significant contribution to social sustainability and the creation of more-than-human smart cities.
The last financial crisis and the globalisation of the retail industry resulted to a massive close of local shops which leads to an important proportion of unoccupied space in the city. The desertification of the urban economic environment is not only a business issue discouraging the potential investments but also a social problem
of security or quality of urban life. Different solutions exist: from the top-down and historical approach based on subsidies to the bottom-up and its different options: the urban entrepreneurship or a more temporary form called successively ‘pop-up’, ‘second-hand’ or ‘urban pioneers’. Nevertheless, all these solutions have in common that the location is an important criteria to achieve a market-led regeneration of the city. Our paper consists on developing a heuristic that prioritises the opening of new shops amongst the void locations based on a business and social criteria. Our results corroborate the convergence of the social, business and technology sciences. They provide a method and a tool for the city managers to monitor and manage the opening of new shops. Included in the policy of the smart
city, they allow to decrease the risks of uniformity, ‘mono-business activity’ and gentrification of the neighbourhood
Industrialized countries suffer from the negative influence of decline in their traditional retail districts with the rapid increase of online sales and out-of-town shopping developments. Upon recognising these problems, governments have responded to the decline of traditional retail districts with retail-led urban regeneration. Although there are many case studies on urban regeneration projects, most of them primarily focus only on good or successful cases, despite the fact that the exploration of a bad or unsuccessful case can provide more insight into failed projects. This study aims to examine the lessons that can be learned by comparing good and bad practices for accomplishing successful urban regeneration projects in traditional retail districts. Using the survey data from the Small and Medium Business Administration (SMBA) of the Republic of Korea in 2014, we identify good and bad practices for comparison through an integrated approach using both quantitative and qualitative methods. We find that good practices are focused on self-sufficiency improvement; conversely, bad practices are based on the development of supportive government policies to benefit the revival of the districts. For the successful promotion of a retail-led regeneration strategy, a supporting system, such as a policy, is necessary to bring about the cooperation and sharing of a common goal for long-term business results to be derived at the policy level.
To overcome the decline of the vitality and viability of town centres across several Western European cities, urban regeneration projects have been implemented. Despite their dissemination, there are shortcomings regarding the evaluation of the impacts produced by such projects. We aim to contribute to the existing literature on the subject by undertaking an evaluation of a retail-led urban regeneration project that was implemented in Lisbon’s historic centre. We conclude that although there were significant outputs, the project was not effective and did not manage to improve the viability of the area as an important commercial area of Lisbon.
Commercial retail areas within cities have traditionally not only satisfied the demands for various goods and services, but have also contributed to elements of community sustainability and livability as a form of public good. Since the end of World War II, innovations in retail formats have occurred as retailers seek to maximize their financial efficiency. However, this often has consequences for community sustainability and livability. This research employs resilience theory to examine how cities have coped with retail innovations through a comparative case study of Edmonton (Alberta, Canada) and Portland (Oregon, USA). Through historical document review and interviews with senior planners in both cities, it is found that adaptive retail management which emphasize principles over visions, which feature an active, informed, and highly organized public and a polycentric planning system encouraging planning diversity and consensus building can contribute to more resilient retail outcomes that preserve a broader range of retail and public functions.
This article tests the extent to which a measure of walkable access is a good proxy for the quality of the walking environment. Based on existing findings on inequalities of walkability, we ask whether this relation varies between neighborhoods with low and high incomes. Walk Score is used to measure walkable access while the State of Place Index is applied to synthesize the qualitative urban form dimensions collected as part of the Irvine Minnesota Inventory. Simple bivariate correlations and difference-in-means tests assess the relationship and difference in average scores between the two. We draw on an existing sample of 115 walkable neighborhoods in the Washington, DC metro area that Mariela Alfonzo and colleagues had collected for previous research and that we augmented to include additional low-income neighborhoods. Our results reveal a strong and positive overall association between walkable access (Walk Score) and walkability (State of Place). However, this association masks problems with the quality of the walking environment that are significantly larger in low-income neighborhoods (even those with very good walkable access), especially regarding connectivity, personal safety, and the presence of litter and graffiti. As a proxy for walkability, Walk Score’s walkable access measure is, therefore, not equally strong across all neighborhoods but declines with income. In this sense, Walker’s Paradise is more walkable in higher than low-income neighborhoods.
Fit for purpose monitoring and evaluation mechanisms are crucial for effective implementation of the sustainable development goals (SDGs), five priorities are suggested for international science community and beyond to take concerted actions. Restructure data-gathering and evaluation networks to address climate change, energy, food, health and water provision.
A considerable body of research has developed on processes of neoliberal urban regeneration and gentrification. On the one hand, there are many political economy accounts emphasising the role of economic capital in processes of urban change and gentrification. On the other hand, there is a wealth of governmentality studies on the art of government that fail to explain how ungovernable subjects develop. Similarly, within gentrification studies there are many accounts on the role of changing consumer lifestyles and defining gentrification, but less concern with the governance processes between actors in urban regeneration and gentrification. Yet such issues are of considerable importance given the role of the state in urban regeneration and dependence on private capital. This paper utilises the French Pragmatist approach of Boltanski and Thevenot to examine a case study state-led gentrification project. Boltanski and Thevenot argue that social coordination occurs by way of actors working through broader value-laden 'worlds of justification' that underpin processes of argumentation and coordination. The examined case study is a deprived area within an English city where a major state-led gentrification programme has been introduced. The rationale for the programme is based on the assumption that reducing deprivation relies upon substantially increasing the number of higher income earners. The paper concludes that market values have overridden broader civic values in the negotiation process, with this intensifying as the state internalised market crisis tendencies within the project. More broadly, there is a need for French Pragmatism to be more sensitive to the spatial processes of social coordination, which can be achieved through critical engagement with recent concepts of 'assemblages'.
With the ongoing shift in the dynamics of retail development toward inner-city sites, mega-retail-led regeneration schemes have emerged as an important strategy for place marketing in the entrepreneurial city of London. While a number of studies have attempted to examine the effects of these schemes, the focus of previous studies has been limited to their wider economic and environmental effects. However, few studies have empirically investigated their impact on surrounding neighborhoods, particularly deprived neighborhoods. This paper investigates the effects of the Westfield London Shopping Centre on changes in housing price levels in the surrounding neighborhood of White City/Shepherd's Bush, in order to determine whether mega-retail-led regeneration schemes are a key determinant in the process of gentrification. A difference-in-differences analysis was used to assess differentials in the change rates of housing prices between control and treatment groups following the development of Westfield London. It was found that Westfield London development caused an increase in the change rate of housing prices of the treatment group relative to that of the control group. These findings indicate that mega-retail-led regeneration schemes may be a main cause of the pricing out of neighborhood residents who cannot afford the resulting increased rents and for altering the characteristics of neighborhoods and their social networks.
Regional Shopping Centres (RSCs) have long been perceived as having negative effects on the shopping hierarchy and unpopular with Government, a view not necessarily based on hard evidence. This paper examines the positive and negative effects of a number of such centres based on a series of research studies undertaken for developer Capital Shopping Centres. The employment, labour market and expenditure benefi ts of these developments to local and regional economies are assessed. Wider impacts in terms of attracting new investment to an area, linkages with tourism and physical regeneration of derelict areas are also examined. In addition, the social impacts these centres have on local communities are examined. At the same time, potential adverse effects on surrounding town centre shopping facilities are investigated through analysis of a range of indicators of town centre vitality and viability, and discussions with town centre managers. The possible future direction for such centres is also considered in the light of Government planning policy, which could lead to the emergence of RSCs as focal points for sustainable new mixed use communities.
This study investigates the impact of a shopping center on surrounding housing prices. Instead of using simple Euclidean distance
to measure proximity to the shopping center, this study creates multiple sizes of driving time buffers around the shopping
center to better reflect real accessibility and to capture the distance-decay effects of the accessibility. We apply a spatial
hedonic model with a series of driving time buffer variables to capture the influence of a shopping center in a metropolitan
county in Tennessee. The findings suggest that households place a positive value on proximity to a shopping center with a
travel time distance of 3–20 min in the case of the Turkey Creek Shopping Center, the largest and most recently developed
shopping center in the Knoxville metropolitan area. Based on estimates of enhanced house values as they relate to proximity
to the shopping center, we were able to calculate total annual property tax revenues ranging between 1.17 million
for the county and city governments owing to the development of the Turkey Creek Shopping center.
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to focus on the real estate development and community interaction aspects of US shopping malls. The existing research on shopping mall development and redevelopment can more comprehensively address the importance of malls to the communities in which they are located. Existing shopping mall research focuses on lease valuation, tenant location, retail agglomeration economies, retail demand externalities and intangible asset value. Largely, neglected areas of research are the community and economic contributions of shopping malls. These are critical issues given the age of shopping malls worldwide, the need for adjacent area redevelopment and requirement of large public subsidies for infrastructure construction.
Design/methodology/approach
– This paper investigates the critical role of shopping malls as town centres and catalysts for area development and redevelopment. A review of the existing research on shopping malls and retail economic contributions to communities is addressed along with how mall redevelopment can be a catalyst for the revitalization of urban core and suburban areas. Methodology on the measurement of shopping centre economic and employment impacts using input/output (IO) modelling is reviewed and analysed.
Findings
– IO modelling is an effective tool to evaluate publically supported infrastructure to accompany shopping mall and retail redevelopment. As an example of an IO analysis of construction and mall operations economic impacts, the paper presents a case study of the proposed $2 billion Mall of America (Bloomington, Minnesota) expansion employing IO modelling.
Originality/value
– The paper demonstrates the community benefits and economic justification for public support for mall revitalization and provides a reliable analytical tool for quantifying the benefits of mall redevelopment to the community.
A variety of procedures for change detection based on comparison of multitemporal digital remote sensing data have been developed. An evaluation of results indicates that various procedures of change detection produce different maps of change even in the same environment.
The Home Depot Inc. is the world's largest home improvement retailer. In 2001, the company generated US$53.6 billion in retail sales from a property portfolio of 1333 stores. In the mid-1990s, after a period of rapid expansion in the US, Home Depot Inc. developed an internationalization strategy and entered the Canadian market. This paper explores the impact that the US-owned Home Depot Inc. has had on the home improvement landscape of Canada. The evidence provided illustrates how a relatively small number of foreignowned big box stores can dominate local retail markets, with the Home Depot Canada having gained a considerable national market share. The paper provides a detailed example of the growth of Home Depot within the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), Canada's largest market. It reveals the significant negative impact of Home Depot's big box format development on traditional street-front and mall-based home improvement retailers. The paper concludes by discussing potential growth strategies, in particular, Home Depot's expansion from major metropolitan to small town markets.
Explores the role of retail development in urban regeneration. Focuses on Castle Vale in Birmingham and considers the benefits arising from new retail development, the challenges for retailers and lessons for the future marketing of deprived areas. Castle Vale is one of the best examples of public sector regeneration. Managed by a Housing Action Trust, the regeneration scheme sought to improve housing, improve the quality of life for residents and work with the community to achieve positive change. A key retail element focused on the redevelopment of a run-down shopping centre and the attraction of new tenants. The Castle Vale story demonstrates how obstacles can be overcome through the application of effective organisation, consultation, partnerships and marketing principles, and the importance of creating (or re-creating) a positive image for an area (and its community) to attract retail investment. Draws on in-depth interviews with key managers and stakeholders associated with the Castle Vale project.
Purpose
Consumers are spending more on leisure, and retailers and shopping centre developers are seeking ways to make shopping more of a leisure pursuit. This paper deals with the questions: what is leisure shopping, who are leisure shoppers, what is leisure retailing, and how are shopping centres providing for them?
Design/methodology/approach
Brief reviews of key research domains establish various meanings for leisure shopping and give some indications of who leisure shoppers are. Recent developments in shopping centres are considered. The last section discusses conceptual models, building on earlier empirical work on the functioning of shopping centres which incorporate leisure activities.
Findings
Leisure shopping is not best conceptualized as part of a continuum from purposive to leisure oriented. Rather, it may exist in a variety of circumstances, dependent on individual characteristics, trip motivations, the social setting of the trip and the nature of the destination. Leisure centres are not a separate category of centre, but the classification of shopping centres should be modified to incorporate consideration of leisure. Catering may be the most important provision.
Research limitations/implications
Shopping centre managers and owners should note the complexity of leisure shopping. The best unit of analysis may be the trip, rather than other forms of customer segmentation. Synergistic benefits for retailers from some forms of adjoining leisure activity may be small.
Originality/value
The paper provides two models which may be used to analyse both shopping activity and shopping centres from the leisure point of view.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of the West Quay shopping centre development on the city of Southampton.
Design/methodology/approach
The West Quay scheme parallels recent high‐profile openings of “regional shopping centres” in city centre locations (e.g. Birmingham's Bullring and Reading's Oracle), and like those centres has had a significant impact on the image and external appeal of the city. Using a combination of material from personal interviews with key players in the Southampton retail scene, statistical data collected by Hammerson (the owners of West Quay), and city centre health check information, the paper offers an assessment of the impact of the regional in‐town centre on Southampton more broadly and on the city centre specifically.
Findings
Evidence suggests that the local effects of the centre's opening have not been as detrimental as was feared and that West Quay appears to be generating considerable synergy with Southampton's existing city centre. In addition, there are a number of important developments in the pipeline that owe their raison d'être to West Quay.
Research limitations/implications
The paper does not record the views of consumers and a future task must be to document and evaluate consumer's opinions of West Quay and incorporate these insights into future assessments of regional in‐town centres.
Originality/value
The paper provides a benchmark of “impacts” to date and a resource for other cities with similar in‐town schemes moving forward.
Revisits a retail development near Stoke on Trent, UK, first reported on in 1998. It draws on recent work by Arnold and Luthra which has called for attention to be paid to the effects of large format (big box) retailing. To do so it draws on the opinions of members of the public who live within view of the Stoke on Trent development. It utilises before and after surveying, supplemented by interviews with a community leader, to show how redevelopment is viewed by those it most affects. Findings suggest that even the redevelopment of an existing site can generate protest. However, post-opening, the concerns are more muted. The research process also reveals that the case study is one with implications for current concerns regarding future use of sites with A1 or open consent as defined under locally-applicable land-use planning regulations.
This paper provides a qualitative assessment of retailing trends since World War II and describes how the location and characteristics of retail provision have created disadvantages for certain sections of society. The paper examines the polarisation of retail provision and assesses the implications of declining local centre shopping facilities for certain sections of the community. The paper provides a critique of recent `retail-led regeneration' schemes, and assesses whether these schemes exacerbate the problems of weak local markets. In turn, the research examines whether these schemes are the most appropriate mechanism to meet the wider economic, social, physical and environmental regeneration challenges raised by service deficiencies within these communities.Journal of Retail and Leisure Property (2006) 5, 148-161. doi:10.1057/palgrave.rlp.5100009
Characterizations of land-cover dynamics are among the most important applications of Earth observation data, providing insights into management, policy and science. Recent progress in remote sensing and associated digital image processing offers unprecedented opportunities to detect changes in land cover more accurately over increasingly large areas, with diminishing costs and processing time. The advent of high-spatial-resolution remote-sensing imagery further provides opportunities to apply change detection with object-based image analysis (OBIA), that is, object-based change detection (OBCD). When compared with the traditional pixel-based change paradigm, OBCD has the ability to improve the identification of changes for the geographic entities found over a given landscape. In this article, we present an overview of the main issues in change detection, followed by the motivations for using OBCD as compared to pixel-based approaches. We also discuss the challenges caused by the use of objects in change detection and provide a conceptual overview of solutions, which are followed by a detailed review of current OBCD algorithms. In particular, OBCD offers unique approaches and methods for exploiting high-spatial-resolution imagery, to capture meaningful detailed change information in a systematic and repeatable manner, corresponding to a wide range of information needs.
During the last fifteen years the Canadian retail landscape has been transformed by the growth and clustering of big box retailers into a range of 'power retail' developments. This has brought new retailers into Canada (predominantly U.S. retailers) with different business strategies that have lead to different consumer behaviour. The power retail phenomenon encompasses all aspects of the retail offer (price, product, service, etc.) and is not simply about the size of stores. These developments have led to new types of commercial clusters-power centres and power nodes-that have challenged both planning policy and the existing retail hierarchy across Canada, and conversely, provided substantial scope for retailers and developers to exploit market opportunities. The article discusses the alternate definitions of power retail, estimates the magnitude of this activity, and examines the spatial pattern and preferences of these new retail locations. The development of power retail is tracked across Canada and regional variations examined. The key trends in power retail growth are identified and potential directions for future development suggested.
This study operationalizes corporate sustainable development and examines its organizational determinants. Data for this project pertain to Canadian firms in the oil and gas, mining, and forestry industries from 1986 to 1995. I find that both resource-based and institutional factors influence corporate sustainable development. By exploring time-related effects, I also find that media pressures were important in early periods and resource-based opportunities endured over time. This finding challenges the assumption that firms first adopt innovations in response to technical rewards which are later institutionalized. These counter-intuitive results may be attributable to the unique characteristics of the dependent variable, corporate sustainable development. They raise important questions and directions for future research. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The study implemented 419 mall-intercept interviews with people who are 55 or older in large malls in three metropolitan cities in the United States. The five subdimensions of mall-shopping motivation of older consumers were identified under two dimensions: Consumption-oriented mall-shopping motivation (service consumption, value consumption, and eating) and experiential mall-shopping motivation (diversion and aesthetic appreciation). The structural model revealed significant effects of social interaction, loneliness, and mall-shopping motivations on mall spending. Outcomes suggest that a mall can be a place to reduce older consumers' loneliness and that retailers in the mall can attract and make older consumers spend more by emphasizing value consumption and service consumption. Results also provide the implication for mall developers that providing more experiential features and events in malls may attract more older consumers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.