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1
June, 2024
January 2017 1
Indian Farmers' Digest 1
February, 2017 1
1 Indian Farmers' Digest
Published by : Communication Centre
G.B. PANT UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY
PANTNAGAR - 263 145, U.S. NAGAR (UTTARAKHAND)
Indian
Farmers’ Digest
Contents
Editorial 02
Agro-World News Round up 03
1. Hybrid Seed Production: The Three-Line System Approach 04
R.S. Sengar, Kushagra Yadav and Shalini Gupta
2. Certified Seed Production : A Good source of Income for 09
Farmers
Afsar Ahmad and Shabistana Nisar
3. Rice Sheath Blight and its Management 11
Bijendra Kumar, Ashish Singh Bisht and RajshreeVerma
4. Azolla: A Miracle Aquatic Fern 13
Sachin Pant, Ruchi Tripathi, Amreesh Sirohi, Rashmi Tewari
5. Sugarcane Cultivation : Improved Package of Practices 16
Kushal Vir
6. Newly Developed High Yielding Variety of Lentil: Pant Lentil 19
S.K. Verma, Pragati, R.K. Panwar and Anju Arora
7. Potential Super Food: Jungle Rice 21
Abhijeet Kumar Dubey, Anay Rawat ,P.P. Singh and
Priyanka Mishra
8. Kiwi Fruit Cultivation : Package of practice 24
Rajesh K. Kaler, Akanksha marwah, Gopal Mani and Davinder
9. Dual purpose sorghum and its future prospects 27
Pummy Kumari, Satpal and D.S.Phogat
10. Amaranthus: The Resilient Grain of the Gods 30
K.C. Verma, Pawanesh Tamta, Aparna dixit and Nidhi Joshi
11. Berseem for Enhancing Livestock Producation 33
Brajkishor Prajapati, Vineeta Rathore, Avikal Kumar and
Pravamanjiri Giri
12. Zero Budget Natural Farming: A Sustainable Agricultural 36
Revolution
Aman Parashar and Jaidev Sharma
13. Vertical Farming: Bridging the Gap Between Urban Spaces 38
and Fresh Food
Chetan Chauhan, Varsha Rani and Mukesh Kumar
14. Integrated disease management of orchid40
Vijay Kumar
15. Brucellosis in Sheep and Goats 42
Munish Batra and Tanaya
Volume: 57, No. 06
June 2024
PATRON
Dr. M.S. Chauhan
Vice-Chancellor
EDITOR IN CHIEF
Dr. J.P. Jaiswal
Director Communication
EDITOR
Dr. M. A. Ansari
Professor Ag. Communication
EDITORIAL BOARD
Dr. S.K. Guru
Dr. A.K. Upadhyay
Dr. P.K. Omre
Dr. Ashutosh Singh
Dr. Anita Rani
Dr. Vipul Gupta
Publisher and the Editor are not
responsible for views expressed in the
articles published in this issue. Authors
are required to base their articles on
authenticated material/source.
Send your articles to
Email id: indianfarmersdigest@gmail.com
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BUSINESS MANAGER
V.K. Singh
Directorate of Communication
G.B.P.U.A.&T., Pantnagar
bmpantuniversity@gmail.com
Cost of one copy Rs. 15
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24 Indian Farmers' Digest
1Principal Scientist, Regional Horticultural Research and Training Station, Jachh, H.P- 176201; 2&4Ph.D Scholar, Dr YS Parmar
3
University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan- 173230; Ph.D Scholar, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology,
Pantnagar, U.K-263145
Kiwi fruit is grown in a variety of locations across the world. Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa A. Chev.), the most
amazing fruit of the preceding century that has supplanted the ancient English designations of 'Chinese
gooseberry,' 'China's miraculous fruit,' and 'Horticultural wonder of New Zealand, 'is thought to be indigenous to
China. Kiwi fruit, a deciduous vine in the Actinidiaceae family, yields a rusty brown fruit with a hairy surface.
iwi fruit h a s gained p o p u l a r i t y among
Kcustomers worldwide due to its delightful
refreshing taste, nutritious properties, health
advantages, and economic feasibility. Commercial
planting began around 1930 in New Zealand, while
in the late 1960s in California, and steadily spread
throughout the world. Because of its numerous
advantages, Actinidia deliciosa has gained a
'competitive edge' over other exotic fruits, as well as
conquering new areas, regions, and fans. Kiwifruit
(Actinidia deliciosa A. Chev.), the most amazing
fruit of the preceding century that has supplanted the
ancient English designations of 'Chinese
gooseberry,' 'China's miraculous fruit,' and
'Horticultural wonder of New Zealand,' is thought to
be indigenous to China. Kiwifruit, a deciduous vine
in the Actinidiaceae family, yields a rusty brown fruit
with a hairy surface.
Composition and uses
Kiwifruit is a fruit that is high in nutrients.
The edible component of the fruit accounts for
more than 90% of the total weight of the fruit.
Except for the skin, the entire fruit, including the
seed, is con s umed. The fru i t i s ex t remel y
nutritious, as it is high in vitamins, minerals, sugars
and carbohydrates.
Origin and distribution
The kiwi fruit is indigenous to China and is
thought to have originated in the mountain ranges of
south western China, where it can be found in
abundance in woods, hills, and mountains. In India,
kiwi fruit is mostly farmed in the Himalayas,
Uttarakhand, J&K, Sikkim, Meghalaya, Arunachal
Pradesh, and Kerala.
Species and cultivars; The genus Actinidia Lindl. Is
extensive, with50 to 70 climbing plant species
originating primarily in southern China.
Pistillate cultivars
Hayword- Hayward Wright chose this variety as an
accidental seedling. It is currently the most popular
type throughout the world's kiwifruit growing
regions due to its enormous size and higher keeping
quality.
Bruno The cultivar was chosen at an early stage. It
-
has the longest fruit length of any cultivar and is
gently tapered towards the stem end.
Staminate cultivars
Tomuri It blooms late and in groups of 5(1-7) -
flowers, making it an excellent pollinator for the
cultivar Hayward.
Allison (male) It blooms sooner than Tomuri and is -
thought to be the best pollinator because its regular
and abundant flowering corresponds with pistillate
cultivars Allison, Bruno, Monty, and Abbott.
Recent cultivar
Hongyang- The 'Hongyang' fruit is remarkable for
its green and reddish purple flesh. Hongyang was
developed from a seedling of A.chinensis var.
Rufopulpa.
Propagation
Kiwifruit can be propagated through seeds, but
also through vegetative processes such as cuttings
(soft wood and hardwood), grafting and budding,
and even micro propagation.
Kiwi Fruit Cultivation : Package of practice
1 2 3 4
Rajesh K. Kaler , Akanksha marwah , Gopal Mani and Davinder
25
June, 2024
Nursery management
Following kiwi plant propagation by softwood
or hardwood cuttings, the resulting young plants
must grow quickly and easily for subsequent field
planting. To determine the best type of nutrient
solution for preparing container-grown plants for
field transfer and to investigate the impact of nutrient
solution treatment on the rooted cuttings of Actinidia
deliciosa, fou r variet i e s, nam e l y Haywa r d ,
Katiuscia, Tomuri, and AD20, were tested on the
substrate on which kiwi plant container cultivars
were grown, and the substrate consisted of 50%
manure, 20% peat, and 20% cedar and 10% sand.
Area and production
Kiwifruit is grown on an area of 2, 47, 109
hectares worldwide, with a total yield of 40, 22,650
tones. At the moment, China is the world's biggest
producer of kiwifruit, followed by Italy and New
Zealand. (2018 FAOSTAT).In India, Arunachal
Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Mizoram,
and Nagaland, produces around 17000 MT of Kiwi
fruit on an area of 5000Ha (NHB statistics 2021-22).
Soil and climate
Temperature is the most important climatic
facto r inf l uenc i n g k i wifru i t vi n e a n d fr u it
development, from dormancy breaking in late winter
to fruit maturity. Winter temperatures are critical for
winter chilling of vines, which promotes dormancy
breakdown (Salinger and Kenny, 1995). Warm
spring and early summer circumstances after
dormancy break are critical for future development.
Kiwi grows best on deep, rich, well-drained sandy
loam soils. A soil pH slightly less than 6.9 leads in the
highest yield, whereas higher pH up to 7.3 reduces
production due to Mn insufficiency.
Cultivation
Planting- A rectangular planting scheme is thought
to be best. Planting takes place in late winter or early
spring. T he distance between rows and plants is 6m ×
4m. For pollination, one male plant is put for every
nine female plants.
Canopy management- The training of kiwifruit
vines is critical and requires continual attention. A
variety of training structures are used to train a vine,
but T-bar trellis and pergola systems are the most
common, with the pergola system being the most
expensive structure.
Manuring and fertilization- Kiwifruit expands to
produce greater vegetative growth and yield, which
necessitates an adequate nutrition application.
Young vines have a great capacity for N and K
absorption, and very high P concentrations in leaves
have little effect on vine growth. For each year of
vine age, a base dose of 20-30 kilogram farm yard
manure combined with 0.5 kg NPK fertilizer mixture
containing15% nitrogen should be applied.
Irrigation- Fully established vines demand 80-100
liters' of water per day for total daily transpiration
2
from a canopy area of 16-17m . Drip irrigation at
10 0 % ha s b ee n p ro ve n t o b e pa r ti cu lar ly
advantageous in kiwifruit since it yields 20% more
and saves 25% more water.
Crop and quality regulation
Crop load is one of the most important
elements impacting kiwifruit yield in various size
grades. Kiwifruit have a tendency to over bear,
Fig: Suitable kiwi fruit
26 Indian Farmers' Digest
resulting in smaller and lower quality fruits. Fruit
thinning is so essential to improve fruit size and
quality.
Flowering, fruit growth and development
The kiwifruit vine has a short juvenile phase
and flowering begins after two or three years of
planting, the beginning and development of the
floral bud in kiwifruit is later than in other deciduous
fruit crops. Flower development is divided into two
stages. First, meristematic tissue in auxillary buds is
transformed into reproductive tissue (flower
evocation), and then floral organs grow from the
reproductive meristem.
Maturity, harvesting and yield
For kiwifruit, various maturity indices such as
TSS (6.2), fruit size, flesh hardness, respiration, and
ethylene production have been proposed. The fruit
yield is between50 and 100 kilogram per vine on
average. Trellised vines yield around 25 tonnes per
hectare. It also depends on the age of the plants.
Post-harvest Management
Grading and Packaging- There is no grading
and packing standard in India, although the
international standard for kiwifruit grading is
'A' grade > 100 g, 'B' grade 70-100 g, and 'C'
grade 70 g.
Storage
Temperature plays a crucial influence in the
quality retention and shelf life of kiwifruits during
storage, and high temperatures contribute to rapid
metabolic activities, which shortens the shelf life of
kiwifruit, so it is preferable to keep fruits at low
temperatures in cold storage.
Future Prospects
Kiwifruit has promising potential in India's
northwestern and north eastern hill regions; where
it has been identified as one of the most important
future commercial fruits. Kiwifruit is economically
significant and valued for its high quantities of
bioactive chemicals. As well as the introduction of
new breeding programs utilizing wild genetic
resources, which appears promising in the future?
Fo r mo r e i n f o rmation contact: em a i l id:
rajesh_papahan@rediffmail.com and Mob. no:
8580750524.