ArticlePDF Available

How Much Participation Is Participatory? Opportunities and Challenges of Doing Participatory Action Research With Latin American teachers

Authors:
Gaston Bacquet at University of Glasgow
Gaston Bacquet
Download full-text PDF
Read full-text
Download citation

Abstract

This paper provides a detailed account of a participatory action research project carried out with trainee teachers in Chile. Two participant cohorts embarked upon a research study seeking to identify instances of violence and exclusion in their classrooms. Such exploration was conducted through a series of participatory workshops that explored the link between violence and inequality, as well as how nonviolent approaches might assist in fostering more inclusive learning environments. Both participatory action research (PAR) and workshops as a research methodology constitute novel approaches within the Chilean context, where a large number of studies interrogating issues of inequality and classroom violence are of a descriptive rather than empirical nature. Consequently, this paper gives a rationale for using PAR in the first place, then provides a detailed account of how each iteration was designed, the changes that were made in between and the degree of participation achieved with each cohort. Further, the paper makes an argument for a wider use of PAR as a method that strives for social justice and equity in education, while at the same time exploring its advantages, common critiques, and the challenges encountered during the study. Finally, and in light of what transpired in this study, this paper posits that workshops constitute a sustainable participatory research method that provides space for collaboration, creativity, and self-inquiry, while considering several improvements and modifications for future studies.
Content uploaded by Gaston Bacquet
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Gaston Bacquet on Oct 09, 2024
Content may be subject to copyright.
FULL-LENGTH ARTICLES
How Much Participation Is Participatory? Opportunities and
Challenges of Doing Participatory Action Research With Latin
American teachers.
Gaston Bacquet1
1 School of Education, University of Glasgow
Keywords: participatory action research, decolonization, nonviolence education, teacher training, social justice education
https://doi.org/10.35844/001c.123406
Journal of Participatory Research Methods
Vol. 5, Issue 3, 2024
%&4 11!3 13.8& !4 !5&*! .6,5 .# 135&&15.3; 5&., 3!4!3% 13.(!5
33&! .65 9&5% 53&,!! 5!%!34 &, %&*!N 9. 135&&1,5 .%.354 !+3)!
61., 3!4!3% 456 ; 4!!)&,$ 5. & !,5&#; &,45,!4 .# 8&.*!,! , !:*64&., &,
5%!&3 *443..+4N 6% !:1*.35&., 94 ., 65! 5%3.6$% 4!3&!4 .#
135&&15.3; 9.3)4%.14 5%5 !:1*.3! 5%! *&,) !59!!, 8&.*!,! , &,!26*&5;L
4 9!** 4 %.9 ,.,8&.*!,5 113.%!4 +&$%5 44&45 &, #.45!3&,$ +.3! &,*64&8!
*!3,&,$ !,8&3.,+!,54N .5% 135&&15.3; 5&., 3!4!3% UV ,
9.3)4%.14 4 3!4!3% +!5%. .*.$; .,45&565! ,.8!* 113.%!4 9&5%&, 5%!
%&*!, .,5!:5L 9%!3! *3$! ,6+!3 .# 456 &!4 &,5!33.$5&,$ &446!4 .#
&,!26*&5; , *443..+ 8&.*!,! 3! .# !43&15&8! 35%!3 5%, !+1&3&*
,563!N .,4!26!,5*;L 5%&4 11!3 $&8!4 35&.,*! #.3 64&,$  &, 5%! ?345
1*!L 5%!, 13.8& !4 !5&*! .6,5 .# %.9 !% &5!35&., 94 !4&$,! L 5%!
%,$!4 5%5 9!3! + ! &, !59!!, , 5%! !$3!! .# 135&&15&., %&!8!
9&5% !% .%.35N 635%!3L 5%! 11!3 +)!4 , 3$6+!,5 #.3 9& !3 64! .#
 4 +!5%. 5%5 453&8!4 #.3 4.&* (645&! , !26&5; &, ! 65&.,L 9%&*! 5
5%! 4+! 5&+! !:1*.3&,$ &54  8,5$!4L .++., 3&5&26!4L , 5%! %**!,$!4
!,.6,5!3! 63&,$ 5%! 456 ;N &,**;L , &, *&$%5 .# 9%5 53,41&3! &, 5%&4
456 ;L 5%&4 11!3 1.4&54 5%5 9.3)4%.14 .,45&565! 4645&,*! 135&&15.3;
3!4!3% +!5%. 5%5 13.8& !4 41! #.3 .**.35&.,L 3!5&8&5;L , 4!*#Y
&,26&3;L 9%&*! .,4& !3&,$ 4!8!3* &+13.8!+!,54 , +. &?5&.,4 #.3 #6563!
456 &!4N
*5%.6$% &=!3!,5 %&*!, $.8!3,+!,54 %8! 55!+15! 5.  3!44
!:&45&,$ &,!26*&5&!4 &, 5%! ! 65&.,* 4;45!+ U.&- !5 *NL CABHP 33$-L
CABGV 4&,! 5%! .6,53;\4 3!563, 5. !+.3; &, BJIJL 5%! ! 65&.,* +. !*
3!+&,4 !!1*; 3..5! &, 5%! ,!.*&!3* !4&$, &,455! &, 5%! BJIA4 63&,$
5%! #.3+!3 +&*&53; $.8!3,+!,5N 6% !4&$, &4 *4. ,%.3! &, !45!3,Y
!,53& ! 65&.,* +. !* .# ),.9*! $! 3!5&., , 53,4+&44&., 5%5 %4
&, #5 !,565! , !!1!,! 5%.4! &,!26*&5&!4 U33-$ !5 *NL CABHP
*833& _ +1.4Y35&,!<L CACAVN
635%!3+.3!L &, .6,53; 9&5% *.,$ , 1&,#6* %&45.3; .# .*.,&*&4+L
%&$%!3 ! 65&., 633&6* .,5&,6! 5. ! .+&,5! ; !45!3,Y!,53&
!1&45!+.*.$&!4 , 135&!4 U+,L CABHP 46*5.Y**!$.4 _ 6!,5!*L
CABIVL 9%&% 1!31!565! !:&45&,$ ! 65&.,* &,!26*&5&!4N &,**;L 4 + !
!8& !,5 ; 3!!,5 3!4!3% U3.<!5 !5 *NL CACBP 33&!,5.4Y3 &,& _ 3;Y
Bacquet, G. (2024). How Much Participation Is Participatory? Opportunities and
Challenges of Doing Participatory Action Research With Latin American teachers.
Journal of Participatory Research Methods
,
5
(3). https://doi.org/10.35844/001c.123406
45&**.L CABIP $*!4&4Y426!<L CABFP &44*65%L CACBV .,$.&,$ 4.&*
%,$!4 &, %&*! %8! !,565! 4.&.Y!.,.+& , 1.*&5&* &8&4&.,4
+.,$ 4.&* $3.614L 3!46*5&,$ ,.5 .,*; &, +.3! 4!135! #5&.,4 65 *4.
.#5!, &, 8&.*!,5 .,@&5N
!,!L 5%&4 456 ; 4.6$%5 5.K BV & !,5&#; 135&!4 5%5 1!31!565!
! 65&.,* &,!26*&5; *! &,$ 5. +3$&,*&<5&.,P CV 39 #3.+ ,.,8&.*!,5
1!341!5&8!4 , 113.%!4 5. !4&$, 41!&? 4535!$&!4 5.  3!44 5%&4P ,
DV . 4. ; 64&,$ 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% UV !4&$,N %!3!
3! ,6+!3.64 !:+1*!4 .#  64! 9&5% &, &$!,.64 .++6,&5&!4 U4!!
!5&*! .6,5 &, %!8*&!3 _ 6)*!4L CABJVL ;.65% $3.614 U&33 !5 *NL
CABGV , 4%..*4 U&,4.9L CABAP &,4.9 !5 *NL CAADL CAAGVN  &5&.,**;L
!64! .# 5%! 135&&15.3; ,563! , &+4 .# L 9%!3! ),.9*! $! ,
!8& !,! 3! $5%!3! #3.+ 5%! $3.6, 61 35%!3 5%, !&,$ &55! 5.1Y
.9,L !:+1*!4 .# 5%&4 113.% , ! #.6, &, 5%! 3!4 .# %!*5%3!
U6+ !5 *NL CAAGP (!**4530+ _ &5%!**L CABJP &<!4%#3 !5 *NL CACBVL
!,8&3.,+!,5* 3!4!3% 9&5%&, 41!&? .++6,&5&!4 U;95!3L CABEP &, !5
*NL CABHP !&5, _ &4.,L CABCVL , ! 65&., U.%,4.,L CACBP !++&4
!5 *NL CABEP 33!**. !5 *NL CABJVN %!4! 456 &!4 13.8& ! , &+1.35,5
#.6, 5&., , 35&.,*! #.3 5%&4 3!4!3% 456 ;N
%&4 11!3 !*6& 5!4 %.9 5%&4 135&&15.3; 456 ; 44&45! 53&,!! 5!%!34
&, 5%!&3 !:1*.35&., .# ,.,8&.*!,5 5!%&,$ 4535!$&!4N %! 13.8& ! ,*;4&4
.=!34 #635%!3 &,4&$%5 5%5 , 44&45 3!4!3%!34 ., 65&,$ 456 &!4 &, 5&,
+!3& 4 9!** 4 5%.4! &,5!3!45! &, 64&,$ 135&&15.3; 113.%!4 4
!+.35& 5P .,! 5%5 3!*&,26&4%!4 1.9!3 , 4!!)4 5. #&*&55!
.++6,&5;Y9& ! !=.354 5 53,4#.3+5&.,N
%! 35&*! %4 !!, .3$,&<! 4 #.**.94K 5%! ?345 4!5&., 13.8& !4 ,
.8!38&!9 .# 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% UVN %! 4!., 4!5&.,
&,53. 6!4 9.3)4%.14 4 3!4!3% +!5%. .*.$;L 9%&*! 5%! 5%&3 !5&*4 %.9
5%&4 41!&? 456 ; 94 ., 65! 4 9!** 4 5%! %,$!4 , +. &?5&.,4
+ ! !59!!, 5%! 59. &5!35&.,4N , *&$%5 .# 5%! &,#.3+5&., 13!4!,5! L
5%! *45 4!5&., .# 5%! 456 ; &4644!4 5%! 1.4&5&8! &+15 .#  +.,$45
5%! 135&&1,54L 4 9!** 4 !8& !,5 %**!,$!4 , *&+&55&.,4 !,.6,5!3!
5%3.6$%.65 5%! 456 ;N
Participatory Action Research: Orientation and Techniques
&, ., !5 *N UCAAHV 1*! 5%! .3&$&,4 .# 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3%
UV 4 5%! 9.3) .# ,5&.*.,&* +.8!+!,54 &, 5%! *.* .65%L !$&,,&,$
9&5% 5%! 9.3) .# 6*. 3!&3! &, 5%! BJGA4L .,5&,6&,$ 9&5% 3*, . *4Y
.3  &, .*.+& &, 5%! BJHA4L , *5!3 !:1, &,$ &,5. #3&L , &L
, .5%!3 .3,!34 .# 5&, +!3&N %&4 9.3) 4.6$%5 ,.5 .,*; 5. &+13.8!
41!&? 4&565&.,4 , $&, ),.9*! $! 5%3.6$% 5&.,L 4 &+! ; 5&.,
3!4!3% UVL 65 5. %&!8! 3 &* 4.&* 53,4#.3+5&., 5%3.6$%
.++6,&5;Y9& ! !=.354P 4 !4., , 3 63; UCAAHV !43&! &5K
.9 6% 35&&15&., 4 35&&15.3;O 11.356,&5&!4 , %**!,$!4 .# .&,$ 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% &5% 5&M
'.+&$
'
+-  )-'+2
,+
-', 2
&$63! BN !5%. 4 64! &,  Y  15! #3.+ &, ., !5 *N UCAAHVL Z35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% 113.%!4 ,
!5%. 4K .,,!5&,$ !.1*!L 35&&15&., , *![
M 135&&15.3;L !+.35& 13.!44 .,!3,! 9&5%
!8!*.1&,$ 135&* ),.9&,$ &, 5%! 16346&5 .# 9.35%9%&*!
%6+, 1631.4!4L $3.6, ! &, 135&&15.3; 9.3* 8&!9M S,
3&,$&,$T 5.$!5%!3 5&., , 3!@!5&.,L 5%!.3; , 135&!L
&, 135&&15&., 9&5% .5%!34 &, 5%! 16346&5 .# 135&* &446!4
.# .,!3, 5. 1!.1*!L , +.3! $!,!3**; 5%! @.63&4%&,$ .#
&, &8& 6* 1!34.,4 , .++6,&5&!4N U1N V
&, ., !5 *N UCAAHV & !,5&#; 4!3&!4 .# 4%3! !*!+!,54 5%5 3! 13!4!,5
&, 135&&15.3; 456 &!4 , 5%5 .=!3 *!3 &, &5&., .# 5%! &3!5&.,
 5)!4P 5. !$&, 9&5%L 135&&1,54 3! 5&8!*; &,8.*8! &, !8!3; 45$!
.# 5%! 3!4!3% 13.!44 , 9.3) &, .**.35&., 9&5% 5%! *! 3!4!3%!3
&, 5%! !:!65&.,L 3!@!5&., , 3!?,!+!,54 .# 5%! 456 ;N !., L &5 &4 ,.5
.,*; .,5!:5Y.6, 65 *4. &,.31.35!4 & !*4 , 13&,&1*!4 5%5 3!
65.%5%.,.64 5. 5%5 41!&? .++6,&5;N &,**;L  4%.6* *! 5.
5%! .Y.,45365&., .# ),.9*! $! 5%3.6$% 4%3! 3!@!5&.,4 ., 5%! 5&.,4
6, !35)!,P &, #5L 5%! 3! &&*&5; , 8*& &5; .# 5%&4 .Y3!5&., 4%.6* !
4!35&,! ; !5!3+&,&,$ &# 41!&? 13.*!+ 94 4.*8! 5%3.6$% .**!5&8!
5&., .3 &# 5%! .++6,&5;\4 4!*#Y !5!3+&,5&., 94 &, ,; 9; 6$+!,5! N
, *..)&,$ 5 +!5%. 4L  %**!,$!4 5%! 53 &5&.,* 4.&* 4&!,!
113.%!4 &, 5%5 &5 ?345 3!26&3!4 5%! 3!4!3%!3 5. 4633!, !3 .,53.* ,
446+! 5%! 3.*! .# #&*&55.3 35%!3 5%, 4.+!.,! 9%. !& !4 !8!3; 45!1 .#
5%! 13.!44L 4!54 5%! $!,  , .5%!39&4! +)!4 !8!3; !&4&., &, 5!3+4 .#
5%! &3!5&., 5%! 3!4!3% ,!! 4 5. 5)!N 4 46%L 4.+! .# 5%! +.45 .++.,
+!5%. 4 64! &,  , ! 4!!, &, 5%! .: !*.9L  15! #3.+ &, ., !5
*N UCAAHVN
.9 6% 35&&15&., 4 35&&15.3;O 11.356,&5&!4 , %**!,$!4 .# .&,$ 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% &5% 5&M
'.+&$
'
+-  )-'+2
,+
-', 3
Critiques and Challenges
35&&15.3; 113.%!4 3! ,.5 9&5%.65 5%!&3 !535.34 , 3&5&4P
1!3%14 5%! +.45 13.+&,!,5 .# 5%!4! %8! !!, ..)! , .5%3& UCAABVL
9%. 93,! $&,45 5%! 3&4)4 .# &5 !&,$ Z5;3,,&*[P .44! UCAABVL 9%.
**! &5 +,&16*5&8!P .3 3; .,Y&**!3 !5 *N UCAAEVL 9%. !43&! &5 4
, 3.!,53&N 9&** &4644 4.+! .# 5%!4! , 13!4!,5 +; .6,5!31.&,54N
Cooke
and
Kothari’s
Critique
%! ?345 3&5&&4+ 9&** ,*;<! &4 ..)! , .5%3&\4 UCAABVL 9%!3!;
5%!; %**!,$! 5%! 8*& &5; .# 135&&15&., ,.5 .,*; 5. !+1.9!3L 65 *4. 4
9; 5. %**!,$! 5%! 8!3; 1.9!3 4536563!4 5%5 135&&15.3; 113.%!4 4!!)
5. !#;N .9!8!3L 5%! 3&5&26! !,5!34 ., 59. !*!+!,54 5%5 3! &4165*!K
?345L 5%!; !?,! 135&&15.3; 3!4!3% 4 -& *.L 9%!3!4 !++&4 !5 *N
UCAAAL CAAFL 1N CAAJV %35!3&<! &5 4 , ))+' &, 9%&% 5%! 5!%,&26!
U.3 +!5%. 4V &4 !4&$,! 5. ?5 9&5% 5%! 113.%\4 &+4N !., *;L +6%
.# 5%! ,*;4&4 &4 3..5! &, 9%5 3$6! &4 , !*&5&45 .,!15 .# 9%5 &4
.,4& !3! Z8*& ),.9*! $![P 4 .65*&,! !3*&!3 &, 5%&4 %15!3L 135&&15.3;
5&., 3!4!3% 4!!)4 ,.5 5. $&, ),.9*! $! &, 5%! 53 &5&.,* 4!,4!L 65 5.
13. 6! %,$!4 5. 5%! 9; 135&6*3 .++6,&5; .!4 5%&,$4P &5 &4 #3.+
5%! 4%3! ,*;4&4 .# 5%!4! 135&!4 , %,$!4 5%5 5%! ,!9 ),.9*! $! &4
$&,! L 135&!4 3! %,$! L , 5%! !:&45&,$ 135&! 3%&5!563!4 , !
%**!,$! N
4!., 3$6+!,5 ..)! , .5%3& +)! &, 5%!&3 3&5&26! .#
135&&15.3; 113.%!4 .,!3,4 1.9!3 , 1.9!3 4536563!4K ),.9*! $!L
5%!; .,5!, L &4 Z6*563**;L 4.&**; , 1.*&5&**; 13. 6! , &4
.,5&,6.64*; 3!#.3+6*5! 4 1.9!3#6* ,.3+5&8! .,45365[ U1N BEBVN
.,4!26!,5*;L 35%!3 5%, 4%&#5&,$ 1.9!3 &+*,!L 135&&15.3;
113.%!4 3&4) 3!44!35&,$ 5%! 4+! 1.9!3 , .,53.* 9&5%&, 5%! 4+!
&, &8& 6*4L $3.614L , ),.9*! $! 4;45!+4 5%!; 4!!) 5. 3!8!34!P 135 .# 5%&4
3$6+!,5 &4 5%! .4!385&., 5%5 1.9!3 4536563!4 . ,.5 .,*; !:&45 5
+3. *!8!* .# *3$! &,45&565&.,4L 65 , ! 13!4!,5 5 5%! +&3. *!8!* .#
4+**!3 3!4!3% 4&5!N &5% 5%&4 &, +&, L 94 8!3; *!3 3!$3 &,$ +;
&,5!,5&.,4 5. 3!*&,26&4% 1.9!3 , %, &5 5. 5%! 135&&1,54 5%!+4!*8!4P
%.9!8!3L . ),.9*! $! 5%5 5%&4 53,4#!3 .# 1.9!3 94 &>6*5L &#
,.5 , &+1.44&*!L 54)N %&4 94 !35&,*; ,.5 !64! 6,9&**&,$,!44 ., +;
135P 5%! 4536563! , .,453&,54 .# 6,&8!34&5; 4!55&,$ 9%!3! 5%! 456 ;
94 33&! .65 9!3! &>6*5 5. .8!3.+!L , 5%! %&!33%&* &=!3!,!4
13!4!,5 &, 5%! 5!%!3Q456 !,5 3!*5&.,4%&1 9!3! *9;4 !8& !,5N , 41&5! .#
5%&4L !8!3; !=.35 94 + ! 5. #&*&55! 135&&1,54\ %.&! 9%!,!8!3 5%5 94
1.44&&*&5; , 5%!; 9!3! &, !! *! 5. +)! , &+1.35,5 ,6+!3 .#
%.&!4 .,!3,&,$ &4644&., 5%!+!4L 113.% 5. 5%! 9!!)*; 54)4L !$3!!
.# !4&3! &,8.*8!+!,5L , %.9 5. $!,!35! 5!N
.9 6% 35&&15&., 4 35&&15.3;O 11.356,&5&!4 , %**!,$!4 .# .&,$ 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% &5% 5&M
'.+&$
'
+-  )-'+2
,+
-', 4
Additonal
Critiques
3!4!,5&,$ &=!3!,5 3&5&26!L .44! UCAABV !:+&,! 5%! !8!*.1+!,5
&, 6453; &, .65% , .65%!45 4&P %&4 .4!385&.,4 13.8& ! $3!5 !*
.# &,4&$%5 &,5. 5%! 1.9!3 4536563!4 4633.6, &,$  #6, &,$ .# #.3!453;
456 &!4 &, , & , , .,!4&L 4 9!** 4 5%! Z!%&, Y5%!Y635&,[ 1.*&5&4
.,!3,&,$ 9;4 .# %, *&,$ *.* ),.9*! $!N .3 &,45,!L %! ,.5! %.9 5%!
8.&!4 .# 9.+!, 9!3! 4!,5 #3.+ 5%! .,8!345&.,L 4 9.+!, 9!3! *&+&5!
&, !&,$ *! 5. 8.&! 5%!&3 .1&,&.,P #635%!3+.3!L .44! ,.5! %.9 *.*
),.9*! $! 94 6&*5 ., !:&45&,$ 1.9!3 4536563!4L , +6% .# 5%! 3!4!3%
1*,,&,$ 45$! 94 .,! !%&, *.4! ..34 ; 5%.4! &, 1.9!3N &,**;L %!
.4!38! 5%5 5%! ,!$.5&5&,$ #.3 .,4!,464 W 9%&% 4 $$35 !5 *N
UCABHV 3!+3)L 4%.6* ! .&'+ W 94 4%1! ; !:&45&,$ 1.9!3 3!*5&.,4
, %&!33%&!4 &, 5%! *.* .++6,&5&!4N
%5 &4 &+1.35,5 5. 5)! #3.+ .44!\4 3!4!3%L 5%! &446!4 5%!3!&, *4.
!:1*.3! &, ! 65&.,* 4!55&,$4 ; .#)! , .+!)% UCABDVL &4 5%!
93!,!44 .# %.9 1.9!3 4536563!4 , 45&@! 5%! 8.&!4 .# 5%.4! 9%. %8!
!!, !:*6 ! .3 +&,.3&5&<! N %!4! &,*6 !L 4 !5&*! &, 5%! 4!5&.,
Z,!26*&5; .,5!:5 &, %&*!L[ 456 !,54 #3.+ , &$!,.64 )$3.6, 4L
&++&$3,54L +!+!34 .# 5%! ] .++6,&5;L 5%.4! 9%. %8!
!:1!3&!,! !:*64&., #.3 4.&.Y!.,.+& 3!4.,4L 1!.1*! 9&5% &4&*&5&!4 .3
,;.,! !*4!N %! &,&5&* %**!,$! #.3 5%&4 456 ; 94 #.3 +!L 4 5%! 3!4!3%
#&*&55.3N 5. .4!38! %.9 &=!3!,5 135&&1,54 9!3! #3&,$ &, +)&,$ 5%!&3
8.&!4 %!3 , 5. !,463! 5%!3! 94 +1*! 41! #.3 5%!&3 !,$$!+!,5N
.9!8!3L &5 &4 &+1.35,5 5. ,.5! 5%5 4 &, ,; 135&&15.3; 13.!44L 5
&=!3!,5 5&+!4 &, &8& 6*4 %.4! ,.5 5. 135&&15! .3 5. !,$$!N %.6$%
& !,.63$! 5%!+ 5. . 4. , 113.%! 5%!+ $!,5*; 5. ?, .65 &# 5%!;
,!! ! %!*1L 5%!&3 135&&15&., , !,$$!+!,5 3!+&,! !,5&3!*; 8.*6,53;N
. .,*6 !L , 3&5&26!4 ,.59&5%45, &,$L !8!3; !=.35 94 + ! 5.
+)! 5%&4 456 ; 4 135&&15.3; , !+1.9!3&,$ 4 1.44&*!P 135&&1,54
$6& ! 5%! &4644&.,4 63&,$ 5%! 9.3)4%.14L !5!3+&,! 9%5 &446!4 ,!! !
5. !  3!44! , %.9 5. !45 5)*! 5%.4! &446!4N 635%!3+.3!L 5
.**!5&., 94 33&! .65 9&5% .,4& !35&., 5. &, &8& 6* , $3.61 %.&!
W +!,&,$ 5%5 5%! 135&&1,54 %.4! %.9 5. 3!.3 , 13!4!,5 5N
Methodology and Research Design
Position Statement
.*+!4 UCACAV !?,!4 1.4&5&.,*&5; 4 Z, &, &8& 6*\4 9.3* 8&!9 , 5%!
1.4&5&., 5%!;  .15 .65 3!4!3% 54) , &5 4.&* , 1.*&5&* .,5!:5[
U1N BVN %!3!#.3!L , !#.3! 13!4!,5 5%&4 5%!4&4L 9&** 3&!@; !43&! ,
),.9*! $! +; 1.4&5&., 4 3!4!3%!3N
%&4 1.4&5&., &4 #6, +!,5**; &,#.3+! ; 59. 5%&,$4K +; 6 %&45
41&3&56* !*&!#4 , +; 8&4&., .# ! 65&., 4 135&! .# 4.&*
53,4#.3+5&.,N 6 %&4+ %4 4%1! +; 9.3* 8&!9 &,5. .,! 9%!3! 1!.1*!
.,\5 !:&45 &, &,3; 5!3+4L 5%.6$% 9! .#5!, 5%&,) &, 46% 5!3+4 U+*!Q
#!+*!P $.. Q P .113!44! Q.113!44.3P *)Q9%&5!VN 4 3!46*5 .# +;
.9 6% 35&&15&., 4 35&&15.3;O 11.356,&5&!4 , %**!,$!4 .# .&,$ 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% &5% 5&M
'.+&$
'
+-  )-'+2
,+
-', 5
6 %&45 !*&!#4L +; 8&!9 &4 5%5 1!341!5&8!4 5%5 .,!156*&<! 5%&,$4 4
&, .11.4&5&.,L 46% 4 35!4&, 6*&4+L !:!35! &,3&4+L 4 . 5%!
4.&* .,453654 9! %8! 6&*5 3.6, &446!4 .# & !,5&5;L 9%&% %8! 4!38!
5. !:*6 ! 35%!3 5%, &,*6 !L , 5. &8& ! 35%!3 5%, 6,&5!N %&*!
),.9*! $! 5%! 13.#.6, , .#5!, 1&,#6* &+1*&5&.,4 $!,!35! ;
!45!3, 8&!94 ., 3&*L 4!:6*L , 6*563* & !,5&5;L +; 1.4&5&., &4 5%5
5)*&,$ 5%!4! &446!4 5%3.6$% 5%! 3!.$,&5&., .# .63 &=!3!,!4 , !%
.5%!3\4 4%3! %6+,&5;L 46% 4 5%3.6$% 3!45.35&8! (645&! , ,.,8&.*!,!
!=.354L &4 5%! +.45 4645&,*! 15% 5.93 4 4.&* &,*64&8!,!44N
%&4 &, 563, %4 $6& ! +; 8&!9 .# 9%5 ! 65&., 4%.6* !P 46%
8&!9L .,5&,! 9&5%&, 5%! 3&5&* 13 &$+ U4$%3L CABDVL 3$6!4 #.3 ,
!:+&,5&., .# .63 4.&* 3!*&5;L & !,5&#;&,$ 5%! 5&.,4 5%5 +645 ! 5)!, 5.
%,$! , &+13.8! &5L , 13.8& &,$ *!3 15% #.393 N %&4 !:+&,5&.,L
& !,5&?5&.,L , 53,4#.3+5&8! 5&., 3! !45 113.%! 9&5%&, 5%!
#3+!9.3) .# 3&5&* 1! $.$;L 4535&,$ 9&5% 5%! 9.3) .# 6*. 3!&3! UBJHAV
65 +.3! 36&**; 5%3.6$% 5%! 9.3) .# !** %..)4 UBJJEL CAAIV , %!3
93&5&,$4 ., !,$$! 1! $.$; , 3&5&* 5%&,)&,$N !3 1!341!5&8! 5%5
Z,. .,! &4 .3, 3&45[ UBJJIL 1N CFV 3!4.,5!4 9&5% , &,#.3+4 +; .9,
8&4&., 5%5 ! 65&., , #63,&4% 15%9; #.3 53,4#.3+&,$ !:*64&.,3;
8&!94 &,5. +.3! &,*64&8! .,!4N , +; 4!L 5%&4 &,*64&8!,!44 &4 #6, +!,5**;
$6& ! ; 6 %&45 5%.6$%5 , 135&6*3*; ; 5%! 5!%&,$4 .# !, +45!3
%&% %5 ,% UBJIHV !45 !,146*5! %!3!K
!!&,$ 5%5 %3+#6* 5&.,4 3&4! #3.+ ,$!3L #!3L $3!! L ,
&,5.*!3,!L 9%&% &, 563, .+! #3.+ 6*&45& ,
&43&+&,5&8! 5%&,)&,$L 9&** 6*5&85! .1!,,!44L ,.,Y
&43&+&,5&.,L , ,.,Y55%+!,5 5. 8&!94 &, .3 !3 5.
53,4#.3+ 8&.*!,!L #,5&&4+L , .$+5&4+ &, +;4!*# , &,
5%! 9.3* N U1N FV
3,4#.3+&,$ 8&.*!,!L .$+5&4+ , &43&+&,5&8! 5%&,)&,$ 9&5%&,
*443..+ 4!55&,$ ; 13.+.5&,$ &*.$6!L !+.35& 135&&15&., , 4.&*
93!,!44L &4 1!3%14 5%! +.45 #6, +!,5* 41!5 .# 5%&4 13.(!5L , 5%!4!
9!3! )!; 41!54 5. 5%! 13.(!5N %&*! ),.9*! $! 5%! 5!,4&.,4 5%5 !:&45
!59!!, 3&5&* 5%!.3; , 6 %&45 1%&*.4.1%;L &5 &4 +; 1.4&5&., 5%5 &,
41&5! .# 5%!4! 5!,4&.,4L .5% .# 5%!4! 9.3* 8&!94 4%3! , 113.% 5. 4.&*
(645&! 3..5! &, 5%! 3!Y%6+,&<5&., .# .5%!34L , &, 5%! 53,4#.3+5&., .#
.63 4.&* 9.3* ; 5)*&,$ 5%! #5.34 , 4;45!+4 5%5 .113!44L , 9%&%
64! 46=!3&,$ , +3$&,*&<5&.,N 5 &4 *4. +; 1.4&5&., 5%5 5%! 41&3&56*
41!5 .# 3&5&* 1! $.$; &4 .5% 13!4!,5 , .#5!, 6,!:1*.3! &, 5%! 9.3)
.# 59. )!; 13.1.,!,54 9%.4! 9.3) 39 .,L ,+!*; 6*. 3!&3!L 9%. 94
3&4! ; 41&3&56*&45 #5%!3 , .+, 5%.*& +.5%!3L , !** %..)4L
9%.4! 9.3) &4 W ; %!3 .9,  +&44&., W &,@6!,! ; 5%! 9.3) .# %&%
%5 ,% U%..)4L BJJEVN %&4 41&3&56* .8!3*1 &4 )!; 5. +; !&4&., 5.
39 ., 9.3)4 .# 5%!4! 5%&,)!34N
.9 6% 35&&15&., 4 35&&15.3;O 11.356,&5&!4 , %**!,$!4 .# .&,$ 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% &5% 5&M
'.+&$
'
+-  )-'+2
,+
-', 6
&$63! CN 56 ; 3!4!3% !4&$,
%! +!5%. .*.$&* %.&!4 + ! 3! 4&+&*3*; $6& ! ; 5%!4! & !4N %5
#.**.94 &4 5%! !43&15&., .# 135&&15.3; 5&., 3!4!3% 13.(!5 6&*5
3.6, 4!3&!4 .# .**.35&8! 9.3)4%.14L 9%&% &,.31.35! 3,$! .#
135&!4L !:!3&4!4L , .8!3** 113.% &,#.3+! ; +; #.3!+!,5&.,!
1.4&5&.,*&5;P !:+1*!4 .# 5%!4! 3! 5%! 3!4!3% 113.% , +!5%. 4
 .15! U9.3)4%.14 9&5%&, 135&&15.3; 5&., 3!4!3% !4&$,VL 5%! 64!
.# 4!*#Y!,26&3; 135&!4L !+15%;Y !8!*.1+!,5 !:!3&4!4L 3!@!5&8! 3! &,$L
, 3!5&,$ 41! #.3 5%! .**!5&8! !:1*.35&., .# ,.,8&.*!,5 113.%!4 5.
&,!26*&5;N
Research Design
%! ?$63! !*.9 U&$NCV &**64535!4 5%! .8!3** 135&&15.3; !4&$, , @.9
.# 5%! 3!4!3% 456 ; 4 &5 94 1*,,! , .633! N
Workshops
&5%&, 5%! #3+!9.3) .# 3!4!3% +!5%. .*.$;L 3,$3!!, , !8&,4!,
UCABHV !43&! 9.3)4%.14 4 Z, 33,$!+!,5 9%!3! $3.61 .# 1!.1*! *!3,L
26&3! ,!9 ),.9*! $!L 1!3#.3+ 3!5&8! 13.*!+Y4.*8&,$L .3 &,,.85! &,
.9 6% 35&&15&., 4 35&&15.3;O 11.356,&5&!4 , %**!,$!4 .# .&,$ 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% &5% 5&M
'.+&$
'
+-  )-'+2
,+
-', 7
3!*5&., 5. .+&,Y41!&? &446![ U1N HBVN #.6, 5%&4 5. ! 46&5*!
4536563! .5% 9&5%&, 5%! 4.1! .# 5%! %.4!, !4&$, , 5%! 3!4!3%
.,5!:5L 4 135&&1,54 &4644! , $!,!35! & !4 &, .3 !3 5. 5)*!
41!&? 4.&* , 4536563* &446!4 .,!3,&,$ 8&.*!,! , &,!26*&5;N
%! 9.3)4%.14 9!3! 6, !35)!, &, *!, ! 155!3, 5%5 .+&,!
.,!156* , .1!, #.3+54P 5%&4 +!,4 5%!3! 9!3! 13!Y !4&$,! 5&8&5&!4
U3! &,$ 44&$,+!,5 , 3!@!5&., 9.3)4%!!5V 9%&*! 5 5%! 4+! 5&+! 5%!3!
94 41! #.3 135&&1,54 , 5%! 3!4!3%!3 5. .,5&,6.64*; ,!$.5&5! #.3+5
, .,5!,5 63&,$ 5%! &5!35&., .# 5%! 9.3)4%.1 ;*!P 5%! *55!3 **.9! #.3
%,$!4 5. .63 41.,5,!.64*; 4 6,#.3!4!!, !*!+!,54 !+!3$! N
.3)4%.14 9!3! 4536563! 4 #.**.94K
MUV &,5!346(!5&8! $3!!+!,5 .65 5%! & !4 , *,$6$!
5%!; 64! +.,$ 135&&1,54 4 4&4 #.3 UV +656*
6, !345, &,$ .# .,! ,.5%!3\4 1.&,54 .# 8&!9 &, .3 !3 5. 3!%
UV 6,#.3! .,4!,464 .65 9%5 5. . &, 5%!&3 135&6*3
4&565&.,N U1N DFV
BN 13!Y4!44&., 3! &,$ 44&$,+!,5 5%5 83&! !1!, &,$ ., 5%!
9.3)4%.1\4 5.1&N 6% 3! &,$ 94 .+1,&! .# 3!@!5&.,Y
5;1! 9.3)4%!!5 9%!3! 135&&1,54 9!3! 4)! 5. 3!.3 ,49!34 5.
41!&? 26!45&.,L 9%&% 5%!; 9!3! 3!26!45! 5. 3&,$ 5. 5%! #!Y5.Y
#! 4!44&., #.3 4%3&,$ , &4644&.,N
CN %! 9.3)4%.1 &54!*# !$, 9&5% BF +&,65!4 !8.5! 5.
.,5!+1*5&8! 135&!N )!; !*!+!,5 .# 5%&4 3!4!3% 94 5%! &,,!3
9.3) .,! 5%3.6$% 4!*#Y!,26&3;L 9%&% &, 563, +&$%5 &+15 5%!
3!*5&.,4%&1 +.,$45 135&&1,54L , 5%&4 94 5%! 35&.,*! #.3
&,.31.35&,$ .,5!+1*5&8! 135&!4N 35&&1,54 9!3! 4)! &#
5%!; !4&3! 5. 135)! &, 5%&4 5&8&5;L , &# 5%!; & L &,45365&.,
94 13.8& ! #.3 5%! 135&! %.4!, ., 5%5 ;N :+1*!4 .# 5%!4!
135&!4 9!3! *.8&,$Y)&, ,!44 +! &55&.,L 26&!5 3!5%&,$L 4&*!,5
+! &55&.,L (.63,*&,$L , !+15%; !:!3&4!4N
DN %&35; +&,65!4 9!3! !8.5! 5. 4%3! , &4644 5%! 26!45&.,4
#3.+ 5%! 13!Y9.3)4%.1 3! &,$ 54)4 .,5&,! &, 5%! 44&$,!
9.3)4%!!5N
EN %! 3!+&,&,$ .# 5%! 4!44&., 94 41!,5 ., 9%5 !++&4 !5 *N
UCABEV !?,! 4 Z.++6,&5&8! 5&.,[K
FN %! *45 BA +&,65!4 9!3! !8.5! 5. ?,*&<! , !*&8!3 5%!&3
3!1.354 ; 13!4!,5&,$ 5%!+ 5. .5%!3 $3.614N
.9 6% 35&&15&., 4 35&&15.3;O 11.356,&5&!4 , %**!,$!4 .# .&,$ 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% &5% 5&M
'.+&$
'
+-  )-'+2
,+
-', 8
Research Site and Participants
%! ?345 &5!35&., .# 5%&4 456 ; 94 33&! .65 9&5% $3.61 .# 456 !,54
!,3.**! 5 ,&8!34&  ! \&$$&,4 UV &, ,$6L %&*!N 9!,5;Y
!&$%5 456 !,54 4&$,! 61 .3&$&,**;L 65 5%! 8!3$! ,6+!3 .# 135&&1,54
94 BD U5%! ,6+!3 3,$! #3.+ BA 5. BGL @6565&,$ !% 9!!)VN %!
135&&1,54 9!3! #.635%Y;!3 456 !,54 16346&,$ !$3!! &, ,$*&4% !%&,$P
4.+! % 5!%&,$ !:1!3&!,!L !&5%!3 4 5!%&,$ 44&45,5 .3 !64! .# 5%!&3
135&6+L 65 $!,!3**;L 5%!&3 &,Y*443..+ !:1!3&!,! 94 *&+&5! N
! +!5 !&$%5 5&+!4P 5%! ?345 +!!5&,$ 94 , &,#.3+5&8! 4!44&., 5%5
13.8& ! , .8!3** !43&15&., .# 5%! 456 ; , 456 !,54 9!3! #.3+**;
4)! &# 5%!; 9,5! 5. (.&,N %.4! 9%. 4& ;!4 9!3! $&8!, 5%! &,#.3+5&.,
.6+!,54 , 4&$,! 5%! .,4!,5 #.3+N , 5.5*L CI 456 !,54 .,4!,5! 5.
135&&15!L 9&5% .,! #.3+**; 3.11&,$ .65 , ,.5%!3 (.&,&,$ 5%! 9!!)
&++! &5!*; #5!3N 5 4%.6* ! ,.5! 5%5 5%&4 135&6*3 .%.35 % ,!8!3
+!5 &, 1!34.,N %!; % !$6, 5%!&3 6,&8!34&5; 456 &!4 &, CABJ 3&$%5 !#.3!
5%! 5.!3 3&.54 &, %&*!P 5%! *!8!* .# +$! 5. 16*& &,#34536563!
, 5%! +.6,5 .# &*; +3%!4 , !+.,4535&.,4 9!3! 46% 5%5 5%!
$.8!3,+!,5 !& ! 5. +.8! ** ! 65&.,* 5&8&5&!4 .,*&,!N %&4 !&4&.,
.&,& ! 9&5% 5%! .653!) .# 5%! YBJ 1, !+&L 9%&% +!,4 5%5
#3.+ CABJ 6,5&* CACCL 5%!4! 456 !,54 % .,*; 3!!&8! .,*&,! *44!4 , %
,!8!3 +!5 #!Y5.Y#!N
%! 4!., &5!35&., .# 9.3)4%.14 94 .+1*!5! 5 5%! ,&8!34& 
5/*& ! *13&4. UVP 6,*&)! 5%! ?345 &5!35&.,L 9%!3! 5%!
9.3)4%.14 9!3! !+! ! &,5. , !:&45&,$ *44L 5%&4 5&+! 5%! 6,&8!34&5;
4)! +! 5. 64! 5%! .8!3** 5%!+! , .,5!,5 .# 5%! &,&5&* 9.3)4%.14L
563, 5%!+ &,5. #6** BEY9!!) .634!L , +)! 5%&4 135 .# 5%! 6,&8!34&5;\4
633&6*6+ #.3 ,$*&4%Y5!%&,$ +(.34N %! *44 94 5&5*! Z &*
! $.$&!4L .,8&.*!,! , %,$![ , 94 .=!3! 4 , !*!5&8! #.3
456 !,54 +(.3&,$ &, ,$*&4% 5!%&,$N ! .3$,&<! 13!4!,55&., .# 5%!
.634! 5. 13.41!5&8! 456 !,54L #5!3 9%&% CF 456 !,54 !,3.**! N %! ?,*
,6+!3 .# 135&&1,54 94 CCN %&4 $3.61 94 .+1.4! .# BE +*!4 ,
I #!+*!4L 9%. 13!4!,5! +.3! $!.$31%&**; +&:! .%.35N %&*! 4.+!
456 !,54 +! #3.+ ,!3; 363* 3!4L +.45 +! #3.+ 63, !,5!34N
The Participatory Action Research Cycle Within This Study
%! 135&&15.3; 5&., 3!4!3% ;*! !$&,4 ; .,5!+1*5&,$ %.9
.,3!5! ., &5&., +&$%5 ! !,%,! N .**.9&,$ 5%5 &,26&3;L 9! !,$$! &,
;*! .# 5&., , 3!@!5&.,N %&*! 5%!3! 3! 4!8!3* 8!34&.,4 .# 5%&4 ;*!L
5%! %35 ; &, !5 *N UCABHL 4!! !*.9V &4 135&6*3*; 64!#6* &, 5%5 .,5&,4
4!8!3* .# 5%! 4+! 1.&,54 .# 3!@!5&., 5%! 135&&1,54 , !,$$! &,N &5%
5%&4 &, +&, L 5%!3! 3! #.63 .,3!5! 3!4 9%!3! 5%! 456 ; 46!! ! 4
35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% 13.(!5L 9%&% !5&* ,!:5N
.9 6% 35&&15&., 4 35&&15.3;O 11.356,&5&!4 , %**!,$!4 .# .&,$ 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% &5% 5&M
'.+&$
'
+-  )-'+2
,+
-', 9
&$63! DN &, !5 *N UCABHVL  15! #3.+ &, ., !5 *N UCAAHVL 3!53&!8! #3.+K
%551KQQ.++6,&5;*!3,&,$135,!34%&1N.3$Q91Y.,5!,5Q61*. 4QCABHQABQ5..*)&5N1 #
Workshop Themes for the First Iteration
%! ?345 &5!35&., .# 5%! 13.(!5 .,4&45! .# 4!8!, 135&&15.3; 9.3)4%.14
4 !5&*! !*.9N
Workshop
1
!4!3% 53&,&,$ , &,53. 65&., .# )!; .,!154
%&4 4!44&., 94 64! 5. !45*&4% 5%! 3!4!3% $!, L & !,5&#; )!; 3.*!4
, 3!41.,4&&*&5&!4L , &4644 5%! 1.44&*! U, !:1!5! V .65.+!4 .# 5%!
13.(!5N
Workshop
2
%!+!K %5 &4 .,8&.*!,!O
! &,$Q9.3)4%!!5K !! 11!, &: Z!!) C ! &,$4[ 3!53&!8! %!3!K
%5514KQQ5&,;63*N.+Q(,<#)4
.9 6% 35&&15&., 4 35&&15.3;O 11.356,&5&!4 , %**!,$!4 .# .&,$ 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% &5% 5&M
'.+&$
'
+-  )-'+2
,+
-', 10
Workshop
3
%!+!K ,5!3 !1!, !,;
! &,$Q9.3)4%!!5K !! 11!, &: Z!!) D ! &,$4[ 3!53&!8! %!3!K
%5514KQQ5&,;63*N.+QE8FH8)E
Workshop
4
%!+!K .,8&.*!,5 .++6,&5&.,
! &,$Q.3)4%!!5K !! 11!, &: Z!!) E ! &,$4[ 3!53&!8! %!3!K
%5514KQQ5&,;63*N.+Q;D%):
Workshop
5
%!+!K &, #6*,!44 , ,*64&8!,!44
! &,$KQ.3)4%!!5K !! 11!, &: Z!!) F ! &,$4[ 3!53&!8! %!3!K
%5514KQQ5&,;63*N.+QFF!,F%8
Workshop
6
%!+!K !+.35&  65&., , %&#5&,$ 5%! .9!3 *,!
! &,$Q9.3)4%!!5K !! 11!, &: Z!!) G ! &,$4[ 3!53&!8! %!3!K
%5514KQQ5&,;63*N.+Q88H:43#
Workshop
7
&,* &4644&., , #!! ) ., 5%! 9.3)4%.14N ! 3!@!5! ., 5%!
!4&$,L 9.3) .6,5&*&5;L , 5%! +.6,5 , 5;1! .# &,#.3+5&.,
3!26&3! #.3 5%! 13.(!5 5. 46!! &, 5%! ,!:5 45$!L .,4& !3&,$ %.9 &5 %
6,#.* ! N
Turning Re$ection into Action
%4! ,! .# 5%! 456 ; 13!4!,5! 4!8!3* .11.356,&5&!4 #.3 3!@!5&.,
5%5 563,! &,5. +. &?! 5&.,N %! ?345 94 &, 5%! 3!*+ .# 135&&1,5
.6,5&*&5;L 135&6*3*; #.3 5%! .,*&,! .+1.,!,5N , 41&5! .# 5%!&3 %&$%
*!8!* .# .**.35&., 63&,$ #!Y5.Y#! 4!44&.,4L 135&&1,54 & ,.5
3!41., 5. +; !+&*4 .3 ,; .++6,&5&., 4!,5 5%3.6$% 5%! 6,&8!34&5;
1*5#.3+N %! ,6+!3 .# &, &8& 6* 3!@!5&.,4 46+&55! !*&,! #3.+
!!)4 B 5. HL $.&,$ #3.+ BF 5%! ?345 9!!) 5. G &, !!) HN 8!, 5%.6$%
5%! 9.3)*. % !!, !45*&4%! 9&5% 5%! 135&&1,54 5%!+4!*8!4 , 5%!
6,&8!34&5;L &5 13.8! 5.. +6% #.3 135&&1,54 , % 5. ! 3! 6! N %&4
&,&5&**; %!8; 9.3)*. *! 5. 4!8!3* 456 !,54 *!8&,$ 5%! 456 ; 4 5%!;
.6* ,.5 *,! 5%!&3  !+& 9.3) , 9%5 5%! 9.3)4%.14 3!26&3! N
%&4 !:1!3&!,!L .,8!345&.,4L , 46$$!45&.,4 *! +! 5. +)! &=!3!,5
33,$!+!,5 9&5% 5%! 4!., .%.35P &,45! .# &, &8& 6* 3! &,$ ,
3!@!5&.,4L 135&&1,54 9!3! &8& ! &,5. $3.614 5%5 !,$$! &, 5%! 3! &,$
64&,$ (&$49 113.%L , 5%! 3!@!5&.,4 9!3! .,! 4 $3.61N %&4
3!46*5! &, &,3!4! 135&&15&.,L &+13.8! .**.35&.,L , %&$%!3 35!
.# 3!@!5&.,4 46+&55! L 9%&% &, 5%! !, +!,5 !% 9!!) ;&!* ! 5N
.9 6% 35&&15&., 4 35&&15.3;O 11.356,&5&!4 , %**!,$!4 .# .&,$ 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% &5% 5&M
'.+&$
'
+-  )-'+2
,+
-', 11
%! 4!., %**!,$! !:13!44! ; 5%! ?345 .%.35 94 5%! 64! .#
+! &55&., 5 5%! !$&,,&,$ .# 5%! 4!44&.,4P 4535! 5%&4 456 ; 9&5% 5%!
&,5!,5&., .# 13.8& &,$ *!3,!34 9&5% 4& &,45365&.,4 ., 4&+1*! +&, #6*,!44
!:!3&4!4L 46% 4 93!,!44 .# 5%! 3!5% .3 4&*!,5 +! &55&.,N %!4!
135&!4L %.9!8!3L & ,.5 #6**; !,$$! 5%! 135&&1,54P 5%! 4&*!,5 +! &55&.,
13.8! 135&6*3*; &>6*5N , #5L 63&,$ .63 *45 +!!5&,$ U9%&% 94
!,5&3!*; !8.5! 5. #!! )VL 9%!, 4)! 9%&% !*!+!,5 .# 5%! 9.3)4%.14
5%!; 9.6* !*&+&,5!L 4&*!,5 +! &55&., 94 5%! .,*; .+1.,!,5 4.+!
456 !,54 4& 94 ,.5 135&6*3*; 64!#6*N %!&3 &,4&$%5 &,*6 ! 5%5
Z+! &55&., &4 ,.5 #.3 !8!3;.,!L[ Z&5 94 &>6*5 5. ! 45&**L[ , Z&5\4 ,.5
135&6*3*; 64!#6*N[ &5% 5%&4 &, +&, L !& ! ,.5 5. . $6& ! +! &55&.,
63&,$ %4! 9.L , 5. #.64 ., 5&8&5&!4 5%5 &3!5! 55!,5&., 5
!8!*.1&,$ !+15%; , !,.63$&,$ 5%! !8!*.1+!,5 .# 4!,4! .#
.++6,&5; , 3!@!:&8&5;N
!5 ,.5%!3 &+1.35,5 1.&,5 .# 3!@!5&., *! &,$ 5. %,$! 5&., 94
5%! 135&&15.3; !*!+!,5 &, P % .3&$&,**; !,8&4&.,! 456 ; 9&5%
%&$% *!8!*4 .# 135&&15&., , .**.35&.,L 9&5% .,45,5 #!! ) ,
.,53&65&.,4 #3.+ 135&&1,54 *! &,$ &,5. 135&&15.3; 3!4!3% 13.!44N
%&4 8&4&.,L %.9!8!3L #! 4!8!3* %**!,$!4K 5. !$&, 9&5%L 456 !,54 #3.+
5%! ?345 5% & ,.5 %8! , &,5!3!45 &, !&,$ , 5&8! 135 .# 5%! 3!4!3%
13.!44 U4 8.&! &, .,! .# 5%! 4!44&.,4VN *5%.6$% 3!$6*3*; .**5! ,
4%3! 5%! &4644&., ?, &,$4 , 4.*&&5! #!! ) , 46$$!45! %,$!4L
,. #!! ) 94 $&8!,N 3!$6*3*; 4)! 135&&1,54 #.3 & !4 ., #6563!
.,5!+1*5&8! 135&!4 5%!; +&$%5 9,5 5. .L .3 3! &,$4Q5.1&4 5%!; +&$%5
*&)! 5. 9.3) 9&5%P 4%3! 9&5% 5%!+ 5%! 3!46*54 .# 5%!&3 ?,* #!! ) 4!44&.,
4)&,$ #.3 #635%!3 .,53&65&.,4 , ,.,! 9!3! 3!!&8! L , ,. ,!9 & !4
9!3! 165 #.35%N
Di#erentiated Action
8&,$ 3!@!5! 61., 5%!4! #5.34 !#.3! 4535&,$ 5%! 4!., &5!35&.,L
4!8!3* 5%&,$4 9!3! &=!3!,5 9&5% 5%! 4!., $3.61 .# 135&&1,54N &345L
%8&,$ 6, !345.. 5%5 %&*!, 456 !,54 9.6* 13&.3&5&<! %&$%!3 3! &5L
+, 5.3; *44!4 .8!3 *.9Y3! &5 !*!5&8!4L #.64! ., #&*&55&,$
135&&1,54\ %.&!4 9%!3! 5%!; 9!3! +.3! *&)!*; 5. .63N .3 &,45,!L 9!
&4644! 5%! +.45 4645&,*! 9; 5. 113.% 9!!)*; 54)4L , $3!! 5.
#.3+ 9!!)*; 3! &,$ $3.614 35%!3 5%, 46+&55&,$ &, &8& 6* 44&$,+!,54N
! *4. *..)! 5 5.1&4 4%! 6*! #.3 &4644&., ,  (645! 9!3! + !
4! ., 135&&1,5 &,165N %!; 41!&?**; 4)! #.3 4!44&., !8.5! 5.
] &,*64&8!,!44P ,.,8&.*!,5 *443..+ 4535!$&!4P , #.3 8& !.4 4
135 .# 5%!&3 456 ; 3!4.63!4L ** .# 9%&% 94 &,5!$35! , 3!46*5! &, %&$%
!,$$!+!,5N .,4& !3&,$ #!! ) 1.&,5 #3.+ 5%! ?345 $3.61 W 5%5 5%!3!
% !!, ,. .11.356,&5; 5. 3&,$ 5%! 9.3)4%.14\ & !4 &,5. 5%!&3 *443..+
W 5%3!! 4!44&.,4 9!3! !8.5! 5. 1!!3 5!%&,$ 5. .=!3 , .11.356,&5;
5. 165 5%!.3; &,5. 135&!N 35&&1,54 %.4! 5%!&3 .9, 5.1&4L 4!*!5!
.,5!+1*5&8! 135&! 5. 64! 5 5%! !$&,,&,$ .# 5%! *!44.,L , 13!13!
DAY+&,65! *!44., 9%&% 5%!; 56$%5 5. 5%!&3 1!!34N
.9 6% 35&&15&., 4 35&&15.3;O 11.356,&5&!4 , %**!,$!4 .# .&,$ 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% &5% 5&M
'.+&$
'
+-  )-'+2
,+
-', 12
&,**;L )!; 1.&,5 .#  &4 4%3&,$ ?, &,$4 , .**.35&,$ &, ,*;4&4N
%&4 &4 1.&,5 9%!3! 5%&4 456 ; #!** 4%.35N %8! 13!8&.64*; !5&*! %.9
135&&1,54 9!3! 4)! 5. 46+&5 &, &8& 6* 3!@!5&.,4P 9%&*! 5%&4 % 5%!
 8,5$! .# !*8&,$ !!1!3 &,5. 5%! 3!@!5&., 13.+154L &5 *4. & ,.5 **.9
#.3 4%3&,$L .++!,5&,$L .3 &4644&,$ &, .3 !3 5. 9& !, .63 3!*&5; ,
1!3%14 ?, .++., 1.&,54 5%5 !+!3$! U.# 9%&%L 61., ,*;4&4L 5%!3!
9!3! +,;VN 63&,$ 5%! 9.3)4%.14 5%!+4!*8!4L 135&&1,54 13!4!,5! 5%!&3
?, &,$4 5. .5%!3 $3.614L 65 5%!3! 94 ,.5 5&+! 6&*5 &, #.3 #!! ) .3 4.+!
4%3! ,*;4&4N .3 5%! 4!., &5!35&.,L 6! 5. #635%!3 5&+! .,453&,54L !%
$3.61 46+&55! 5%!&3 9.3) &3!5*; 5. +!P &, 5%&4 4!L $&8!, +; !44 5.
5%! 6,&8!34&5;\4 .. *! 1*5#.3+L .6* %8! 4!5 61 *.$ .3 #.36+ 5%5
9.6* %8! 13.8& ! , .11.356,&5; 5. .++!,5 ., .5%!3 1!.1*!\4 9.3)L
8&!94L , & !4N
, 46++3;L +; .3&$&,* 8&4&., .#  94 ,.5 #6**; 3!*&<! N .9!8!3L
5%!3! 94 45&** 8!3; %&$% !$3!! .# .**.35&.,L &,*6 &,$ 5%! & !4
13!4!,5! ; 5%! 135&&1,54 &, 5%!&3 &, &8& 6* , 4%3! 3!@!5&.,4N %!&3
$3.61 1.45!34 , 13!4!,55&.,4 9!3! *4. #6**; 5%!&3 .9,L 4 9!3! 5%! ?, &,$4
+ ! &,K BV !:&45&,$ 8&.*!,! &, *443..+4P CV 4535!$&!4 5. !* 9&5% 8&.*!,!P
, DV %.9 5%! 1!341!5&8!4 456 &! +&$%5 %!*1 #.45!3 ,.,8&.*!,5 *!3,&,$
!,8&3.,+!,54N !8!3* !*!+!,54 .#  .3 &,$ 5. &, !5 *N UCABHV 9!3!
13!4!,5L 46% 4 !,*&,$ 135&&15&.,L 6&* &,$ 3!*5&.,4L 9.3)&,$ 5.$!5%!3
&, .**.35&8! 54)4L , .**.35&8!*; !& &,$ ., &446!4N &, &,$4 9!3!
4.+!5&+!4 4%3! L 65 5%&4 94 *4. 1.&,5 W 135&6*3*; 9&5% 5%! 4!.,
$3.61 W 9%!3! 5%! 456 ; 9.6* %8! !,!?55! #3.+ #635%!3 &,45,!4 .#
.**!5&8! 135&&15&., , &,165N
!64! 5  5%! .634! !:5!, ! 5. BE 9.3)4%.14 &,45! .# 4!8!,
U*!&5 9&5% 4%.35!3 4!44&.,4VL 5%! !4&$, *4. %,$! P 5%! ?345 #.63 9!!)4
.# 5%! .634! 9!3! !,5&3!*; .,*&,! , 5%! 3!+&,&,$ BA 9!3! &, 1!34.,N
.,4& !3&,$ 5%5 5%! ,6+!3 .# 3!@!5&.,4 46+&55! ; 5%! .%.35 !*&,!
4645,5&**; 4 5%! 456 ; 9!,5 .,L 5%! 9!!)*; 3!@!5&.,4 !*!+!,5 #.3 5%!
&,Y1!34., 135 .# 5%! .634! 94 !*&+&,5! N .9!8!3L & +&,5&, 5%!
3! &,$ , 3!@!5&., 44&$,+!,54 #.3 5%! .,*&,! 1.35&., .# 5%! .634!P
5%! 3! &,$L 61., 5%! 135&&1,54\ 46$$!45&.,L 94 .,! &, $3.614 64&,$
(&$49 113.%N %! !:5!, ! 4%! 6*! **.9! +! *4. 5. !:1*.3! .5%!3
&+!,4&.,4 5%5 9!3! ,.5 &4644! &, !15% 5%! ?345 5&+!L 46% 4
&,*64&8!,!44 #3.+ 5%! 1!341!5&8! .# 4!:6* .3&!,55&., , $!, !3L 5%!
&,.31.35&., .# #!+&,&45 1!341!5&8!4L , !:1.463! 5. 135&* 11*&5&.,4
.# ,.,8&.*!,! ! 65&.,N ** .# 5%&4 94  ! #.3 5%! 4!., &5!35&.,L
4 94 5&+! #.3 4%.35L +&3.Y5!%&,$ 4!44&.,4N %!4! **.9! 135&&1,54
5. #.64 ., 41!&? 5.1& 9! % &4644! , 1*, *443..+ 5&8&5;
!4&$,! 5. 3&4! 93!,!44 .# ,.,8&.*!,! , &,*64&8!,!44 ,%.3! &,
5%!&3 %.4!, 1!341!5&8!L 9%&% &,*6 ! ,.,8&.*!,5 .++6,&5&.,L
&,5!36*563*&5;L .+144&.,L , %6+,&5;N
.9 6% 35&&15&., 4 35&&15.3;O 11.356,&5&!4 , %**!,$!4 .# .&,$ 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% &5% 5&M
'.+&$
'
+-  )-'+2
,+
-', 13
Workshop Themes for the Second Iteration
4 !:1*&,! !3*&!3L 5%! 4!., &5!35&., .,4&45! .# BEY9!!) !*!5&8!
.634!L &8& ! &, 59. 45$!4K E 9!!)4 .# &, !1!, !,5 456 ; .,! .,*&,!
, BA 9!!)4 &, 1!34.,L !% HA +&,65!4 *.,$N %&4 94 6! +; 5!%&,$
.++&5+!,54 5 5%! ,&8!34&5; .# *4$.9L 9%&% !, ! .,! 5%! %&*!,
 !+& ;!3 % *3! ; !$6,N %! 6,&8!34&5; &, %&*! , +! $3!!
5%5 5%&4 4535!$; 94 5%! !45 9; 5. 13.!! N %! 9!!)*; .,5!,5 , 5%!+!4
9!3! 4 #.**.94 U5%! *&,)4 9&** 5)! 5%! 3! !3 5. 5%! 3! &,$ +5!3&*4 ,
9.3)4%!!5 64! ; 5%! 135&&1,54VK
Week
1
%!+!K .,8&.*!,!
%5514KQQ5&,;63*N.+Q#15)!89
Week
2
%!+!K , &$!,.64 !341!5&8!4 ., .,8&.*!,!
%5514KQQ5&,;63*N.+Q9%H#GF
Week
3
%!+!K .4+.1.*&5,&4+ , ,5!36*563*&5;
%5514KQQ5&,;63*N.+QEJJ3C 1(
Week
4
%!+!K .,5!+1*5&8! ! $.$; , &, #6*,!44
!$&,,&,$ &, !!) FL 9%!, 5%! &,Y1!34., 45$! 4535! L !% 9!!)\4 3! &,$
94 .+1,&! ; 4!3&!4 .# 26!45&.,4 &,8&5&,$ 5%! 135&&1,54 5. 3!@!5 .,
5%! 9!!)*; 5.1&N %&4 3!@!5&., 94 5%!, 46+&55! 5%3.6$% 5%! 6,&8!34&5;
.. *! , .++!,54 9!3! 13.8& ! N *5%.6$% 5%&4 94 6,$3 ! 9.3)L
94 !:1!5! 5. 13.8& ! #!! ) 4 , ),.9*! $!+!,5 .# 456 !,54\
1!34.,* 3!@!5&.,4N
Week
5
%&4 4!44&., 94 !8.5! 5. $!55&,$ 5. ),.9 !% .5%!3L 4 +.45
135&&1,54 9!3! +!!5&,$ #.3 5%! ?345 5&+!N %! ?345 54) 94 5. &4644 5%!
#.**.9&,$ 5.1&4 9&5% &=!3!,5 1!.1*!K
.9 6% 35&&15&., 4 35&&15.3;O 11.356,&5&!4 , %**!,$!4 .# .&,$ 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% &5% 5&M
'.+&$
'
+-  )-'+2
,+
-', 14
Week
6
%!+!K .,8&.*!,5 .++6,&5&.,
%5514KQQ 3&8!N$..$*!N.+Q 3&8!Q#.* !34Q
B+C*)I;<8&+#BB #4
Week
7
%!+!K .45!3&,$ !+.35& !3,&,$ ,8&3.,+!,54
%5514KQQ 3&8!N$..$*!N.+Q 3&8!Q#.* !34Q
BR&,.#!R*H.$<J +8(
Week
8
%!+!K !+&,&45 ! $.$;
%5514KQQ 3&8!N$..$*!N.+Q 3&8!Q#.* !34Q
B8C,81CEF+3#;;+$<AYI4:B%
Week
9
%!+!K !, !3Q!:6* 26*&5; , ,*64&8!,!44
%5514KQQ 3&8!N$..$*!N.+Q 3&8!Q#.* !34Q
BCGHI!#,.1C!5 6C BI
Week
10
%!+!K .,8&.*!,5 535!$&!4 &, 65&.,
%5514KQQ 3&8!N$..$*!N.+Q 3&8!Q#.* !34Q
B31;9IR9$FYE<&I(
Weeks
11,
12,
and
13
%!4! 5%3!! 9!!)4 9!3! !8.5! 5. 1!!3Y5!%&,$N 35&&1,54 ?**! .65
4638!; !:13!44&,$ 5%! 5%!+! 5%!; 9,5! 5. #.64 ., %..4&,$ ?345 .,! .# 5%!
#.**.9&,$ 5%!+!4K
BN .4+.1.*&5,&4+ , &,5!36*563* .++6,&5&.,
CN , &$!,.64 ),.9*! $! , &,5!3.,,!5! ,!44
.9 6% 35&&15&., 4 35&&15.3;O 11.356,&5&!4 , %**!,$!4 .# .&,$ 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% &5% 5&M
'.+&$
'
+-  )-'+2
,+
-', 15
Week
14
!! ) ., 5%! .634!K 9! &4644! 5%! !$3!! 5. 9%&% 135&&15&., %
9.3)! L 1.44&*! &3!5&.,4 #.3 5%!+ &, &8& 6**;L , 5%! &+1*&5&.,4 .# 5%!
13.(!5 #.3 5%! 9& !3 .++6,&5;N
The PAR Cycle: Ensuing Transformation and Paradigm Shifts
%&4 4!5&., #.64!4 ., 5%! 3.*! 1*;! ; 5%! 456 ;\4 135&&15.3; !*!+!,5
., %.9 4.+! .# 5%! 13 &$+4 %!* ; 135&&1,54 4%&#5! 4 5%! 456 ;
6,#.* ! N 4 5%! 4!5&.,4 !*.9 9&** 4%.9L 5%&4 3!4!3% 13.(!5 46!! ! .,
#.63 )!; 41!54 4 &4644! ; &, !* *N UCABHVK
BV 5 **.9! 135&&1,54 5. .**!5&8!*; !& ! ., 9%5 5&.,4 ,
4535!$&!4 9!3! +.3! 46&5*! 9&5%&, 5%!&3 .9, .,5!:54P CV %3.6$% 5%!&3
.**!5&8! !*&!35&.,4L &4644&., , 1!!3Y5!%&,$L &5 !,*! 135&&1,54
5. 3&,$ 5.$!5%!3 3!@!5&., .# 5%!.3; , 135&!P DV 5 $!,!35! #6,5&.,*
),.9*! $!P , EV 5 3.6$%5 135&&1,54 5.$!5%!3 4 .++6,&5;N
&345L &5 &4 !44!,5&* 5. 3!8&4&5 5%! .,!15 .# Z135&&15.3;[ &, 5%! .,5!:5
.# L , 9%5  &54!*# &+4 5. .N &, ., !5 *N UCAAHV !?,! 
4 , 113.% &, 9%&% .5% 135&&1,54 , 3!4!3%!34 .**.35! &,
5%! !:1*.35&., .# 41!&? 13.*!+4 5. 3&,$ .65 %,$! .3 &+13.8!+!,5N
 4!!)4 5. 468!35 5%! %&!33%&* , 4)!9! 1.9!3 3!*5&., !59!!,
3!4!3%!3 , 135&&1,54L 9%&% .#5!, +,&#!454 &, &+1.4&5&.,4 35%!3 5%,
.**.35&., U&, ., !5 *NL CAAHVN &5%&, 5%! *&+&55&.,4 .# 5%&4 456 ;L
&+! 5. #&*&55! 4 +6% 135&&15&., , .**.35&., 4 1.44&*! 9%&*!
3! 6&,$ &+1.4&5&., 5. 5%! 8&356* +&,&+6+ 63&,$ 5%! 9.3)4%.14Q4!44&.,4L
&,45! #.64&,$ ., 4!*!5&,$ 5%! 3! &,$ +5!3&*L #.3+6*5&,$ 5%! 1.45Y
3! &,$ 3!@!5&., 26!45&.,L , 13!13&,$ 26!45&.,4 5. (6+1 4535 5%! &,Y
4!44&., &4644&.,4N
%&4 +!,4 5%5L 9&5%&, 5%! 1.44&&*&5&!4 .# 5%&4 456 ;L 135&&1,54 %
5%! #3!! .+ 5. +)! %,$!4 5. .,5!,5L .33!5 ?, &,$4L %..4! 5.1&4
5. ,*;4! *&8! , #.3 5%!&3 1!!3 5!%&,$L 5%! #.3+5 #.3 46+&55&,$ 5%!&3
3!@!5&.,4L , %.9 +,; .# 5%! $&8!, 26!45&.,4 5%!; 9,5! 5. ,49!3
U&# ,; 5 **VN *5%.6$% ,.5 ** 5%!4! #3!! .+4 9!3! 64! L 5%! ),.9*! $!
$!,!35! , .,45365! W .5% &, 5%! 5;1! .# 8&.*!,!L &43&+&,5&.,L
, !:*64&., #.6, 4 9!** 4 &, 5%! 135&!4 , 4535!$&!4 46$$!45! 5.
3! 6! 5%!+ W 94 !,5&3!*; 5%! 456 !,54\ .9,N !3!&, *&!4L &, +; 8&!9L 5%!
&+15 .# 135&&15&., &, 5%! 456 ;K 5%! !,5&3!5; .# 5%! 5 , &,4&$%5
$5%!3! 45!+4 #3.+ 5%! 135&&1,54\ 4%3! !=.35 , .**.35&., &,
!:+&,&,$ 5%!&3 1!34.,* , 13.#!44&.,* !:1!3&!,!4 9&5% !% .# 5%!
DN .,8&.*!,5 .++6,&5&., U.+144&.,L !+15%;L , ,.,Y
(6 $!+!,5V
EN !:6* , $!, !3 &,*64&8! ! 65&.,
.9 6% 35&&15&., 4 35&&15.3;O 11.356,&5&!4 , %**!,$!4 .# .&,$ 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% &5% 5&M
'.+&$
'
+-  )-'+2
,+
-', 16
5%!.3&!4 , 1!341!5&8!4 &4644! N %&4 &,4&$%5L &, 563,L 13.8& !4 , &,4& !3\4
8&!9 &,5. %.9 8&.*!,! 6,#.* 4 , +,&#!454 &, %&*!, ! 65&.,*
.++6,&5&!4L 135&6*3*; &, 5%! *443..+N
!3%14 5%! +.45 4&$,&?,5 13 &$+ 4%&#5 5%5 .633! 5%3.6$%.65
5%! 456 ; 94 &, 5%! 135&&1,54\ 8&!9 ., 9%5 ,.,8&.*!,! &4 , 5%!
3.*! &5 , 1.5!,5&**; 1*; &, 13.+.5&,$ $3!5!3 &,*64&8&5;N %&4 4%&#5 &4 .#
13+.6,5 &+1.35,!L 4 5%! .5%!3 %,$!4 &, 1!341!5&8! !5&*! !*.9
3! &,5&+5!*; .6, 5. 5%&4 ,!9*; 26&3! 6, !345, &,$N , 4.+! 4!4L
5%&4 4%&#5 3.6$%5 ,!9 93!,!44 .# %.9 +6% 8&.*!,! %4 5. . 9&5% .63
5%.6$%54 , &,5!,5&.,4L 46% 4 &, 5%! 4! .# CK
%5 3!4.,5! 5%! +.45 9&5% +! 94 5%! & ! 5%5 8&.*!,!
&4 3!*5! 5. 9%5 9! 5%&,)N 63 5%.6$%54 5.93 4 1!.1*!N
4535! 5. 5%&,) 5%5 4%.6* ,.5 5%&,)  5%&,$4 .65 .5%!3
1!.1*! !64! &5 9.6* ! !:*6 &,$ 5%!+ &, 4.+! 9;L , &5
=!54 5%! 9; 4!! 5%!+N ,!! 5. 4535 4!!&,$ 5%!+ 4 !26*
9&5%.65 +.3*&45& (6 $!+!,54N UCV
#5!,L 13 &$+ 4%&#5 +,&#!45! 9&5%&, 5%! &, &8& 6*4\ 1!34.,* *&8!4 ,
!:1!3&!,!4L 4 3!1.35! ; 135&&1,54 E K
M; 113.% 5. 5%! .,!15 %4 !?,&5!*; %,$! 4 3!46*5
.# 9%5 9! %8! &4644! 4 $3.61 5%3.6$%.65 5%! *!44.,4N #
!#.3! 9.6* 5*) .65 ,.,8&.*!,! 4L Z\+ $.&,$ 5. 8.&
3!41., &,$ 5. 5%&4 1!34., !64! .5%!39&4! \+ $.&,$ 5. $!5
,$3; 9&5% 5%!+L[ ,.9 &5 &4 +.3! *&)!L Z\+ $.&,$ 5. 5*) 5. 5%&4
1!34.,L *+*;L .65 5%! 5%&,$4 5%5 4!!+ 93.,$ 5. +! ,
5%5 .6* ! &=!3!,5 .3 +. &?! N[ , *!8!* .# 3!41!5 #.3
5%! .5%!3 1!34., +645 *9;4 ! +&,5&,! L !8!, &# 5%!; $!5 .,
;.63 ,!38!4N X E
%&4 *!8!* .# &,4&$%5 &,5. 5%!&3 &,,!3 (.63,!;L 3,$&,$ #3.+ 5%.6$%5 5.
5&.,L &4 &+1.35,5 !64!L 4 %&% %5 ,% UCAAEV 3$6!4L 5%! 13.!44
.# %,$&,$ .**!5&8! .,4&.64,!44 !$&,4 9&5% 5%! 53,4#.3+5&., .# .63
& / .$ .,4&.64,!44N %&4 53,4#.3+! .,4&.64,!44L &, 563,L .3 9%5
*56,$ UBJJGV !43&! 4 ,!!443; ., &5&., .# %!*5% !#.3! 1!!
, !:&45L , 9%&% +645 &,#64! !8!3; 41!5 .63 *&8!4L &4 9%5 %.1!#6**;
9&** 1!3+!5! , 4%1! 5!%!3\4 3!*5&.,4%&14 , &,5!35&.,4 9&5% 5%!&3
*!3,!34N 3$6!L 4 & 5%! 135&&1,54L 5%5 5%&4 .,4&.64,!44 +645 !
.+1,&! ; 9%5 %..)4 UBJJEL 1N BFV **! 4!*#Y-.$ 3- '&K 135&!
&, 9%&% 5%! 135&5&.,!3 +645 !8.5! .,!35! !=.35 5.93 4 5%!&3 .9,
9!**Y!&,$ 5. 1.4&5&8!*; &+15 .5%!34N
, 5%5 4!,4!L !8& !,! #3.+ 135&&1,54 1.&,54 5. 5%! #5 5%5 5%!
135&!4 9! !,$$! &, W .,5!+1*5&8! 5&8&5&!4L 3! &,$ , 3!@!5&,$ .,
5%! 6*5&85&., .# ,.,8&.*!,! , ,.,8&.*!,5 5&.,L .**!5&8!*; 5%&,)&,$
.65 9;4 5.  3!44 8&.*!,! W & %8! 4!*#Y56*&<&,$ !=!5 9%&%
+,&#!45! &, 9&**&,$,!44 5. !,$$! 9&5% .5%!34 &=!3!,5*;N %&4 &4 9!**
.9 6% 35&&15&., 4 35&&15.3;O 11.356,&5&!4 , %**!,$!4 .# .&,$ 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% &5% 5&M
'.+&$
'
+-  )-'+2
,+
-', 17
!:!+1*&?! ; 5%! 59. &,4&$%54 !*.9P 5%! ?345 !+1%4&<!4 5%! 8*6! .# 4!*#Y
3! .,4& !3&,$ 1.44&*! %**!,$!4 &, 3&,$&,$ &,*64&8!L ,.,8&.*!,5 135&!4
5. 5%! *443..+L 9%&*! 5%! 4!., %&$%*&$%54 5%! &+1.35,! .# 5!%!3 4!*#Y
!8!*.1+!,5 &# 9! 3! 5. !,$$! &, 4.&* (645&! !=.354K
%!3! 3! &=!3!,5 5%&,$4 , . #.3 +; .9, 9!**Y!&,$N
4 1!34.,L 5%&,) &5 &4 ,!!443; 5. *!3, 5. %8! %!*5%;
3!*5&.,4%&1 9&5% +;4!*#L 5. %&!8! 5%&4 &5 &4 ,!!443; 5. $. 5.
5%!31; , 53; 5. &+13.8! ; ; ;N , 5%! .5%!3 %, L 4
#6563! 5!%!3L ),.9 5%5 9&** %8! .+1*&5! ;4 9%!,
5%&,$4 .,\5 9.3) .65N %&4 &4 9%; &5 &4 ,!!443; 5. +&,5&,
$.. .++6,&5&., 9&5% +; 456 !,54L , 5%5 9! , **
!:13!44 .63 ,!! 4 9&5%.65 #!3N X I
#5!3 3! &,$ 5%! +5!3&*4L .,4& !3! ,!9 1!341!5&8!4N ,!
.# 5%!+ &4 5%! 41&3&56* 41!5 .# 5%! 3.*! .# 5!%!3P 9%!,!8!3
5%.6$%5 .# 4.&* (645&! !#.3!L % ,!8!3 .,4& !3! 5%&4L ,
&5\4 4.+!5%&,$ 9&** 53; 5. 135&!N , 3!*5&., 5. 5%! &,,!3 9.3)
9! .L , 9%5 9! . 4 ! 65.34 &, 5!3+4 .# 4.&* (645&!L
!*&!8! 5%5 ; .&,$ 5%!4! 135&!4 *&)! 4!*#Y!:1*.35&., ,
4!*#Y6, !345, &,$ 5%5 &8! !!1 &,5. 5%! &,,!3 4!*#L 9! , *4.
13.+.5! 5%!+ 5. .63 456 !,54N X BE
%,$!4 &, 1!341!5&8!4 .,!3,&,$ ,.,8&.*!,! , &,*64&8!,!44 %
4!., L !26**; 3!*!8,5 &+!,4&., 5%5 3!*5!4 5. %.9 135&&1,54 49 5%!&3
'0& 3.*! 4 5!%!34 &, 13.+.5&,$ 5%!4! 8*6!4 9&5%&, 5%! *443..+4 ,
+.,$45 456 !,54K
*!3,! 5%5 9! 4 5!%!34 , . *.5 .# 5%&,$4 5%5 9&**
%!*1 .63 456 !,54 5. !8!*.1 , 135&&15! &,5. %!*5%&!3
.++6,&5;N *5%.6$% %!3! &, %&*! 5%! 1*,&?5&., .# *44!4
&4 8!3; 3!453&5&8!L 9! , 64! 5%! +5!3&*4 , .63 5..*4 5. 5!%
5%! 456 !,54 5%3.6$% &, &=!3!,5 9;4 !8!, 5%.6$% 5%! 4%..*
+; 165 45.1 5. 64N X  CA
%8! .,4& !3*; !55!3 6, !345, &,$ .# 9%5 ,.,8&.*!,!
, &,!26*&5; +!,N 5 46313&4!4 +! %.9 *443..+ ,
4%..* , &,45&* &, 456 !,54 $3!5*; 83&!$5! 8*6!4 ,
!*&!#4L ,.5 .,*; &, ! 65&., 65 *4. &, 5%!+4!*8!4N !44
5. ! 65&., , .11.356,&5&!4 +645 ! .1!, 5. ,;.,! ,
!8!3;.,!N X  BB
%! 8&!91.&,54 .=!3! %!3! ; 13!Y4!38&! 5!%!34 9%.L .3 &,$ 5. 5%!&3
.9, 4%3! !:1!3&!,!4L % !!, 6**&! 5 4%..* ; *44+5!4 , 5!%!34
!8!, 5. 5%! !:5!,5 .# 1%;4&* 8&.*!,!L 13.8& ! , .15&+&45& .65*..) &,5.
5%! 1.44&&*&5&!4 .# ,.,8&.*!,! ! 65&., &, 5%!&3 633!,5 .,5!:5L , &,5.
5%! 9; 5%!; 4!! 5%!+4!*8!4 4 ,.,8&.*!,! 135&5&.,!34N , #5L 3$6!
5%5 9%5 135&&1,54 .=!3 %!3! *&,)4 5. , 6&* 4 61., %66) ,
.9 6% 35&&15&., 4 35&&15.3;O 11.356,&5&!4 , %**!,$!4 .# .&,$ 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% &5% 5&M
'.+&$
'
+-  )-'+2
,+
-', 18
!+;*4\ Z3&5&* 1! $.$; #.3 ,.,8&.*!,![ UCABBVN %! 65%.34\ 9.3)
& !,5&?!4 4!8!3* 3!4 5%5 !3 3!*5&., 9&5% 5%!4! 135&&1,54\ &,4&$%54K
,.,8&.*!,! 4 633&6*6+ , ,.,8&.*!,! &, 5%! 3!*5&.,* *443..+
*&+5!N , 3!$3 5. 5%! ?345 .# 5%!4! &+!,4&.,4L %66) , !+;*4
UCABBV 1.&,5 5. 5%! 3.*! .# 5%!&3 5!%!3 135&&1,5 &, $6& &,$ 5%!
.,8!345&., 5.93 4 26!45&.,&,$ 5%! 9; 8&.*!,! %4 !!, %&45.3&**; 64!
4 +!,4 .# .+&,5&.,P .,!3,&,$ 5%! *55!3 &+!,4&.,L 5%!; ,.5! %.9
5%5 5!%!3\4 113.% 94 .,! ?**! 9&5% .,4&45!,;N %&4 .,4&45!,;
+,&#!45! &, 5%! 9; 4%! 3!+&,! .++&55! 5. 5%! 135&! .# ,.,8&.*!,!
!8!, &, 5%! #! .# %**!,$!4L 46% 4 9%!, %!3 456 !,54 5! 8&.*!,5*; ,
5%3.6$% 1!34.,* 4536$$*!4 9&5% ,:&!5;N
%! *45 13 &$+ 4%&#5 !:+&,! %!3! .,!3,4 135&&1,54\ 93!,!44 .#
5%! 3.*! .# !+15%; &, !8!*.1&,$ &,*64&8!,!44 , 135&&,$ ,.,8&.*!,!N
3*; .,8!345&.,4 9&5% 135&&1,54 3!8!*! %.9 .,!3,! 5%!; 9!3! 9&5%
%.9 5%!; -%,$/, 9!3! 53!5! P !:+1*!4 $&8!, 63&,$ .63 &4644&.,4
3!8.*8! 3.6, %.9 .5%!34 41.)! 5. 5%!+L 5%! 5%&,$4 5%5 9!3! 4& 5.
5%!+L , 5%! 5&.,4 !:1!3&!,! ; 5%!+N ; 5%! !, .# 5%! 9.3)4%.14L
135&&1,54 9!3! &,45! &4644&,$ 5%! &+1.35,! , &+15 .# 53!5&,$
.5%!34 .+144&.,5!*;L 5%! 4&$,&?,! , 8*6! .# 64&,$ *,$6$! )&, *;
, ,.,Y(6 $+!,5**;L , &, +.3! $!,!3* 5!3+4 .65 5%! &+15 .#
.,5!+1*5&8! 135&!4 &, 5%!&3 .8!3** 1! $.$&* .65*..)L *443..+
3!*5&.,4L , !+.5&.,* 93!,!44N %&4 4%&#5 %4 !!, .6+!,5! 5%3.6$%
5%! 3!@!5&.,4 !:13!44! ; 5%! 135&&1,54 .# 5%! ?345 .%.35 63&,$ $3.61
&4644&.,4 ., 5%! *45 4!44&., %!* L 4 !*.9K
Group 1:
BBK !4M , 5%5 &+15 .63 3!*5&.,4%&1 9&5% .5%!34L
4 9! 4535 !.+&,$ +.3! !+15%!5&N .3 !:+1*!L 64! 5.
5%&,)L Z.9 9&** !+15%&<! 9&5% 4.+!.,! 9%. &4 3&45O[
65 ,.9 6, !345, 5%5 1!3%14 5%5 1!34., .+!4 #3.+
&=!3!,5 $!,!35&.,L 4. 6, !345, 5%!+ , !15 5%!+N 4
5!%!34 9! 9,5 5. %,$! 5%! 9.3* 65 &5\4 %3 N
BGK %5 %!*1! +! 94 5%5 5&8&5; 9%!3! 9! % 5. 4!!
!% .5%!3 4 4.+!.,! (645 *&)! 64N 5 %!*1! +! 4!! 5%! .5%!3
1!34., 4 4.+!.,! 9%. &4 *4. %6+,L *4. #!!*&,$N
BBK !4L 9! #.3$!5 .65 .63 %6+,&5;M !8!, 5%.6$% 9!
3! %6+,4N
BCK 4 *.,$ 4 .,! &4 9!**L 5%! 3!45 .!4,\5 +55!3N ,
5%&4 &4 93.,$N
GK # .634!L &5\4 &+1.35,5 5. 5)! 3! .# .63 .9,
9!**!&,$L 65 &5\4 93.,$ 5. 165 .634!*8!4 &, 5%! !,5!3N ! %8!
5. ! 13&.3&5; 5. .634!*8!4L 65 &5 ,\5 ! *&)! Z+! +! +! +!N[
.9 6% 35&&15&., 4 35&&15.3;O 11.356,&5&!4 , %**!,$!4 .# .&,$ 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% &5% 5&M
'.+&$
'
+-  )-'+2
,+
-', 19
BBK :5*;L &5\4 &=!3!,5 5. ! 4!*#Y!,5!3! 5%, 5. %8!
4!*#Y!45!!+N
%!3! 3! 4!8!3* &=!3!,5 &+!,4&.,4 .# &,5!3!45 &, 5%! !:!3154 .8!N %!
?345 .,!3,4 %.9 5%! 135&&1,54 & !,5&#; 5%! %**!,$! .# !+15%&<&,$ 9&5%
5%.4! & !,5&?! 4 5%! 1!31!535.3L 9%&*! *!3,&,$ 5. 4!! 5%!+ 4 Z*4. %6+,L
*4. #!!*&,$N[ 63 135&!4 63&,$ 5%! 3!4!3% 456 ; & ,.5 &,8.*8! &3!5
!:1.463! 5. 8&.*!,5 4.&* !8!,54P %.9!8!3L 5%! 13&,&1*! 45, 4K 9%!, 9! .,*;
#.64 ., 5%! 8&.*!,5 5 !&,$ 1!31!535! L 9! %8! , &,.+1*!5! 44!44+!,5
.# 9%; &5 94 33&! .65N %&% %5 ,% UCAABV 3$6!4 5%5 9%!, 9!
4!! 4.+!.,!\4 ,$!3L 9! ,!! 5. *4. 6, !345, 5%5 5%!4! &, &8& 6*4 33;
9&5% 5%!+ 5%!&3 .9, 46=!3&,$ +,&#!45&,$ 5%3.6$% 5%!&3 5&.,4N !8!3*
135&&1,54 ),.9*! $! 5%5 9! ** %8! .63 .9, 1!34.,* 45.3&!4N .3
!:+1*!L .,! 135&&1,5 ,.5! K
, +; 1.&,5 .# 8&!9 !8!3; .,5!+1*5&8! 135&! 3!**; & %8!
, &+15 65 5%! .,! 5%5 456) 9&5% +!L 5%&,) &5 94 5%!
,.5 1655&,$ 1!.1*! &,5. .:!4 U5%5 94 5%! .,! 9%!3! ;.6 4&
5. $. 5. 5%! #3.,5 &#M 3&$%5OV !64! +.45 .# 5%! 5&+! 9! 5!,
5. *44&#; 1!.1*! &, 4.+! 9;4 9&5%.65 ),.9&,$ +6% .65
5%!+ , 5%!, 9%!, 9! $!5 5. ),.9 5%!+ 9! $!5 9%; 5%!; 3!
5%! 9; 5%!; 3!N X H
%! !:1,4&., .# 5%! &,&5&**; ,33.9 &3*! .# .,!3,L 9%&% &, +; 8&!9
94 #6, +!,5* &, 6*5&85&,$ &,*64&8!,!44L &,8.*8! 3!#6* 1*,,&,$ &, 59.
41!&? 3!4K .,! 94 5%! 3! &,$ +5!3&*4 #.3 !% 9!!)L , 5%! .5%!3
94 4!*!5&,$ .,5!+1*5&8! 5&8&5&!4 5%5  3!44! 5%! +&, 9!!)*; 5%!+!N
.3 &,45,!L #.3 5%! 5%!+! .# ,.,8&.*!,!L *! +! &55&., ., *.8&,$Y
)&, ,!44 U%0 3.,L CAAGVL 9%&% 3&4!4 135&5&.,!34\ 93!,!44 .# *.8! 4 ,
**Y&,*64&8! &+!,4&., 35%!3 5%, *&+&5&,$ &5 5. 5%.4! *.4! 5. 64N 63&,$
5%! 9!!) !8.5! 5. &4644&,$ &,5!3.,,!5! ,!44L 135&&1,54 !,$$! &,
, !:!3&4! 5&5*! Z.+144&., 35&!L[ 9%&% 4)! 5%!+ 5. !.+! #6**;
93! .# 5%! 1!34., &, #3.,5 .# 5%!+ 9%&*! 4&*!,5*; .,5!+1*5&,$ 5%5 5%5
1!34., 94 %6+, !&,$ (645 *&)! 5%!+L 9&5% #!!*&,$4 , !+.5&.,4 (645 *&)!
5%!+L , 8!3; *&)!*; 9%. % !:1!3&!,! %635L &411.&,5+!,5L , ,$!3L
(645 *&)! 5%!+N
Limitations
*5%.6$% %8! &4644! 4!8!3* *&+&55&.,4 .# 5%&4 456 ; &, !3*&!3
4!5&.,4L 9&** ,.9 &4644 59. 41!&? #5.34 5%5 *&+&5! 5%&4 13.(!5 &,
.,3!5! 9;4N %! ?345 .# 5%!4! &4 5%! *) .# 135&&15.3; ,*;4&4L 9%&*!
5%! 4!., .,!3,4 5%! !$3!! 5. 9%&% !+.35&<5&., .# 5%! 3!4!3%
13.!44 94 %&!8! N
.,!3,&,$ 5%! ?345 .# 5%!4! 1.&,54L ,!&5%!3 5%! ,*;4&4 ,.3 &44!+&,5&.,
.# 3!46*54 9!3! .,! .**!5&8!*; ,.3 $3!! ., 9&5% 5%! 135&&1,54N
*5%.6$% !% .%.35 +! 61 9&5% 5%!&3 .9, 4535!$&!4 5. !* 9&5% 5%!
8&.*!,! 5%!; 5%!+4!*8!4 % & !,5&?! L %.9 5%! 5 94 4%3! 94 !& !
.9 6% 35&&15&., 4 35&&15.3;O 11.356,&5&!4 , %**!,$!4 .# .&,$ 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% &5% 5&M
'.+&$
'
+-  )-'+2
,+
-', 20
; +!N &5% 5%! ?345 .%.35L .**5! 5%! 5 #3.+ 5%!&3 1.45!34L 93.5!
5%! 5 ., .3 .6+!,5L , 4%3! &5 9&5% 5%!+ ., .. *!N , 5%!
4!., .%.35L 5%! $3.614 4%3! 5%!&3 & !4 9&5% !% .5%!3N 635%!3L 5%!
3! &,$ +5!3&*4 9!3! ** %.4!, ; +!P *5%.6$% !8!3; !=.35 94 + ! 5.
%8! 135&&1,54 $. 5%3.6$% 5%! 3! &,$ *&454 , %..4! 9%5 5%!; 9,5! 5.
3! L 5%! 3! &,$ , 3!@!5&., 26!45&.,4 !, ! 61 !&,$ !,5&3!*; +; 9.3)N
, 3&!#L ** .# 5%!4! 1.&,54 9!3! 135 .# 5%! *!3,&,$ !:1!3&!,! , 13!4!,5!
+! 9&5% 4!3&!4 .# .,4& !35&.,4 5%5 ,!! 5. ! 5)!, &,5. .6,5 &,
#6563! 9.3)K 6&* &,$ &, +.3! 5&+! 5. !8!*.1 53645 9&5% 5%! 135&&1,54L
!8.5! 4!5&., .# 5%! 456 ; 5. .Y !8!*.1 3!4!3% 26!45&.,4L &4644 5%!
!:&45&,$ &446!4 4 .++6,&5; , %.9 9! , .**!5&8!*; 3!4!3% 5%!+L
, &+1.35,5*;L .,4& !3 %.9 9! 4 $3.61 +&$%5 ,*;<! , 4%3! .63
?, &,$4 5. +)! 5%! 456 ; +.3! #6**; 135&&15.3;N .3 &,45,!L &, 5%!&3
%!*5%3! 3!4!3%L 3; !5 *N UCAABV &4644 4.+!5%&,$ #.6, 135&6*3*;
3!*!8,5 .,!3,&,$ 3!4!3% 26!45&.,4L 9%&% 94 13&+3; .,!3, #.3 +!N
4 5%!; .6+!,5L 46!44#6* 135&&15.3; 456 &!4 &, %!*5%3! %8! *9;4
&,8.*8! +!5&6*.64 ,!$.5&5&., !59!!, 135&&1,54 , *! 3!4!3%!34 5
!8!3; 45$! .# 5%! 3!4!3% 13.!44L 4. 3!4!3%!34 3.6$%5 5%!&3 26!45&.,4
5. 5%! 3!45 ,!3 4!*#Y3! $3.61 5%!; 9!3! 9.3)&,$ 9&5%N .9!8!3L 5%!
135&&1,54 5%!, % 5%! .11.356,&5; 5. 3&5&26! , #.3+6*5!  &5&.,*
26!45&.,4 5%!; 9!3! &,5!3!45! &, &,8!45&$5&,$N %&4 113.% .6* %8!
!!, %!*1#6* &,  3!44&,$ 5%! *) .# &,165 ., 5%! &,&5&* 45$!4 .# 5%&4 456 ;N
.,4!26!,5*;L , 9%5 , ! &,#!33! #3.+ 5%! .8!L ,8&$5&,$ 5%!
135&&15&., 3!26&3! ;  , +)&,$ 5%! *443..+ 536*; !+.35&
3!4!3% !,8&3.,+!,5 &4 &+!,4&., 5%5 3!26&3!4 +.3! 9.3)N %5 &4
41!&&#**; ,!! ! &4 3.645 135&&1,5 53&,&,$N %! 5!%!3Y456 !,5
3!*5&.,4%&1 45&** 3!5&,! &54 %&!33%&* 3..54L 9&5% 135&&1,54 3!#!33&,$
, !#!33&,$ 5. +! 4 5%!&3 5!%!3 #.3 !&4&., +)&,$P 5%!3!#.3!L 4%&#5&,$
5%! *443..+ ;,+&4 W 41!&?**; &, 3!*5&., 5. 3!4!3%L 9%&% &4 4!!,
4 4535&?! !, !8.3 W ,!!44&55!4 4645&,! L *.,$Y5!3+ !=.35 5%5
, %!*1 4%&#5 5%&4 3!*5&.,* 13 &$+ , **.9 #.3 135&&1,54 5. !4!
&,5. 5%!&3 3.*! 4 .Y3!4!3%!34N 4 %!3 !5 *N UCACDV , \3&!, !5 *N
UCACBV ,.5!L 135&&15.3; 3!4!3% 3!26&3!4 3&$.3.64 , .,45,5 3!@!5&.,
., 5%! 1.9!3 &=!3!,5&*4 5%5 !:&45 +.,$45 5%! 45)!%.* !34N 6% 3!@!5&.,
, 5%! %,$! &5 +645 ,!!443&*; 6, !3$. ,!!44&55!4 5&+!K 5&+! 5. 53&,
135&&1,54L 5&+! 5. 6, !345, 9%5 &4 3!26&3! .# !%L , 5&+! 5. 6&*
5%! ,!!443; 53645 #.3 135&&15&., 5. 5)! 1*!N
Discussion
%! ?, &,$4 .# 5%&4 456 ; 3! .,4&45!,5 , 3. *; &, %3+.,; 9&5%
13!8&.64 3!4!3% .,K 5%! +!,&,$ , +,&#!455&.,4 .# 8&.*!,! U*56,$L
BJGJL BJJAL BJJGVP 5%! !5%&4 .# ,.,8&.*!,! U65*!3L CACAVP &,5!36*563*
1!341!5&8!4 ., &,*64&8!,!44 U+,L CABCL CABFL CABHP 11&%L CAAHL CABIP
3 %, _ .3!Y!,5.,L CABDVP !.*.,&* 113.%!4 5. ,.,8&.*!,!
*&,)! 5. 41&3&56* 53 &5&.,4 U656L BJJJVP 5%! 135&! .# .,5!+1*5&8!
1! $.$; U3!<5 _ 64%L CABDP &, !5 *NL CABJVP , L ?,**;L %.9
.9 6% 35&&15&., 4 35&&15.3;O 11.356,&5&!4 , %**!,$!4 .# .&,$ 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% &5% 5&M
'.+&$
'
+-  )-'+2
,+
-', 21
,.,8&.*!,! ! 65&., +&$%5 .,53&65! 5. 4.&* (645&! #3+!9.3) U,$L
CABDL CABIL 1N CABJVN .,4&45!,; 9&5% 13!8&.64 3!4!3% ,.59&5%45, &,$L
5%&4 456 ; *4. .=!34 8*6*! ,!9 &,4&$%54 &, 5%! %&*!, .,5!:5N 4
%8! ,.5! L 5%!3! &4 9!*5% .# 3!4!3% #3.+ %&*!, 4%.*34 ., 3,$!
.# ! 65&.,* &446!4 46% 4K  1.*&; U!N$NL *3/, /1!< _ *!**L
CACBP 33!5., !5 *NL CABBP .3 *5!L CABIP &8!3Y.*. !5 *NL CABIP
*%!84);Y$6&*!3L CABFVP 4%..* , 6,&8!34&5; 633&6*6+ U!N$NL 46*5.Y
**!$.4 _ 6!,5!*L CABIP &45!3, !5 *NL CABGP !(&Y833!5!L CABFVP
.3 &,*64&8! ! 65&., U!N$NL 45&**.Y3+&(.L CACAP 65&!33!<Y!<.L CACAP
35&,!< _ .44L CACCVN .9!8!3L 5%&4 . ; .# 3!4!3% .!4 ,.5 #.64
., 5%! 64! .# 135&&15.3; +!5%. 4L ,.,8&.*!,5 113.%!4 5. ! 65&.,L
.3 ,.,Y!45!3, ),.9*! $! 4;45!+4 5.  3!44 !:*64&., , &43&+&,5&.,L
!8!, 9%!, !8& !,! 1.&,54 5. ,!! #.3 %,$&,$ 1! $.$&* 135&!4
5.93 4 ,.,8&.*!,5 .,!4L 4 .1!< !5 *N UCACBV %8! 3$6! N 5 &4 %!3!
5%5 5%&4 13.(!5 +)!4 &54 .,53&65&.,L .=!3&,$ 135&* 46$$!45&.,4 .,
%.9 5. !* 9&5% *&,$6&45& , 6*563* !:*64&., .# +&$3,5 456 !,54L %.9
5. &+13.8! &,*64&8!,!44 &, 5!%&,$ +5!3&*4 , 1! $.$&* 135&!4 4.
+3$&,*&<! .++6,&5&!4 3! 56**; 3!13!4!,5! L , %.9 5. !8!*.1
$3!5!3 .**!5&8! 41&3&5 5%3.6$% .++6,&5;Y6&* &,$ !, !8.34N 5 #635%!3
.=!34 3&5&* 8&!9 .# 5%! 633!,5 455! .# %&*!, ! 65&., #3.+ 4.&*L
6*563*L , 4536563* 8&!91.&,5P *.,$4& ! 5%5L &5 13!4!,54 64 9&5% 5%!
135&&1,54\ 8&4&., .# 9%5 5%&4 ! 65&.,* .,5!:5 4%.6* *..) *&)! , %.9
9%5 5%!; *!3,! 5%3.6$%.65 5%! 13.(!5 , 1.5!,5&**; %!*1 5%!+ 3!*&<!
5%5 8&4&.,N
%&4 456 ; *4. +)!4 8!3; .,3!5! .,53&65&.,4 5. 5%!.3!5&* ,
135&* ),.9*! $! &, 4!8!3* 3!4P #.3 &,45,!L 135&&1,54 $&,! 4.*&
6, !345, &,$ .# 8&.*!,! ,.5 .,*; &, &54 &3!5L 1%;4&* #.3+ 65 4 ,
!:13!44&., 13!4!,5 &, 6,!26* 4536563!4 , !:*64&.,3; 6*563* 8*6!4N
35&&1,54\ &,4&$%54 *4. 3!8!*! 5%!&3 .+13!%!,4&., .# 5%! 3.*! .# 8&.*!,!
&, 13. 6&,$ , 1!31!565&,$ &,!26*&5;P 5%&4 94 ),.9*! $! 5%5 5%!;
3!.$,&<! ,.5 %8&,$ % 13!8&.64*;N %!; *4. 4%.9! 453.,$ $341 .#
,.,8&.*!,! 4 , !,$$! L 5&8! 135&!L 9%&*! 5%!&3 13!8&.64 6, !345, &,$
.# ,.,8&.*!,! 94 *&+&5! 5. 1&?4+ , ,.,Y5&.,N %! ?, &,$4 4%.9
5%5 5%! 5%!.3&!4 , 135&!4 &+1*!+!,5! 5%3.6$%.65 5%! 13.(!5 %
53,4#.3+5&8! !=!5 &, 5%! 9; 5%! 135&&1,54 49 5%!+4!*8!4L 5%!&3
456 !,54L 5%!&3 1!!34L , 5%!&3 &,5!31!34.,* 3!*5&.,4%&14N %&4 4%&#5 94
3!@!5! &, +.3! !+15%!5& , .+144&.,5! 8&!9 .# .5%!34P
9&**&,$,!44 5. !,$$! 9&5% 5%! 9.3* 3.6, 5%!+ &, ,.,8&.*!,5 +,,!3P
, , !:1*&&5 !4&3! 5. *!3, +.3! .65 ,.,8&.*!,!L .,5!+1*5&8!
1! $.$;L , ,.,8&.*!,5 5&., 4 +!,4 5. 4.&* (645&!N
, 3!*5&., 5. 5%&4L 5%!3! 3! 41!&? 1%&*.4.1%&*L 5%!.3!5&*L , 135&*
3!4 9%!3! 5%&4 13.(!5  ! +&44&,$ 1!341!5&8!4K #!+&,&45 ,
.,5!+1*5&8! 1! $.$&!4L 66,56L L , 4! 456 &!4 #3.+ #3& ,
4& , .4+.1.*&5,&4+ 9!3! !&5%!3 *&55*! ),.9, .3 .+1*!5!*; 6,#+&*&3
5. 5%! *3$! +(.3&5; .# 135&&1,54P ; 5%! !, .# 5%! 13.(!5L 5%!; %
.9 6% 35&&15&., 4 35&&15.3;O 11.356,&5&!4 , %**!,$!4 .# .&,$ 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% &5% 5&M
'.+&$
'
+-  )-'+2
,+
-', 22
!.+! , &+1.35,5 135 .# 5%!&3 !&4&.,Y+)&,$ 13.!44N *5%.6$% 5%!3!
9!3! L 4 %8! &4644! 5%3.6$%.65 5%&4 11!3L *&+&55&.,4 5. 5%&4 13.(!5L
5%&4 3!4!3% 46!! ! &, 3!5&,$ .**.35&8! 41! 9%!3! 135&&1,54
9!3! *! 5. .1!,*; &4644 5%!&3 8&!94 ., !% .# 5%! 5%!+!4 13!4!,5! L ,
+.3! &+1.35,5*;L 9%!3! 5%!; 9!3! 1*! .# .**!5&8!*; 4535!$&<&,$ 9;4
5. !* 9&5% ! 65&.,* &,!26*&5&!4N 5 &4 &, 5%&4 135&&15.3; !=.35L &, 5%!
5%!+!4 456 &! , &, 5%! 135&!4 9! !,$$! &, 4 .**!5&8!L 5%5 5%&4
13.(!5 .,53&65!4 5%! +.45 &, .,5!:5 9%!3! ,.,8&.*!,5 113.%!4 9&5%&,
*443..+ 4!55&,$4 9!3! 4!,5N
3.+ +!5%. .*.$&* 1!341!5&8!L &5 4%.6* ! ,.5! 5%5 3!4!3% &,
%&*! &4 %&$%*; &,45&565&.,*&<! , &55! 5.1Y .9,L !&5%!3 #3.+
6,&8!34&5&!4 5%!+4!*8!4 .3 5%3.6$% $.8!3,+!,5 .3$,&<5&.,4L 9%&% *!8!4
*&55*! &# ,; 3..+ #.3 4!*#Y !5!3+&,! 3!4!3% $!, 4N 6%&9&Y+&5% UCABCV
,.5!4 4 +6% &, 3!*5&., 5. , &$!,.64 3!4!3%L , 5%&4 %!*14 1!31!565!
9%5 6&(,. , ,,&4 UCAAAV 3!#!33! 5. 4 .*.,&*&5; .# 1.9!3N %5
!&,$ 5%! 4!L %.9!8!3L !8& !,! #3.+ 5%&4 13.(!5 %4 4%.9, 5%5 5%!3! &4
.5% 5%! 9%!3!9&5%* , 9&**&,$,!44 #3.+ &,45&565&.,4 5. #&*&55! 5%! 64!
.# 135&&15.3; +!5%. 4P !8!, 63&,$ 5%! 5&+! 9%!, 94 +)&,$ &,&5&*
.,55 9&5% %&*!, 6,&8!34&5&!4L 5%!3! 94 453.,$ 4!,4! .# !,5%64&4+ ,
.1!,,!44 5.93 4 5%&4 113.% , 41!&?**; ., 5%! 5%!+! .# ,.,8&.*!,!N
6+3 UCACDV ,.5!4 5%5 5&., 3!4!3% W , +&$%5 5%5 5%&4
&,8.*8!4 ,; .# &54 35&6*5&.,4L 46% 4  .3  W 3!13!4!,54 ,.5
.,*; 4645&,*! *5!3,5&8! 5. !:&45&,$ +. !*4L 65 *4. , .11.356,&5;
#.3 135&5&.,!34 5. & !,5&#; 13.*!+4 , .,5!:5Y41!&? 4.*65&.,4 &, ,
65.,.+.64 +,,!3P 6+3\4 .**.35&8! 3!4!3% 9&5% 5!%!34 94
33&! .65 &, 5%! * &8!4L !1*L , #$%,&45,L 1*!4L 4%! &, &5!4L
9%&% 3! *.9 &, !.,.+& 3!4.63!4 #.3 3!4!3% 65 9%!3! !,$$!+!,5
, .**.35&., 9!3! %&$%N %&4 +&33.34 +; .9, !:1!3&!,! &, %&*!L
9%!3! 3!4!3% 94 ., 65! &, 3!$&.,* 6,&8!34&5&!4 9&5% +,; *.9Y&,.+!
456 !,54 9%. 55!, #.3 #3!!L 9%!3! ,. !:5!3,* #6, 4 9!3! 64! L 9%!3!
135&&1,54 9!3! ,.5 4)! 5 ,; 1.&,5 5. &4634! 5%!&3 .9, +.,!;L ,
9%!3! 5%! $3!5!45 &,8!45+!,5 3!26&3! 94 5&+!N
Conclusion
. .,*6 !L ,8&$5&,$ 5%! 135&&15&., % !,8&4&.,! , +)&,$
5%! *443..+ 536*; !+.35& 3!4!3% !,8&3.,+!,5 &4 &+!,4&., 5%5
3!26&3!4 9.3) , 3.645 135&&1,5 53&,&,$N %! 5!%!3Y456 !,5
3!*5&.,4%&1 45&** 3!5&,4 &54 %&!33%&* 3..54 , 4%&#5&,$ 5%! *443..+
;,+&4 W 41!&?**; &, 3!*5&., 5. 3!4!3%L 9%&% &4 4!!, 4 4535&?!
!, !8.3 W ,!!44&55!4 4645&,! L *.,$Y5!3+ !=.35 5%5 , %!*1 4%&#5 5%&4
3!*5&.,* 13 &$+ , , **.9 #.3 135&&1,54 5. !4! &,5. 5%!&3 3.*! 4
.Y3!4!3%!34N 4 %!3 !5 *N UCACDV , \3&!, !5 *N UCACBV ,.5!L 5&.,
3!4!3% 3!26&3!4 3&$.3.64 , .,45,5 3!@!5&., ., 5%! 1.9!3 &=!3!,5&*4
5%5 !:&45 +.,$45 5%! 45)!%.* !34P 46% 3!@!5&., , %,$! ,!!44&55!4
5&+!N
.9 6% 35&&15&., 4 35&&15.3;O 11.356,&5&!4 , %**!,$!4 .# .&,$ 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% &5% 5&M
'.+&$
'
+-  )-'+2
,+
-', 23
!5 64 ,.5 #.3$!5 5%5 5%! %&!33%&<5&., .# ),.9*! $! &, 5&, +!3&
5%5 .**.35&8! 3!4!3% 55!+154 5. %**!,$! .,5&,6!4 5. !:&45 5. ;P
5%!3!#.3!L 9! ,!! 5. $!,!35! &,45,!4 #.3 .**.35&8! , !+.35&
13.*!+ 4.*8&,$ &# 9! 3! 5. .,! ; &4+,5*! 5%! .*.,&* 1.9!3 4536563!4
5%5 45&** !:&45 &, 5%! ?!* .# ! 65&.,N %!3! 3! 4!8!3* 633!,5 3!4!3%
!=.354 5%5 #.64 ., !.*.,&<5&., .# ! 65&., &, %&*!L 46% 4 6!,<*& Y
. 3'$6!<\ 9.3) ., 5%! 1.*&5&4 .# Z&,5!36*563*&  [ UCABEVL .4!4 UCACAV
, %!3 &,4&$%54 &,5. %.9 5. !.*.,&<! 4%..* 633&6*6+L , +1.Y
.,<*!< UCACDV , %&4 !.*.,&* &4.634! ,*;4&4 ., &,*64&8! ! 65&.,N
&8!, 5%&4 4!,3&.L !*&!8!L 4 .!4 3..)4 UCACAVL 5%5 5%!3! &4 3!*
.11.356,&5; &, %&*! 5. !:1, 5%!4! !=.354 &,5. 5%! +!5%. .*.$&* 41%!3!K
135&&15.3; +!5%. 4 &+4 5 !+1.9!3&,$ .++6,&5&!4 5%!+4!*8!4 U&, 5%&4
4! 5%! *443..+V 5. ?, 5%!&3 .9, ,335&8!4 , 53(!5.3&!4P ,.5 6, !3
5%! 565!*$! .# 4.+!.,! 4!!, .3 1!3!&8! 4 %&!33%&**; 461!3&.3 5%3.6$%
5%! !+! ! .*.,&* &4.634!L 65 &, .**.35&., , 5%3.6$%
!+.35&<5&.,N
4! ., 5%.4! &,&5&* .,8!345&.,4 9&5% %&*!, 6,&8!34&5&!4L 65 +.45*;
5%3.6$% 5%! 9.3) .,! ; 5%&4 13.(!5\4 135&&1,54L , .,*6 ! 5%5
5%!3! &4 $3!5 1.5!,5&* #.3 .++6,&5;Y4! L 135&&15.3; 3!4!3% , 5%5
5%&4 4%.6* .61; 3&5&* 1*! &, 3!4!3%!34\ #6563! !=.354N !3! 9! ,
*!3, #3.+ 5%! 9.3) .,! ; 1 &., !5 *N UCACDV &, !*4% 4%..*4L %!,
UCACCV 9&5%  6*5 ! 65&., 135&5&.,!34 &, ,$*, L , *+4530+ UCACDV
&, 9! !, , 5%!&3 .**.35&8! 13.(!5 9&5% 5!%!34 4 .Y3!4!3%!34P
5%!&3 !=.354 .,8!3$! &, 55!+15&,$ 5. !+.35&<! 3!4!3% ; &,3!4&,$
.+1!5!,&!4L !*&&5&,$ !26&5*! .,53&65&.,4 , #.64&,$ ., 3!4!3% 4
$!,!35&8! 5&8&5; 5%5 394 #3.+ 5%&4 .**.35&.,N %&*!, 53&,!!
5!%!34 3! *3! ; &,8.*8! &, 4+**Y4*! 5&., !4!3% 456 &!4 4 135 .#
5%!&3 $3 65&., 3!26&3!+!,54 #.3 65&., +(.34 ., 5!%&,$ 15%9;P
5%!3!#.3!L !:1, &,$  &,5.  ,  9.6* ! *.$&*L .%!3!,5
!:1,4&., , !8!*.1+!,5N
6+&55! K ,63; BFL CACE L !15! K 3% CAL CACE 
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (CCBY-4.0). View this license’s legal deed at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by/4.0 and legal code at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode for more information.
.9 6% 35&&15&., 4 35&&15.3;O 11.356,&5&!4 , %**!,$!4 .# .&,$ 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% &5% 5&M
'.+&$
'
+-  )-'+2
,+
-', 24
References
&,4.9L N UCABAVN %&!8&,$ !:!**!,! , !26&5;K 3!@!5&.,4 ., 5%! !8!*.1+!,5 .# 135&!4 &,
.,! *.* &453&5 .8!3 BA ;!34N ''$
4- /&,,
&
''$
%)+'/%&-L 98UBVL HFXJCN
%5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANBAIAQAJCEDEFAJADFGJHFJ
&,4.9L NL ..5%L NL _ ;4.,L N UCAAGVN ,*64&., , 5%! 45, 3 4 $!, K ,!$.5&5&,$
1.*&; 13!4463!4 &, ,$*, N &-+&- '&$
'.+&$
'
&$., /
.- '&L 87UEXFVL CJFXDAIN
%5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANBAIAQBDGADBBAFAAEDAGDD
&,4.9L NL .9!4L NL 33!**L NL _ 3,)%+L N UCAADVN )&,$ 4!,4! .# 5%! !8!*.1+!,5 .#
&,*64&8! 135&!4N .+')&
'.+&$
'
) $
,
.- '&L 8?UCVL CCHXCECN %5514KQQ .&N.3$Q
BANBAIAQAIIFGCFADCAAAAHJAAF
*3/, /1!<L NL _ *!**L N UCACBVN %! %&*!, 65&., ;45!+K !59!!, :1,4&., ,
,!26*&5;N , N .3,&5< _ N 33!&3 . +3* U 4NVL 
.- '&
2,-%,
'
-
%+ ,B
$'$
.- '&
2,-%,N 13&,$!3N %5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANBAAHQJHIYDYDBJYJDEEDYDREYB
+,L N UCABCVN .,4536;!, . &6  ,.4 !63.1!.4K * ,&/, 63.1! !,53! 8&4&.,!4
&,5!36*563*!4 ; %!3!,&4 .*.,&*!4N .+&',
&+.$-.+$,L 87UJVL BBXCHN
+,L N UCABFVN %; ,5!36*563*&5; &4 ,.5 ,5!36*563*&  N .$-.+$
-. ,L 9@UCVL CAFXCCIN
%5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANBAIAQAJFACDIGNCABENIJJDHJ
+,L N UCABHVN .*.,&* &=!3!,!4 &, ,5!36*563* 65&.,K , ,5!36*563*&5; &, 5%! , !4
, 5%! !.*.,&<5&., .# ,5!36*563* &*.$6!N '%)+- /
.- '&
/ 0L =8UBVL
BADXBCAN %5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANBAIGQGJAEFJ
1 &.,L N NL .3+;L NL .3 !3L NL _ .,!4L N N UCACDVN ,5!$35&,$ 3!4!3% _ 135&! &,
4%..*4K , !+!3$&,$ .**.35&8! #3+!9.3) 9&5%&, !*4% ! 65&.,O ,+
&-$$ &L 8<<L
BHN
11&%L N N UCAAHVN ',%')'$ -& ,%A
- ,
&
'+$
'
-+&+,N N N .35.,N
11&%L N N UCABIVN 
 ,
--
 &A
- &# &
&- -2N &8!3&$%5N
4$%3L N UCABDVN 3&5&* 3 &$+K 3!+*! #.3 .8&! !4!3%!34N  
 &
'.+&$L
87UEVL DBCBXDBCHN
3!<5L NL _ 64%L N UCABDVN '&-%)$- /
+- ,
&
 +
.- '&A
'0+.$
-',
-'
+&,'+%
 &
&
+& &N .44!;Y44N
3 %,L NL _ .3!Y!,5.,L N UCABDVN .$- /- &
',%')'$ -& ,%
'+
&-+.$-.+$
'%%.& - '&N .65*! $!N
3.<!5L NL *!,<6!*L N NL &#6!,5!4L NL !3 6$.L N NL !33!3L NL 6-L NL *.1L NL
.3$L NL !33'.4L NL & !,.8L NL &$+,L NL ;+.,L NL 4!,(.L NL /1!<L N NL
645+,5!L NL !<.Y* !33+L NL 6<.L NL L NL &***/,L NL M 44L N UCACBVN %!
%&*!, 4.&.Y!5%,.Y$!,.+& *&,!N  '%'+)2
&
' $
 '$'2L ==UCVL BFGXBHBN
%5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANBAIAQBJEIFFGFNCACBNBIHJGCG
33&!,5.4Y3 &,&L NL _ 3;Y45&**.L N UCABIVN &$%!3 65&., &, %&*!K 4;45!+& 8&4&.,N
/ ,-
$- L 87UBVL IAXBAJN
46*5.Y**!$.4L NL _ 6!,5!*L N UCABIVN , !1&45!+.*.$' !* $!,!3. .6+!,5* 13 *
+!+.3& 4.&* ! %&*!N  &-
' 'L =8N %5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANEAGHQAHBHYFFECABIAAABAAABC
6+L NL .6$**L NL _ +&5%L N UCAAGVN 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3%N '.+&$
'
) % '$'2
&
'%%.& -2
$-L =7UBAVL IFEXIFHN %5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANBBDGQ
(!%NCAAENACIGGC
3..)4L N UCACAVN !.*.,&<&,$ ! 65&.,K +; (.63,!; ., 5%! 3. *!44 538!**! N +"-(+ ,
.%&,
+&,'&- &&- ,L ?N %5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANCFJGFQ53%4NCHCD
.9 6% 35&&15&., 4 35&&15.3;O 11.356,&5&!4 , %**!,$!4 .# .&,$ 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% &5% 5&M
'.+&$
'
+-  )-'+2
,+
-', 25
3; .,Y&**!3L NL 3!!,9.. L NL _ $6&3!L N UCAAEVN %; 5&., !4!3%O '.,- ,B
)
&
 &$
+',, &
0,$--+B
L 8UBVL JXCIN %5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANBBHHQ
BEHGHFADADAABBAAC
65*!3L N UCACAVN 
'+
'
'&/ '$&A
&
- 'E'$ - $
 &N !34.N
;95!3L N UCABEVN ,8!45&$5&,$ 5%! !,!?54 .# 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% #.3 ,8&3.,+!,5*
 65&.,N '$ 2
.-.+,
&
.- '&L 89UHVL JCAXJDCN %5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANCDAEQ
1?!NCABENBCNHNJCA
45&**.Y3+&(.L N UCACAVN ,*64&/, ! 65&8 !, * #.3+&/, .!,5! !, %&*!K 5!,4&.,!4 ;
1!341!5&84 ! +&.N / ,-

,-. ',
2
1)+ & ,
&
$
. '&L 97UEDVL DFJXDHFN
%5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANCBHADQ3!:!NCACBCAED45&**.BJ
%!,L N UCACCVN &$&5**; &41!34! L 3!+.5!*; !,$$! K ,5!33.$5&,$ 135&&15&., &, 8&356*
1%.5.8.&!N .$ -- /
,+N %5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANBBHHQBEGIHJEBCCBBBABHF
%!8*&!3L N NL _ 6)*!4L N N UCABJVN +-  )-'+2
- '&
,+N .65*! $!N %5514KQQ .&N.3$Q
BANEDCEQJHIBDFBADDCGI
%0 3.,L N UCAAGVN .$- /- &
'%),, '&-
+-A

'
-'
'
&+3 N ,.9
&.,N
%66)L NL _ !+;*4L N UCABBVN .93 3&5&* 1! $.$; #.3 ,.,8&.*!,! &, 63, 4%..*
.,5!:54N '.+&$
'

.- '&L ?UDVL CFJXCHFN %5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANBAIAQ
BHEAACABNCABBNGCBDGC
&45!3,L NL .5.L NL _ .(4L N UCABGVN ! &4!,a . 6&6* !, * 6,&8!4&  ! .,!1&.` ,K
* !:1!&!,& ! *4 !4 ! #.3+&.` , &,&&* .!,5!N $ 
&
$
. '&L ;;L
DABXDCDN %5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANEAGHQAHBIYEFGFCABGAAABAAABB
.&-L NL 3!&L NL _ 33$-L N UCABHVN , .$,C
+!&,B
% ',
2
,!',

$
+
,' $
&
 $
G
+'+%

,
 '&,
& ,
+
$
,++'$$'N N %5514KQQ
999N6, 1N.3$Q!4Q%&*!Q16*&5&.,4Q !4&$6*!4Y.3^D^$!,!4Y+&.4Y;Y !4#^D^.4Y
!Y*Y3!%Y4.&*Y!,Y%&*!
..)!L NL _ 5%3&L N UCAABVN +-  )- '&A

0
2+&&2D ! 3!44N
3!&3!L N UBJHAVN '2
'
-
))+,,N .,5&,66+N
6!,<*& Y. 3&$6!<L N UCABEVN !Y!5,&<&/, ; !4.*.,&<&/,K 3!4&45!,&4 !1&45"+&4 !, !*
633&6*6+ &,5!36*563* !, * !$&/, ! .4 $.4Y%&*!N '$ ,L 8:UDIVL BAHXBDCN
%5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANEAGHQAHBIYGFGICABEAAACAAAAG
*56,$L N UBJGJVN &.*!,!L !!L , !! !4!3%N '.+&$
'

,+L =UDVL BGHXBJBN
%5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANBBHHQAACCDEDDGJAAGAADAB
*56,$L N UBJJAVN 6*563* &.*!,!N '.+&$
'

,+L 9>UDVL CJBXDAFN %5514KQQ .&N.3$Q
BANBBHHQAACCDEDDJAACHAADAAF
*56,$L N UBJJGVN 
2
.$
&,A

&
'&6 -B
/$')%&-
&
 / $ 3- '&N
N %5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANEBDFQJHIBEEGCCBGDB
33!5.,L N NL 36<L N NL $6&33!L NL 3.L NL 3&4L NL !33!55&L NL _ +.4L N UCABBVN
.8&+&!,5. 4.&*L ,6!84 #.3+4 ! %!3 1.*'5& ; !,*8!4 65.3&53&.4N '$ ,
/ ,-
- &'%+ &L :7N %5514KQQ(.63,*4N.1!,! &5&.,N.3$Q1.*&4QCBHI
3;L N NL &5%L NL 8&4L NL _ %&**&14L N UCAABVN %**!,$!4 .# 135&&15.3; 3!4!3%K
3!@!5&.,4 ., 456 ; 9&5% 3!45 ,!3 4!*#Y%!*1 $3.614N $-
1)-- '&,A
&
&-+&- '&$
'.+&$
'
.$ 
+-  )- '&
&
$-
+
&
$-
'$ 2L :UEVL CEDXCFCN %5514KQQ .&N.3$Q
BANBAEGQ(NBDGJYGFBDNCAAANAABAAN:
65&!33!<Y!<.L N UCACAVN  &,5!36*563*&  !, %&*!K !,4&.,!4 ; !4?.4 !, 5.3,. *
! 6&/, &,5!36*563* &*&,$7!N / ,-
.+&'

+"'
' $L 8<UBVL BBIXBEDN
.9 6% 35&&15&., 4 35&&15.3;O 11.356,&5&!4 , %**!,$!4 .# .&,$ 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% &5% 5&M
'.+&$
'
+-  )-'+2
,+
-', 26
.*+!4L N N N UCACAVN !4!3%!3 .4&5&.,*&5; Y .,4& !35&., .# 54 ,@6!,! , *! &,
6*&55&8! !4!3% Y !9 !4!3%!3 6& !N &$1
&-+&- '&$
'.+&$
'
.- '&L
?UEVL BXBAN %5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANDECJDQ! 65&.,N8I&ENDCDC
%..)4L N UBJJEVN  &
-'
+&,+,,A
.- '&
,
-
+- 
'
+'%N .65*! $!N
%..)4L N UCAAIVN  &
+ - $
 &# &A
+- $
 ,'%N .65*! $!N
$*!4&4Y426!<L N UCABFVN . 4.&* ; *. 1.*'5&. !, %&*!K &5&,!33&. ! 6, !4!,6!,53. 5!/3&. ;
135&.N 3*. +,L CCN %5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANEAGHQAHBIYFAEJCABFAAABAAABA
.%,4.,L N UCACBVN 3.+.5&,$ 3.#!44&.,* !8!*.1+!,5 5%3.6$% 113!&5&8! ,26&3;K & &,$ 5%!
3,4&5&., .# .**!$! 56 !,5 +1*.;!!4 4 +!3$&,$ 3.#!44&.,*4N CC
&
 +
.- '&
+, )A
- '&
,+
+'"-,L @8N %5514KQQ &$&5*N4, &!$.N! 6Q4.*!4Y+%!*Y5&.,QJB
!++&4L NL _ $$35L N UCAAAVN 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3%N , N N !,<&, _ N N
&,.*, U 4NVL &''#
'
.$ -- /
,+N N
!++&4L NL _ $$35L N UCAAFVN 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3%K .++6,&5&8! 5&., ,
5%! 6*& 1%!3!N , N N !,<&, _ N N &,.*, U 4NVL 

&''#
'
*.$ -- /
+,+N N
!++&4L NL $$35L NL _ &:.,L N UCABEVN 
- '&
,+
$&&+A
' &
+ - $
+-  )-'+2
- '&
,+N 13&,$!3N %5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANBAAHQJHIYJIBYEFGAYGHYC
&, .,L NL &,L NL _ !4;L N UCAAHVN +-  )-'+2
- '&
,+
&
-',A
'&&- &
)')$B
)+-  )- '&
&
)$N .65*! $!N %5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANEDCEQJHIACADJDDGHB
(!**4530+L NL _ &5%!**L N UCABJVN !*5% , %!*5%3! 4 5%! .,5!:5 #.3 135&&15.3; 5&.,
3!4!3%N - '&
,+L 8>UEVL EBJXECIN %5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANBBHHQBEHGHFADBJIJBEGI
6+3L N UCACDVN ,+
-''$'2A
,-)E2E,-)
. 
'+
 &&+,N N
33$-L N UCABGVN 
, .$
$'
$+'

$
 ,-'+ 

 $N ,&5! 5&.,4
!8!*.1+!,5 3.$3+ CABGQAJN %5514KQQ999N*N6, 1N.3$Q.,5!,5Q%&*!Q!4Q%.+!Q*&33;Q
1.8!35;Q .6+!,5.4R !R53(.Q*Y !4&$6*  YY*.Y*3$.Y !Y*Y%&45.3&Y !Y%&*!N%5+*
33-$L NL .&-L NL _ 3!&L N UCABHVN , .$,A
+ &,B
% ',
2
,5',

$
+
' $
&
 $
U,&5! 5&.,4 !8!*.1+!,5 3.$3+VN 23N
&,L NL 6*%+L NL _  93 4L N UCABJVN '&-%)$- /
' ,
'+
+&,'+%- /
 &B
+& &
&
 &N ,#.3+5&., $! 6*&4%&,$N
.1!<L NL 35&<L NL !3 &L NL _ .,<*!<L N UCACBVN :*64&.,3; &4&1*&,! 135&!4 , 5%!&3
3!*5&., 5. %&*!, 456 !,54\ 1!3!15&., .# 4%..* *&+5! 135&!4N +,, /
/ '.+L ;?L
FAAXFBBN %5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANBAACQNCCADE
*+4530+L NL _ $,644.,L N UCACDVN 35&!Y,!3 4%..* 3!4!3% &, 9! !,K 5!, !,&!4 ,
5!%!34\ 3.*!4N .- '&
&*. +2L 8;UDVL DGHXDIIN %5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANBAIAQ
CAAAEFAINCACCNCACIEEA
35&,!<L NL _ .44L N UCACCVN 56 !,54 9&5% 41!&* ! 65&.,* ,!! 4 , ! 65&.,*
&,*64&., &, %&*!K 3.$3!44 , %**!,$!4N / ,-
 
$ & 
,
'&,L ::UFVL FBCXFBJN
%5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANBABGQ(N3+*NCACCNAINAAC
$$35L NL &:.,L NL _ !++&4L N UCABHVN 3&5&* 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3%N , N
.9!**L N 36!L N %.4%L _ N &!* U 4NVL 
$+/
&-+&- '&$
&''#
'
- '&
,+N *$38! +&**,N %5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANBAFHQJHIYBYBDHYEAFCDYERC
!(&Y833!5!L N UCABFVN . !3,&5; , 4.&* ),.9*! $!K %! !+!3$!,! .# , !1&45!+&
&4.634! &, 5&, +!3&N / ,-

) ,-%'$' 

 & ,
' $,B
& /+, 

 $N
%551KQQ999N#4.N6%&*!N*Q16*&&.,!4Q+.!&.QFEQ+!(&N%5+*
&33L NL 3&L NL _ .33!**L N UCABGVN ' &
'.-
+-  )-'+2
- '&
,+A
+&,'+% &
&*. +2
0 -
,++,B
.-'+,
&
-.&-,N .65*! $!N
.9 6% 35&&15&., 4 35&&15.3;O 11.356,&5&!4 , %**!,$!4 .# .&,$ 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% &5% 5&M
'.+&$
'
+-  )-'+2
,+
-', 27
.3 *5!L N N UCABIVN .*&5&  65&8 13 +&$3,5!4 !, %&*!K 6, 4&*!,&. !*.6!,5!N '$ ,B
/ ,-
- &'%+ &L ;@L CDBXCFHN %5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANEAGHQAHBIYGFGICABIAAABAACDB
.4!4L N UCACAVN $
)+','

'$'& $ 
&
$,
,.$,
 $&,A
,
$
. 'H&
)').$+
2
$
)' H
+ H - 
,-
$,
)+H - ,
.- /,
+.$+,N %5514KQQ &$&5*.**!5&.,4N4&5N! 6Q
&41R.**!5&.,QDDBH
.44!L N UCAABVN !.1*!\4 ),.9*! $!L 35&&15&., , 53.,$!K 1!35&.,4 ,
!13!4!,55&.,4 &, 63* !8!*.1+!,5N , N ..) _ N .5%3& U 4NVL +-  )- '&
E
-
&0
-2+&&2D U11N BGXDFVN ! 3!44N
%5 ,%L N UCAABVN &+N & !3N
.=)!L N NL _ .+!)%L N UCABDVN 

&''#
'
.- '&$
- '&N N
\3&!,L NL .44!;L NL _ *+!3L N N UCACBVN .1&,$ !8&!9 .# 5%! 4! .# .Y!4&$, !5%. 4
9&5% 6*563**; , &,$6&45&**; &8!34! .++6,&5&!4 5. +13.8! .3  15 !,5* !*5%
!38&!4N $-
F
' $
+
&
-
'%%.& -2L 9@UBVL BXBHN %5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANBBBBQ
%4NBDBAF
+1.Y.,<*!<L N UCACDVN !4.*.,&<3 * ! 6&/, &,*64&8L 13. 6&3 .53.4 %&5.4 +!,5*!4N
'$ 'L <>L CDHXCFDN %5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANBHCCHQ#.*&.4NFHYBGHJD
*833&L NL _ +1.4Y35&,!<L N UCACAVN !3,&,$ #3.+ %&*!\4 456 !,5 +.8!+!,5K ;.65%
.3$,&4&,$ , ,!.*&!3* 3!5&.,N , N %.6 3; _ N **; U 4NVL 
& /+, -2
&
' $
.,- N *65. 3!44N
3,$3!!,L NL _ !8&,4!,L N UCABHVN .3)4%.14 4 !4!3% !5%. .*.$;N $-+'&
'.+&$
'
E+& &L 8<UBVL HAXIBN
&,L NL %&5+,L NL _ &**! $!L N UCABHVN +-  )-'+2
- '&
,+
''$# -A
&
&-+'.- '&
-'
, &

,
&
))+'
-'
+& &B
,+
&
- '&N 63%+ ,&8!34&5;N
%5514KQQ999N 63NN6)Q3!4.63!4Q!.,Q5..*)&5N1 #
33!**.L NL .3&.L NL 3&**.L NL _ .3!,.L N UCABJVN !%&,$ &, 5%! 6634K 35&&15.3;
5&., !4!3% $&,45  65&.,* 45$!N +'&- +,
&
,2'$'2L 87N %5514KQQ .&N.3$Q
BANDDIJQ#14;$NCABJNACDAIQ#6**
6&(,.L NL _ ,,&4L N UCAAAVN .*.,&*&5; .# .9!3L 63.!,53&4+ , 5&, +!3&N
)$&-A
 0,
+'%
-
'.-L 8UDVL FDDXFIAN %5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANBBHHQACGIFIAJAAABFAACAAF
!4.,L NL _ 3 63;L N UCAAHVN 

&''#
'
- '&
,+N N
!&5,L NL _ &4.,L N UCABCVN *&+5! %,$! .3 .&* %,$!O ,8&3.,+!,5* , !#5&45
3:&4 , 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3%N $'$ 3- '&,L @UDVL DJFXEBAN %5514KQQ .&N.3$Q
BANBAIAQBEHEHHDBNCABCNGIAHDF
&8!3Y.*.L NL &8!3Y3$4L NL _ *.,4.Y,.L N UCABIVN , +&3  5!33&5.3&* * 4&45!+
6,&8!34&53&. %&*!,.N * 4. ! * ,&8!34&  3!$&.,* ! ;4", UVN ,-. ',
( ',L
;;UBVL ECHXEEDN %5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANEAGHQAHBIYAHAFCABIAAABAAECH
%!3L N NL .55Y33!55L NL &)+,L NL _ %3&4&,$!3L N N UCACDVN 35&&15.3; !4!3%
+!3$!,5 !.++!, 5&.,4 #.3 !4!3%!34 ,  !+& ,45&565&.,4K 1& .1&,$
!8&!9N '.+&$
'
+-  )-'+2
,+
-',L ;UCVN %5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANDFIEEQAABNHEIAH
*%!84);Y$6&*!3L N UCABFVN ,!.*&!3* 3!8.*65&.,K 5%! ! 65&.,* 1.*&; &, %&*! 4&,! 5%!
+&*&53; &55.34%&1N .JI '
,*. ,L ;8L BEHDXBEIGN %5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANBFJAQ
BFBHYJHACCABFAIBEBGGA
6%&9&Y+&5%L N UCABCVN '$'& 3 &
-''$' ,A
,+
&
& &'.,
')$ UC, ! NVN
! N
656L N UBJJJVN '
.-.+
 -'.-
'+ /&,,N & !3N %5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANBBBBQ
(NBFEAYFIECNBJJJN5AAABCN:
.9 6% 35&&15&., 4 35&&15.3;O 11.356,&5&!4 , %**!,$!4 .# .&,$ 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% &5% 5&M
'.+&$
'
+-  )-'+2
,+
-', 28
&<!4%#3L NL .+!,,4L NL !)55*L NL _ $%& +,L N UCACBVN +1.9!3&,$ %!*5%
8.*6,5!!34 5%3.6$% 135&&15.3; 5&., 3!4!3% &, .+13!%!,4&8! %!*5%3! !,5!3N 
.$ 
$-L 98L IIJXIJHN %5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANBBIGQ4BCIIJYACBYBAIHIYH
&44*65%L N UCACBVN +!&,
2
/'$. (&
$
,-$$ '
' $
&
 $N !,53. ! &45!+4
6*&.4 ! * ,&8!34&  ! %&*!N %5514KQQ999N+3&.9&44*65%N.+Q !43$4Q
+3&.R9&44*65%R!*R!45**& .R4.&*R!,R%&*!R8BR#!BN1 #
,$L N UCABDVN ,.,8&.*!,5 113.% 5. 4.&* (645&! ! 65&.,N .- '&$
-. ,L ;@UGVL
EIFXFADN %5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANBAIAQAABDBJEGNCABDNIEEBEH
,$L N UCABIVN .,8&.*!,! 4 5!%!3 ! 65&.,K 26*&55&8! 456 ; &, %**!,$! ,
1.44&&*&5&!4N '.+&$
'

.- '&L 8<UCVL CBGXCDHN %5514KQQ .&N.3$QBANBAIAQ
BHEAACABNCABINBEFICJE
.9 6% 35&&15&., 4 35&&15.3;O 11.356,&5&!4 , %**!,$!4 .# .&,$ 35&&15.3; 5&., !4!3% &5% 5&M
'.+&$
'
+-  )-'+2
,+
-', 29
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
Participatory Research Emergent Recommendations for Researchers and Academic Institutions: A Rapid Scoping Review
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2023
In recent years, a range of academic disciplines have emphasized the potential benefits of prioritizing meaningful engagement with individuals and communities who have lived and have living experience with the topics, phenomena and problems researchers seek to study. In March 2022, we were asked to produce a paper to inform a university workshop and training materials to help students and faculty engage with participatory methods. In turn, we conducted a rapid scoping review of reviews to document key recommendations relating to methodology, logistics and ethics within the various modes of participatory research. Searches were conducted in Web of Science, SCOPUS, ProQuest, Pub Med, OVID (including Medline, PschyInfo/EMBASE, APAPsych) to identify published academic reviews (e.g., systematic, scoping, literature reviews and evidence gap maps), for best practices relating to participatory research. This approach drew out aggregated best practices and lessons learned across many primary studies and increased the speed of the review. From 276 studies imported for screening, 43 full-text studies were assessed for eligibility and 28 were deemed relevant for full inclusion. Results are presented as: 1) participatory research recommendations for researchers; and 2) participatory research recommendations for academic institutions. Three sub-themes emerged within the context of suggestions for researchers engaging with participatory methods: 1) early-stage considerations for study design and planning; 2) conducting the research; and 3) dissemination and knowledge exchange. This rapid scoping review highlights key recommendations for researchers interested in using participatory approaches in their own research, and for academic and institutional stakeholders who aim to support these practices.
View
Descolonizar la educación inclusiva, producir otros hábitos mentales
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2023
Este artículo analiza cómo las configuraciones proporcionadas por la matriz moderno/colonial informan que los argumentos más difundidos como parte del espacio multiposicional denominado educación inclusiva y su aparato cognitivo, son consecuencia directa, pero encubierta, de un lenguaje, de una estructura y de una cultura propiedad del sistema mundial moderno. El objetivo de la investigación consiste en develar cómo el discurso más difundido a nivel mundial sobre educación inclusiva ha sido transferido sin ninguna clase de medición a la zona geopolítica definida como Sur global. Este punto, nos informa acerca de un sistema de racionalidad elaborado por el Norte global, reproduciendo los intereses de la zona del ser que impone una pseudo-racionalidad que opera sin referencias objetivas sobre su verdadero índice de singularidad. El método empleado es el de revisión documental crítica., por medio del cual el trabajo concluye identificando que, gran parte del conocimiento mainstream producido y significado bajo el sintagma ‘educación inclusiva’ corre de forma paralela con la racionalidad del colonialismo, esto quiere decir que posee una fuerte impronta teleológica, geopolítica y onto-política propia de la consciencia epistemológica colonial/imperial.
View