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Volume 9 Issue 37 (September 2024) PP. 352-374
DOI 10.35631/IJLGC.937029
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW,
GOVERNMENT AND COMMUNICATION
(IJLGC)
www.ijlgc.com
COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS AND AWARENESS ON WATER
RELATED DISASTERS IN RAUB, PAHANG
Norhazlina Fairuz Musa Kutty1*, Iddi Kifla Mohd Taib2, Nik Rasheed Ismail3, Wan Farizatul Shima
Wan Ahmad Fakuradzi4
1
Department of Strategic Studies, Faculty of Defence Management Studies, National Defence University of
Malaysia.
Email: nfairuz@upnm.edu.my
2
Department of Strategic Studies, Faculty of Defence Management Studies, National Defence University of
Malaysia.
Email: 3221606@alfateh.upnm.edu.my
3
Department of Logistics Management & Business Administration, Faculty of Defence Management Studies,
National Defence University of Malaysia.
Email: rashed@upnm.edu.my
4
Community Health Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, National Defence University of Malaysia.
Email: wanfarizatul@upnm.edu.my
*
Corresponding Author
Article Info:
Abstract:
Article history:
Received date: 25.06.2024
Revised date: 17.07.2024
Accepted date: 15.08.2024
Published date: 30.09.2024
To cite this document:
Musa Kutty, N. F., Taib, I. K. M.,
Ismail, N. R., & Fakuradzi, W. F. S.
W. A. (2024). Community
Preparedness and Awareness on
Water Related Disaster (WRD) in
Raub Pahang. International Journal of
Law, Government and
Communication, 9 (37), 352-374.
DOI: 10.35631/IJLGC.937029
This work is licensed under CC BY 4.0
Water is essential for all living things. But water also prone to the risk of water
related disaster which is not a new phenomenon that happened worldwide
including Malaysia. Despite disasters always associated with natural
catastrophe, disaster can be classified into three categories namely natural,
man-made and hybrid disasters. Notwithstanding the category of disasters, the
impact of it would cause loss of lives, damage to property or the environment
as well as affecting the daily activities of local community. Therefore, this
research aims to identify the issues related to water related disaster among
community in Raub, Pahang, examine the level of knowledge that affects
community preparedness and awareness, community participation and
empowerment of the community in creating resiliency towards water related
disasters, and finally to propose a framework of community resiliency to water
related disasters in Raub, Pahang. In achieving the objectives, qualitative
research methods were adopted using face to face interview and qualitative
online survey using semi structured interview protocols. This research found
that past and present experience by the community had imparted a good
understanding of water scarcity among the community in Raub. However, their
preparedness level to be independent in dealing with the risk of water scarcity
is still low as they had few constraints to establish a more structured water
scarcity management system with less dependence on the government’s
assistance.
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Keywords:
Water Related Disaster (WRD), Community Based Resilience, Community
Preparedness and Awareness
Introduction
About 71 percent of the Earth's surface is covered by water. Ocean water covers 97 percent of
total water, whereas freshwater accounts for 3 percent. About 2/3 of the world's fresh water is
in rivers, bogs, and lakes, with the remaining 1/3 in groundwater, icecaps, and glaciers. The
total water volume is predicted to be 1,385 million cubic kilometers or 264 billion gallons
(Grayman, 2011). The importance of water is immeasurable not only for human beings but to
all living things. It was and is a major force in the formation of the face of the Earth as we
know it today and as it evolves in the future. It is essential to every living organism too. Besides,
water is a main catalyst in controlling our climate and weather.
From 2001 to 2018, over 5000 water-related disasters (WRDs) occurred globally, accounting
for 73.9 percent of all-natural disasters (J. Lee et al., 2020a). Apart from water-related disasters
caused by the natural variations, the influences of human’s activities such as discharge to water,
managing the water, and developing the area near to water, may results in WRD which
consequently caused another calamity or a catastrophe.
Undeniably, due to globalization, more jobs, income, and, in general, more opportunities for a
better life have resulted from recent increases in the production and supply of goods and
services. Nevertheless, such growth and rapid development has also resulted in an increase in
natural resource consumption and pollution which clearly reflected on water and other critical
components of the whole world (Cosgrove & Loucks, 2015).
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), during the last decade of the last century
about two billion people were victims of natural disasters, 85 percent of which were floods and
droughts (Cosgrove & Loucks, 2015). Lee et al. (2020) also stated that WRDs such as floods,
storms, landslides, and droughts have killed over 300,000 people and cost the global economy
about USD 1.7 trillion. Floods and droughts, which account for roughly 60% of WRDs, also
have had particularly severe economic consequences in recent years. WRDs and their
associated consequences have become more common in the 21st century whereby from 2001
to 2018, over 600 billion USD was lost globally owing to around 2900 flood or 290 drought
episodes. These events have also wreaked havoc on the health of 2.8 billion of global
population (J. Lee et al., 2020b).
The United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) had outlined in their 6th Goal
to ensure access to water and sanitation for all by the year 2030 (United Nations Sustainable
Development Goals). The UN reported that worldwide, one in three people do not have access
to safe drinking water, two in every five people do not have a basic hand-washing facility and
more than 673 million people still practice open defecation.
In Pahang, Malaysia water related disasters including solid wastes problems and degradation
of water quality and quantity is not a new phenomenon. Pahang has the longest river in
Peninsular Malaysia and 4,000 million liters of the raw water Pahang River Basin is also being
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transferred to Selangor state daily through 44.6 kilometer of Pahang-Selangor Raw Water
Transfer Tunnel (Pahang-Selangor ISRWT) project (Weng & Mokhtar, 2007). However, the
state itself relentlessly encountered a series of water scarcity events. Among issues related to
water scarcity in the state are water management inefficiency (Kamarudin et.al., 2014), solid
wastes problem and degradation of water quality and quantity (Kok Weng & Mokhtar, 2009).
Generally, water scarcity is a situation of lack of water in relation to water requirements. There
are various terms on water scarcity that have been used interchangeably by scholars and experts
namely, water scarcity, water shortage and water stress (Tapela, 2012). The term ‘water
shortage’ refers to an absolute shortage where the water availability does not meet the
minimum requirements. The actual quantity that determines a per capita minimum may differ
from place to place. On the other hand, ‘water scarcity’ is a more relative concept, which
describes the relationship between demand of water and its availability. Such demand may
differ significantly between countries and areas within a particular country. Meanwhile, ‘water
stress’ is the impact of scarcity, which may manifest itself in a few ways, such as increasing
conflict over sectoral usage, a decline in service levels, crop failure and food insecurity (Tapela,
2012). From the above explanation, this research had used the term water scarcity as it is more
relevant and suits the research objectives.
In 2020, Pahang Menteri Besar, Datuk Seri Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail stated that the state
government had allocated RM2.3 billion to overcome the water issues state-wide (The Star,
2022). The projects approved included the construction of pre-sedimentation tanks to overcome
the issue of water disruption in Bilut, an area within Raub district in Pahang. The project was
in consequence of repeated water scarcity crisis in the area whereby the water treatment plant
had to be shut down because of the murkiness level of Bilut River went high. Bilut River is one
of the water resources that come into the plant for the usage of the community in the area.
Recent research in 2021 found that found that Raub did not encounter major natural hazards
issue except water scarcity and poor water supply quality (Khairuddin, K.N. & Awang Besar,
J., 2021).
Although the responsibility to provide safe water to the community often lies within the
government of the state, with the rapid growth of population and drastic change of
industrialization, the efficiency of the responsible agency in supplying appropriate amount of
safe treated water to the community, it is timely for the community to look for counter measures
that would lessen the consequences of water scarcity.
Problem Statement
The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated that community access to clean water is
vital in preventing and containing the spread of the disease via appropriate sanitation and
hygiene practices. Since decades, water scarcity issue in Malaysia dominated by most
populated states like Selangor and Klang Valley, with less attention was made towards other
state such as Pahang, especially in the district of Raub which had encountered hundreds of
water supply disruption incidents over the years. In a year, Raub had went through numerous
events of shortage of water supply and contaminated and murky water supply to the household.
Water scarcity in Raub had not been effectively dealt with and therefore, the community had
to live with the water scarcity for generations. They are facing numerous events of water
shortage, murky water supply and low-pressure water supply which have disrupted their daily
life routine. In the latest government effort to overcome the water scarcity issue in Raub, a
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RM18 million project was announced in 2020 to enhance water facilities in district of Raub in
addressing the problem that has been going on for many years (Malay Mail, 2020).
Although Pahang has the longest river in the Peninsular Malaysia and 4,000 million liters of
the raw water from Pahang River Basin is being transferred to Selangor state daily, many areas
within the state always encountered numerous water shortage incidents. Sustainable water
management indeed requires urgent attention by the policy maker and policy executioner to
ensure water demand is met and the community had been able to live with reasonable amount
of water supply (K. E. Lee et al., 2018).
In reducing the impact of water scarcity, community participation is very important.
Community no longer relies upon the government to overcome the problems. Notably,
fostering community preparedness and raising awareness level in water related disaster within
the affected communities had have multiple benefits too. Therefore, in addressing the research
problem, a framework on community preparedness and awareness in dealing with water
scarcity had been established.
Literature Review
Water Resource and Water Management in Pahang
Pahang is one of the states in Malaysia and the largest state in the Peninsular with 35,965-
kilometre square areas which was further divided into eleven districts namely Pekan, Kuantan,
Rompin, Maran, Bera, Jerantut, Temerloh, Raub, Bentong, Lipis dan Cameron Highlands.
Total population in Pahang according to 2019 census are 1.67 million (Department of Statistic
Malaysia, 2020). Pahang state is bordering with five other states within the Peninsular
Malaysia, Kelantan and Terengganu at the upper north, Perak, Selangor and Negeri Sembilan
to the west and Johore to the south. East part of the state is South China Sea. As the largest
state in the Peninsular, Pahang has the highest mountain, Gunung Tahan and the longest river,
Sungai Pahang.
In Malaysia, sstreams and rivers with and without impounding reservoirs contribute 98 percent
of the total water use whilst the remainder is contributed by groundwater. Due to irregular river
flow regimes, storage facilities were constructed to secure safe yield from surface water sources
(Azhar, 2000). The Pahang River Basin (Figure 1), which is the largest river basin in Peninsular
Malaysia with the catchment area of about 29,000 cubic kilometres, situated between the
Titiwangsa Range in the west and Timur Range in the east. The region also experiences
maximum rainfalls around the months of November to December, while the driest months are
June and July. There are two main natural lakes in the Pahang River Basin namely the Lake
Bera and the Lake Chini, which are the largest and second largest natural freshwater lakes in
Malaysia.
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Figure 1: Pahang River Basin (Zainalfikry et al., 2020)
Notably, the Federal Constitution laid out that matters pertaining to natural resources such as
land, mines, forest and water supply fall under the jurisdiction of the states (Azhar, 2000). The
development and administration of water resources in Malaysia was fragmented through
various government departments according to their functions and activities (Figure 2). In
Pahang, water supply management is under the responsibility of Perbadanan Air Pahang
Berhad (PAIP). The Waters Enactment No. 5 /2007 was formulated in Pahang state. This
Enactment stipulates the authorities of State Authority, the rules for river management
including transfer of raw water, land development along the river, prohibition of activities,
penalties, and others.
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Figure 2 : Development Framework in Pahang (Kok Weng & Mokhtar, 2009)
In river basin management, the State Authority is responsible in defining the boundaries of the
catchment areas and to specify the types of activities permitted within the defined catchment
areas. Once the catchment areas are defined, the catchment areas are declared by the State
Authority to be restricted and prohibited areas. Water that has been supplied to households will
be treated at water treatment plant. There are 60 treatment plants in Pahang River Basin. Within
Raub district, there are eight water treatment plants namely Bukit Fraser, Teras, Sungai Bilut,
Sungai Klau, Sungai Kloi, Sungai Semantan, Kuala Medang and Ulu Sungai (JICA & JPS,
2011). The spread of water treatment plants in Pahang are as shown below in Figure 3.
Apart from having a large water basin in the state with total catchment area of 28,770
kilometres square, raw water is also transported from Pahang River to the Klang Valley under
the (Pahang-Selangor ISRWT) project (Figure 4). One of the river sources that flow towards
the stream is Sungai Klau in Raub which has 30 meters depth and 24 kilometre per square. The
water tunnel’s construction began in 2010 and completed by May 2014. The project was
awarded to the Japanese companies Shimizu Corporation and Nishimatsu formed a joint
venture (JV) with local companies IJM and UEM Builders to excavate the tunnel. Nevertheless,
the project had intensified the local’s disappointment on water management issue as some areas
in the state are still suffering from disrupted water supply and poor quality of water supply to
the household.
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Figure 3: Location of 65 Treatment Plants in Pahang River Basin (JICA & JPS,
2011)
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Figure 4: Pahang-Selangor Raw Water Transfer Project (Shimzu Corporation
Malaysia, https://www.shimz-global.com/my/en/works/detail/index.html?id=476)
Raub district is a district located in the west Pahang, Malaysia, bordered with Lipis, Jerantut,
Temerloh, Bentong and Hulu Selangor districts. In 2019, total population in Raub is 107,800
with 24,307 houses (Department of Statistic Malaysia, 2020) who lives within 2,269 square
kilometres of the land area. In addition, there are nine Mukim and 47 Village Development and
Security Committees (Jawatankuasa Kemajuan dan Keselamatan Kampung – JKKK) under
the administration of Raub District and Land Office. In 1996, Pahang State Government had
gazetted 305 rivers within the Raub district, second highest number of rivers among district in
Pahang after Lipis which has 554 rivers (Warta Kerajaan Negeri Pahang, 1996).
In line with the increase of population, modernization of lifestyle and industrial development
water demand for domestic and industrial water supply has been increasing, while irrigation
water demand is expected to decrease due to decline of rise production. Despite vast forest area
and hundreds of rivers in Pahang including in Raub, freshwater resources are still insufficient
to meet domestic, economic growth, and environmental needs. As consequence, lack of
adequate clean water to meet human drinking water and sanitation demands is a significant
limitation on human health and productivity, as well as economic development and the
preservation of a clean environment and healthy ecosystems (Cosgrove & Loucks, 2015).
Nevertheless, increase of population, rapid development of climate change also should not
hinder the state government’s responsibility to ensure proper quality water supply to the people.
In regard to unavoidable population growth and rapid development, in coping with the demand
for safe water supply, many countries still have a tendency to address water scarcity issues by
boosting surface and groundwater storage and allocation, for example, by the construction of
new infrastructure, desalination of salty or brackish water, wastewater reuse, or recharging
aquifers (Cosgrove & Loucks, 2015). Cosgrove & Loucks (2015) also added that augmenting
water supply to meet demand for water had prevailed over focusing on reducing water demand,
such as stemming the losses in transport and distribution systems, implementing adequate tariff
systems which seek to encourage lower water demand levels, changing water use technologies,
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and, increasing the efficiency of water use in domestic, industrial, and irrigation systems.
Reducing water demand also lead to communities’ dissatisfaction on their right to gain access
to safe fresh water (Wijayanti et al., 2020).
Figure 5 : Population in Pahang (Department of Statistic Malaysia, 2020)
In addressing today’s water scarcity, an improvisation on water management is crucial.
Wijayanti et al., (2020) in their research on water scarcity in Jogjakarta province in Indonesia
suggested three approaches in dealing with sustainable water resources management namely,
reduce water demand, increase water supply and replenish groundwater. In leveraging the
water supply availability, they outlined three ways of increasing it namely, develop new dams,
harvest rainwater and manage storm water (Wijayanti et al., 2020).
Government’s Responsibility and Community Role in Water Related Disasters
Water related disasters are particularly acute in Asia continent. As population growth rapidly
and urbanization rates in Asia rise progressively, the stress on the region’s water resources is
intensifying (Abedin et al., 2014). Climate change and global warming further deteriorates the
situation significantly. Water-related disasters may be further categorized as floods, storms,
waves, slides, droughts, epidemics, contamination and climate change (Grayman, 2011).
One of water related disaster is water scarcity. Water scarcity is described as a condition where
water demand exceeds over available water supply. Water scarcity arises in situations where
there is insufficient water to simultaneously support both human and ecosystem water needs.
In discussing the severity of water scarcity, Payus et al., (2020) said that water scarcity is one
of the most significant natural disaster affecting the society. Prior to that, Man et.al. (2014)
stated that water crisis may lead to disaster affecting human beings and disrupting the economic
activities.
Among factors led to severe water challenges and water scarcity are the detrimental effect from
the nature and human intervention. Physical water scarcity may occur because of both natural
phenomena such as drought as well as from human influences. Most often water scarcity has
resulted from basic lack of water. However, it may also be resulted from lack of appropriate
infrastructure to provide access to considerable available water resources, which is referred to
as economic water scarcity. Apart from the negative effects of urbanisation, water scarcity is
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also due to limited water management capacity and unorganised management. In some extent,
it may also cause by poor or no communication between users. In this regard, it is important to
explain whether shortage of water supply is a crisis or a disaster.
In determining the criteria of disaster and crisis, Shaluf et al (2003) stated that a disaster does
not carry the same definition as a crisis in the traditional meaning of the word. They said that
a crisis is a situation which require important decisions to be made within short period of time.
Whereas a disaster involved management procedures that must be maintained, and
management problems coped with under conditions of major technical emergency. In earlier
attempt to understand the nature of a disaster, Turner & Pidgeon (1997) concluded that there
is no universal definition of disaster because it’s definition depending on the different discipline
using the term. However, Turner & Pidgeon highlighted that a disaster is:
“An event, concentrated in time and space, which threatens a society or a
relatively self-sufficient subdivision of a society with major unwanted
consequences as a result of the collapse of precautions which had hitherto been
culturally accepted as adequate.”
With the evolution of disaster or risk management, more attempts were made to untangle the
definition of disaster which often used interchangeably with crisis, and sometimes emergency.
Al-Dahash et al (2016) in much later work reveals that the key features of a disaster are its
sudden nature, unforeseen, causing loss and damage, coping capacity, system recovery,
external assistance and involvement of multi stakeholders.
Similarly, there is also no universal definition of crisis that has been adopted across all fields
(Shaluf et al., 2003). As mentioned earlier, some scholars tend to agree that crisis was perceived
as negative situation and, in some circumstances, a crisis can destroy or affect the whole
organisation. In finding the similarities of crisis derived from different scholars, Al-Dahash et
al. (2016) again come out with key features of crisis namely, uniqueness, danger, being
troublesome or causing damage, unexpected and usually emotional.
Disaster and crisis have many common features indicates that both are quite similar in nature
although crisis often associated to small population compared to disaster which would affect
more people with more devastating consequences (Al-Dahash et al., 2016). Despite the
similarities and the interchangeable usage of the term, Al-Dahash et al., further stated that a
crisis might develop into disaster if it is neglected or mismanaged. Therefore, in this research,
water shortage which was always been regarded as water crisis may also be classified as a
disaster due to the nature characteristics of the events which are uncontrollable, extraordinary
and disrupting the system which can further be applied in developing the community
preparedness and awareness model as one of the objectives in this research.
Often a disaster in a particular state is handled via various government’s programs and
strategies to mitigate the consequences of the disasters. In Malaysia, the National Security
Council Directive No. 20 is a decree that provides guidelines on the management of land
disasters including the responsibilities and functions of the various agencies under an integrated
emergency management system (Said et al., 2011). The main goal of Directive No. 20 is to
establish a comprehensive emergency management programme aims to mitigate the effects of
any hazards, plan for measures that will save lives, reduce environmental damage, respond to
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emergencies and aid, and establish a recovery system to ensure that the affected community
returns to normalcy as quickly as possible.
However, it is common that rural areas face different challenges pertaining to disaster risks and
management compared to urban areas (Guo et al., 2021). Guo et. al added that less diversified
economic sector with lesser financial resources, low population density and inadequate
communication platform worsen the condition of rural communities in handling disaster risk,
responding to disaster or recovery after disasters.
A disaster-resilient community is better able to cope adversity with less permanent impairment
to social, economic, health, and security functions (Fitzpatrick, 2016). Developing community
resiliency with preparedness and awareness based does not reduce the authorities’ role and
responsibilities in providing safe, clean and adequate water to the people and preserving a fair
quality of life for all its citizens. But integrated water management at the community level
would enhance the communities’ appreciation through wise usage of the source and be
prepared to deal with water scarcity.
Community Preparedness and Awareness and Community Resilience
In assessing and developing community preparedness and awareness during water supply
crisis, it is crucial to include community into the process by not only preparing the community
on the knowledge required in practicing sustainable water resources management but also the
knowledge to deal with water supply crisis. Preparedness is defined as actions taken in advance
of an emergency to develop operational capabilities and to facilitate an effective response in
the event an emergency occurs (Said et.al., 2011). ‘Community Based Disaster Preparedness’
is a process of bringing people together within the same community to enable them to
collectively address a common disaster risk and to collectively pursue common disaster
preparedness. The community ability to survive during crisis reflects their resiliency in facing
water related disaster.
Beginning 1970s, the study of resilience was picked up by both psychologists with focus on
the resilience of individuals, sociologists which discussed on resilience of societies and
ecologists focussing on the resilience of ecosystems (Jean Blair & Mabee, 2020). The concept
of resilience has evolved in less than a decade from a term used within the disciplines of
material sciences and environmental studies to become a concept used liberally and
enthusiastically by policy makers, practitioners, and academics across a plethora of disciplines
(Fitzpatrick, 2016). Although Fitzpatrick (2016) added that the term “resilience” takes on
different meanings within disciplinary boundaries and is often not clearly defined or explained,
Jean Blair & Mabee (2020) stated that resilience refers to the ability of social or ecological
systems to recover from disturbance. This contention was similar to Berger (2017) which
highlighted that resilience, is not simply the ability to revert to the origin and normal way of
life or routine but it is a matter of incorporating trauma into their personal and collective
narratives.
In the early development of community resilience, the concept was originally seen as capability
of the community to endure sudden shocks from natural disasters such as hurricanes or
earthquakes, or major economic failures (Jean Blair & Mabee, 2020). The connotation remains
as Fan & Lyu (2021) concluded that during the last 20 years, community resilience research
has been mainly connected with disaster. Community refers to a social unit consist of a group
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of people living in the same place with commonality, such as values, norms, customs, religion,
or identity (Fan & Lyu, 2021). The evolution of community resilience concept later expands
which include the capability of communities to prepare for anticipated hazards, adapt to and
take advantage of changing conditions, and withstand and recover rapidly from disruptions
brought about by globalization, climate change, technological advancement, or economic
collapse (Jean Blair & Mabee, 2020).
The incorporation of resilience into processes of disaster risk reduction is articulated most
significantly in the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005 - 2015 which was endorsed by 168
United Nations (UN) member states at the World Conference on Disaster Reduction in Kobe,
Japan in 2005. The framework urged all countries to make major efforts to reduce their disaster
risk by 2015 (Fitzpatrick, 2016). Despite consensus among member states to adopt the
framework, there is still lack of universal indicators to measure and assess community
resilience.
The ability to handle disaster (Jean Blair & Mabee, 2020) and the ability of a particular country
and its communities to prepare for anticipated events is important to the development of
resilient systems (Raikes et al., 2019). Community resilience is defined as the community
ability to survive and mitigate the stress came from a disaster (Ridzuan et al., 2017). Berger
(2017) describes a “resilient community” as one that “has the organizational flexibility and the
resources with which they can grow and flourish with time”. The first 72 hours during disaster
is most critical for an individual to be self-sufficient and self-reliant to save themselves (Noor
Diyana et al., 2020). In assessing community resiliency, Berger (2017) outlined four elements
to establish a resilient community namely, acceptance, awareness, enhancement and
promotion. The details are as illustrated in Figure 6 below: -
Figure 6: Four Elements In Assessing Community Resiliency (Berger, 2017)
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In general, individual with previous disaster experiences would be better prepared compared
to those who had not experienced it. However, individuals who had not experienced any
disaster would have different reaction towards disaster based on their exposure to other forms
of disaster with applicable transferable knowledge, access and participation in drills related to
disaster preparedness, as well as communication channels (Guo et al., 2021). Isahak (2017)
stated that experience and trust are two important factors that would determine risk perception
and preparedness for action.
The concept of disaster resilience has been adopted by municipalities and urban planners
looking for targeted ways to limit the impact of increasingly frequent natural disasters; this
may include efforts to flood-proof cities, safeguard critical infrastructure for energy, water,
communications, and sewage, and plans to support and reconnect residents is the wake of
disaster (Jean Blair & Mabee, 2020). According to Guo et.al, (2021), disaster preparedness is
a behaviour, which could reduce the risk of injury and damage, and facilitate a capability for
coping with the temporary disruption associated with hazard activity. Disaster
preparedness plays a critical role in mitigating the adverse effects of disaster. Disaster
preparedness can be further categorised into different levels such as community, institutional,
household and individual.
In understanding the community-based water resiliency, it is vital to further understand the
context of community preparedness and awareness in handling water supply or water
disruption crisis. Preparedness is defined as actions taken in advance of an emergency to
develop operational capabilities and to facilitate an effective response in the event an
emergency occurs (Said et al, 2011). Preparedness efforts range from individual-level activities
such as first aid training, to household actions such as stockpiling of equipment and supplies,
community efforts like training and field exercises, and governmental strategies including early
warning systems, contingency plans, evacuation routes, and public information
dissemination. Communities can exert considerable influence on the behaviours of individuals,
which include behaviours adopted to be prepared for disasters. Usually, the more residents are
engaged in their communities and neighbourhood, the more they prepare for hazards.
In a comprehensive preparedness strategies in facing future disaster, planning, resource
identification, warning system, training, risk communication, public awareness and education,
and exercising are examples of anticipatory efforts that are done to increase the safety and
effectiveness of a community's reaction to a disaster (Said et al., 2011). Population knowledge
and standard practices would influence the risk perception and preparedness for action (Isahak,
2017). In recent study on community preparedness, two main factors were found affecting
community disaster preparedness namely the personal factors (attitude, risk perception and
intention to prepare) and societal factors (sense of community and trust in agencies) (Noor
Diyana et al., 2020). Noor Diyana et al., (2020) highlighted that, trust in agencies or
government agencies in is referred to a situation where the community acknowledged threat
exists and reduces the uncertainty creating a form of understanding when dealing with
unfamiliar hazards. Prior to that, similar study conducted in 2017 found that community level
of education, engagement and leadership have a great influence on community disaster
preparedness (Ridzuan et al., 2017).
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On the other hand, awareness is knowledge created by interaction between an agent and its
environment, a setting bounded in space and time which involves level of knowledge as well
as dynamic process of perception and action (Parkash, 2013). Awareness is a very crucial
element for a society to effectively adapt to a potential hazard (Glago, 2019). Assessing
community awareness on the risk emanated from water related disaster is crucial elements to
mitigate the planning to draft and execute the disaster’s emergency plan strategies. Awareness
would include awareness on the impact of disaster and awareness to prepare for future disaster
(Islam et al., 2021). Community awareness level would assist the government agencies and
relevant community building efforts to understand and further develop a more compatible
strategies for the community (Islam et al., 2021).
The capacity to cope with the disasters, by raising the awareness of all components, all
individuals and communities in line with this common cause. Disaster risk awareness, which
denotes the extent of common knowledge about disaster risks, and the factors that lead to
disasters, influence the actions that could be taken individually or collectively to address
exposure and vulnerability to hazards. An aware, informed and prepared community will be
better able to avert and cope with the disaster risks than otherwise (Parkash, 2013)
Methodology
Research methodology is the research design developed by the researcher in answering the
research questions and achieving the research objectives and subsequently presenting the
findings obtained the research period. Taylor et al. (2016) refers the term methodology as the
technique in approaching the problem and finding answers to the problem. Research methods,
meanwhile, are rules and procedures that can be seen as a tool or ways of proceeding to solve
the problems. Based on the brief explanation on research methodology, this chapter is
explanation of more details on research design and research methodology including the
methods and data sources such as primary and secondary data that has been adopted by the
researcher throughout the research process.
According to Merriam (2012), research is a process of investigating a phenomena or inquiring
answer to a problem in a systematic manner. This was supported by Sekaran and Bougie
(2016), where they explained that research is a process of finding solutions to a problem
through thorough study and analysis of the situational factors. In finding answer to the research
problems, a researcher must identify the research methodology that be used in the research. In
selecting the research methodology, it is important to ascertain the type of research that will be
conducted by the researcher. There are two types of research namely applied and basic research.
Sekaran and Bougie (2016) stated that applied research is taken to improve current practice
which need a timely solution. Therefore, applied research is used to find solution in solving
current specific problems. On the other hand, basic research is used to generate knowledge by
trying to comprehend how specific problems that occur in the organisation can be solved. It is
also known as fundamental and pure research where the research is done mainly to contribute
to existing knowledge or as an extension to current knowledge (Merriam, 2012). The primary
purpose for basic research is to generate more knowledge and understanding of the phenomena
of interest and to build theories based on the research results. Hence, based on these two
characteristics, this research adopted basic research approach where researcher will eventually
contribute to current knowledge and establish a framework on community resiliency in dealing
with water crisis. In addition to types of research, there are two types of research methods
which are qualitative research method and quantitative research method. Cresswell (2013)
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described qualitative research method as research which begins with assumptions and the use
of interpretive or theoretical frameworks that inform the study of research problems addressing
the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem. The common
characteristics of qualitative research method are research conducted in the natural setting
which is the fieldwork will be at the participants’ place; researcher as key instrument; data is
collected via multiple instruments such as examining documents, observing behaviour and
interview participants; and data is organise inductively to reach a comprehensive set of themes
(Cresswell, 2013).
Another type of research methods as mentioned above is the quantitative research method.
According to Swanson and Holton (2005), quantitative methodology is considered as the
foundation of modern science, where the researcher uses the scientific method quantitively
measure and analyse based on established research procedures. Findings in quantitative
methods often presented in correlation and regression form. Therefore, as the nature of the
problems in this research needs to be explored, researcher has decided to adopt qualitative
approach to effectively understand the research problem, answering the research questions and
to achieve the research objectives.
Figure 7: Proposed Research Design (Constructed by researcher)
As illustrated in Figure 8, at the beginning of the research phase, researcher has identified the
research problems and derive the research objectives and research questions from the research
problems. After the research objectives and research questions is listed, researcher identify the
best research methods to obtain the relevant data and information in answering the research
questions and achieving the research objectives. There are three methods that has been adopted
in conducting this research during data collection phase namely semi-structured interview with
the government officials, qualitative survey using pre-developed scalable and descriptive
questions with the community and the community leaders from nine Mukim within Raub
district, as they require little time and few interview skills. For this research, questions on
scales, yes/no or agree/disagreement types of questions, and frequently determined next prompt
question to be asked. In addition, data had also been gathered from previous literature review
on the issue of water related disaster in Pahang in general and in Raub specifically.
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In achieving the objectives of this research, a qualitative approach has been adopted with
primary data collection through am focus group discussion and in-depth interview whereas,
secondary data is collected from the official report of the relevant government agencies as well
as the official statement given by the relevant government officials dealing with the community
affected by water related disasters in Raub, Pahang. Subsequently, all data collected from both
primary and secondary sources has been analysed and triangulated.
Primary Sources
In answering the research questions, data from the primary sources will be collected from semi-
structured interview. In selecting the participants, purposive sampling method had been
adopted where researcher had to identify the research participants before conducting the data
collection (Merriam, 2012). Purposeful sampling means researcher will select participants and
research site for the research because the participants can purposefully inform an understanding
of the research problem and central phenomenon of the study (Cresswell, 2013).
In this research, the participants in semi-structured interview have been categorised into three,
the experts from government agencies, community leaders and community from the selected
research areas. Expert from government agencies that chosen are based on their expertise in
water crisis issue and having experiences in communicating or aiding the community in the
event of water crisis. The Subject Matter Expertise (SME) interview is a common method of
qualitative empirical research, designed to explore expert knowledge which has been
developed considerably since the early 1990s (Döringer, 2021). The interview session in this
research focused on the existing workflow and government’s response towards water related
disasters in assisting the community. Their view on whether the community in Raub is prepared
to handle water crisis with minimal supervision or assistance from the government also been
explored as this information is crucially important in measuring community preparedness and
resiliency toward WRD. The list of participants that had been interviewed were government
officials from the agencies below: -
1. Raub District Office.
2. Pahang Water Management Berhad (PAIP); and
3. Raub District Department of Irrigation and Drainage.
Next, after collecting data from the government officials, researcher had explored further into
the level of community preparedness and awareness via semi structured interview with the
community. There were two categories of local population that had been interviewed. Firstly,
researcher had been using purposive sampling method with the community leader where
Penghulu from nine Mukim in Raub district had been interviewed in assessing the community
awareness and preparedness to handle water crisis in Raub. All Penghulu had be invited as
participants in this research to ensure equal and balance coverage representing the people in
Raub. The nine Mukim are as listed below: -
1. Mukim Gali 1
2. Mukim Gali 2
3. Mukim Tras
4. Mukim Batu Talam
5. Mukim Semantan Ulu
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6. Mukim Dong
7. Mukim Ulu Dong
8. Mukim Sega 1
9. Mukim Sega 2
Subsequently, to ascertain a more rich and valuable data for this study, researcher had extended
the interview to local population in selected area in Raub. In this regard, random sampling
technique had been used with specific selection of the participants are adult age 18 years old
and above according to Malaysian law, Age of Majority Act 1971.
Since the data collection from primary sources would involve government officials and the
community in Raub, Pahang, researcher had collected data according to the research ethics
outlined by the National Defence University of Malaysia (NDUM). Prior consent had been
obtained from the participants where researcher is required to brief the participants on the
background and objective of the research and to inform the participants on the audio recording
throughout the interview session. All data collected had been kept with confidentiality where
any printed data had been kept in a locked drawer in a researcher’s workspace and
computerised data had been protected with password where only researcher has access. In the
final report, the name of participants, agencies and Mukim had not been disclosed and had been
replaced with code. This is to protect the confidentiality of the participants’ information and
interest while respecting their privacy.
Secondary Sources
In complementing the data from primary sources, data has also been collected from the
secondary sources, which are the documents and records. In document analysis, content from
previous relevant scholarly literature and documents from the library as well as the internet had
been taken to understand the background of the research and answer the research question. This
is made to understand the trends of the water related disasters and the community response
since the past decades. At this stage, the official statement and report from the government
officials related to the water related disaster in Raub, Pahang has also been analysed.
In this research, thematic analysis method has been adopted in analysing the data. Thematic
analysis is the process of identifying patterns or themes within qualitative data. After all data
were collected, the audio recording transcribed to facilitate analysis. Cross check had been
made with the field notes as and when needed. Once the transcription is complete, the
transcription been read through while listening to the recording and every details checked such
as spelling or other errors; anonymise the transcript so that the participant cannot be identified
from anything that is said (e.g., names, places, significant events); insert notations for pauses,
laughter, looks of discomfort; insert any punctuation, such as commas and full stops and
include any other contextual information that might have affected the participant (e.g.,
temperature or comfort of the room) (Sutton & Austin, 2015).
Once all the research interviews and focus group discussion have been transcribed and checked,
the data had been processed to the next phase, which is coding. Coding refers to the
identification of topics, issues, similarities, and differences that are revealed through the
participants’ narratives and interpreted by the researcher. This process enables the researcher
to begin to understand the world from each participant’s perspective. Coding can be done by
hand on a hard copy of the transcript, by making notes in the margin or by highlighting and
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naming sections of text. Field notes compiled during an interview can be a useful
complementary source of information to facilitate this process, as the gap in time between an
interview, transcribing, and coding can result in memory bias regarding nonverbal or
environmental context issues that may affect interpretation of data (Sutton & Austin, 2015).
Next, data has been analysed via commonly used computer software, Atlas.ti to identify the
major themes arriving from the focus group discussion and in-depth interviews conducted. Data
has been categorised according to thematic fields and then codified in accordance with the
research questions. Toward developing a comprehensive understanding of the research, all data
collected from the focus group discussion, interviews and literature review analysed using
triangulation method. Both triangulation of data sources and methods has been adopted in this
research.
Result and Discussion
Data collected from research participants were divided into two categories, the authorities, and
the community. This research found that there are several initiatives that have been executed
by the government to improve the water supply in Raub. In ascertaining the community’s level
of preparedness and awareness on water related disasters, this research discovered that the
community was well equipped with knowledge on water related disasters in their area.
Water Related Disaster in Raub
The community in Raub revealed that there are two types of water related disaster in Raub,
namely water scarcity and flash floods. This was based on their experience living in the area
for generations. Of the total of 37 answers collected, 36 agreed that water scarcity as the
common water related disasters happened in Raub while another five (5) answers added that
flash floods also one of water related disasters in Raub. In this regard, this research explored
the community preparedness and awareness in dealing with the water scarcity situation in
Raub. Water scarcities do not only affect rural areas but are also prevalent in urban areas. The
situation worsened during festive seasons.
High occurrence of water scarcity incidents has made the community live with the risk of water
scarcity for generations. The community in Raub agreed that water scarcity is an issue that
affects their daily routine, businesses and forces them to mitigate the risks at their own cost to
minimise the impact of shortage of water at their residences. The counter measure to minimize
the adverse impact of water scarcity had incurred additional cost to the community. They must
install additional water tanks, buy pails to store water, install water pumps and buy mineral
water for cooking and drinking purposes. Additionally, some would leave their home
temporarily to another place including check into homestay or went to their relatives’ houses
that was not affected by water scarcity incidents. The average cost that the community had to
bear is between RM1,000.00 to RM2,500.00.
To understand the severity of water scarcity impact, it is vital to explore the factors which
contributed to the issue. Based on the interview with the authorities, factors contributed to the
water scarcity incidents in Raub are increase in population, limited capacity of the water
treatment plants, outdated reticulation system and old piping systems throughout the district
causing the pipelines regularly broken. Different authorities’ jurisdiction on raw water sources,
water theft and budget constrained due to low water tariff also contributed to the limitation to
improve the water supply to the community.
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Community Knowledge in Dealing with the Risk of Water Scarcity
The experiences and lessons learned from the high occurrence of shortage of water supply
incidents become the main catalyst to the level of knowledge among community in dealing
with the water scarcity. All participants expressed that the experience they had endured every
time water scarcity incidents have made them able to do preparations beforehand. Moreover,
all participants also agreed that preparedness and awareness are main component to minimise
the impact of water scarcity as illustrated in Figure 1. All participants also strongly agreed that
water conservation practices will reduce the impact of water supply disruption. However, many
participants do not practice water conservation at their residence.
Figure 8: Preliminary Framework of Community Preparedness and Awareness.
Community Level of Preparedness and Awareness in Facing the Risk of Shortage of Water
Supply
As the community has the know-how to deal with water related disasters, most of them had
taken self-initiatives at family level to minimize the impact of water scarcity. All participants
agreed that community awareness plays a crucial role in addressing this issue. By raising
awareness of the importance of water conservation and management, communities can take
steps to reduce their water usage and protect local water resources.
Apart from that, all participants agreed that one way to raise community awareness is through
education and outreach programs. But the awareness program must be organized by the
government. These programs can provide more detailed information on water conservation
techniques, such as using water-efficient appliances and practices, as well as the impacts of
over-extraction of water resources. Community members can also be educated on the
importance of protecting and preserving local water sources, such as rivers, lakes, and
wetlands.
Overall, raising community awareness and preparedness in dealing with the risk of shortage
water supply is an essential part of addressing water scarcity in Raub. By working together and
taking action to conserve and protect water resources, communities can help to ensure that
there is enough water for current and future generations.
Community Readiness To Participate In A More Structured Disaster Management Plan At
The Community Level
Water shortage experiences
Impact to the community
Knowledge
Preparedness
Awareness
Reduce impact to the
community
Community Resilience
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Another way to raise community awareness is through community-based initiatives. All
participants agreed that community members can work together to monitor and maintain local
water sources, and to implement conservation practices at their homes and businesses. This can
be done through community groups, such as neighborhood associations, or through
partnerships with water management agencies. In one of the research areas, Kampung Kundang
Patah located in Mukim Semantan Ulu, the community has implemented a water boring project
which benefited around 100 households and the school adjacent to the water boring site.
Additionally, the government can also play a role in raising awareness by providing resources
and support for community-based water conservation initiatives. This can include funding for
research and education programs, as well as technical assistance for community groups
working on water conservation projects.
Conclusion
This research showed that water scarcity is the most common water related disasters issues
faced by the community in Raub, and flash floods are the other water related disaster. The water
related disasters happened in Raub are not a new phenomenon. This research also established
that knowledge is the main element that drives the community to the next course of action to
be taken in minimizing the impact of water scarcity. Their action is governed by the level of
knowledge that they have based on their experiences. Next, the data collected from the research
participants are vital in researcher’s next step to develop the framework of community
resiliency to water related disaster in Raub, Pahang. This research provides a significant
contribution to the body of knowledge whereby there are still limited studies that have been
conducted in Raub specifically to measure the preparedness and awareness of the community
in dealing with water related disasters.
Acknowledgement
This research is self-funded by the researcher.
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