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Qualitative Researchers in Poland as CAQDAS Users. Example of an Analysis Using NVivo
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We intend this article to be predominantly for researchers who would like to use software of the CAQDAS family in their research projects. Our experience as researchers and CAQDAS instructors shows that the introduction of software into the analytic process often poses a challenge. This is true for both novice and more seasoned researchers with entrenched habits of conducting research in a traditional manner. The literature available provides few answers to the questions preoccupying inexperienced users; our aim is to close this gap by providing useful information. We discerned major problem areas for scholars who are just setting off on their journey with CAQDAS. We tackle these issues in our article by providing replies to key questions: Is CAQDAS for me? How can I effectively search for and identify a suitable program? What should I bear in mind when using CAQDAS? By pitting benefits against limitations of CAQDAS implementation, we intend to address the expectations of using software in research.
Celem artykułu jest wskazanie możliwości oraz ograniczeń programów typu CAQDAS (Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software) w zakresie realizacji badań jakościowych. Nasze rozważania opieramy na osobistych doświadczeniach zdobytych podczas realizacji badań prowadzonych zgodnie z zasadami metodologii teorii ugruntowanej (MTU) i z wykorzystaniem programu NVivo w wersji 8. W artykule rozważamy problem wpływu nowoczesnego oprogramowania CAQDAS reprezentowanego przez program NVivo 8 na sposób organizowania i realizacji badań jakościowych, prowadzonych zgodnie z procedurami TU. Prezentujemy także najważniejsze – naszym zdaniem – funkcje dostępne w programie NVivo 8 i wskazujemy ich aplikacyjny charakter w badaniach opartych na metodologii teorii ugruntowanej.
During the current coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, web conferencing became a staple in professional communication, with new and evolving applications amidst unique social distancing measures mandated across the globe. In this article, we describe Collaborative Zoom Coding (CZC) as an adaptive approach to qualitative data analysis that our research team developed in light of social distancing measures imposed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. CZC uses the web conferencing platform Zoom, to help analyze data. Our team used CZC to develop a code book for the community-based research (CBR) project, Sexual Health and Diasporic Experiences of Shadeism (SHADES). CZC enabled all team members to participate in data analysis by providing opportunities for group training and real-time collaborative data analysis, irrespective of team members’ location and level of experience with research. This article describes our specific processes for CZC and outlines its advantages as well as challenges. We conclude with a discussion of how researchers can conduct collaborative coding using Zoom and other conferencing technologies to further democratize the research process, particularly for community-based research endeavors.
In the 1980s researchers began to develop software for the analysis of qualitative data. Since then such computer packages have transformed the nature and practice of qualitative research. This paper identifies and examines the processes that led to the development of a QDAS community from the perspective of social worlds theory. Based on interviews with developers and propagators of qualitative data analysis software (QDAS), this paper discusses its history and development, illustrating how a community emerged from the intersection of two social worlds, the computing world and the social science world. It shows use of QDAS spread to the wider social science community via informal and formal social networks, and the ways in which the simultaneous development of communications technologies enabled its further expansion.
Multicountry teamwork in qualitative research is receiving increased recognition in an attempt to address global health problems. We report our experience of teamwork implementing a multicountry study (Zambia, South Africa, and Kenya), employing qualitative research to gain insight into met needs of contraception. Using this study example, we demonstrate the innovative development of a multicountry, south–south relationship (i.e., collaboration and sharing of knowledge between developing countries located in the Global South) within the health-care research setting. In addition, strategies employed for a collaborative research process and approaches used for data collection and analysis are described. We also describe the parallel but interlinked processes of developing a collaborative relationship, rigorous data collection, and the process of teamwork in data analysis. We discuss how we collaboratively developed and tested codes and themes and the use of a shared codebook in a team. The end result was country-specific data analyses reports using a single shared codebook, allowing for analyses that were appropriate to the region yet comparable across countries. The success of this project can be attributed to the methodological rigor, facilitated by intense communications, and support processes in this south–south collaboration.
As diverse members of a college of education evaluation committee one of our charges is to support faculty as we document and improve our teaching. Our committee asked faculty to respond to three qualitative questions, documenting ways in which interdepartmental and cross-department conversations are used to promote reflective thinking about our practice. Three of us investigated the use of CAQDAS to provide an additional level of analysis and how we learned more about ourselves as scholars through this collaboration. Our findings include recommendations regarding the use of CAQDAS to support collaborative efforts by diverse scholars. © 2012: Linnea L. Rademaker, Elizabeth J. Grace, Stephen K. Curda, and Nova Southeastern University.
Even though dedicated qualitative data analysis programs have been widely available for more than a decade, their use is still relatively limited compared with their full potential. The proportion of research projects relying on them appears to be steadily increasing but very few researchers are known to fully exploit their capabilities. After commenting on the dynamics of user's adoption of technological innovations, this article presents an instance where a qualitative analysis program suite (QSR NVivo and QSR NVivo Merge) was not only used as an ad-hoc appendage to a traditional strategy but fully integrated in the research project, insisting on the practical details pertaining to the use of the software's capabilities. It discusses how this integration can facilitate collaborative teamwork and open the exploration of analytic dimensions difficult to envision without it.
URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0202118
Qualitative researchers attempting to protect the identities of their research participants now face a multitude of new challenges due to the wealth of information once considered private but now readily accessible online. We will draw on our research with family members of people with severe brain injury to discuss these challenges in relation to three areas: participant engagement with the mass media, the availability of court transcripts online, and participants’ use of social media. We suggest strategies for managing these challenges via disguise, refining informed consent, and discussion with interviewees. In the context of a largely theoretical literature on anonymization, this article offers concrete examples of the dilemmas we faced and will be of illustrative use to other researchers confronting similar challenges.
Ethnography has often been seen as the province of the lone researcher; however, increasingly management scholars are examining global phenomena, necessitating a shift to global team-based ethnography. This shift presents some fundamental methodological challenges, as well as practical issues of method, that have not been examined in the literature on organizational research methods. That is the focus of this article. We first outline the methodological implications of a shift from single researcher to team ethnography, and from
single case site to the multiple sites that constitute global ethnography. Then we present a detailed explanation of a global team-based ethnography that we conducted over three years. Our study of the global reinsurance industry involved a team of five ethnographers conducting fieldwork in 25 organizations across 15 countries. We outline three central challenges we encountered: team division of labour, team sharing and constructing a global ethnographic object. The article concludes by suggesting that global team-based ethnography provides important insights into global phenomena, such as regulation, finance and climate change among others, that are of interest to management scholars.
Anonymising qualitative research data can be challenging, especially in highly sensitive contexts
such as catastrophic brain injury and end-of-life decision-making. Using examples from in-depth
interviews with family members of people in vegetative and minimally conscious states, this article
discusses the issues we faced in trying to maximise participant anonymity alongside maintaining
the integrity of our data. We discuss how we developed elaborate, context-sensitive strategies
to try to preserve the richness of the interview material wherever possible while also protecting
participants. This discussion of the practical and ethical details of anonymising is designed to add
to the largely theoretical literature on this topic and to be of illustrative use to other researchers
confronting similar dilemmas.
Recent updates in qualitative data-analysis software have provided the qualitative researcher in professional communication with powerful tools to assist in the research process. In this tutorial, we provide a brief overview of what software choices are available and discuss features of NVivo, one prominent choice. We then use our experiences with the software to discuss how it enhances three specific dimensions of our research: efficiency, multiplicity, and transparency. We end with a compilation of best practices for using the software.
The purpose of this study is to compare two different Computer Assisted Qualitative Data AnalysiS (CAQDAS) packages (NVivo and MAXQDA) on a specific aspect. The same data from an auto-photographic study is analyzed using the same approach to make the comparison. The comparison is not based on a data oriented evaluation, but the methodological approach used constitutes the basis for the evaluation. The criteria for the evaluation of these tools are: closeness to the data, ease of coding and memoing, and the interrelationship among the data, code and the memo which were derived from the methodological approach. The first level coding process was accomplished using Grounded Theory Methodology (GTM) with two different CAQDAS packages. As for the result, in the GTM interpretation is crucial and MAXQDA supports the interpretive style better than NVivo.
URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1101345
Reflexivity is often described as an individual activity. The authors propose that reflexivity employed as a team activity, through the sharing of reflexive writing (accounts of personal agendas, hidden assumptions, and theoretical definitions) and group discussions about arising issues, can improve the productivity and functioning of qualitative teams and the rigor and quality of the research. The authors review the literature on teamwork, highlighting benefits and pitfalls, and define and discuss the role for reflexivity. They describe their own team and detail how they work together on a project investigating doctor-patient communication about prescribing. The authors present two reflexive tools they have used and show through examples how they have influenced the effectiveness of their team in terms of process, quality, and outcome.
The novel coronavirus has upended many traditional research procedures as universities and other research entities have closed to activate social distancing. Some social and behavioral research activities (e.g. data analysis, manuscript preparation) can be continued from other environments with appropriate security protocols in place. For studies involving in-person interactions, continuity may be more difficult. Phone-based interactions provide a low-tech solution that may suffice in some cases. Yet, videoconferencing platforms can nearly replicate in-person interactions, activating both auditory and visual senses and potentially resulting in more substantial engagement. Staff can meet with participants individually or in groups, each seeing and hearing one another in real time. This paper provides guidance for researchers transitioning in-person assessments and interventions to a synchronous videoconferencing platform. Best practices, key considerations, examples from the field, and sample protocols are presented to ease transition for ongoing studies and maximize the potential of videoconferencing—and social distancing.
In illustrating examples of software use in different contexts through three distinct case-study
examples we hope to paint a picture of some common aspects of analysis in the context of
software tools so that you can draw out ideas about what might be useful in your own particular
research. We understand that your choice of software may be limited within the constraints of
local provision, but our purpose is to enable ambitious yet secure use of any CAQDAS package and
the moulding of its functions to your needs, while also adding to your awareness of what other
tools work well for particular contexts. We believe that a broad understanding of software packages
other than the one you happen to be using will open up your thinking about your own work.
Above all, we see ourselves as ‘facilitators’ rather than ‘instructors’. The way we teach is
informed by the belief that you are the expert about your project and your needs. We can show
you tools, illustrate their benefits and caution against their potential limitations. We can make
suggestions about their suitability (or not) for different approaches to data analysis. But you need
to decide whether to use software at all – and if so, then which package. If you decide not to use
software then you need to be able to justify this. If you decide to use software, you need to design
a strategy for doing so within the parameters of your broader methodological context, specific
analytic needs and any practical constraints within which you are working.
We hope this book will provide you with the context you need to frame your thinking about
software, to give you insights into the way particular tools might be useful at various moments,
and to heighten your reflection about the relationship between technology and methodology.
More than anything else, we hope this book will inspire you to explore your data to greater
depths, to experiment with software tools and to develop systematic and creative ways of conducting
robust and well-evidenced analysis.
In light of the expensive nature of quantitative research, such as experiments, researchers must seek other methods of understanding the world around them. As such, new qualitative methods are gaining ground in the modern research community. Enhancing Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research with Technology explores the integration of new digital tools into the research process. Including current information on data visualization, research design, information capture, as well as social media analysis, this publication serves as an ideal reference source for academicians, scientists, information specialists, business managers, and upper-level students involved in interdisciplinary research.
The promise of theory and model development makes grounded theory an attractive methodology to follow. However, it has been argued that many researchers fall short and only provide a detailed description of the research area or simply a quantitative content analysis rather than an explanatory model. This article illustrates how the researchers used a computer-assisted qualitative software program (CAQDAS) as a tool for moving beyond thick description of swimming coaches’ perceptions of sexual relationships in sport to an explanatory model grounded in the data. Grounded theory is an iterative process whereby the researchers move between data collection and analysis, writing memos, coding, and creating models. The nonlinear design of the selected CAQDAS program, NVIVO, facilitates such iterative approaches. Although the examples provided in this project focus on NVIVO, the concepts presented here could be applied to the use of other CAQDAS programs. Examples are provided of how the grounded theory techniques of open coding, writing memos, axial coding, and creating models were conducted within the program.
This paper discusses the challenges of how to provide a transparent account of the use of the software programme QSR*NVIVO (QSR 2000) within a Grounded Theory framework (Glaser and Strauss 1967; Strauss and Corbin 1998). Psychology students are increasingly pursuing qualitative research projects such to the extent that the UK Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) advise that students should have skill in the use of computer assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS) (Economic and Social Research Council 2001). Unlike quantitative studies, rigid formulae do not exist for writing-up qualitative projects for doctoral theses. Most authors, however, agree that transparency is essential when communicating the findings of qualitative research. Sparkes (2001) recommends that evaluative criteria for qualitative research should be commensurable with the aims, objectives, and epistemological assumptions of the research project. Likewise, the use of CAQDAS should vary according to the research methodology followed, and thus researchers should include a discussion of how CAQDAS was used. This paper describes how the evolving process of coding data, writing memos, categorising, and theorising were integrated into the written thesis. The structure of the written document is described including considerations about restructuring and the difficulties of writing about an iterative process within a linear document.
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