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Indonesian Journal of Community Engagement
Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Vol. 10, No. 3, September 2024, Page. 128-133
DOI: http://doi.org/10.22146/jpkm.85740
SHOPI (Sosialisasi Pencegahan Hipertensi): Building Community
Resilience Against Hypertension in Banyuwangi, Indonesia
Faradila Nur Eka Nanda Hayuningtuti1, Ayik Mirayanti Mandagi2*, Afan Alfayad1
1Study Program of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences (FIKKIA), Universitas Airlangga,
Banyuwangi, Indonesia
2Department of Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences (FIKKIA), Universitas Airlangga,
Banyuwangi, Indonesia
Submitted: June 15th 2023; Revised: May 03rd 2024; Accepted: May 18th 2024
Keywords:
Empowerment
Hypertension
Knowledge
Abstract This community service was aimed at increasing knowledge to prevent
hypertension by utilizing the role of mother cadres of PKK, which stands for Pemberdayaan
dan Kesejahteraan Keluarga, a hamlet/village-level association focusing on family welfare
and empowerment. These cadres are representatives of neighborhood associations (RT/
Rukun Tetangga) in the village area. This community empowerment was held through
counseling lectures. This activity was carried out in 2022; the data, which were the
participants’ responses, were collected using pretest and post-test questionnaires. The
sampling was carried out using accidental sampling with a cross-sectional design. This
activity targeted 30 PKK mothers as representatives from each neighborhood in Karangrejo
Village, Banyuwangi Regency. This empowerment increased the knowledge of the target
community regarding the prevention of hypertension by 22.7 points. The average score of
the participants’ pretest was 52.26, and that of the post-test was 74.96. This is in line with
studies that found that community service activities carried out using the roles of cadres
and the elderly showed optimal results in increasing the target communities’ knowledge in
the operation of tensimeters and measuring blood sugar, uric acid, and cholesterol as well
as increasing knowledge of cadres and the elderly in hypertension management, and dietary
management of hypertension. The SHOPI Project (Education on Hypertension Prevention)
effectively enhances public awareness regarding hypertension prevention, with a focus on
women from the PKK community in Karangrejo Village, Banyuwangi Regency.
1. INTRODUCTION
Banyuwangi is a district with an area of 5,872 square
km. Banyuwangi Regency has a considerable population
accumulation. According to the Central Bureau of Statistics
of Banyuwangi Regency, its population in 2020 reached
1,708,114 people, with a demographic bonus of 70.49%.
The area of this district includes 25 sub-districts, 28
urban villages, and 189 villages (BPS Banyuwangi, 2021).
One of them is the community of Karangrejo Village,
Banyuwangi Regency. This population distribution causes
the emergence of various forms of diversity, such as cultural
diversity, lifestyles, and consumption patterns. In the
consumer aspect, people also depend on the location where
they settle. Karangrejo Village is one part of the area in
Banyuwangi Regency that has the majority of livelihoods
as fishermen, as much as 52%, based on the survey results.
In addition, salt, sea fish, salted fish, and other marine
products tend to be consumed at a high level. If it lasts
for a long time, this can impact resistance to saltiness in the
taste buds of each community.
The actions taken by society depend on their level of
knowledge in life. The level of education and knowledge
has a significant relationship with people’s actions and
behavior patterns (Monintja, 2015). So often found
many impacts of inappropriate consumption patterns and
behaviors on public health as a whole. The emergence of
lifestyle and dietary changes, including the emergence of
ready-to-eat foods, and excessive salt consumption that is
low in dietary fiber, will also affect the emergence of
ISSN 2460-9447 (print), ISSN 2541-5883 (online)
*Corresponding author: Ayik Mirayanti Mandagi
Department of Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences (FIKKIA), Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Wijaya Kusuma No. 113,
Mojopanggung, Banyuwangi, 68425 Indonesia
Email: ayikm@fkm.unair.ac.id
Copyright ©2024 Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat(Indonesian Journal of Community Engagement)
This work is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
128
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Hayuningtuti et al. SHOPI (Sosialisasi Pencegahan Hipertensi)
degenerative diseases such as hypertension (Arif et al.,
2013). Knowledge among the community in Je’ne Village
regarding hypertension is that the respondent’s knowledge
is in the sufficient category if the total score is greater
than the mean, so in this study, there has been an
increase in community knowledge in the sufficient category
by 47.5% from previously 42.5% to 90.5% after being
given intervention. Based on a survey conducted on
public knowledge about hypertension in Karangrejo Village,
34,0% is quite sufficient.
Meanwhile, Indonesia’s hypertension rate in 2018,
according to the Basic Health Research Results (Riskesdas),
showed a figure of 34%, with the accumulation of
hypertension in East Java Province reaching 36%
(Kementerian Kesehatan RI, 2018). In addition,
hypertension in Banyuwangi Regency was 54%, and 791
people were found affected by hypertension in Karangrejo
Village (Dinas Kesehatan Banyuwangi, 2021). Many
things are risk factors for hypertension. These risk factors
are classified as factors that can be controlled, including
obesity, stress, excessive salt consumption, lack of exercise,
cigarette consumption, and alcoholic beverages. In addition,
factors that cannot be controlled are heredity, gender, and
age (Syahrini et al., 2012).
This empowerment to the community was held with
the aim of increasing knowledge in efforts to prevent
community hypertension through the role of PKK mother
cadres as representatives of each neighborhood association
(RT) in the village area. Therefore, efforts to prevent
hypertension in Karangrejo Village can be optimally
anticipated and improve the highest degree of public health.
Efforts to treat hypertension diseases and complications that
occur may need to be increased to reduce morbidity and
mortality rates. Therefore, preventive efforts are needed,
which are provided through understanding, knowledge, and
managing the lifestyle of hypertensive patients. The level
of public knowledge and understanding of hypertension as
it relates to the disease can support the success of therapy
so that the patient’s blood pressure can be well controlled.
Increasing knowledge is an effective first step to promote
healthy living, one of which is efforts to increase knowledge
through health education (Sumarni et al., 2020). Health
education is one method that can be applied as a preventive
effort to sharpen and recall people’s memories regarding
high blood pressure so that health maintenance can start
from the awareness of individuals, families, groups, and
the wider community (Fernanda et al., 2022). Community
empowerment efforts where the community does not yet
understand the contents of medical or other sciences so that
it can be confusing and also clear operational information
can help the community to increase their knowledge related
to hypertension by using the help of teaching aids or media,
pretest, and posttest.
2. METHOD
The design of this activity was cross-sectional. The
research was conducted in Karangrejo Subdistrict, which
consists of three areas, namely Kaliasin, Karanganom,
and Karanganyar, with a target age of 35-45 years who
are members of the Subdistrict PKK. This activity was
carried out in 2022 using data collection techniques:
the distribution of pretest and posttest questionnaires.
Sampling was carried out by accidental sampling with a
cross-sectional design. The population found was 38 PKK
mothers in Karangrejo Village, with a sample of 30 PKK
mothers carried out by accidental sampling. Accidental
sampling This activity was carried out in January 2022 and
the data analysis was done using univariate analysis and
SPSS 21. The descriptive statistics used are Mean, Median,
Mode, and Percentage. This study discusses the knowledge
of the people of Karangrejo Village related to hypertension
prevention. Pretest and posttest questionnaires are 14
questions containing an understanding of hypertension, size
of salt consumption, complications of hypertension, and
how to prevent hypertension. The questionnaire scores were
calculated using the total score multiplied by 100 divided by
14.
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This community empowerment was organized to increase
the target community’s knowledge to prevent hypertension.
This activity covered hypertension prevention counseling
sessions (SHOPI/Education on Hypertension Prevention)
and the administration of pretest and posttest to evaluate
the outcome of the project. This activity was held at
the Karangrejo Village Hall, Banyuwangi Regency. This
activity was held on January 25, 2022. Parties who attended
this activity included the head of Karangrejo Village, 30
mothers of PKK Karangrejo Village, the secretary of
Karangrejo Village, Kertosari Health Center nurses, and
midwives of Kertosari Health Center.
Table 1.Age target of SHOPI empowerment
Age Frequency Percentage
35 10 33%
36 5 17%
37 5 17%
41 5 17%
42 5 17%
Total 30 100%
Broadly speaking, based on the Table 1, it can be seen
that the accumulation of target ages is quite variable. The
target age of SHOPI empowerment is at intervals of 35 –
42 years. The purpose of sampling in this age range is to
make it easier for organizers to convey information so that
it can be conveyed optimally and forwarded to each PKK
mother at the neighborhood level (RT). The distribution
of target ages includes 35 years as many as 10 people
(33%), 36 years as many as five people (17%), 37 years
as many as five people (17%), 41 years as many as five
people (17%), and 42 years as many as five people (17%).
In addition, empowerment targets are spread out across
three areas of Karangrejo Village. The region covers the
regions of Kaliasin, Karanganom, and Karanganyar. The
representatives of each region are evenly divided, with 10
PKK mother delegates in each region (Table 2).
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Hayuningtuti et al. SHOPI (Sosialisasi Pencegahan Hipertensi)
This series of SHOPI activities consists of counseling
on hypertension prevention followed by a pretest and
posttest (Table 3). The results of the evaluation showed
improvement. The average pretest target was 52.26, and
that of the posttest was 74.96. The score that often arises
from the target pretest is a score of 50, while in the posttest,
it is a score of 83.00. The increase in test evaluation
was 22.70. Several question items are asked to the target
as a measure of increasing or decreasing their knowledge.
The question items include understanding hypertension,
information on the size of salt consumption, complications
of hypertension, and how to prevent hypertension.
Table 2.Target areas and number of participants of SHOPI
empowerment workshop
Region Frequency
Kaliasin 10
Karanganom 10
Karanganyar 10
Total 30
Table 3.SHOPI pretest and posttest final results scores
Statistics Pretest Posttest
Mean 52.26 74.96
Median 50.00 83.00
Mode 50.00 83.00
Based on Table 4, the first question item related to
the definition of hypertension, the question item reads,
“What do you know about hypertension?” with the answer
choice, “high blood pressure/low blood pressure/high blood
sugar/do not know.” At the time of the pretest, the target was
to accumulate answers 97% (29 people) answered correctly
and 3% (1 person) answered incorrectly. Furthermore,
the target posttest showed the same accumulation with a
percentage of 97% (29 people) answering correctly and
3% (1 person) answering incorrectly. Knowledge did not
change in the posttest because respondents already knew
about systolic and diastolic, as well as other names for
hypertension before there was education, and when there
was a discussion carried out, it was in accordance with the
information obtained before there was education.
Based on the second question item related to the size
of salt consumption, the question item reads “What size of
salt consumption is allowed in one day?” with the answer
choice “2,500 mg/2,400 mg/2,300 mg/2,200 mg”. At the
time of the pretest, the target was to accumulate answers
67% (20 people) answered correctly, and 33% (10 people)
answered incorrectly. Furthermore, the target posttest
showed an increase with an accumulation of 90% (27
people) answering correctly and 10% (3 people) answering
incorrectly.
Based on question items related to hypertension
complications that read “What are the complications
of hypertension?” with answer choices “stroke/heart &
kidney/brain and nervous disorders/diarrhea.” At the time
of the pretest, the target was to accumulate answers 97%
(29 people) answered correctly and 3% (1 person) answered
incorrectly. Furthermore, the target posttest showed an
increase with an accumulation of answers of 80% (24
people) answered correctly and 20% (6 people) answered
incorrectly. The decrease in knowledge after the posttest
could be influenced by respondents needing operational
information when they have to limit how much they can
use it. Apart from that, in the respondents’ thoughts, there
could be confusion in their delivery.
Based on question items related to hypertension
prevention with question items that read “How to
prevent hypertension?” with answer choices “consume salt
2,500 mg per day/consume foods containing sugar/reduce
the intensity of exercise/do not smoke and alcohol
consumption”. At the time of the pretest, the target
was to accumulate answers; 43% (13 people) answered
correctly, and 57% (17 people) answered incorrectly.
Furthermore, the posttest results showed an increase with an
accumulation of 50% (15) answered correctly and 50% (15)
answered incorrectly. The increase was very small after the
SHOPI education did not reach 60%. The increase was only
50% who answered correctly. An increase of 2 respondents
could have occurred due to the influence of the media,
methods, and resources used, so only 50% understood.
The empowerment of SHOPI is one of the ideas of
counseling-based community service developed to increase
the knowledge of the target community. This empowerment
uses the concept of health education. The health education
was carried out through lectures and interactive discussion
methods that can increase information, knowledge, and
understanding of targets related to hypertension prevention.
Health education that was held must be able to help change
the way of thinking of the target to have an interest and
desire to be ready to learn, willing to learn, and have a
permanent reason to learn (Putri et al., 2018). According
Table 4.Pretest and posttest result SHOPI empowerment
No. Knowledge Item
Pretest (N=30) Posttest (N=30)
Correct Answer Not Correct Answer Correct Answer Not Correct Answer
Frequency % Frequency % Frequency % Frequency %
1Definition Hypertension
Question 29 97% 1 3% 29 97% 1 3%
2Salt Consumtion Size
Question 20 67% 10 33% 27 90% 3 10%
3Hypertension
Complications Question 29 97% 1 3% 24 80% 6 20%
4Hypertension Prevention
Questions 13 43% 17 57% 15 50% 15 50%
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Hayuningtuti et al. SHOPI (Sosialisasi Pencegahan Hipertensi)
to Daryanto’s 2015 research, health education using visual
media equipped with materials, images, colors, and
writing shows success in delivering information to targets
(Nurcahyani et al., 2021). The information or knowledge
obtained is an impression produced in the human mind as a
result of capturing the five senses (Ramadhani et al., 2020).
The activities of SHOPI empowerment carried out in this
group of PKK cadres include the introduction of diseases
and ways to prevent the disease based on references from
the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia.
In addition, based on other studies, the method of
effective communication approach to the target is an
effective educational approach with mutual involvement
that is formed quickly and supported by visual media
PowerPoint (Nugraha et al., 2019). Another relevant
study stated that the use of visual media in hypertension
counseling showed an increase in public understanding by
22% (Yulianis et al., 2020). The use of health visual
media can increase the interest and attention of the target
because it involves the sense of sight so that the purpose
of the message to be conveyed can be optimally absorbed
by the target (Jumilah et al., 2017). Research in the
form of cervical cancer counseling on target shows that
the presentation of images and words through colorful
media can increase knowledge and strongly affect short-
term memory and visual attention (Wijayanti, 2009). The
overall analysis shows alignment with the empowerment
of SHOPI, which uses PowerPoint media to display visual
writing, colors, and images.
Community empowerment is a health education step
that aims to create behavior change on target. Changes
in people’s behavior are influenced by their level of
knowledge. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve
this, one of which is through empowerment programs
(Notoatmodjo, 2012). The empowerment held can
utilize community organizations around the empowerment
environment, one of which is the environmental PKK
cadres. Research by Sari et al. (2018) states that the
community service activities she held using the role of
cadres and the elderly showed optimal results in increasing
target knowledge in the operation of sphygmomanometers
and measuring blood sugar, uric acid, and cholesterol
as well as increasing the knowledge of cadres and the
elderly in hypertension management and hypertension diet
management (Sari et al.,2018). The increase in knowledge
of PKK cadres also increased food safety counseling in Duri
Selatan Village by 20.80% (Yusmaniar et al., 2021).
In addition, community service organized by Padjajaran
University showed success in disseminating health
information to families, groups, and the community in
a directed and sustainable manner through the role of
PKK cadres in the Jatinangor District (Rodiah et al.,
2017). Another program that empowers PKK cadres is
the Healthy and Safe Internet (INSAN) program, which
has experienced success in increasing the knowledge of
PKK cadres by 20.6% and can disseminate information to
wider targets in Tembalang District (Endah et al., 2016).
Hypertension health counseling was also held in Sumber
Sekar Village, Dau District, Malang Regency, by involving
PKK cadres with an increase in knowledge and skills of
each target related to checking blood pressure correctly
(Rachmawati, 2021). Thus, the whole concept is relevant
to the empowerment of SHOPI, which empowers PKK
mother cadres in Karangrejo Village in its implementation.
This shows success with an increase in the knowledge of
PKK mother cadres by 22.7, which was measured using
evaluation pretest and posttest.
Knowledge did not change in the posttest from the
first knowledge item because respondents already knew
about systolic, diastolic, and other names for hypertension
before there was education. A discussion was carried out
in accordance with the information obtained before there
was education. Next, the third knowledge item is the
decrease in knowledge after the posttest, which could be
influenced by respondents needing operational information
when they have to limit how much they can use it. Apart
from that, in the respondents’ thoughts, there could be
confusion in their delivery. This could be due to a lack
of understanding of medical complications in the language
or sentences used, resulting in cognitive decline and a lack
of knowledge of medical terms, which is unacceptable to
village people. Media factors can also be caused by using
physio-pathological language related to the storyline, such
as why hypertension can cause a stroke, analogies using
tools, pictures of organs, and interesting language videos.
Finally, from the fourth knowledge item, when the increase
was minimal after the SHOPI reduction did not reach 60%,
the increase was only 50% who answered correctly. An
increase of 2 respondents could occur due to the influence
of the media, methods, and resources used, so only 50%
understood. It can be influenced by good education, easy-to-
absorb information, and reading information in print media
and social media. Family history or family experience with
hypertension can also be influential in triggering motivation
to search for and read hypertension information. Family
history makes it easier for people to understand how to
prevent hypertension.
This SHOPI empowerment is a form of optimal
empowerment implementation with realization concepts
that are relevant to previous research. SHOPI empowerment
activities carried out in this group of PKK cadres include the
introduction of diseases to ways to prevent the disease based
on references from the Ministry of Health of the Republic
of Indonesia. Implementing the role of cadres, providing
attractive visual media, and using the concepts of education
and health promotion to increase community knowledge is
one of the advantages of implementing this empowerment.
Therefore, it can be an optimal combination of innovations
in optimally increasing public knowledge.
4. CONCLUSION
Based on the overall analysis, it can be concluded that the
implementation of SHOPI community empowerment is an
innovative idea showing an increase in public knowledge.
In addition, with this increase in knowledge, it is hoped that
it can increase public awareness and awareness of healthy
Vol. 10, No. 3, www.jurnal.ugm.ac.id/jpkm
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Hayuningtuti et al. SHOPI (Sosialisasi Pencegahan Hipertensi)
lifestyles to prevent hypertension in their environment.
The empowerment of the 30 PKK women in Karangrejo
Village as community representatives showed optimal
results. The increase in knowledge had an average pretest
score of 52.26 and a posttest of 74.96, with an increase
of 22.7. As a result, this empowerment can be used as
a problem-solver to educate and prevent hypertension in
the community and significantly improve public health. In
addition, the empowerment program has made Karangrejo
Village an independent and active role model in preventing
hypertension.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the Public Health Study
Program, Department of Health and Natural Sciences,
Airlangga University, for facilitating this community
empowerment activity through Field Work Practices (PKL)
by students and the opportunity to study with the
community. We would also like to express our appreciation
to the people of Karangrejo Village, the PKK women of
Karangrejo Village, and the Kertosari Community Health
Center, who participated in and helped complete this
activity.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
All the authors of this manuscript declare that there is
no conflict of interest. All authors have proofread and
approved their manuscript entitled SHOPI (Sosialisasi
Pencegahan Hipertensi): Building Community Resilience
Against Hypertension in Banyuwangi, Indonesia.
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