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Path of Science. 2024. Vol. 10. No 8 ISSN 2413-9009
Section “Engineering, Manufacturing, and Construction” 6029
Energy Theft Detection and Real-Time Monitoring in a Smart Prepaid
Metering System
Qudus Omotayo Ajiboye 1, Tosin Gideon Olaleye 2, Agada Olowu Innocent 3,
Yusuff Afees Ademola 4, Victor Ikechukwu Stephen 5, Abimbola Olamide 6,
Abiodun Taiwo 6, Moses Sodiq Sobajo 7
1 Yaba College of Technology
Herbert Macaulay Road, Opposite WAEC office, Yaba, Lagos State, Nigeria
2 The Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti
P. M. B. 5351, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
3 Ahmadu Bello University
Samaru Campus, Community Market, Zaria, 810211, Kaduna, Nigeria
4 Ladoke Akintola University of Technology
Old, Oyo/ Ilorin Rd, Ogbomosho 210214, Nigeria
5 Michael Okpara University of Agriculture
P. M. B. 7267 Umuahia Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria
6 North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
1601, E. Market Street, Greensboro, NC, 27411, USA
7 De Montfort University
The Gateway House, Leicester, Leicestershire, LE1 9BH, United Kingdom
DOI: 10.22178/pos.107-19
LCC Subject Category: T1-995
Received 25.06.2024
Accepted 28.08.2024
Published online 31.08.2024
Corresponding Author:
Qudus Omotayo Ajiboye
qudusboye@gmail.com
© 2024 The Authors. This article is licensed
under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
License
Abstract Electricity theft represents a significant financial loss for
distribution companies, primarily caused by consumer activities such as
energy meter bypassing and tampering. This research presents a study
approach to an intelligent prepaid energy metering system designed to
detect and address these issues while offering real-time monitoring
capabilities. The system is built around a microcontroller which monitors
readings from two current sensors, one tracking the user's load
consumption and being placed before the meter to measure the total
current drawn by all the loads. Any changes between these readings
indicate theft, prompting immediate action. A momentary switch is
installed to detect tampering attempts and automatically trigger alerts
once the meter is tampered with. Also, the system enables users to
recharge energy units remotely and monitor their consumption through a
user-friendly interface. The inclusion of GSM technology ensures that all
unauthorized activities are reported to the relevant authorities.
Experimental results demonstrate that the system measures load
consumption and detects attempts to bypass the meter, reducing utility
companies' revenue losses.
Keywords: Electricity; Monitoring; Real-time.
INTRODUCTION
Electricity theft is a significant challenge for
power systems worldwide, with no system
immune to such losses. 1999 Transparency
International reported that nearly 15% of the
generated electricity is lost because of theft. For
example, between 1998 and 1999, the Bangladesh
Power Development Board (BPDB) produced
approximately 14,600 MWh of electricity in
Bangladesh. Still, it could only account for 11,462
MWh of billed energy, resulting in a total loss of
Path of Science. 2024. Vol. 10. No 8 ISSN 2413-9009
Section “Engineering, Manufacturing, and Construction” 6030
about 22% [1]. In developing countries like
Nigeria, electricity theft continues to be one of the
major obstacles for the power sector because the
government lacks controls to advanced
technology for effective prevention. The adoption
of Automatic Metering Infrastructure (AMI) has
reduced the need for manual meter readings but
has also led to increased non-technical losses for
utility companies [2].
It is calculated that Nigeria's electrical grid
experiences transmission and distribution (T&D)
losses of around 40%, which is significantly
higher compared to the United States, where T&D
losses are approximately 7% [3, 4]. Electricity
theft is any partial or complete interference
bypassing meter readings to reduce energy
charges [5]. Human activities, including meter
tampering, bypassing, billing irregularities, and
unpaid bills, cause non-technical losses. Dealing
with this rising problem calls for quick actions to
improve the capacity for power generation and
the efficiency and smartness of energy
consumption, especially in the home sector.
Still common in many areas of Nigeria, analogue
meters provide significant difficulties in precisely
tracking energy consumption. Power Utility
technicians must personally visit a consumer's
house with these meters to terminate the
electricity supply for non-payment. This process
is sometimes undermined by consumer bribery
and meter tampering. Moreover, analogue meters
do not allow consumers to remotely disconnect
their power when away from home, leading to
unnecessary energy consumption and increased
costs. While prepaid meters have improved the
monitoring of power usage, the issue of electricity
theft through meter bypassing and tampering
remains a critical concern.
Electricity Theft and Its Impact. Electricity theft is
a significant contributor to non-technical losses.
In addition, end-user bypassing tactics allow
tampering with the meter to defraud the utility
providers [5]. Energy theft occurs among two
groups: non-consumers and legitimate
consumers. The following actions by consumers
are commonly associated with electricity theft [5]:
Methods of Electricity Theft:
1. Tampering with the Energy Meter: Consumers
may physically alter the meter to record lower
consumption.
2. Bypassing the Electric Meter: Some consumers
connect directly to the power source, bypassing
the meter entirely.
3. Evading Payment: This includes non-payment
of bills and billing irregularities.
4. Using Magnets and Reversing Current: In
analogue disc-type energy meters, consumers
might use magnets or reverse current direction by
changing the terminals to manipulate readings.
5. Radio Frequency Devices: These devices are
employed to tamper with electronic meters.
6. Intermittent and Opportunistic Theft: Even
well-off consumers may occasionally commit
theft when the opportunity arises.
7. Illegal Neutral Disconnection: Some illegal
customers disconnect the neutral wire from the
return path, causing the energy meter to assume
that the voltage between the live wire and the new
neutral is zero, which results in the meter reading
zero energy consumption.
Figure 1 – Illustration of Neutral Disconnect Method
for Electricity Theft
8. Current Transformer (CT) Tampering:
Insulating or damaging a current transformer's
secondary terminal or control wires can reduce
the measured current, leading to inaccurate
energy readings.
9. Analyzing Power System Losses: A thorough
analysis of power system transmission and
distribution (T&D) losses can provide accurate
theft estimates. Implementing substantial
technical improvements, along with intelligent
and proactive anti-theft measures, can
significantly improve the performance of power
utilities.
Path of Science. 2024. Vol. 10. No 8 ISSN 2413-9009
Section “Engineering, Manufacturing, and Construction” 6031
While technical solutions like tamper-proof
meters, anti-theft cables, prepayment meters,
GSM-based technologies, and managerial
methods such as inspection, monitoring, and
restructuring distribution systems can reduce
electricity theft, it remains a persistent issue. The
distribution system must be sufficiently
intelligent to accurately identify and localize the
degree and location of theft to create
accountability and effectively combat this
challenge [2, 6, 7, 8].
Review of related works
Preventing Theft in Smart Electrical Distribution
Systems through Advanced Metering [9, 10]. An
approach to combat energy theft within
intelligent electrical distribution systems was
proposed, focusing on pinpointing the location
and extent of electricity theft using Power Line
Communication (PLC) as part of Automatic
Metering Infrastructure (AMI). The method
utilizes the inherent signal degradation during
analogue signal transmission over power lines. By
monitoring the signal's deterioration, the system
can diagnose and locate instances of theft. PLC
modulates a carrier frequency on the existing
power line, enabling meters to communicate with
each other. When meter A sends a signal to meter
B, and no theft has occurred, meter B
acknowledges and relays the signal back to the
base station without any degradation.
Conversely, if theft occurs, the signal deteriorates,
and meter B reports this discrepancy to the
central station. The level of signal degradation
corresponds to the amount of electricity stolen,
allowing the system to estimate the extent of theft.
To function effectively, all meters in this system
must be equipped with PLC handshaking
capabilities and filters to ensure accurate signal
comparison.
Intelligent Metering System for Controlling and
Preventing Electricity Theft. Nabil Mohammed et
al. developed a prepaid energy metering system
to control electricity theft [11–13]. This system
includes a single-phase smart meter installed at
the consumer's premises, which communicates
with a server operated by the utility company
using GSM modules for bidirectional
communication. The system's core components
are an ATmega 32 microcontroller, an ADE7751
energy measurement chip, a Siemens A62 mobile
phone as the GSM module, MAX232, current and
potential transformers, an LCD, and a relay. The
microcontroller calculates energy consumption
based on pulses generated by the energy metering
chip. The meter has two current transformers that
monitor current flow in the phase and neutral
lines to detect theft, mainly through phase and
neutral line short-circuiting. If the current values
differ significantly, the microcontroller triggers a
relay to disconnect the power supply and sends an
alert to the server, indicating possible theft.
Additionally, lever switches are installed to detect
meter tampering, sending an alert to the server if
tampering is detected.
Automated Metering Interface for Theft
Prevention. Authors [10, 14] introduced an anti-
theft automatic metering interface using an
Arduino microcontroller to continuously monitor
and store energy meter readings. A GSM module
enables remote monitoring and control, while a
comparator circuit detects meter bypassing. The
comparator compares input values before and
after the meter, feeding any discrepancies to the
microcontroller, which indicates bypassing. A
tactile sensor detects meter tampering by sensing
touch, force, or pressure changes. This system
relies on the GSM network to communicate
instances of theft to the utility provider.
Electricity Theft Detection System Utilizing
Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) Processor and GSM
Network. A system utilizing an LPC1343 ARM
processor was developed to control electricity
theft. This system is similar to the one Nabil
Mohammed et al. proposed but introduces a four-
terminal output-regulated potential transformer
[15–18]. One terminal connects directly to the
energy measuring unit, while the remaining
terminals regulate the power supply to the ARM
processor and GSM module. This configuration
reduces costs and enhances efficiency. The system
can detect various theft modes by simulating
phase and neutral line shorts, with alerts sent via
SMS using the GSM network. The system's low
power consumption makes it a cost-effective
solution for energy theft detection.
Advanced Theft Detection System for Prepaid
Energy Meters in Nigeria. The advanced theft
detection system for prepaid energy meters was
introduced to identify and eradicate electricity
theft [15, 17]. The proposed power theft detection
system is made up of three components:
1. Intelligent Prepaid Meter (IPEM): This is
installed at the consumer's end. It is designed to
monitor and record energy consumption in real-
Path of Science. 2024. Vol. 10. No 8 ISSN 2413-9009
Section “Engineering, Manufacturing, and Construction” 6032
time. It has advanced sensors and processing
capabilities to detect bypasses and alterations in
energy usage patterns that may indicate theft.
2. Intelligent Power Theft Detection System
(IPTDS): This is located at the transformer or
electric pole. It monitors the power flowing
through the distribution network. It uses
sophisticated algorithms to compare the energy
consumption recorded by the IPEM with the
expected consumption based on the distribution
network's load profile.
3. Utility Control Server aggregates data from
multiple IPEMs and IPTD units. It performs real-
time analysis by generating alerts and reports for
detected theft attempts. Radio Frequency (RF)
and GSM networks facilitate communication
between the server and the meters.
Energy Meter with Integrated GSM Theft Detection
and Automation. Authors [11] proposed using an
automatic energy meter system with an
intelligent energy meter sensor connected to the
power lines, interfaced with a microcontroller and
GSM module. This system continuously monitors
power consumption and compares it with stored
data in the flash memory. Any discrepancies
between the recorded and monitored values
indicate theft, prompting the system to send an
SMS alert to the electricity board. The system's
microcontroller ensures accurate theft detection
to monitor real-time power consumption.
Comparison and Contribution of the Present Study
The reviewed study provides various approaches
to detecting electricity theft while focusing on
estimated consumption patterns that may
indicate theft. While these methods have proven
useful, they often rely on post-event analysis or
indirect measures. Some of this may not always
reflect on theft occurrences, as the legitimate
consumption spikes can sometimes be
misinterpreted as theft.
METHODOLOGY
This section outlines the research methodologies
and materials used in developing and
implementing the intelligent prepaid energy
meter system. These methodologies cover the
design, modelling, and testing phases.
Figure 2 – Block Diagram of Prepaid Energy Meter
using GSM
The design methodology is segmented into the
following components:
1) System Design and Modeling;
2) Circuit Design: Power Supply Circuit and
Metering Circuit;
3) Detection Mechanisms: Energy Theft and
Meter Bypass Detection Circuits;
4) Microcontroller Programming: Firmware
Development;
5. Energy Management and Communications.
The design phase involves creating a block
diagram to outline the power supply, metering
circuits, detection mechanisms, microcontroller,
energy management and communication
modules.
Based on the requirements, appropriate
components were selected for each part of the
system.
Power Supply Circuit. The LCD microcontroller
and relay operate on a 12VDC power supply. The
mains power supply of 240V-220V AC is stepped
down to 12VAC using a 240V-220V/12V step-
down transformer. A bridge rectifier is used to
convert the 12VAC to 12VDC. A high-capacity
capacitor (1000 µF) smooths out any voltage
ripples. The GSM SIM 800 module is essential for
communication. And it requires a 4.2VDC supply.
This voltage is regulated using an LM317
adjustable voltage regulator.
Metering Circuit. The metering circuit comprises
voltage and current sensing circuits, crucial for
measuring power consumption. It includes
designing current-sensing circuits with
transformers and voltage-sensing circuits with
resistive dividers.
Path of Science. 2024. Vol. 10. No 8 ISSN 2413-9009
Section “Engineering, Manufacturing, and Construction” 6033
Figure 3 – 240V-220V to 12V Power Supply Circuit
They are used to monitor the current that is being
drawn by the load. And the voltage supplied that
allows for accurate power calculation and
consumption measurement.
Figure 4 – Single-Phase Energy Meter
Current Sensing Circuit. A bar-type primary
current transformer with a 1,000:1
transformation ratio measures the AC circuit. The
output from the current transformer is connected
to the microcontroller's Analog Digital Converter
(ADC) pin. A 220-ohm resistor is placed across the
current transformer's secondary terminals. The
microcontroller measures the peak-to-peak
voltage across this resistor and computes the
current using Ohm's law (V = I × R). The current's
root mean square (RMS) value is then calculated
by multiplying the measured current by 0.707 and
adjusting the transformation ratio to obtain the
actual primary current.
Figure 5 – Current Sensing Circuit [23]
Voltage Divider Circuit. The voltage across the load
is measured using a voltage sensor connected
across the main supply, and its output is
connected to the microcontroller. The voltage
sensor operates based on a voltage divider circuit,
which scales the voltage to a level the
microcontroller's ADC can safely handle. The
circuit consists of two resistors: 14Ω (R1) on the
live wire and another 10kΩ (R2) on the neutral
wire, as shown below.
Figure 6 – Voltage Divider Circuit
Calculation of Voltage Divider Circuit. The Input
Voltage from the primary side of the transformer,
VIN = 220V. To convert the 220VAC input voltage
from the primary side of the transformer to a
lower voltage level that the Arduino can safely
measure, we need to step down the voltage using
a voltage-sensing circuit. This involves a step-
down transformer to reduce the AC voltage and
scale to a level the Arduino can handle.
The voltage divider formula is given by:
, (1)
Path of Science. 2024. Vol. 10. No 8 ISSN 2413-9009
Section “Engineering, Manufacturing, and Construction” 6034
Vin is the input voltage after rectification. The DC
Voltage is 12VDC.
Assume Vout is 5VDC since we are using Nano
Arduino, and the suitable voltage that can be
accommodated is 0-5V.
, (2)
, (3)
, (4)
(5)
Choosing R2 as a standard resistor value 10KΩ
, (6)
, (7)
, (8)
Since
, (9)
, (10)
, (11)
(12)
(13)
Arduino Code Analysis
const int sensor Pin = A0; // Analog input pin connected to
the voltage divider
float voltage = 0;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
int sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin);
voltage = sensorValue * (5.0 / 1023.0); // Convert analog
reading to voltage
Serial.print("Measured Voltage: ");
Serial.println(voltage);
delay(1000);
}
Pin Definition
const int sensor Pin = A0; // Analog input pin connected to the
voltage divider
The variable "sensor Pin" refers to the analogue input pin A0
on the Arduino board. This pin is connected to a voltage divider
circuit, which will be used to measure the voltage.
Variable Initialization
float voltage = 0;
The 'voltage" is to store the calculated voltage.
Setup Function
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
The "setup()' function allows the Arduino to send data to a
monitor for display.
Main Loop
void loop() {
int sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin);
voltage = sensorValue * (5.0 / 1023.0); // Convert analog
reading to voltage
Serial.print("Measured Voltage: ");
Serial.println(voltage);
delay(1000);
}
This "loop" function executes the read sensor
value that reads the analogue voltage value from
"sensorPin" (AO). It also converts to a voltage
reading where the Arduino voltage is 5.0VDC, and
the maximum value for ADC is 10 bits. It also
shows the calculated voltage on the monitor for
observation.
Energy Theft and Meter Bypass Detection Circuit.
The meter bypassing system was simulated by
connecting a 100W incandescent bulb to the
external current transformer. The system
successfully detects the load and sends an SMS
notification to the utility company.
Microcontroller Programming. The
microcontroller handles data acquisition from
sensors, processes measurements, and controls
the communication module. This included writing
code for ADC readings, data processing, and theft
detection algorithms.
Path of Science. 2024. Vol. 10. No 8 ISSN 2413-9009
Section “Engineering, Manufacturing, and Construction” 6035
Figure 7 – Energy Meter Bypass using Bul
Energy Management and Communication.
Implemented a remote access system for users to
recharge energy units and monitor consumption.
It involved integrating the GSM module for
communication and developing an
understandable interface for remote interaction.
The below-listed materials are used during this
project:
Components and Equipment: 1) Microcontroller:
This is used to process sensor data and control
system operations using Arduino; 2) Current
transformer: a bar-type transformer with a
1,000:1 transformation ratio for current
measurement was used; 3) Voltage Sensor: this is
used to measure voltage across the load using a
voltage divider circuit; 4) GSM SIM 800 Module:
this is used for communication and real-time
reporting; 5) Power Supply Components include a
240V-220V/12V transformer, bridge rectifier,
capacitors, and LM317 voltage regulator; 6)
Resistors: this is used for voltage divider circuits
and current sensing.
Software Tools: 1) Programming Environment:
Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment) was used for microcontroller
programming; 2) Simulation Tools: Software for
circuit simulation and design validation, such as
LTspice or Proteus.
Testing Instruments: 1) Multimeter: This is used to
measure voltage, current, and resistance; 2)
Oscilloscope: This is used to analyze waveforms
and verify signal integrity; 3) Power Analyzer:
This is used to evaluate power consumption and
efficiency.
Documentation and References: 1) Technical
manuals and datasheets for components and
modules used; 2) Research papers and articles
related to energy theft detection and meter
tampering for background and comparative
analysis.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The system was simulated using Proteus software
and Fritzing. The Arduino Nano was programmed
using the Arduino Integrated Development
Environment (IDE) on a Windows 11 operating
system. The programming was done in C
language.
The testing process was conducted in several
stages:
Unit Testing. Individual components of the energy
metering system, including transformers and
relays, were tested to verify their functionality.
This involved ensuring that the transformers
provided the correct voltage and that the relays
operated correctly.
Power Supply Section Testing. The power supply
unit, comprising a step-down transformer, bridge
rectifier, and smoothing capacitor, was tested to
confirm that it provided the required voltage
levels.
Metering Circuit Testing. The metering circuit,
which includes voltage and current sensing
components, was tested for accuracy. Known load
values were connected, and the readings were
compared with the meter's display on the LCD.
For instance, a 60-W incandescent bulb was
tested, with the meter reading 58.42W, which is
within an acceptable range.
Energy Meter Bypassing Testing. Meter bypassing
was simulated by connecting an additional 60-W
incandescent bulb after the external current
transformer. The system detected the additional
load and sent an SMS notification to the utility.
Meter Tampering Testing. Tampering was tested
by opening the meter casing, which activated the
momentary switch. The pre-registered utility
number received an SMS notification of the
tampering event.
Energy Management Testing. Energy management
was tested by sending "OFF" and "ON" commands
via SMS to the GSM module. The relay correctly
disconnected and reconnected the load based on
these commands. The system also allowed users
to check the energy meter status by sending
"STATUS" via SMS.
Path of Science. 2024. Vol. 10. No 8 ISSN 2413-9009
Section “Engineering, Manufacturing, and Construction” 6036
Prepayment System Testing. The prepayment
functionality was tested by sending a recharge
SMS in the format *333*(4 digits), where the four
digits represent the desired energy units.
Successfully recharges updated energy units,
while unsuccessful attempts trigger notifications
to the user.
CONCLUSIONS
This project successfully designed, implemented,
and tested a Smart Prepaid Energy Metering
System capable of detecting energy theft through
meter bypassing and tampering. The system's
combination of advanced features marks a
significant advancement in energy metering
technology. The method efficiently solves the
issue of electricity theft, which accounts for
significant non-technical losses in power
distribution. The results show that the system
reliably measures energy consumption and
detects unauthorized activities. It also provides
remote management capabilities, making it a
complete solution for improving power sector
efficiency.
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