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Financial analysis business of cantang (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × E. lanceolatus) and cantik (E. fuscoguttatus × E. polyphekadion) hybrid groupers in hatcheries
Abstract
Management evaluation is essential to optimize finances by increasing egg production, survival rates, larval rearing, and nursery growth. Research aims to analyze production and financial performance in sustainable practices for producing hybrid grouper seeds such as cantang and cantik. The research was carried out for one year, from September 2022 to September 2023. Survey method with the selection of research locations carried out purposively utilized both primary and secondary data types. Primary data was collected through surveys using questionnaires, interviews, and direct observation of activities. Direct observations were conducted at egg production, hatchery, and nursery activities. Research shows that in one year the egg production is 97,300,000 cantang eggs and 17,800,000 cantik eggs. The final length mean harvested in the hatchery was 3.5 ± 0.28 cm with a survival rate of 8.3 ± 4.9 % for cantang hybrid grouper and 3.2 ± 0.25 cm with a survival rate of 10.1 ± 5.0 % for cantik hybrid grouper. The total length of the nursery harvested was 10.9 ± 0.30 cm with a survival rate of 71.5 ± 8.7 % for cantang hybrid grouper, and cantik hybrid grouper measured 10.1 ± 0.30 cm with a survival rate of 81.0±6.0 %. The highest net profit comes from nurseries, followed by larval rearing and egg production. Investments in egg production, larval rearing, and nursery businesses are financially advantageous, as both the R/C and B/C ratios > 1, demonstrating their economic viability. The increasing demand for hatcheries and seeds highlights the importance of successful egg production in fulfilling the growing needs of grouper hatcheries. Nursery operations play a crucial role in enhancing the success of grouper grow-out by improving survival rates and reducing rearing times. They focus on nurturing seeds from their early stages until they reach a suitable size and strength for the grow-out phase.
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Grouper aquaculture is a rapidly growing and dynamic industry within the Taiwan aquaculture sector that serves as an important source of income generation. Farming fishes at a better location (FFABL) is a promising production strategy. This study evaluated the production and economic performance of grouper farming in Taiwan. This investigation employed two steps: (1) a cost–benefit analysis to determine the main component affecting profitability; and (2) multivariate statistics to clarify the relationship between biological and economic factors. The findings suggest that the best choice of species is hybrid giant grouper that generates and highlights a positive income, viable benefit–cost ratio and profit rate. The study found the feed management of hybrid giant groupers requires more consideration due to its low feed conversion ratio. The producers need to replace trash fish in commercial feed during the production cycle to ensure better feed management. Finally, this paper argues that feed is the main constraint for grouper farming, which is sensitive to any change in feed productivity, and this constraint must be solved to sustain the grouper industry in Taiwan.
The flowthrough system, a daily water exchange, has high risk in fluctuation of water quality. Moreover, the risk could impact the seed productions, especially in grouper nurseries. Recirculation and bioremediation systems are satisfying technique to maintenance the water quality. The aim of this research was to analyse the effectiveness of flowthrough, recirculation and bioremediation systems in grouper nursery for water quality and grouper seed production. The research was conducted with three treatments and four replications as follows: A. flowthrough, B. recirculation and C. recirculation with bioremediation. The research was conducted in a completely randomized design for 40 days. The best water quality in treatment C: Salinity ranged from 30-35 g/L, ammonia reached 0.0726-1.8978 mg/L, and inhibited the growth of Vibrio spp. up to 2.580 CFU/mL. The results showed that the best average value was obtained by treatment C with a survival rate of 94.8±0.4%, length growth rate of 0.110±0.003 cm/day, weight growth rate of 0.175±0.013 g/day, specific length growth rate of 2.02±0.04%, specific weight growth rate 5.56±0.28%, total length 8.0 cm, total weight 7.91 g, and feed conversion ratio 0.73±0.07.
Simple Summary
This study assessed changes in the biochemical composition of hybrid grouper during the early larval stages. Samples were collected at various developmental stages, ranging from newly hatched larvae to 4 days after hatching. The findings reveal several key observations: (1) The total length of hybrid grouper larvae exhibited a significant increase as the yolk-sac absorption progressed from stage I to V. (2) Dry weight and total lipid content exhibited a rapid decrease throughout larval development. (3) Significant reductions were observed in the levels of triacylglycerols and wax esters/steryl esters. (4) Throughout yolk-sac larval development, a notable decrease occurred in the concentrations of essential amino acids, including leucine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, glycine, alanine, serine, proline, and tyrosine. (5) There was a significant decrease in the levels of specific fatty acids, such as C16:0, saturated fatty acids (SFAa), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), C18:0, 18:1n-9, and C20:4n-6. Conversely, the levels of C22:6n-3, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), n-3 PUFA, n-6 PUFA, and the combination of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) + eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), as well as the DHA/EPA ratio, remained stable from stage I to III but decreased thereafter. (6) During the early developmental stages, the utilization sequence of fatty acids followed a pattern of SFAs, MUFAs, n-6 PUFA, and n-3 PUFA. These results provide further insights into the varying efficiency of utilization among different types of fatty acids and highlight relatively stable protein utilization with selective consumption of amino acid content during hybrid grouper larval development.
Abstract
To investigate the shifts in the biochemical composition of hybrid grouper during the early larval stages, we collected samples at various developmental milestones, spanning from newly hatched larvae (stage I) to 4 days after hatching (stage V). Our findings revealed several notable trends: (1) The total length of hybrid grouper larvae exhibited a significant increase as the yolk-sac absorption progressed from stage I to V. Concurrently, there was a marked decrease in yolk volume and oil volume during the transition from stage I to III, followed by a gradual decline from stage III to V. (2) Dry weight and total lipid content displayed a rapid reduction throughout the larval development period, while the total protein content exhibited a declining trend. (3) The concentrations of triacylglycerols and wax esters/steryl esters decreased considerably, particularly at stage V. However, no differences were observed among the contents of ketones, hydrocarbons, and sterols. (4) As yolk-sac larvae developed from stage I to V, a significant reduction was observed in the levels of essential amino acids (EAAs), such as leucine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, glycine, alanine, serine, proline, and tyrosine. This trend was also observed for non-EAAs and total amino acids, with fluctuations in the content of other amino acids. (5) There was a significant decrease in the levels of specific fatty acids, including C16:0, saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), C18:0, 18:1n-9, and C20:4n-6. In contrast, the contents of C22:6n-3, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), n-3 PUFA, n-6 PUFA, and the combination of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) + eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), as well as the DHA/EPA ratio, remained stable from stage I to III but declined thereafter. (6) During the early developmental stages, the utilization sequence of fatty acids followed a pattern of prioritizing SFAs, followed by MUFAs, n-6 PUFA, and n-3 PUFA. These findings provide further insights into the nutritional priorities of hybrid grouper larvae during their early development, with a particular emphasis on lipids and fatty acids as vital energy sources. Additionally, our results highlight variations in the efficiency of utilization among different types of fatty acids, while protein utilization remained relatively stable, characterized by the selective consumption of amino acid content.
Water quality improvement was carried out by means of recirculation and
bioremediation systems in grouper nurseries with high stocking density, thereby
increasing production performance. The goal of this study was to evaluate the
effectiveness of aquabusiness by analyzing the rise in grouper nursery stocking
density using RAS and bioremediation systems. The test parameters consist of
production performance, blood glucose levels, physic-chemistry-biology of water
quality, and business efficiency based on productivity and business analysis.
Treatment of 1,000 fish/m3
increased survival, blood glucose levels, total bacteria,
Vibrio spp., ammonia, nitrite, and all productivity parameters. But it lowers all
growth parameters, pH, and dissolved oxygen values. The recirculation system
with bioremediation at up to 1,000 fish/m3
of stocking boosted the profit by 2.64
times. and 14.97% more efficient than 500 fish/m3
which could not be matched by
the high production performance.
We developed an economic model for small-scale saltwater grouper net-pen farms in Hong Kong SAR of the
People’s Republic of China to compare economic scenarios based on implementing different biosecurity measures
on farms. Our model estimated the probability of reducing endemic infections and their spread within
farms. The economic outcomes of interest, including net returns and the margin of safety ratio, were evaluated
under different levels of mortality (12%, 23%, and 46%), and different numbers of initial fish stock (20 K and
100 K) on farms. Our results showed that adding a strategy for prompt removal of dead fish and early treatment
of disease on farms could reduce the risk of loss, but having a comprehensive biosecurity plan on a typical marine
fish farm in Hong Kong was only economically advantageous when a high percent mortality (46%) was expected
on the farm, and when the farm was stocked with a high number of fish (100K). Our model may explain why
small-scale saltwater net-pen farmers catering to local live markets, do not adopt comprehensive biosecurity
plans. According to results from scenarios specific to Hong Kong, our model suggests these plans are expensive
and only pay off when expected mortalities are quite high.
The aquaculture industry in Taiwan grosses more than USD 1.1 billion annually; however, it also generates considerable waste discharge (causing eutrophication in estuarine and coastal waters) and heavy groundwater withdrawals (causing land subsidence in coastal areas). Many aquaculture facilities using earth ponds are affected by benthic algae, resulting in an earthy odor, and fixed-cage farms are difficult to relocate during cold weather events. In this study, we tested small-scale (~15 ton) mobile cage tanks for the nearshore rearing of white shrimp and grouper in the Yung-An district of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. At the conclusion of the mariculture experiment, the content of free amino acids in shrimp and groupers reared in our mobile tanks surpassed that in animals reared locally in traditional earthy ponds. In a blind taste test involving 42 volunteers, groupers reared in mobile cage tanks were deemed more palatable than those raised in ponds. Our results demonstrate that small-scale mobile cage tanks are a feasible approach to the sustainable rearing of high-quality shrimp or fish. Note that wastewater from the mobile tanks is easily diluted by seawater, thereby reducing the likelihood of eutrophication in coastal regions. The proposed system could also be used for recreational fishing activities to increase income for smallholders of fishermen and/or aquaculture farmers.
Three species of groupers, including tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus), humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis), and leopard coral grouper (Plectropomus leopardus), have been successfully cultivated. However, the constraints on larviculture that have been described still arise in the hatchery. This study compares several hatchery parameters in these three grouper species representing three different genera (Epinephelus, Cromileptes, and Plectropomus). The egg incubation and larval rearing were carried out in a concrete tank (3 x 3 x 1.2 m3) filled with 6-7 m3 seawater. Eggs were stocked with a density of 100,000 eggs/tank. The grouper larvae were reared until they became juvenile. The eggs were incubated until they were hatched in the same container and media as larval rearing. Larvae were reared until 60 dah (days after hatching), and data were taken from the rearing for three cycle's larval culture. Management of grouper larval rearing follows the Good Fish Hatchery Method (Cara Pembenihan Ikan yang Baik/CPIB) based on Indonesian National Standard (Standar Nasional Indonesia/SNI). The experimental parameters were egg diameter, hatching rate, larvae mouth opening width, survival activity index (SAI), larvae development, and total body length growth. The several hatchery parameters in three grouper fish species are significantly different. The tiger grouper has the best larval performance.
The use of recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) in nurseries of cantik grouper ( Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus microdon ) has the potential to make the culture environment more stable and maximize production perfomance, but the work of RAS decreases with the accumulation of waste in the water used. Remediation of water with microorganisms (bioremediation) can improve the performance of RAS. This research aims to determine the best dose of commercial probiotics in water bioremediation to be used in nurseries of cantik grouper seeds. This research was conducted for 7 days using a completely randomized design with four treatments and three replications. Treatment doses of probiotics tried: 3 ml/m ³ , 6 ml/m ³ , 9 ml/m ³ and 12 ml/m ³ . The container used was a concrete tank measuring 1 m × 2 m × 0.8 m filled with 1 m ³ of seawater and 3.2±0.3 cm of cantik grouper seeds with a density of 500 fish/m ³ . The addition of probiotics up to 12 mL/m ³ had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the survival rate of cantik grouper fish for 7 days of rearing, ranging from 99.1% to 99.3%. The best results of the bioremediation process were obtained with the addition of 6 mL/m ³ probiotics with the lowest range of ammonia and nitrite about 0.0896–0.9303 mg/L and 0.0977–8.4880 mg/L. The addition of a probiotic dose of 6 mL/m ³ can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as Vibrio spp. in water at the beginning, middle, and end of maintenance reached 2, 48, and 140 CFU/mL.
Snooks from the genus (Centropomus spp.) are an important fishery resource in the Americas and are a new species for marine aquaculture. Nevertheless, their production potential remains unknown. This study assessed the viability to grow-out Centropomus viridis juveniles raised in marine floating cages. At the nursery stage, 15,000 juveniles (0.8 ± 0.2 g) were stocked in one 235 m 3 cage at a mean water temperature of 21 ± 3.4 • C. After 120 days, the juveniles reached an average weight of 43.6 ± 20.6 g. Subsequently, the juveniles were harvested and graded by weight to continue the grow-out process. Three groups were formed for the initial grow-out period: 30 g (G30); 40 g (G40); 60 g (G60). After a period of 270 days, the mean weights of G30, G40, and G60 were 522 ± 84, 565 ± 72, 600 ± 85 g, respectively. The average grow from the three groups showed 0.77 ± 0.18 g day − 1 when they were cultured at temperatures < 24 • C, while at temperatures > 26 • C the mean growth rate was 3.07 ± 0.76 g day − 1. Economic simulations, using sensitivity analyses showed that 10 USD/kg is the only final sale price that generates profitability with a production of 20 tons and survival of 60%. Our work suggests that the grow-out site should be located in an area with a tropical-subtropical latitude, in which water temperatures oscillate between 26 and 32 • C, and that 30 g juveniles should be used in order to improve survival during the rearing conditions in the initial grow-out stage. The results showed that C. viridis culture could be both technically and economically viable.
High production costs in grouper nursery can be caused by the use of large fingerlings size and long rearing times. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the culture performance and economic profitability of “cantang” hybrid grouper juveniles reared at different initial stocking sizes and nursery periods. This research lasted from September to December 2017 in one of small scale hatcheries in Buleleng, Bali, Indonesia. This study consisted of two experimental treatments; the first treatment was different initial stocking sizes (body weight and total length) of 0.50 ± 0.07 g and 3.0 ± 2.1 cm; 3.50 ± 0.67 g and 5.0 ± 1.9 cm; and 6.10 ± 0.91 g and 7.0 ± 2.3 cm. The second treatment was different nursery periods with the following arrangement: 15, 30, and 45 days (initial body weight and length of 0.54 ± 0.067 g and 3.0 ± 0.09 cm, respectively). The stocking density in all treatments was 1,000 fish reared in a 2 m x 2 m x 1 m concrete tank. The observed culture performance parameters consisted of survival rate (SR, %), daily growth rate (DGR, g/day), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The calculated economic profitability parameters were net profit, return-on-investment (ROI, %), and return cost ratio (R/C). The highest culture performance was achieved by the juveniles reared using the largest initial stocking size and longest nursery period. This was in contrast with the economic profitability, in which smaller initial stocking size and middle nursery period had resulted in the highest profit. Based on the culture performance and profitability considerations, the suggested combination of initial stocking size and nursery period for cantang fingerlings is 3.0 ± 2.1 cm initial stocking size and 30 days rearing times.
The development of tiger grouper cultivation technology has not been maximally implemented so that the survival rate of fish is very low. The result is that it is very vulnerable to losses in cultivation. This study aims to analyze the profitability of tiger grouper hatchery. The research method used is a case study. Primary data is collected through observation, interviews, and questionnaires. Secondary data is data obtained indirectly. The calculated data analysis is the Benefit-Cost (B/C) Ratio, Break-even Point Analysis and Profitability. The results obtained are BEP in units is 170,606 heads and BEP in price is IDR 1,709,750, B/C Ratio is 1.65, and the payback period is 5 years 2 months.
Aquaculture in Brazil probably started in the 17th century, during the Dutch occupation of the northeastern region. Currently, this activity can be divided into five main sectors, defined by tradition and type of cultured organism: freshwater fish, marine shrimp, mollusks, freshwater prawns and frogs. Production in 2019 was estimated at 800,000 tonnes, representing a gross revenue of US$ 1 billion. Freshwater fish is predominantly produced, followed by marine shrimp. The main farmed species are Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) and the Pacific white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Other species have great local socio-economic importance. The bulk of production comes from small farms: more than 80 % have less than 2 ha. Brazil has more than 200 thousand freshwater fish farms, about 3000 marine shrimp farms, and about 100 aquaculture research institutions. A large domestic market is available for edible fish and shellfish, ornamentals, baitfish and hatchery-reared juveniles for biomitigation purposes. The challenge is to develop truly sustainable production systems to support a perennial industry. New technologies, including digital devices and simple disruptive innovations, can increase productivity and support the shift to a circular economy, bioeconomics and sustainability supported by science-based innovations and knowledge.
Fish health is an important problem faced by Cantang grouper (Ephinephelus sp.) Hatcheries. Broodstock health management needs to be managed properly so as not to decrease the quality and production of Cantang grouper seeds. Cantang grouper broodstock health management includes the process of maintaining grouper broodstock, feeding, disease control and water quality management. The data collection method is done by recording the results of active participation, interviews and observations. Broodstock grouper cantang are maintained in ponds made of concrete with sizes ranging from 150 mᶟ and a depth of 3 m. Pond cleaning is carried out once or twice a month with the addition of 2 kg of chlorine / 150 tons of water. Grouper broodstock is fed 10 kg for 24 broodstock. feed in the form of trash fish, squid, mackarel, vitamin C and vitamin E. The types of diseases that often attack grouper broodstock are Criptocaryon irritans, Benedia sp and Vibrio alginolyticus. Water quality parameters measured in grouper broodstock ponds are salinity and temperature. The water salinity in broodstock ponds ranges from 34-35 ppt and temperatures range from 27-31 o C.
Cantang grouper ( Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × lanceolatus ) is an Indonesian fisheries commodity that seeded and has high economic value. Cantang grouper is also had excellence because it has fast growth and tolerance to disease, so these fish are widely cultured. The purpose of this study was to analyze the hatching rate, growth monitoring, and survival rate of cantang grouper. This research was conducted at UPT PBL Situbondo, East Java Province on December 2018 until January 2019. Spawning of the cantang grouper was done artificially. The hatching rate of cantang grouper eggs was 53.3 %, growth rate ranging from 0.0009-0.7900 gr/day and specific growth rate ranging from 10.34-29.84 %. Larvae maintenance includes feeding, measurement of water quality, and change of water. Feeding is in the form of Chlorella sp., Rotifer, Artemia sp., Acetes sp., and artificial feed. The survival rate of cantang grouper was 26.9%. The measured water quality was a temperature ranging from 29-30 °C, pH with a range of 7.9-8, and dissolved oxygen (DO) was 7 mg/L.
Various activities in the coastal area of Buleleng-Bali for many years affected to the sustainability of mariculture activities. This research aimed to 1) identify the problems of groupers farming in fish cages, 2) analyze the cost-benefit of grouper farming and 3) analyze fish farmer perceptions on mariculture development. Primary and secondary data were collected and analyzed by using descriptive, financial and Likert-type analyzes. The results show that the average production of grouper farming was 450 – 7500 kg per harvest. The main problems in groupers farming are related to uncertainty market demand in recent years, financial capital limitation, high price of fish feeding, and low productivity. Benefit-cost analysis revealed that the benefit-cost ratio is 1.92 (B/C ratio > 1) and the payback period (PP) is 2.3 years (project life assumption: 10 years) and the internal rate return (IRR) is 12%. It means that grouper farming is economically visible to develop in Buleleng District. Fish farmers as well as local stakeholders have positive perception and active participation in grouper farming using floating-fish cages. Fish farmers also needs special trainings related to disease management, seed selection, marketing, and good aquaculture practices. The main obstacles of price and capacity faced by farmers for using various sensors to reduce the risk of mass fish death and other climate change effects should be of special concern to local and central government to install a set of equipment to control and reduce the impact of environmental changes on all grouper floating cages.
Aquaculture production must keep increasing if seafood demand is to be met. This increase in production has substantial impacts on the three pillars of sustainability (i.e. economy, society and environment). To fairly assess the effects that industry has, several tools have been used, mainly theoretical bioeconomic analysis. Even though theoretical models are essential for the assessment of sustainability, the application of econometric models that rely on empirical data to validate the theory proposed is a priority. The objective of this work was to analyse state of the art related to the use of econometric models in aquaculture industry and categorize findings according to their relationship with any of the three pillars of sustainability to promote the implementation of tools that allow balancing growth of the sector with rational use of resources. The study is divided into five sections. First, the introduction describes the current state of aquaculture, difficulties in management and use of econometric models as tools for improving it. Second, the methods used to develop the bibliometric and bibliographic review are described alongside the research questions. Third, the results of the literature review and categorization are proposed according to the sustainability pillars. Fourth, possible new applications of econometric models are discussed to assess sustainability challenges. Finally, a conclusion of the research is provided stating the benefits and challenges of the use of econometric models in aquaculture.
p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"> The grouper hatchery now has been widely developed, usually purchased eggs from the business that produces hybrid grouper eggs in accordance with the amount as needed. Eggs grouper that is currently in demand are eggs grouper cantang that is a cross-breed between female tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) and male giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) and cantik that is a cross-breed between female tiger grouper and male grouper batik (Epinephelus Microdon). The purpose of this research is to get information about hybrid egg production activities, marketing and economics. The study was conducted in Buleleng regency in January-December 2015, data was taken from five hatchery or business that produces only hybrid grouper egg that is one business (A) in the village of Banyuasri, Buleleng district; Three businesses (B); (C) and (D) in the village of Penyabangan, Gerokgak district and the effort (E) in the village of Banyupoh, Gerokgak district, the data were analyzed descriptively. The results of the five businesses may produce as many eggs as five to eight times a year by the amount that can be marketed 24,200,000 - 44,500,000 eggs. The result of business analysis R / C ratio > 1 which means the business is profitable.
Keyword : eggs, hatchery, hybrid, production, support Eggs production of grouper hybrid for
supporting hatchery business </strong
This article reviews the discount rate or cost of capital (WACC) used as an input to estimate the net present value (NPV) in aquaculture research over the last 25 years. To that end, aquaculture articles, published in peer-reviewed journals using the Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases were collected. This article provides an approximate minimum profitability for new aquaculture feasibility studies according to the type of aquaculture marine commodities, the project type, and the location or country. The results show that the average WACC was 10.6%; this rate was significantly higher a) for algae than for crustaceans, mollusks, and fish; and b) for projects installed in developing countries than for developed countries. Because precisely estimating the WACC for each new project takes considerable time and is expensive, this study provides a useful baseline for many stakeholders, such as private investors, research centers, and government bodies, that provide financial support to aquaculture projects. This work will also benefit those who evaluate projects in other fields.
The effects of temperatures (22, 26, 30 and 34°C) and diets (commercial pellet and shrimp) on the growth properties and gastric emptying time (GET) of the tiger grouper×giant grouper (TGGG) hybrid were analyzed over a 30day experimental period under controlled laboratory conditions. Food consumption (FC), food conversion rate (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR) and GET were significantly influenced by temperature and diet type. The highest mean SGR (1.00% BM day−1, p<0.05) was observed in the 30°C+shrimp group of fish, while the lowest SGR was observed in the 22°C+pellet group (0.59% BM day−1). No significant differences in growth (P>0.05) were observed between any of the groups at 22 and 34°C fed on either the shrimp or the pellet diet. The lowest statistically significant (p<0.05) FC was observed at 22°C on both diets. The highest FCR (1.208, p<0.05) was observed in the 22°C+shrimp and 22°C+pellet groups. The fastest GETs were observed at 30°C, 12h for fish on the shrimp diet and 13h for fish on the pellet diet. A significant delay in gastric emptying (16h) was observed at 22°C in the group fed the commercial pellet diet (16h). The best growth performances and digestion rates were observed at 30°C followed by 26, 34 and 22°C regardless of diet. The results suggest that 26 and 30°C are optimum water temperatures for the aquaculture of this newly developed fish species fed on either a shrimp or pellet diet.
Food uptake follows rules defined by feeding behaviour that determines the kind and quantity of food ingested by fish larvae as well as how live prey and food particles are detected, captured and ingested. Feeding success depends on the progressive development of anatomical characteristics and physiological functions and on the availability of suitable food items throughout larval development. The fish larval stages present eco-morpho-physiological features very different from adults and differ from one species to another. The organoleptic properties, dimensions, detectability, movements characteristics and buoyancy of food items are all crucial features that should be considered, but is often ignored, in feeding regimes. Ontogenetic changes in digestive function lead to limitations in the ability to process certain feedstuffs. There is still a lack of knowledge about the digestion and absorption of various nutrients and about the ontogeny of basic physiological mechanisms in fish larvae, including how they are affected by genetic, dietary and environmental factors. The neural and hormonal regulation of the digestive process and of appetite is critical for optimizing digestion. These processes are still poorly described in fish larvae and attempts to develop optimal feeding regimes are often still on a ‘trial and error’ basis. A holistic understanding of feeding ecology and digestive functions is important for designing diets for fish larvae and the adaptation of rearing conditions to meet requirements for the best presentation of prey and microdiets, and their optimal ingestion, digestion and absorption. More research that targets gaps in our knowledge should advance larval rearing.
Indonesia is one of the few countries recognized as having high potential in aquaculture for two decades, especially grouper aquaculture. Grouper fish is also a type of fish that has high economic value, its presence in the community, especially fishermen, has made Indonesia the fourth largest grouper producing country in the world. Even though it is beneficial for the Indonesian economy, grouper fish cannot be separated from the constraints in the process as well as the impacts caused by its own application, such as overfishing. Therefore, grouper cultivation is carried out as a step to reduce the bad effects of the problems previously described. There are many things that must be considered in order for the cultivation go without obstacles in the process, one of the most important things to consider is the regulations used in grouper cultivation. This regulation is used as a guide so that the cultivation process is more sustainable from several aspects that will be discussed in the form of hatchery, feed, economy, and the environment.
Orange‐spotted grouper, ideal finfish for mariculture, is constrained by the non‐availability of sufficient seeds due to lower inconsistent larval survival. The present study attempted to establish a reliable larval rearing technique. Larvae fed with un‐enriched or enriched rotifers (screened or unscreened) did not survive beyond 13 days post‐hatch (DPH). Subsequently, copepod (Parvocalanus crassirostris) nauplii were supplemented at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 ml−1, in addition to enriched and screened rotifers, with live feed density of 12 ml−1, and this resulted in significantly improved survival at first feeding. Significantly higher (39.2%) larval survival on 16 DPH, with minimal size heterogeneity (13.13%), was observed in the group fed a combination of 2 copepod nauplii and 10 rotifers ml−1. However, mass mortality was observed between 18 and 21 DPH; and consequently, adult P. crassirostris were supplemented at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 ml−1 from 16 DPH along with rotifers, Artemia nauplii and artificial feed. Significantly higher larval survival on metamorphosis (40 DPH) was observed in the groups fed with 0.75 (17.71%) and 1 ml−1 (19.50%) P. crassirostris. Larval rearing protocol, with an average survival and length up to metamorphosis of 18.14% and 29.83 mm, respectively, during eleven cycles was developed. With consistent enhanced larval survival, the present study would facilitate mass scale seed production.
This paper assesses the economic feasibility of cage aquaculture in the offshore wind farm area of Changhua, Taiwan. According to the cost-benefit analysis, the results of cage aquaculture simulation for three species are economically feasible and the most suitable investment project is suggested to deploy 16 cages at the beginning. However, according to sensitivity analysis, at the current survival rates and purchasing prices, there is still a gap from the breakeven point in various scenarios. Hence, this paper argues that, if Taiwan's offshore wind power generation can be integrated with cage aquaculture, the conflict over sea area usage can be solved in order to create more employment opportunities.
Catfish farming has long been carried out by local farmers with various systems and technologies. A reduction of land and water availability in urban aquaculture has been stimulate the application of aquaponic and biofloc technology. In this study, we aimed to analyze production performance, financial feasibility, and sensitivity analysis in catfish farming through a different farm system including water exchange system, aquaponic and biofloc technology. A case study was used from catfish (Clarias gariepinus) farmers in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. The production performance analyzed is the total production, productivity and survival. Financial feasibility analysis used cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and sensitivity analysis is carried out on changes in the amount of production based on the survival value. The results showed that the best productivity of catfish was obtained from a water exchange system with a production value of 4038.0 ± 6.0 kg, productivity 168.0±2.0 kg per m², and the survival of 79.4±2.2%. The financial feasibility analysis suggested that the water exchange system was US 5048.3 6 (NPV), 12.57 (BCR) and 303.48% (IRR). and for biofloc technology was US$ 2242.23 (NPV), 7.67 (BCR), and 184.07% (IRR), analysis period was five years. The sensitivity analysis shows that the limit of reduction in survival value in water exchange catfish culture, aquaponic, and biofloc technology are 64.0%, 60.0% and 64.0% respectively. Our study showed that the production and financial performance of catfish farming using biofloc technology produces the lowest value compared to the other two systems. It was found that the farmers have not implemented the biofloc technology procedures correctly and have not routinely monitored water quality in all systems and technologies. Still, we were able to aknowledge this issue in hope that we can fix it in the future.
Singapore is a small island country with limited land and sea space for aquaculture. Foodfish production in Singapore is mainly from cage aquaculture in sea and supplied about 10% of total fish consumed. The major cultured species are Asian seabass, milk fish, grey mullet, snappers, golden pompanos, hybrid groupers and shrimps. Although small scale of its aquaculture, constrained by limited available land and coastal areas and high cost for aquaculture, the industry is thriving and transferring from low-tech to high-tech. With the strong support of the government for food security, aquaculture R&D are geared towards developing novel hatchery technologies, marker-assisted and genomic selection to accelerate genetic improvement, the establishment of high-tech aquaculture farms and ensuring biosecurity. Singapore is fast becoming global aquaculture hotspot. In this review, we summarized the status of Singapore's aquaculture production, R&D, training and education and its challenges, and suggested some ideas on the future development of Singapore's aquaculture. Singapore is well-positioned to serve as a R&D and education hub for tropical aquaculture. Its R & D on aquaculture should focus on fish reproduction, genetic improvement and high-tech aquaculture systems to improve local fish production and to supply superior fry for culture in other countries.
The efficient removal of nitrogen pollutants in the aquaculture systems is still a challenge due to the low concentration of organic carbon and high concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the wastewater. The simultaneous partial nitrification, anammox and denitrification (SNAD) bioreactor was firstly used for the treatment of aquaculture wastewater in recirculating aquaculture system. The bioreactor operated for 180 days without adding extra organic carbon. After 60-day operation, the bioreactor reached the stable stage with the average concentration of ammonia/nitrate/nitrite/COD in the effluent with 0.26/0.75/0.47/0.27 mg/L. The Pseudoxanthomonas was the dominant genus in the biofilm samples. The typical nitrogen functional bacteria and genes for nitrification, anammox and denitrification were detected with different abundance in different procedures along the bioreactor. Network analysis revealed the significant correlations between nitrogen functional bacteria and genes. The SNAD bioreactor achieved the effective removal for nitrogen and COD under high DO conditions in recirculating aquaculture system.
Grouper aquaculture is a rapidly growing and dynamic industry within Vietnamese aquaculture and an important source of local employment and income generation. Information on the state of current production practices and profitability for specific crops across different geographic locations and stages of production is difficult to obtain. This research contributes to wider efforts to address this knowledge gap by providing indicative findings on current market characteristics, production practice, and profitability of a ‘new’ aquaculture crop in Vietnam: Hybrid grouper (E. lanceolatus X E. fuscoguttatus). Participants in the study identified Hybrid grouper as the most important crop for grow out farms and the second most important crop for nursery farms due to strong market demand and sales prices, fast growth rate, and higher survival compared to other grouper crops. Research utilised a survey of 12 grouper farms in the Northern (Hai Phong) and Central (Khanh Hoa) provinces of Vietnam in mid-2018 to determine indicative financial production characteristics and gross margins (annual net sales revenue minus cost of goods sold) of nursery, cage, and pond enterprises that currently culture Hybrid grouper. Farmers indicated that the Hybrid grouper industry was segmented into three distinct phases of production: spawning, larval rearing and grow out. Few grouper farmers specialise in more than one area. Farmers in both study regions reported that Hybrid grouper were desirable due to the strong market demand and high sale prices, fast growth rate, and higher survival compared to other grouper crops. Farms had different economic characteristics between region and type, major differences were seen in the species cultured, number of people employed and age of farms. All farms interviewed generated annual net sales revenue exceeded the cost of goods sold. Earthen pond farms in Central Vietnam generated a median gross margin of US 8059, and Northern Sea cage farms US 7.7–9.6/kg (adjusted to 2019 US 9–15/kg. The findings indicate that the most significant constraints to the growth and diversification of the grouper aquaculture industry in Vietnam are the limited availability of Hybrid fingerlings due to difficulties in larval rearing, and increases in feed costs due to a lack of domestic feed suppliers. Notwithstanding these constraints, the higher gross margins of Hybrid grouper relative to other financially viable grouper crops suggests continued, albeit moderated, growth of grouper aquaculture in Vietnam.
The aquaculture techniques and operating management of production processes can influence the production performance of the overall aquaculture fishery. This study collected biological and economic data through of questionnaires from the production process of Taiwan's abalone culture industry and used the principles of economics and multivariate statistics to analyze the key for the profits of Taiwan's abalone industry. The results showed that the stocking density, production scale, and culture mode influenced the inputs and outputs of the abalone industry. Large-scale polyculture of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta and Haliotis discus hannai had the best profitability. Therefore, farmers who only culture Haliotis diversicolor supertexta are suggested to use polyculture model and moderately increase the stocking density to increase the economic benefit of cultures.
This study presents an economic analysis of tiger and humpback grouper at different production scales in Indonesia. The results
highlight the non-viability of small-scale tiger grouper farming, with a 5-year projected negative cumulative cash flow of
−IDR 18,102,650.00 and a negative net present value (NPV) of −IDR 22,059,576.28. An increased production scale of tiger grouper
highlights a marginal viability for medium-scale farms (with a 5-year projected cumulative cash flow of IDR 198,320,673.00,
a positive NPV of IDR 105,578,440.42; a benefit cost ratio of 1.25; an internal rate of return (IRR) of 88% and a payback
period of 0.99years), and an economically viable large-scale cage culture (with a 5-year projected cumulative cash of IDR
707,746,923.00; a NPV of IDR 406,801,749.07; a benefit cost ratio of 1.33; an internal rate of return of 157%; and a payback
period of 0.57years). The economic analysis of humpback grouper at different production scales highlighted a positive cumulative
cash and NPV, a benefit cost ratio over 2, an internal rate of return over 300% and a payback period <1year. A sensitivity
analysis revealed that increased survival rate up to 80% would increase cumulative cash and NPV of small-scale tiger grouper
cage culture. Additionally, improved profitability performance was associated with decreasing major production costs, increasing
production and price of the product.
KeywordsTiger grouper-Humpback grouper-Economic production scale-Profitability
Countries in South-east Asia are significant producers of aquacultured products and production is increasing. Seedstock for mariculture are provided from both wild capture (‘capture-based aquaculture’) and hatchery rearing (‘full-cycle aquaculture’). Collection of Palinurid lobster pueruli and juveniles is currently the sole source of seedstock for aquaculture. Other mariculture commodities, such as milkfish (Chanos chanos) and groupers (Family Serranidae, Sub-family Epinephelinae) are supported by a combination of wild-caught and hatchery-reared seedstock. Mariculture in South-east Asia is typified by low levels of vertical integration, and a high proportion of ‘small-scale’ hatcheries. In Indonesia, small-scale hatcheries are clustered in two main areas: Buleleng Regency in northern Bali and Situbondo in East Java, with small-scale hatcheries comprising 95% and 88% of hatcheries in each area respectively. Fingerling production from these hatcheries is considerable, with 7.3 million grouper and 2.5 billion milkfish fingerlings exported from Bali in 2016. Although several studies have quantitatively evaluated the benefits of small-scale hatcheries to local communities, scant attention has been paid to their regional impact. As an example, much of the global production of around 1 million tonnes per annum of milkfish is supported by fingerling production by small-scale hatcheries in Bali. Despite this acknowledged success, disease remains an ongoing problem for small-scale hatcheries with operators of grouper hatcheries in Bali categorising mortality and financial losses as ‘medium’ to ‘high’. A survey of small-scale hatcheries showed that biosecurity is poor and fish health management approaches are based on previous experience. Factors impacting these approaches include purchaser focus on price at the expense of quality, and limited numbers of hatchery staff with any formal aquaculture training. The impact of disease outbreaks remains a weakness for small-scale hatcheries, and consequently a weakness for the mariculture industries dependent on these as a seedstock source.
p>Application technology for grouper seed production was conducted by dissemination activities, aimed for dissemination technology in several places having aquaculture prospects in order to facilitate seed supply. The research was conducted in 2012 collaborated with the Department of Fisheries and Maritime Affairs Lamongan Regency and Fisheries Academy of Sidoarjo. Application technology for grouper seed production was conducted in Tunggu village, Paciran district, Lamongan, East Java. Grouper seeds which maintained were tiger, cantik, and cantang. Seed productions were performed from egg to juvenile with size of ±3.0 cm,in which the eggs were transported from hatchery in Bali and larval rearing was conducted based on the produced technology. The results showed that survival rate of tiger grouper was 8.3%, cantang grouper was 11,6%, and cantik grouper was 12.4%. The results showed that R/C ratio was >1, in which the business was profitable. The technology can be applied to the community and grouper seed production can support aquaculture activities.
Keywords: Grouper seed, production, technology, R/C ratio, aquaculture</p
Aquaculture of groupers is carried out in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world, but most production is from Asia, with three countries responsible for an estimated 92% of global production: China (65% of total production), Taiwan Province of China (17%) and Indonesia (11%). We calculate that there are at least 47 grouper species plus 15 grouper hybrids that have been trialled or are currently aquacultured. While grouper aquaculture has undoubtedly provided positive social and economic benefits to coastal communities in Asia, practices associated with grouper aquaculture have also led to widespread concerns regarding its environmental impacts. This paper reviews environmental, economic and social impacts of grouper aquaculture within a sustainability science framework. An update, building on early technical reviews of grouper aquaculture, was used to identify the main environmental, economic and social impacts. The main environmental impacts identified were as follows: seedstock sources, particularly the use of wild-caught postlarval or juvenile fish as seedstock; the use of ‘trash’ fish as the major feed source; and water quality and substrate impacts of sea cage aquaculture. Significant economic and social impacts arising from grouper aquaculture include employment and income generation, but the economic impacts of disease outbreaks are significant, reducing fish survival to harvest size to around 50–70%. Current approaches to ameliorate negative impacts include the following: development and implementation of better management practices (BMPs) at national level, and the development of a global ecolabel certification scheme by the Aquaculture Stewardship Council. Both these approaches have significant constraints, particularly when applied to small-scale farmers who produce the bulk of farmed grouper. We conclude that there is a need for improved higher level coordination between the major producer countries to address identified sustainability constraints to grouper aquaculture.
The broodstock of two grouper species, tiger grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus and squaretail coralgrouper Plectropomus areolatus, were maintained in sea cages near Rutland Island, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India, and their spawning performance was monitored from June 2007 to December 2010. E. fuscoguttatus generally spawned monthly in association with the new moon phase, for 8-9 months each year. Each year, they underwent a 3- to 4-month refractory period between February and June then recommenced spawning in May-July. P. areolatus showed a different spawning pattern to E. fuscoguttatus, spawning for less than 6 months each year, also in association with the new moon, and demonstrating much longer refractory periods (up to 15 months) than E. fuscoguttatus. Analysis of temperature data from the sea cage site showed that water temperature was significantly lower during spawning events than during comparable non-spawning periods. We postulate that one factor inhibiting spawning is higher water temperatures exceeding the upper thermal inhibitory limit for both grouper species during the hotter months of the year. Selected broodstock fish of both species were also maintained in onshore tanks fitted with recirculating filtration systems, but the spawning performance of both grouper species in the onshore tanks was inferior to broodstock held in the sea cages. E. fuscoguttatus maintained in onshore tanks spawned during only 5 months of the 42-month study period, whereas E. fuscoguttatus held in the sea cages spawned during 29 months over the same time frame. P. areolatus held in onshore tanks over the same period did not spawn, whereas P. areolatus held in sea cages spawned during 16 months out of the 42-month study period.
This article presents technical and bioeconomic information on culture-based grow-out production of groupers in Vietnam. Grouper farming has good future potential as a viable alternative livelihood for fishers. It is found to be very profitable for cage farmers in northern Vietnam and marginally profitable for cage and pond farmers in central Vietnam. Productivity and total revenue are highest in the north, reflecting relatively high stocking rates, aquaculture area, and harvest prices. Cost per unit production is highest for centrally located cage farmers. The dominant cost sources for these farms are feed (40–60% of total costs) and, to a lesser extent, seed (20%) and labor (12–19%). The feed conversion ratios for these systems, where grouper are fed exclusively low-value finfish, is calculated to be 9 in the north and 12 in the center. It seems that improving the livelihood of grouper farmers in Vietnam is dependent on reducing their dependence on wild stocks for seed and feed, and increasing area and growout time for central farmers. If pellets are to be widely adopted by grouper farmers, perceptions regarding the poor adaptability, relatively slow growth rates compared with low-value finfish, and poor availability of pellets need to be overcome.
Grouper nursery development through group capacity building for leading commodity strengthen of Seribu Islands Administrative District, Jakarta
- Effendi
Different dossage of recombinant growth hormone (rgh) to feed convertion rate of Epinephelus fuscoguttatus x Epinephelus lanceolatus
- Hendriansyah