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LEGALITY: JURNAL ILMIAH HUKUM
Journal homepage: http://www.ejournal.umm.ac.id/index.php/legality
Collocation of Restorative Justice with Human
Rights in Indonesia
Dian Ekawaty Ismail1, Yusna Arsyad2, Ahmad3*, Novendri M. Nggilu4,
Yassine Chami5
1,3,4 Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, Gorontalo, 96128, Indonesia
2 Master of Law, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, Gorontalo, 96128, Indonesia
5 College of Law, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
* Corresponding author: ahmad_wijaya@ung.ac.id
Article
Abstract
Keywords:
Collocation; Restorative
Justice; Human Rights.
Article History
Received: Jul 28, 2024;
Reviewed: Aug 9, 2024;
Accepted: Sep 19, 2024;
Published: Sep 20, 2024.
Applying restorative justice in Indonesia is beset by obstacles like a lack of
knowledge, inadequate infrastructure, and opposition from law enforcement,
especially when human rights considerations are incorporated into the process. For
this reason, the relationship between these two elements is worth examining. This
paper explores and analyses the integration or synthesis of restorative justice with
human rights in Indonesia. This paper employs a normative approach with
prescriptive analysis based on studies of legislation and cases that integrate the
principles of restorative justice with human rights. The findings indicate that
collocation helps understand how grammatical structures can reflect and influence
the interpretation of restorative justice in human rights, particularly in legal texts
and policy reports. In Indonesia, restorative justice can be used in conjunction with
the enforcement of human rights laws, particularly when addressing grave human
rights breaches, since it emphasizes balanced reconciliation, recovery, and
reintegration between offenders, victims, and society. In conclusion, although it has
several implementation and legal issues, restorative justice can be an alternate
strategy for resolving grave human rights breaches. The recommendations are for a
stronger and more comprehensive legal framework to support the implementation of
restorative justice in Indonesia's human rights context.
Copyright ©2024 by Author(s); This work is licensed under a Creative
Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. All writings
published in this journal are personal views of the authors and do not represent
the views of this journal and the author's affiliated institutions.
INTRODUCTION
Restorative justice is an alternative approach in the criminal justice system that
focuses on restoring losses and relationships between perpetrators, victims and society
(Flora, 2018; Ismail et al., 2023). This idea places a strong emphasis on communicating
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and mediating conflicts in order to come to a decision that serves the interests of all
parties (Wibowo & Srijadi, 2023). This method's primary objectives are to punish the
offender as well as to heal the victim's wounds, mend strained social ties, and
reintegrate the offender into society (Flora, 2023). Restorative justice recognizes that
criminal activity damages relationships between people and communities in addition
to breaking the law (Bakhtiar et al., 2023). Therefore, this approach seeks to resolve
conflicts by involving all affected parties, including perpetrators, victims and the
community (Beritno, 2021).
Restorative justice has become an increasingly relevant concept in the modern
legal system, offering a more comprehensive alternative approach in handling criminal
cases (Risal, 2023). This approach emphasizes recovery of losses, reconciliation
between perpetrators and victims, and reintegration of perpetrators into society
(Afifah, 2024). In a contemporary legal system typically centered on retribution and
punishment, restorative justice offers a more humanistic perspective that emphasizes
recovery (Silalahi et al., 2024). This concept is also in line with the global trend to
reduce prison overcapacity (Triana & Erowati, 2022a), minimize the stigmatization of
perpetrators of minor crimes, and provide space for victims to actively participate in
the case resolution process (Machmud et al., 2024).
The importance of studying restorative justice from various perspectives, one of
which is human rights, lies in efforts to create an inclusive and fair legal system for all
individuals, without discrimination or exceptions (Riswandie, 2023). From a human
rights perspective, a restorative approach emphasizes rehabilitation and reconciliation
rather than purely punitive punishment (Prayoga & Rinaldi, 2023). This aligns with the
values of justice, freedom, and human dignity upheld in international declarations.
Such principles aim to prevent incidents like the case of Deli Suhandi, a 14-year-old
who was confined to the Pondok Bambu Detention Center. Deli was accused of
stealing a cellphone simcard near his home in the Johar Baru area, Central Jakarta. In
fact, the card was only worth IDR 10,000 (ten thousand rupiah), which Deli found on
the street while returning home from school with two of his friends. A similar case
occurred with AAL, a 15-year-old boy who was accused of stealing flip-flops worth
IDR 30,000 (thirty thousand rupiah) belonging to Brigadier Ahmad Rusdi Harahap
and Brigadier Simon in Palu, Central Sulawesi. This incident resulted in AAL's
imprisonment after interacting with the National Police Headquarters. Many similar
incidents in small villages have provoked empathy and support from the wider
community (Lewerissa et al., 2023). This emphasizes the importance of implementing
restorative justice (Afifah, 2024) . Thus, the combination of a human rights perspective
can provide a solid foundation for building a more humane and responsive justice
system to the needs of society as a whole (Marshall, 2020).
The application of restorative justice in the Indonesian legal system has gone
through significant developments in recent years. This concept is starting to be
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integrated into various statutory regulations, such as the Juvenile Criminal Justice
System Law and the Supreme Court Regulation concerning Guidelines for the
Implementation of Restorative Justice, the Attorney General's Regulation concerning
Termination of Prosecution Based on Restorative Justice, the National Police
Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia concerning Handling Criminal Acts Based on
Justice Restorative, and so on (Sihombing & Nuraeni, 2023). Its implementation
includes various forms, including penal mediation, diversion in children's cases, and
settlement of cases outside of court (Ningtias et al., 2020). This approach aims to
achieve more justice comprehensive with attention interest perpetrators, victims, and
society (Murhula & Tolla, 2021).
Despite progress, the implementation of restorative justice in Indonesia still faces
several challenges. One significant issue is the lack of understanding and skills among
law enforcement officers in applying this approach (Hasibuan et al., 2024a). In
addition, there are still doubts in society about the effectiveness of restorative justice
in dealing with serious crimes (Machmud et al., 2024). Continuous efforts are needed
in terms of outreach, training and development of legal infrastructure to optimize the
implementation of restorative justice (Hobson & Payne, 2022). It is also important to
ensure that its implementation still takes into account applicable legal principles and
human rights.
In recent years, Indonesia has seen a rise in the application of restorative justice
in various criminal cases. According to a release by the Prosecutor's Office, 1,990 cases
have been resolved using the restorative justice mechanism since its implementation
in 2020 through Prosecutor's Regulation Number 15 of 2020 on Termination of
Prosecution Based on Restorative Justice until May 2023 (Mediaindonesia com, n.d.).
A notable example is the resolution of petty theft cases in various areas, where
perpetrators and victims are facilitated to reach a peaceful agreement without having
to go through a formal judicial process (Aries, 2013). Other cases involve resolving
conflicts between citizens, such as fights between teenagers or small-scale land disputes
(Christha Auli, 2022) which were settled through mediation involving community
leaders and law enforcement authorities (Sriwidodo, 2014; Lalu Ahmad, 2023).
The application of restorative justice is also evident in handling cases involving
children as perpetrators of criminal acts. In many instances, diversion is employed as
an alternative solution, where the child offender is brought together with the victim
and their family to reach an agreement that aims to restore the situation (S. Putri et al.,
2023). Additionally, several reviews and articles suggest that small-scale corruption
cases could be resolved through a restorative approach, where the perpetrator returns
state losses and issues a public apology as part of the recovery process (Adhi Sulantoro,
2021; Rida Ista Sitepu & Yusona Piadi, 2019). This approach is considered more
effective in recovering losses and preventing stigmatization (Zahrulyani et al., 2024).
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There are numerous important obstacles that Indonesia must overcome before
implementing restorative justice. First, there is still resistance from some law
enforcement officers who are used to the retribution approach (Hasibuan et al.,
2024b). Second, There is a common misconception that restorative justice is too
forgiving of offenders due to a lack of public awareness of the advantages and
philosophy of the practice (Hobson et al., 2022; Sunggara, 2023). Third, limited human
resources and adequate infrastructure to carry out the restorative justice process
effectively (Silalahi et al., 2024). Fourth, Inconsistencies in practice can arise from the
application of restorative justice in the absence of defined criteria and regulated
procedures, particularly when it comes to children who are in legal conflict (Sudewo,
2021). Fifth, the difficulty of striking a balance in the restorative justice process
between the interests of offenders, victims, and society (Taqiuddin & Risdiana, 2022).
Human Rights (HAM) are the basic rights inherent in every human being from
birth, regardless of race, gender, religion or social status (Nawawi, 2023; United
Nations, 2024). It is universal, inalienable and indivisible (Adamu, 2023; Sudirman et
al., 2024). This concept includes fundamental rights such as the right to life, freedom,
equality and dignity (May & Daly, 2020). It is accepted globally by a number of
declarations and conventions, and it serves as the norm for protecting individuals from
states or other parties abusing their power (Nanulaitta et al., 2021).
Human rights and restorative justice are strongly related and reinforce one
another. Restoring the rights of victims, offenders, and the community is the main goal
of the restorative justice approach, which strongly relates to human rights concepts
like justice and dignity (Rikiansyah et al., 2024). Through dialogue and mediation
processes, it offers all parties the chance to be heard and actively engage in resolving
conflicts (Afifah, 2024), which is an embodiment of the right to justice and
participation (Triyudiana & Neneng, 2024). In addition, restorative justice promotes
offenders' rehabilitation and reintegration into society, which is consistent with their
right to humane treatment and their freedom from torture and other cruel or degrading
practices (Polavarapu, 2023) .
Benefits of human rights integration into restorative justice include more
thorough protection of the rights of victims, offenders, and society at large, as well as
the promotion of more equitable and compassionate conflict resolution (Pali &
Maglione, 2023). This approach can also increase community participation and
empowerment in the judicial process (Flora, 2023). However, the challenges faced
include potential conflicts between human rights principles and traditional practices in
restorative justice as stated by Rifqi Sjarief Assegaf, Director of Democracy, Justice,
Governance and Regionalization (Kemitraan, 2022), difficulties in balancing the interests
of various parties, this was confirmed in research conducted by Marije van Barlingen
in the Netherlands in 2000 which concerned restorative mediation (Syahrin, 2018), as well
as paradigm changes among law enforcement officers (Nuroini, 2024). Furthermore,
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in order to guarantee that the values of justice and legal certainty are not compromised
in the process of integrating human rights into restorative justice, a robust legal
framework is necessary (Sahbani, 2021).
Collocation in the context of this paper refers to the combination or synthesis of
various concepts and theories to produce a more comprehensive understanding of a
phenomenon (Sun & Park, 2023). When writing about Restorative Justice and Human
Rights, the concept of collocation is highly relevant. It enables the author to merge the
restorative justice perspective, which focuses on mending relationships and addressing
harms, with human rights principles that emphasize the dignity and equality of
individuals, and advocate for justice, peace, and reconciliation (Putra et al., 2023). This
collocational approach allows research to produce a more holistic and in-depth
analysis, enabling a better understanding of how restorative justice and human rights
can complement and strengthen each other in the context of a more just and humane
justice system.
In the Indonesian context, the implementation of Restorative Justice by
considering Human Rights faces several significant legal and regulatory obstacles. First,
the legal framework governing restorative justice implementation lacks clarity, leading
to varied and inconsistent interpretations at the execution level. M. Fakri Vilano Putra's
thesis research brought attention to this problem, concluding that "in Indonesia, the
resolution of criminal acts through restorative justice is still hindered by limited
information and unclear regulations" (Fakhri, 2024). Second, conflicts between
restorative justice principles and existing positive law provisions often pose obstacles,
as positive law typically emphasizes sanctions and punishment rather than
reconciliation and the restoration of relationships (Hasibuan et al., 2024). Furthermore,
there are worries that the restorative justice process, which largely focuses on bringing
the parties together, may disregard individual rights in the context of human rights
(Chandra, 2023). Overall, greater harmonization between Indonesia's numerous legal
precepts and regulations is necessary for the collocation of restorative justice with
human rights to be effective.
Research into the collocation of restorative justice with human rights within the
Indonesian context is a crucial issue that blends contemporary legal methods with
traditional values. Restorative justice presents an alternative approach to conflict
resolution centered on healing and reconciliation, aligning with fundamental human
rights principles. Merging restorative justice with human rights values holds the
potential to enhance a more inclusive and equitable legal system, addressing the social
and cultural challenges faced by Indonesian society today.
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METHOD
The article "Collocation of Restorative Justice with Human Rights in Indonesia"
employs a normative approach coupled with prescriptive analysis derived from a study
of relevant laws and court cases (Fatih, 2023). This method combines human rights
with the restorative justice tenets. First, a restorative justice perspective which
prioritizes mending societal ties between individuals will be used to study the statute.
Second, in order to guarantee the defense of each person's fundamental rights within
an inclusive legal framework, human rights principles will be incorporated. It is
anticipated that this research will help bring the ideals of restorative justice and the
concepts of universal human rights into harmony, resulting in the creation of an
equitable and inclusive legal framework for a variety of groups.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Understanding Collocation and the Relationship between Restorative Justice
and Human Rights
The concept of collocation was first introduced by Firth, who defined it as "the
interrelationship of grammatical categories within syntactic structures." Collocations
involve the specific grammatical patterns that certain words or types of words require
(Bui, 2021). This concept received wider attention after research revealed that lexical
elements (words) always acquire meaning and convey ideas through combination with
other words.
According to Palmer, the concept of collocation refers to a combination of words
that should be understood as a unified whole rather than individually (H. Al-Shammari,
2022). Sinclair defines it as a combination of two lexical elements that adhere to natural
language usage patterns. Generally, collocations are seen as word pairings that occur
with statistical significance (Copp et al., 2021). Crystal defines it as "the common
coexistence of certain lexical units" (Khaled, 2020). In a more specific sense, the
concept of collocation involves two aspects: lexical and grammatical, both of which
influence qualitative and quantitative standards in research (Rasool et al., 2023).
Understanding how grammatical structures and linguistic patterns can reflect and
influence understanding in understanding how restorative justice and human rights are
discussed and implemented in the context of law enforcement, particularly in
Indonesia, is necessary in order to connect the concept of collocation with these two
concepts. Collocations can be used to examine how particular linguistic constructs
frequently mention human rights and restorative justice together. For instance,
"restorative justice" is frequently the subject of a sentence that ends with a verb that
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indicates strengthening or support for "human rights," such as when the Deputy
Minister of Law and Human Rights, Prof. Edward Omar Sharif Hiariej, is addressing
serious human rights violations from the past (antaranews.com, 2021) .
Examining how Restorative Justice and Human Rights are used together in
Indonesia allows one to see how grammatical context affects how these ideas are
interpreted in a variety of texts, including scholarly writing, policy papers, and legal
documents. Common grammatical constructs employed in talks of restorative justice
within the human rights framework can be identified by this analysis. For example,
according to Edward Omar Sharif Hiariej, Deputy Minister of Law and Human Rights
(Wamenkumham), "the application of the principles of restorative justice can make
criminal law more humane" (antaranews.com, 2022). This can, of course, help
understand how these two concepts are interrelated in law enforcement thinking and
practice.
Restorative Justice in the Context of Human Rights
Worldwide, restorative justice is practiced, and a wealth of literature, including
case studies, practice guides, evaluation studies, descriptive reports, empirical articles,
and theoretical works, has been written about it. But as Ward and Durrant point out,
there are still few complete practice frameworks in the criminal justice sector that
incorporate norms, values, treatment theories, explanatory theories, and practical
guidelines and restorative justice is no different. (Ward & Durrant, 2021).
There are many ways to define restorative justice, but Tony Marshall's
definition"Restorative Justice is a process where the parties involved in an offense
come together to address the impact of the offense and its future implications"—is
one of the most well-known (Kirkwood , 2022). This explanation focuses on the
process and identifies key elements that are necessary to comprehend restorative
justice. People who were impacted by the violation or who have an interest in the
outcome are directly involved in restorative justice. This covers the offender, those
who are directly impacted by the offense, and other people, such as those who are
impacted indirectly. For instance, the victim's or offender's family, those who are close
to or care about the individuals involved, and perhaps even members of the
community who are related to those involved (Menon, 2020).
Restorative justice is an approach that places recovery and reconciliation as the
main focus in resolving legal cases (Bakhtiar et al., 2023). Basic human rights principles
relevant to restorative justice include the protection of human dignity and individual
fundamental rights (Telaumbanua & Citra, 2024) . Human dignity includes the
recognition that every individual has intrinsic value that must be respected, even when
they commit unlawful acts (Junaide et al., 2023; Nur et al., 2023). In this situation,
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restorative justice allows offenders to confront the consequences of their conduct
while maintaining the protection of their human rights (Nampewo et al., 2022).
In addition, the principle of non-discrimination in human rights is also relevant in
the context of restorative justice (Grau et al., 2023). This principle ensures that all
individuals, regardless of their social, economic or cultural background, have the same
right to justice and recovery (Matviichuk et al., 2022). By adopting this approach, the
legal system can address structural injustices that frequently impact traditional legal
processes. Restorative justice emphasizes not just punishment but also social
transformation, fostering collective healing and encouraging inclusion and respect for
diversity (Lodi et al., 2022).
Several court rulings in agrarian conflict cases, particularly those involving
indigenous communities, have sought to integrate human rights principles with a
restorative justice approach to resolve conflicts inclusively and with respect for
diversity. This approach is supported by various regulations such as Law No. 39 of
1999 on Human Rights, Law No. 7 of 2012 on the Handling of Social Conflicts, and
Constitutional Court Decision No. 35/PUU-X/2012 on Customary Forests. This
integration aims to ensure that the rights of indigenous communities to land and
natural resources are respected while seeking solutions that restore relationships
between conflicting parties. By applying restorative justice principles, the courts strive
to create a dialogue space that allows all parties, including indigenous communities, the
government, and private entities, to participate in the conflict resolution process. This
not only promotes recognition of traditional rights and local wisdom but also facilitates
sustainable and harmonious development by taking into account social, cultural, and
environmental aspects.
Furthermore, the principle of accountability in human rights emphasizes the
importance of proportional and transparent accountability for the actions of criminals
(Nowak, 2021). In the context of restorative justice, this means ensuring that the
conflict resolution process involves a clear understanding of the consequences of the
perpetrator's actions as well as a commitment to repairing the harm caused to the
victim and society as a whole. By building mechanisms that incorporate these human
rights principles, restorative justice can become an effective tool in building a more
just and empathetic society, where individual rehabilitation and social reconciliation
are the main goals in responding to violations of the law (Flora, 2023).
Restorative justice is an approach in the legal system that focuses on restoring
losses and reconciliation between criminals, victims and the community, compared to
emphasizing punishment alone (Cintya & Firmansyah, 2023). In the context of human
rights, this approach prompts essential questions about safeguarding individual rights.
One of the advantages of restorative justice is that it pays attention to victims' needs
to obtain comprehensive justice, encompassing not just material compensation but
also emotional and psychological healing. Nevertheless, from human rights viewpoint,
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restorative justice must ensure that the process upholds core principles, including the
right to justice, non-discrimination, and protection from cruel, inhuman, or degrading
treatment (Zufar, 2023).
Furthermore, assessments of restorative justice from the standpoint of human
rights emphasize the significance of voluntary participation and open communication
throughout the entire procedure (Shapland et al., 2022). This avoids the potential for
abuse of power or pressure on vulnerable parties, which can often occur in
authoritarian or less transparent legal systems (Syamsidar et al., 2023). Furthermore,
another important aspect is that restorative justice must take into account procedural
justice, namely that all parties involved have equal access to the legal process, the right
to be heard, and the right to influence the outcome (Sofyan Nugroho, 2024). In this
context, human rights emphasize the need for a fair and open system to ensure that
restorative justice not only provides a conciliatory solution, but also complies with the
basic principles of universal justice (Setiaji & Cahyaningtyas, 2023).
Delivering justice for victims is the goal of restorative justice, which is especially
important in situations involving flagrant violations of human rights. Restorative
justice, a crucial element of reconstructive justice, allows offenders to demonstrate
their readiness to make apologies and permits victims to accept and gain from that
reparation. In doing so, it symbolizes peace. The main goal of the reform period's
reforms is to establish a more compassionate legal system that places an emphasis on
the welfare of the individual by recognizing and defending freedoms and human rights.
According to international law, states have an obligation to provide proper remedy
when their responsibilities are violated, which is the basis for restorative justice.
Therefore, even though restorative justice isn't specifically included in conventions, it
nonetheless plays a vital role in their implementation. It is necessary.
Restorative Justice Approach in Resolving Human Rights Violations in
Indonesia
An adaptable and informal legal system can offer a forum where offenders can
openly voice their opinions and accept accountability for their deeds (Walgrave,
1998). According to Radzik, because restorative justice views offenders as morally
responsible individuals, it provides ethical advantages over traditional criminal
justice systems: "By acknowledging that offenders have moral responsibilities, we
acknowledge their status as engaged people rather than as 'things' or objects
(Johnstone & Ness, 2007). It is crucial to treat them with the decency that all people
are entitled to." He underlined that respect and dignity are fundamental human rights
and that restorative justice, as a concept, has the capacity to address these rights.
Braithwaite concurs, saying that "what restores dignity is the space that gives the
offender the opportunity to repair wrongdoing." The decision to make amends for
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wrongdoing is what best upholds the continuous dedication to upholding the truth,
which aids in the healing process (Braithwaite, 1999).
According to Braithwaite and Radzik's remarks, restorative justice procedures
permit offenders to maintain their own autonomy and gain societal acceptance.
These two human rights objects highlight how crucial it is to defend one's right to
autonomy, choice, and self-determination. Initiatives aimed at promoting restorative
justice must only involve voluntary participation from offenders in order to preserve
their autonomy and really uphold their rights (Gang et al., 2023). As envisioned by
Braithwaite and Radzik, voluntary involvement would likely promote criminals'
personal freedom and social recognition by creating a forum in which they may
freely address the reasons behind and ramifications of their unlawful behavior.
By forcing criminals to participate in restorative procedures, restorative justice
has the potential to undermine the agency of offenders and treat them with respect
and dignity as moral agents. According to the author, this conflict results from a
failure to explicitly recognize or resolve the conflicting interests of victims,
offenders, and communities. Finding solutions that satisfy all parties can be difficult
when dealing with the varied interests involved in restorative practices. The
possibility exists that the victim's and the community's demands could override the
offender's will, turning the decision to comply with the ruling or go back to court
into a subtly coercive act (Ward & Langlands, 2008). These criticisms highlight the
potential prejudice that restorative procedures may have against the rights of victims
and the welfare of the community. The author makes the case that it's critical to
recognize and resolve any potential conflicts between restorative techniques and
human rights, particularly when there are notable differences in viewpoints between
the people involved.
Significant advancements in restorative justice have occurred in Indonesia in
recent years. The government and legal experts are beginning to view this strategy
as a competitive substitute inside the criminal justice system. Restorative justice is
seen as a viable answer to a number of issues facing the traditional legal system, such
as the acute overcrowding in prisons, which reached 89.35% in March 2023, per data
(Triana & Erowati, 2022b; Widi, 2023), stigmatization towards perpetrators of
criminal acts (Almy, 2020), and lack of recovery for victims (Nabila et al., 2024). In
Indonesia, the use of restorative justice started with the juvenile justice system and
was progressively extended to other categories of criminal offenses. The use of
restorative justice in Indonesia has proven effective in settling disputes and restoring
social balance, despite the fact that it still confronts many obstacles.
Numerous important legislation and regulations have strengthened the legal
foundation for the application of restorative justice in Indonesia. With its
diversionary system for cases involving minors, Law Number 11 of 2012 on the
Juvenile Criminal Justice System represents a significant step in restorative justice.
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Furthermore, the Guidelines for Implementing Diversion in the Juvenile Criminal
Justice System, outlined in Supreme Court Regulation Number 4 of 2014, provide
judges with technical assistance in properly implementing diversion. Prosecutor's
Regulation Number 15 of 2020 on Termination of Prosecution Based on Restorative
Justice, which broadens the use of restorative justice in ordinary criminal cases, was
published in 2020, marking the most recent advancement. This legal framework
serves as the foundation for the expansion of restorative justice practices in
Indonesia and gives law enforcement officers legitimacy and direction when
applying a restorative justice strategy (Syaputra, 2021).
The legal framework stated by the author is currently effective for resolving
minor legal violations but falls short when applied to gross human rights violations
(Nasrullah et al., 2023). Consequently, there are initiatives to address these severe
cases using restorative justice mechanisms. For instance, Deputy Minister of Law and
Human Rights RI, Edward Omar Sharif Hiariej, has emphasized the government's
commitment to resolving past gross human rights violations through a restorative
justice approach (antaranews.com, 2021).
The population at large, along with the relatives of the victims, has great
expectations for the resolution of the numerous incidents of egregious human rights
breaches that have taken place in Indonesia (mediaindonesia.com, 2021). Several
cases have been investigated by the Indonesian National Human Rights Commission
and it was stated that there were allegations of gross human rights violations,
including:
Table 1. Incidents of Gross Human Rights Violations Awaiting Legal Certainty
(Chrisbiantoro, 2023)
No
Incident
First Submitted
to JA
Finally Submitted
back to JA
1
1965 – 1966
July 23, 2012
December 27,
2018
2
Mysterious Shooting
Incidents 1982-1985
July 23, 2012
December 27,
2018
3
Talangsari 1989
September 16,
2008
December 27,
2018
4
Trisakti, Semanggi I and II
(1998-1999)
April 29, 2002
December 27,
2018
5
May 1998 riots
06 January 2005
December 27,
2018
6
Enforced Disappearances
1997-1998
November 21,
2006
December 27,
2018
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7
Wasior (2001) Wamena
2003
03 September
2004
December 27,
2018
8
Murder of the Witch
Doctor 1998
September 12,
2018
December 27,
2018
9
KAA intersection 1999
June 13, 2016
December 27,
2018
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11
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1998
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At least three lawsuits were registered following the passage of Law No. 26 of
2000 on Human Rights Courts, one of which occurred within President Joko
Widodo's administration. This case, which took place in Paniai on December 7-8,
2014, is suspected of being a flagrant violation of human rights. By the end of 2021,
the Attorney General of the Republic of Indonesia, ST Burhanuddin, gave a
statement reviving optimism for the resolution of egregious human rights crimes by
promising to carry out a comprehensive inquiry into the Komnas HAM case
(News.com, 2021).
There are several challenges in the way of resolving cases of grave human rights
violations in Indonesia through the Truth and Reconciliation Commission as part of
restorative justice initiatives. The Constitutional Court's decision to completely
annul Law Number 27 of 2004 on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission
suggests that the government and the DPR are not serious about resolving and
implementing the legal basis for the TRC's formation (Abdurrahman & Susanto,
2016). The Truth and Justice Advocacy Team requested judicial review of several
articles in the Truth and Reconciliation Law (UUKKR) (Article 1 paragraph 9,
Article 27, and Article 44), which they believed to be in conflict with the 1945
Constitution. This request served as the basis for the Constitutional Court's decision
(Rasyid et al., 2023). However, in its decision, the Constitutional Court actually
considered that the material uncertainties of the TRC Law were contradictory and
did not provide adequate legal certainty, making it impossible to reveal the truth and
carry out reconciliation (Sofyan & Syatar, 2020). This indicates that, despite the TRC
Law's 10-year constitutional court annulment, there hasn't been any notable
advancement in the current state of resolving human rights abuses. The TRC Bill, in
actuality, was just added to the national legislative programs (Prolegnas) for the years
2007–2010, 2010–2014, and 2015–2019 without ever undergoing a meaningful
discussion (Abdurrahman & Susanto, 2016).
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There are currently several barriers in the way of attempts to use external court
systems to remedy grave human rights breaches (E. A. Putri et al., 2023), leading to
a reliance on transitional justice primarily through court proceedings or restorative
justice. However, human rights courts have encountered substantive weaknesses
that impede holding the most responsible perpetrators accountable, resulting in a
systematic increase in impunity within the national legal system. According to a
research report from the ad hoc human rights court trials led by Professor David
Cohen, the human rights court was created and designed in a way that ensured its
failure to effectively prosecute gross human rights crimes (Sofyan & Syatar, 2020).
The restorative justice approach in handling human rights violations is referred
to as an external court mechanism that prioritizes the disclosure of truth, requests
for forgiveness from the perpetrator, and recovery for the victim (Wantu, 2023).
Unlike the retributive approach outside the criminal process, this approach, as noted
by Muladi, shifts the concept of justice in criminal case resolution from punishment
to one that emphasizes restoration and community-based justice, with a greater
focus on the healing process for crime victims (Nashir et al., 2024).
The idea of restorative justice can be used in situations involving egregious
human rights violations, such as war crimes, according to a number of earlier studies
compiled by Juliet S. Sorense under the title "restorative justice for victims of war
crime" and by Thomas M. Antkowiak under the title "An Emerging Mandate for
International Courts: Victim-Centered Remedies and Restorative Justice." But the
main goal of restorative justice is to help victims heal as they hold the state
accountable for these flagrant abuses of their human rights (Eviani et al., 2024;
Sefriani, 2013).
Achmad Ali explains that types of restorative justice used to address gross
human rights violations demonstrate that upholding human rights in Indonesia does
not necessarily rely solely on retributive justice, which focuses on punishing
perpetrators (Ali, 2013). Human rights claims have been successfully settled in
several nations by prioritizing reconciliation through restorative justice as opposed
to going through the legal system (Yassine et al., 2024). A restorative justice
approach addresses not only the perpetrator but also focuses on the interests and
needs of the victim. Achmad Ali further stated that restorative justice creates
opportunities for victims and offenders to meet, acknowledge the truth, take steps
to repair harm, and reintegrate both victims and offenders as contributing members
of society (Ali, 2013), This approach allows all parties to actively participate in the
process (Sofyan & Syatar, 2020).
Despite being regarded as a feature of living law in Indonesia, restorative justice
did not first surface in the country's positive legislation until about 2020, especially
after the Prosecutor and Police Regulations on restorative justice were released.
Restorative justice inherently emphasizes an informal process where it is hoped that
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there will be discussion between the victim and the offender regarding a restorative
justice resolution that seeks to proportionately restore the victim's rights. This is why
there is no orientation towards the implementation of restorative justice in the
Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP). In this context, the existence of Prosecutor
and Police Regulations on restorative justice essentially affirms that restorative
justice has become one of the criminal resolution orientations recognized in
Indonesia's positive law, even though there is no explicit mention of restorative
justice in KUHAP.
The author feels that there are three shortcomings in the restorative justice
regulations that have not been addressed at the legislative level and still exist as
sectoral institutional regulations, despite the fact that this is a positive step that has
made room for the implementation of restorative justice. Among these flaws are:
First off, the lack of restorative justice provisions in KUHAP is a serious problem
since, as a procedural legislation inside the criminal justice system, the inclusion of
restorative justice practices would strengthen the law's standing within Indonesia's
criminal justice system. Second, as each institution is free to interpret and apply
restorative justice in accordance with its own needs and preferences, laws pertaining
to the practice that are limited to sectoral institutional regulations may not give the
public legal clarity. Third, efforts to create substantive criminal law by putting the
Draft Criminal Code (RUU KUHP) into law are just as vital as regulating restorative
justice procedures in KUHAP (Matrutty & Saimima, 2023). So far, national criminal
law reform has only focused on the enactment of RUU KUHP, whereas
comprehensive criminal law reform should also include revisions to formal criminal
law, in this case, the need to revise KUHAP by incorporating restorative justice
practices.
Considering the three aforementioned weaknesses, there is a need to include
restorative justice provisions in KUHAP (Marikar, 2023). Besides being part of the
global legal development, the concept of restorative justice can also revive the noble
values of the nation that have grown in restorative justice practices within the
community, in accordance with locally applicable laws. Moreover, this concept can
substantially reduce recidivism among some offenders, alleviate post-traumatic
stress symptoms in crime victims, and lower related costs. Both victims and
offenders would also feel more satisfied with the justice process. The
implementation of restorative justice in KUHAP not only provides legitimacy but
also fosters a spirit of reintegration within the legal process. This is because both
victims and criminal offenders will receive the support they need to reintegrate into
their communities. This support can come from mental health professionals,
religious leaders, social workers, and/or peers, who form networks to reduce the
negative impact of being a victim or help offenders change their behavior.
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In conclusion, the restorative justice approach to addressing human rights
violations in Indonesia demonstrates that a flexible and informal justice system allows
perpetrators to express their perspectives and take responsibility for their actions. This
concept emphasizes the importance of recognizing perpetrators as individuals with
moral accountability rather than mere objects of punishment, ensuring they are treated
with the respect they deserve. Restorative justice not only addresses the interests of
the perpetrator but also prioritizes the needs and interests of the victim. It emphasizes
efforts to reintegrate all parties as contributing members of society through
reconciliation and mutual healing. However, it is crucial to ensure that participation in
the restorative process is voluntary to protect the autonomy and social recognition of
the perpetrator. This approach ensures that the process truly respects human rights
and the principles of universal justice.
CONCLUSION
This paper concludes that understanding the relationship between human rights
and restorative justice in Indonesia requires an understanding of collocation. A
linguistic pattern known as collocation illustrates how these two concepts frequently
occur together in sentence structure. With an emphasis on healing and reconciliation,
restorative justice seeks to uphold human rights via inclusive, individual-dignity-
preserving procedures. While there are still obstacles to overcome in its execution,
particularly in cases of egregious human rights breaches, this strategy provides an
option that advances more comprehensive and compassionate justice in Indonesia.
Human rights principles are being integrated into restorative justice practices in
Indonesia, despite obstacles like misunderstanding and opposition. These principles
serve as a strong basis for a more equitable and responsive justice system.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank Universitas Negeri Gorontalo's Faculty of Law for
supporting this research.
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