A Comparative Analysis of Traditional Latent Fingerprint Visualization Methods and Innovative Silica Gel G Powder Approach

Abstract

Latent fingerprints are a common source of information for forensic experts and law enforcement agencies. The thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates that are prepared in this work are made with silica gel G powder. Latent fingerprint remnants are made up of secretions from the nose, palm, and sebaceous, apocrine, and eccrine glands (sweat). However, the quest for more versatile and effective techniques persisted, leading to the emergence of innovative approaches like Silica Gel G powder. The silicon atoms are linked to –OH groups at the silica gel’s surface. A latent fingerprint is an imprint left by direct contact with a surface or object that is not apparent to the unaided eye. The advantages of using Silica Gel G powder for latent fingerprint visualization underscore its significance as an innovative technique in forensic science. The latent fingerprints were developed on each of the several substrates using Merck Specialties Private Limited’s white-coloured silica gel G powder. There are several techniques in the literature for creating latent fingerprints. The emergence of Silica Gel G powder in forensic science represents a significant breakthrough in the visualization of latent fingerprints. The process of using Silica Gel G powder for latent fingerprint visualization exemplifies the precision and attention to detail required in forensic investigations.

Full text

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Review Article
A Comparative Analysis of Traditional
Latent Fingerprint Visualization
Methods and Innovative Silica Gel G
Powder Approach
Bhoomi Aggarwal*
Department of Forensic Science Vivekananda Global University Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Abstract
Latent ingerprints are a common source of information for forensic experts and law
enforcement agencies. The thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates that are prepared
in this work are made with silica gel G powder. Latent ingerprint remnants are made up
of secretions from the nose, palm, and sebaceous, apocrine, and eccrine glands (sweat).
However, the quest for more versatile and effective techniques persisted, leading to the
emergence of innovative approaches like Silica Gel G powder. The silicon atoms are linked
to –OH groups at the silica gel’s surface. A latent ingerprint is an imprint left by direct
contact with a surface or object that is not apparent to the unaided eye. The advantages of
using Silica Gel G powder for latent ingerprint visualization underscore its signiicance as
an innovative technique in forensic science. The latent ingerprints were developed on each
of the several substrates using Merck Specialties Private Limited’s white-coloured silica gel
G powder. There are several techniques in the literature for creating latent ingerprints. The
emergence of Silica Gel G powder in forensic science represents a signiicant breakthrough
in the visualization of latent ingerprints. The process of using Silica Gel G powder for latent
ingerprint visualization exempliies the precision and attention to detail required in forensic
investigations.
Introduction
Fingerprints are the distant phalanges of ingers and
thumb that replicate a pattern of friction ridges. Dactyloscopy
is the examination-based study of ingerprint identiication.
The name originates from the Greek words “dactylo”,
meaning inger or toe, and “scopy”, meaning observation.
It is the examination of the ridges on the hand’s interior
surface. Because each person’s ingerprints are different, this
technique of identifying people has been accepted for more
than a century. Forensic investigations regard ingerprints as
among the most useful physical evidence types. In most crime
scenes, ingerprints can be found. They serve as a means of
identifying the suspect or offender and are discovered on
items found at crime scenes [1].
Finger ridges contain a large number of sweat pores [2-4].
A latent ingerprint is an imprint left by direct contact with a
surface or object that is not apparent to the unaided eye. The
natural oils and moisture that the human body produces are
transferred when the friction ridges come into touch with one
another, creating the print [1,5]. Latent ingerprint remnants
More Information
*Address for correspondence: Bhoomi Aggarwal,
Department of Forensic Science Vivekananda Global
University Jaipur, Rajasthan, India,
Email: aggarwalbhoomi24@gmail.com
Submitted: November 23, 2023
Approved: September 18, 2024
Published: September 19, 2024
How to cite this article: Aggarwal B. A Comparative Analysis
of Traditional Latent Fingerprint Visualization Methods and
Innovative Silica Gel G Powder Approach. J Forensic Sci Res.
2024; 8(1): 040-046. Available from:
https://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.jfsr.1001063
Copyright license: © 2024 Aggarwal B. This is an open access
article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.
Keywords: Latent ingerprints; Silica gel G; Cyanoacrylate;
Forensic science; Visualization technique
OPEN ACCESS
are made up of secretions from the nose, palm, and sebaceous,
apocrine, and eccrine glands (sweat). Minerals (0.5%), organic
substances (0.5%), and water (>98%) are all present in sweat
[6,7]. Chloride, calcium, sulphur, urea, lactic acid, amino acids,
phenol, sodium, potassium, ammonia, cholesterol, free fatty
acids, wax esters with diglycerides and triglycerides, etc. are
among the components of latent print residue [8]. Glycerides,
fatty acids, wax esters, squalene, and sterol esters are found in
sebaceous sweat, whereas proteins, urea, amino acids, uric acid,
lactic acid, sugars, creatinine, and choline are found in eccrine
sweat. The chemical makeup of latent inger impressions
is inluenced by several donor-related variables, including
sex, age, food, disease type, medication, and the presence of
pollutants on the ingertips’ surface [9,10]. As time passes, the
latent residue’s chemical makeup varies even more because of
its volatile components evaporating, microorganisms at work,
and exposure to heat, light, moisture, and air [11-13]. Forensic
experts have yet to solve the puzzle of how to produce and
visualize latent ingerprints on some odd substrates. There
are several techniques in the literature for creating latent
ingerprints. Hydrophobic particles based on silica have

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been produced recently for the purpose of seeing latent
ingerprints [14-16]. However, the powdering approach is the
conventional technique for creating ingerprints [17]. This
work has developed a novel substance (powder) that may be
applied to latent ingerprints that are present on porous and
nonporous substrates. The thin layer chromatography (TLC)
plates that are prepared in this work are made with silica gel
G powder. For lab work, this powder is readily available. The
diagram in Figure 1 shows a small part of the silica surface
[18].
The powder known as silica gel G is silicon dioxide (silica)
combined with gypsum as a binder. Large covalent structures
are formed when oxygen atoms connect silicon atoms. The
silicon atoms are linked to –OH groups at the silica gel’s
surface. Because of its –OH groups, the silica gel’s surface
is highly polar and can form hydrogen bonds with nearby
molecules as well as dipole–dipole attractions and Vander
Waals dispersion forces [19].
Evolution of fi ngerprint visualization techniques
The visualization of latent ingerprints has undergone a
remarkable evolution, from basic techniques to advanced
methods that have revolutionized forensic science. In the early
days, forensic investigators relied on conventional powders,
such as black powder, to dust for latent ingerprints. While
these techniques were effective to some extent, they often
posed challenges in visualizing faint or partial prints, leading
to limitations in crime scene analysis [20]. The introduction of
cyanoacrylate fuming brought a new dimension to ingerprint
visualization, as the fumes reacted with the residues in the
prints, producing visible results. This method signiicantly
improved the visualization of latent ingerprints, especially on
non-porous surfaces. However, the quest for more versatile
and effective techniques persisted, leading to the emergence
of innovative approaches like Silica Gel G powder [21,22].
Advancements in forensic science have propelled the
development of new techniques for latent ingerprint
visualization. The evolution of ingerprint visualization
techniques has been driven by the need for more effective
and versatile methods that can overcome the limitations
of conventional approaches [23,24]. As a result, forensic
scientists and researchers have continually explored novel
materials and processes to enhance the visualization of
latent ingerprints. The evolution of ingerprint visualization
techniques underscores the dynamic nature of forensic
science, where innovation and adaptation play a pivotal role
in addressing the challenges posed by modern crime scenes
and criminal activities.
The emergence of Silica Gel G powder in forensic science
represents a signiicant breakthrough in the visualization of
latent ingerprints. This innovative substance has garnered
attention for its remarkable ability to enhance the visualization
of latent prints on a wide range of surfaces, including both
porous and non-porous materials [25,26]. Silica Gel G powder
is a silica-based material that has been modiied to exhibit
exceptional adsorption properties, making it an ideal choice
for forensic applications [27]. When applied to a surface
containing latent ingerprints, the powder adheres to the
moisture and oily residues present in the prints, resulting in
a highly visible and detailed visualization. The emergence of
Silica Gel G powder has sparked great interest in the forensic
community, as it offers a promising solution to the challenges
associated with conventional ingerprint visualization
methods [28-30].
The process of using silica gel G powder
On ifteen distinct substrates, including both porous and
non-porous surfaces, the latent ingerprints were gathered.
The work incorporates a variety of non-porous substrates,
including plastic (such as bottle plastic, transparency sheet,
and gift wrapping plastic paper), glass (plain and brown bottle
glass), regular mirror, metallic substrates (such as perfume
cans and currency coins), aluminium foil sheet, gloss-painted
wooden substrates, CD tops, and writable surfaces, polythene,
and a semi-porous glazed coloured magazine. For writing and
inking on carbon paper, matchboxes, white paper, currency
notes, and cardboard are examples of porous substrates
utilized in this activity. After deposition, the prints were kept
at room temperature in the laboratory for 30 minutes. The
midpoint of February and March was when the experiment
was conducted. The latent ingerprints were developed on
each of the several substrates using Merck Specialties Private
Limited’s white-coloured silica gel G powder [18,31].
The process of using Silica Gel G powder for latent
ingerprint visualization involves a series of precise steps that
are meticulously executed to achieve optimal results:
• Initially, the forensic investigator selects the
appropriate formulation of Silica Gel G powder based
on the nature of the surface where the latent prints
are suspected to be present. The powder is carefully
applied to the surface using specialized brushes or
applicators, ensuring even coverage to maximize the
adsorption of the ingerprint residues [32]. Following
the application, the powder is left undisturbed for a
brief period to allow the adsorption process to take
place, facilitating the visualization of latent prints.
OH OH OH
OOOO
OOO
SI SI SI
Main body of silica structure
Figure 1: Diagrammatic representation of small part silica surface [9,18].

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and chemical treatments that may cause damage or chemical
reactions, Silica Gel G powder offers a gentle and non-invasive
approach to latent ingerprint visualization [12]. This non-
destructive characteristic is particularly advantageous in
preserving the integrity of the crime scene and any potential
secondary evidence, contributing to the comprehensive and
meticulous nature of forensic investigations.
The advantages of using Silica Gel G powder for latent
ingerprint visualization underscore its signiicance as an
innovative technique in forensic science. The powder’s
versatility, sensitivity, and non-destructive properties
position it as a valuable tool for forensic investigators,
offering enhanced capabilities in visualizing latent prints and
unravelling critical evidence in criminal cases.
Case studies of silica gel g powder application
The application of Silica Gel G powder in forensic
investigations has yielded remarkable results, with numerous
case studies in visualizing latent ingerprints and aiding in the
resolution of criminal cases.
One notable case involved a burglary investigation where
the perpetrator had left behind partial ingerprints on various
surfaces within the crime scene. Traditional ingerprint
visualization methods have provided limited success in
revealing clear and identiiable prints, posing a signiicant
challenge in linking the prints to potential suspects.
In a decisive turn of events, forensic investigators applied
Silica Gel G powder to the surfaces where the latent prints
were located, leading to the astonishing revelation of highly
detailed and distinct ingerprints. The visualizations obtained
through the application of the powder provided critical
evidence that led to the identiication and apprehension of the
perpetrator, effectively closing the case, and bringing justice
to the affected parties [39].
Another compelling case study involved a complex
homicide investigation where the crime scene presented a
myriad of challenges in visualizing latent prints due to the
diverse nature of the surfaces and environmental conditions.
Conventional ingerprint visualization techniques had proven
inadequate in producing viable evidence, necessitating the
application of advanced methods to uncover crucial leads in
the case. Forensic experts turned to Silica Gel G powder as
a potential solution, leveraging its exceptional adsorption
properties and versatility in visualizing latent prints [40,41].
The application of Silica Gel G powder resulted in the
revelation of latent ingerprints that had previously eluded
detection, providing critical links to the individuals involved
in the crime. The detailed visualizations obtained using the
powder played a pivotal role in establishing the identity of
the perpetrators and reconstructing the sequence of events,
contributing to the successful prosecution of the case [39].
• The next crucial step involves the examination and
documentation of the visualized ingerprints using
advanced imaging techniques and equipment. Forensic
experts employ various methods, such as photography,
digital scanning, and microscopy, to capture detailed
images of the latent prints revealed by the Silica Gel G
powder [33,34]. These high-resolution images serve as
valuable evidence in forensic investigations, enabling
the comparison and analysis of the ingerprints to
identify potential suspects or link them to existing
databases [35,36]. The meticulous documentation
of the visualized prints is essential for maintaining
the integrity of the evidence and facilitating its
interpretation during the investigative process.
The process of using Silica Gel G powder for latent
ingerprint visualization exempliies the precision and
attention to detail required in forensic investigations. The
careful selection and application of the powder, coupled
with the advanced imaging and documentation techniques,
contribute to the successful visualization and preservation of
latent prints [37]. The process not only enhances the accuracy
and reliability of ingerprint visualization but also provides
valuable insights for forensic experts and law enforcement
agencies in solving complex cases and unravelling the
mysteries concealed within the latent prints.
Advantages of visualizing latent fi ngerprint
The utilization of Silica Gel G powder for latent ingerprint
visualization offers a multitude of advantages that set it apart
from traditional methods, making it an asset in forensic
investigations. One of the primary advantages of Silica Gel
G powder is its versatility in visualizing latent prints on
diverse surfaces, including paper, plastic, metal, glass, and
other materials. This broad applicability makes it a preferred
choice for forensic experts, as it eliminates the need for
multiple visualization techniques tailored to speciic surfaces,
streamlining the investigative process, and enhancing
eficiency [38].
In addition to its versatility, Silica Gel G powder exhibits
exceptional sensitivity in visualizing faint or partial
ingerprints, a capability that is often challenging to achieve
with conventional powders or development techniques
[28]. The powder’s high adsorption capacity enables it to
capture and reveal even the most delicate details of latent
prints, providing forensic investigators with comprehensive
visualizations that aid in the identiication and analysis of the
prints. This heightened sensitivity enhances the forensic value
of the visualized prints, enabling a more thorough examination
and comparison in criminal investigations [32,38].
Another notable advantage of using Silica Gel G powder
is its non-destructive nature, ensuring that the underlying
surface and any additional evidence remain unaltered during
the visualization process. Unlike some traditional powders

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holds profound implications for the future of ingerprint
visualization and forensic investigations, paving the way for
advancements that can enhance the eficacy and precision of
crime scene analysis. As the utilization of the powder becomes
more widespread and reined, it is anticipated to catalyse a
paradigm shift in forensic science, offering unprecedented
capabilities in visualizing latent ingerprints and unravelling
complex cases [52,53].
One of the key future implications of Silica Gel G powder
lies in its potential to expedite the visualization process and
facilitate rapid analysis of latent prints, thereby streamlining
investigative worklows and expediting the resolution of
criminal cases [8,54]. The powder’s versatile and sensitive
nature enables forensic experts to achieve comprehensive
visualizations in a timely manner, empowering law
enforcement agencies and investigative teams with valuable
insights for swift and eficient decision-making [55].
Furthermore, the continued research and development
surrounding Silica Gel G powder are expected to yield
advancements in its formulation and application techniques,
further enhancing its capabilities and expanding its
applicability to a broader spectrum of forensic scenarios
[56,57]. Ongoing innovation in the ield of materials
science and forensic chemistry is likely to contribute to the
reinement of Silica Gel G powder, unlocking new possibilities
for latent ingerprint visualization and bolstering its role as a
cornerstone of modern forensic investigations [8,12].
The future implications and advancements in forensic
science with Silica Gel G powder hold promise for catalysing
a new era of precision and eficiency in crime scene analysis,
where forensic experts can leverage cutting-edge techniques
to uncover vital evidence and deliver justice with unwavering
accuracy.
The potential impact of silica gel G powder
The potential impact of Silica Gel G powder on forensic
science is multifaceted, encompassing its role in expediting
investigative worklows, providing critical evidence in
complex cases, and fostering a culture of excellence and
proiciency through specialized training and certiication
initiatives [58,59]. As the integration of the powder continues
to evolve and reine, it is poised to shape the future of
forensic investigations by empowering forensic experts with
a powerful tool for unravelling mysteries, delivering justice,
and upholding the integrity of the legal system [60,61].
The potential impact of Silica Gel G powder on forensic
science is profound, heralding a future where precision and
eficiency converge to illuminate the hidden traces of criminal
activities, bringing closure to victims, and ensuring that the
pursuit of truth and justice remains unwavering in the face of
adversity.
These compelling case studies illuminate the profound impact
of Silica Gel G powder in forensic investigations, demonstrating
its capacity to unravel intricate details and provide invaluable
evidence in the pursuit of justice.
Comparison with traditional fi ngerprint visualization
methods
The comparison between Silica Gel G powder and
traditional ingerprint visualization methods highlights
the distinct advantages and advancements offered by
this innovative technique in forensic science. Traditional
methods, such as powder dusting and cyanoacrylate fuming,
have been foundational in ingerprint visualization, laying
the groundwork for the development of more sophisticated
approaches [42]. While these methods have proven effective
in certain scenarios, they often encounter limitations in
visualizing faint or partial prints, particularly on challenging
surfaces and under varying environmental conditions [43-45].
In contrast, Silica Gel G powder offers a comprehensive
solution that transcends the constraints of traditional
methods, providing enhanced capabilities in visualizing latent
ingerprints on a wide range of surfaces with exceptional
sensitivity and precision [46-48]. The powder’s unique
adsorption properties enable it to capture and reveal latent
prints in intricate detail, surpassing the limitations of
conventional powders and development techniques. This
heightened sensitivity and versatility position Silica Gel G
powder as a transformative advancement in ingerprint
visualization, offering forensic investigators a powerful tool
for uncovering critical evidence in criminal investigations
[18,42,49].
Moreover, the non-destructive nature of Silica Gel G
powder distinguishes it from certain traditional methods that
may entail chemical treatments or abrasive processes, which
can potentially compromise the integrity of the underlying
evidence. The gentle and non-invasive application of the
powder ensures that the surfaces and additional forensic
materials remain unaltered, preserving the crime scene and
secondary evidence for comprehensive analysis [50,51].
This contrast underscores the progressive and meticulous
approach offered by Silica Gel G powder, aligning with the
evolving standards and requirements of modern forensic
investigations.
The comparison with traditional ingerprint visualization
methods elucidates the signiicant advancements and beneits
brought forth by Silica Gel G powder, positioning it as a
transformative technique in forensic science that addresses
the inherent challenges and limitations of conventional
approaches.
Future implications and advancements in forensic
science with silica gel G powder
The integration of Silica Gel G powder into forensic science

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Conclusion
In conclusion, the development of Silica Gel G powder
in forensic science represents a critical turning point in the
viewing of latent ingerprints, transforming the discipline
and developing investigative methods. This novel material
has sensitive, adaptable, and non-destructive properties that
enable the visualization of latent prints with remarkable
accuracy and detail on a variety of surfaces. Using careful
application and cutting-edge imaging, forensic specialists can
ind vital evidence with Silica Gel G powder that could have
escaped notice with conventional techniques. Its ability to
identify faint or incomplete prints on a variety of surfaces has
proven crucial in solving intricate criminal cases by supplying
vital leads for the identiication, capture, and conviction
of offenders [56,62]. By overcoming the constraints of
conventional procedures and establishing new benchmarks
in forensic research, the comparison with existing ingerprint
visualization methods highlights the transformative character
of Silica Gel G powder. The future holds great promise for
this, including accelerated investigative procedures, ongoing
improvements in formulation and application methods, and a
time when eficiency and accuracy work together to protect
the integrity of forensic investigations [63,64].
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