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Andrey Zahariev
Alexandru-Lucian Manole
Cristian-Marian Barbu
Bojan Krstic
Ismail Dalay
Suzana Stefanovic
Tamara Radjenovic
Petko Angelov
Margarita Mihaylova
Cristina-Elena Protopopescu
Catalin Deatcu-Gavril
Ahmet Munir Gokmen
Saban Onur Viga
Yasemin Sarici
Miljana Talic
Handbook on
Circular Economy
Challenges for
Business and Society
Developed within the project:
“Trifold approach to circular economy: perspectives
of academia, business and wider society”
2022-1-BG01-KA220-HED-000085464
This publication is prepared within the scope of the project “Trifold approach to
circular economy: perspectives of academia, business and wider society” 2022-1-
BG01-KA220-HED-000085464, which has been co-financed by the Erasmus+
Programme of the Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA)
of the European Commission.
The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not
constitute an endorsement of the contents, which reflects the views only of the authors,
and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use, which may be made of
the information contained therein.
The publication is a collaborative work of the partner organizations to the project.
The names of the organizations involved in the project which contributed to this
publication are as follows: D. A. Tsenov Academy of Economics – Bulgaria, Artifex
University of Bucharest, Istanbul Esenyurt University and University of Nish.
(CC) This publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-
NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
©Andrey Zahariev, author, Svishtov, 2024
©Alexandru-Lucian Manole, author, Bucharest, 2024
©Cristian-Marian Barbu, author, Bucharest, 2024
©Bojan Krstic, author, Nis, 2024
©Ismail Dalay, author, Istanbul, 2024
©Suzana Stefanovic, author, Nis, 2024
©Tamara Radjenovic, author, Nis, 2024
©Petko Angelov, author, Svishtov, 2024
©Margarita Mihaylova, author, Svishtov, 2024
©Cristina-Elena Protopopescu, author, Bucharest, 2024
©Catalin Deatcu-Gavril, author, Bucharest, 2024
©Ahmet Munir Gokmen, author, Istanbul, 2024
©Saban Onur Viga author, Istanbul, 2024
©Yasemin Sarici, author, Istanbul, 2024
©Miljana Talic, author, Nis, 2024
©Tsenov Academic Publishing House, 2024
ISBN 978-954-23-2503-1
DOI www.dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.16372.77445
www.rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.2.16372.77445
Andrey Zahariev
Alexandru-Lucian Manole
Cristian-Marian Barbu
Bojan Krstic
Ismail Dalay
Suzana Stefanovic
Tamara Radjenovic
Petko Angelov
Margarita Mihaylova
Cristina-Elena Protopopescu
Catalin Deatcu-Gavril
Ahmet Munir Gokmen
Saban Onur Viga
Yasemin Sarici
Miljana Talic
Handbook on
Circular Economy
Challenges for
Business and Society
Project number: 2022-1-BG01-KA220-HED-000085464
“Trifold approach to circular economy: perspectives of academia,
business and wider society”
Programme Erasmus+, Cooperation for innovation and the exchange
of good practices, Strategic Partnerships for Higher Education,
Development of Innovation
Tsenov Academic Publishing House
Svishtov, 2024
This edition is developed as part of the Work package four within project number
2022-1-BG01-KA220-HED-000085464 “Trifold approach to circular economy:
perspectives of academia, business and wider society”. Specifically, it focuses on
achieving the third project objective, which involves exploring the components
of circular economy from business and society perspective.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted by any means, including photocopying, without the written
permission of the publisher. This publication is not intended for sale, and any sale
or resale is considered by the publisher as copyright infringement. The
participation of the authors and partner institutions in the writing of the textbook
is indicated in the introduction and the main body of the textbook.
Handbook on Circular Economy Challenges for Business and Society
Textbook, first edition
Prof. D-r Andrey Zahariev, author, Svishtov, 2024
Prof. D-r Alexandru-Lucian Manole, author, Bucharest, 2024
Prof. D-r Cristian-Marian Barbu, author, Bucharest, 2024
Prof. D-r Bojan Krstić, author, Nis, 2024
Prof. D-r Ismail Dalay, author, Istanbul, 2024
Prof. D-r Suzana Stefanovic, author, Nis, 2024
Assoc. Prof. D-r Tamara Radjenovic, author, Nis, 2024
Head Assist. Prof. D-r Petko Angelov, author, Svishtov, 2024
Sen. Lecturer D-r Margarita Mihaylova, author, Svishtov, 2024
Assoc. Prof. D-r Cristina-Elena Protopopescu, author, Bucharest, 2024
Assoc. Prof. D-r Catalin Deatcu-Gavril, author, Bucharest, 2024
Head Assist. Prof. D-r Ahmet Munir Gokmen, author, Istanbul, 2024
Head Assist. Prof. D-r Saban Onur Viga, author, Istanbul, 2024
Head Assist. Prof. D-r Yasemin Sarici, author, Istanbul, 2024
Research Assistant Miljana Talic, author, Nis, 2024
Prof. D-r Stoyan Prodanov, reviewer, Svishtov, 2024
Prof. D-r Tadija Djukic, reviewer, Nis, 2024
Sen. Lecturer D-r Margarita Mihaylova, proofreader, Svishtov, 2024
Head Assist. Prof. D-r Ekrem Erdinc Gulbas, proofreader, Istanbul, 2024
The textbook is part of the output from project number 2022-1-BG01-KA220-
HED-000085464 “Trifold approach to circular economy: perspectives of
academia, business and wider society”, Programme Erasmus+, Cooperation for
innovation and the exchange of good practices, Strategic Partnerships for
Higher Education, Development of Innovation. The European Commission's
support for the production of this publication does not constitute an
endorsement of the contents, which reflect the views only of the authors, and
the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of
the information contained therein.
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CONTENT
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER ONE. CHALLENGES OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN
BULGARIA ............................................................................................................ 17
Introduction to chapter one ................................................................................. 17
1.1. National regulation of the circular economy in Bulgaria .......................... 18
1.1.1. Legal Framework for the Transition to a Circular Economy in
Bulgaria ......................................................................................................... 18
1.1.2. Strategic Framework for the Transition to a Circular Economy in
Bulgaria ......................................................................................................... 23
1.2. The recycling network in Bulgaria: infrastructure and key recycling
operators ............................................................................................................... 28
1.2.1. Recycling infrastructure ...................................................................... 28
1.2.2. Waste management organisations in Bulgaria ................................... 31
1.3. Urban strategies for waste management: the cases of Sofia Municipality
and Svilengrad Municipality ............................................................................... 35
1.3.1. Sofia Municipality waste management................................................ 36
1.3.2. Svilengrad Municipality and the door-to-door collection method ..... 40
1.4. Empowering Change: Examples of Social Entrepreneurship in Bulgaria's
Circular Economy ................................................................................................ 41
1.4.1. Turning Plastic Waste into Lifesaving Resources: Bulgaria’s 'Caps for
the Future' Campaign .................................................................................... 42
1.4.2. The Bulgarian Food Bank: A Model of Social Entrepreneurship in
Waste Reduction and Community Support .................................................... 44
1.4.3. Clothes for a Cause: Social Entrepreneurship and Circular Solutions
in Bulgaria ..................................................................................................... 45
Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 48
References ............................................................................................................ 50
CHAPTER TWO. CHALLENGES OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN
ROMANIA .............................................................................................................. 52
Introduction to chapter two ................................................................................. 52
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2.1. The current situation of the circular economy in Romania - a real picture
based on figures ................................................................................................... 53
2.2. Romanian legislation in the field of circular economy ............................... 58
2.3. Romanian examples of good practices in the field of circular economy ... 60
2.3.1. Implementation of the Guarantee Return Scheme (GRS) ................... 60
2.3.2. Realization of ecological waste bins in Sector 6 of Bucharest ........... 63
2.3.3. Green Group ....................................................................................... 67
2.3.4. Eco Tiny House ................................................................................... 69
2.3.5. Renault Romania ................................................................................. 70
2.3.6. Ikea Romania ....................................................................................... 72
2.4. Challenges and opportunities for the circular economy in Romania ........ 73
Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 74
References ............................................................................................................ 76
CHAPTER THREE. CHALLENGES OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN
TURKIYE ............................................................................................................... 79
Introduction to chapter three .............................................................................. 79
3.1 National regulation of the circular economy in Türkiye ............................. 80
3.1.1. Key Legislation & Regulations ........................................................... 81
3.1.2 National Initiatives and Strategies ....................................................... 82
3.1.3 International Applications and Involvements ...................................... 85
3.2. Urban Strategies for Waste Management: The Cases of Istanbul
Municipality ......................................................................................................... 86
3.2.1 Waste Management Activities Collection, Transportation, Storage and
Disposal of Waste .......................................................................................... 86
3.2.2. Collection and Disposal of Hazardous Waste .................................... 89
3.2.3. Recycling/Recovery ............................................................................. 90
3.3. The Recycling Network in Türkiye: Infrastructure and Waste Management
Organizations ....................................................................................................... 93
3.3.1. Waste Management in Türkiye ............................................................ 93
3.3.2 Important Organizations .................................................................... 100
3.4 Circular Economy and Industry 4.0 ........................................................... 107
3.5. Urban Strategies for Waste Management: The Cases of Esenyurt
Municipality ....................................................................................................... 110
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Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 115
Acknowledgment ................................................................................................ 116
References: ......................................................................................................... 116
CHAPTER FOUR. LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLES OF GOOD
PRACTICES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CIRCULAR
ECONOMY AT THE LOCAL LEVEL IN SERBIA ....................................... 119
Introduction to chapter four .............................................................................. 119
4.1. General overview of the topic ..................................................................... 120
4.2. Circular economy: Legislative, Legal and Strategic Framework of the
Republic of Serbia .............................................................................................. 124
4.3. Support for companies in the circular economy and examples of good
practice ............................................................................................................... 131
4.3.1. Case study „City and me“ application ............................................. 131
4.3.2. Serbian Factory for Glass Recycling (SFR) ..................................... 136
4.3.3. Case study „E-reciklaža“ ................................................................. 142
Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 144
References .......................................................................................................... 148
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................. 149
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... 150
This book shall be cited in APA style as follows:
Zahariev, A., Manole, A.-L., Barbu, C.-M., Krstic, B., Dalay, I., Stefanovic, S.,
Radjenovic, T., Angelov, P., Mihaylova, M., Protopopescu, C.-E., Deatcu–Gavril, C.,
Gokmen, A.M., Viga, S.O., Sarici, Y., Talic, M. (2024) Handbook on circular
economy challenges for business and society. Tsenov Academic Publishing House,
Svishtov, 152 pages, ISBN 978-954-23-2503-1.
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INTRODUCTION
Dear readers,
After publishing the first book (Zahariev, A., Angelov, P., Mihaylova, M.,
Gokmen, A.M., Viga, S.O., Tevlik, G., Gulbas, E.E., Ciobanu, G., Deatcu, C., Buiga, A.,
Popescu-Cruceru, A., Ivanovic-Djukic, M., Radosavljevic, M., Stevanovic, T., Radje-
novic, T., Talic, M. (2023) Reference book on Circular Economy for teachers. Tsenov
Academic Publishing House, 157 pages, ISBN 978-954-23-2487-4, E-ISBN 978-954-23-
2435-5, DOI: www.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.34487.91046),
and the second book (Zahariev, A., Angelov, P., Mihaylova, M., Manole, A.–L.,
Deatcu, C., Cucu, V., Ciobanu, G., Vasile, V., Gokmen, A.M., Sarici, Y., Viga, S.O.,
Gulbas, E.E., Ivanovic-Djukic, M., Radosavljevic, M., Stefanovic, S., Krstic, B.,
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Talic, M. (2024) Repertory on Circular Economy for Students. Tsenov Academic
Publishing House, Svishtov, 168 pages, ISBN 978-954-23-2490-4, E-ISBN 978-
954-23-2479-9, DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28495.91044) you
hold now the final third book developed by a team of partners from four universities
across four Balkan countries within the scope of the Erasmus+ project No 2022-1-
BG01-KA220-HED-000085464 “Trifold approach to circular economy: perspecti-
ves of academia, business and wider society”. As a result, the book presents our
vision of the circular economy from the perspective of both business and society.
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After six creative and successful workshops, together with a series of transnational
project administration meetings organized by the collaborating universities, the
project activities moved to sharing and popularizing the achieved results. The final
stage of the project will culminate in joint conferences held in Svishtov and Istanbul:
the First joint final conference on 20.09.2024 in Svishtov hosted by D. A. Tsenov
Academy of Economics (19-21.09.2024) and the Second joint final conference on
04.10.2024 in Istanbul, hosted by Istanbul Esenyurt University (03-05.10.2024).
By disseminating results in English and in the national languages of the
project partners – Bulgarian, Romanian, Turkish and Serbian – organizing events,
and producing promotional materials, the project is maximizing its impact across all
target groups – teachers, students, businesses, and society.
Prof. D-r Andrey Zahariev, Project manager on behalf of
D. A. Tsenov Academy of Economics, institutional project contractor
www.circlecon.eu
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CHAPTER ONE. CHALLENGES OF THE CIRCULAR
ECONOMY IN BULGARIA
Introduction to chapter one
1
Innovative solutions are crucial for advancing the circular economy as they
address both environmental and social challenges. These approaches help minimize
waste, conserve resources, create economic value, and promote community well-
being, paving the way for a more sustainable and equitable future. In this context,
the present chapter of "Handbook on Circular Economy Challenges to Business and
Society" focuses on several practical implementations and community-driven
initiatives that exemplify the principles of the circular economy.
To fully grasp these hands-on examples, however, it is crucial to understand
the regulatory landscape. The regulatory framework sets the rules and provides
guidelines for resource use and recycling, and influences innovation through
incentives and penalties. To further constitute the waste recycling management
context in Bulgaria, it is also necessary to examine the recycling infrastructure,
facilities, and the key players involved in this process.
In the light of the above, following these introductory notes, the chapter is
structured as follows:
National Regulation of the circular economy in Bulgaria.
The recycling network in Bulgaria: infrastructure and waste management
organisations.
Urban strategies for waste management: the cases of Sofia Municipality
and Svilengrad Municipality.
1
Note. This chapter was written by researchers from D. A. Tsenov Academy of Economics, as
follows: Professor Andrey Zahariev, PhD (Introduction, Subchapters 1.3.1 and 1.4.1); Head Assistant
Professor Petko Angelov (Subchapter 1.2), Senior Lecturer Margarita Mihaylova, PhD (Introduction,
Subchapters 1.1, 1.3.2, 1.4.2, 1.4.3, Conclusion)
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Empowering Change: Examples of Social Entrepreneurship in Bulgaria's
Circular Economy.
The chapter concludes with a summary that encapsulates the key points
discussed, reinforcing the significance of collaborative efforts in advancing sustain-
nable waste management practices in Bulgaria.
1.1. National regulation of the circular economy in Bulgaria
Bulgaria's circular economy regulation is founded on comprehensive legis-
lation addressing sustainable resource management, waste management, and
environmental protection. This legal framework is supported by directives and
regulations to ensure effective policy implementation. The country has also deve-
loped strategic documents outlining goals, priorities, and measures to promote
innovation, green technologies, and sustainable production. These efforts collec-
tively aim to drive Bulgaria's sustainable development and environmental protect-
tion.
Considering the above, this subchapter aims to present and analyse the key
legislative and strategic documents that form the regulatory framework for the
circular economy in the Republic of Bulgaria. In doing so, it seeks to offer a comp-
rehensive understanding of the policies shaping resource management, sustainable
development, and the overarching challenges associated with transitioning to a
circular economy within the country as well as to explore how these regulations and
strategies contribute to Bulgaria's broader environmental objectives and economic
sustainability.
1.1.1. Legal Framework for the Transition to a Circular Economy in
Bulgaria
As an EU member state, Bulgaria is required to transpose the EU directives
and regulations that promote a circular economy, including the Waste Framework
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Directive (2008/98/EC), the Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive (94/62/EC),
the Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC), the End-of-Life Vehicles Directive
(2000/53/EC), the WEEE Directive (2012/19/EU), the Batteries Directive
(2006/66/EC) and other. In this respect, the country has made considerable progress
having incorporated a number of EU directives in its national legislation
primarily through the Waste Management Act and other legislative documents.
The key legislative acts, shaping the legal framework for the transition to a circular
economy in Bulgaria are the Environmental Protection Act, the Waste Management
Act, the Law Amending the Waste Management Act, and the Law on the
Ratification of the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements
of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal. The implementation of various aspects of
the policies built on this legislative framework is also translated into a set of
directives and regulations.
The Environmental Protection Act (promulgated in the State Gazette (SG),
No. 91/September 25, 2002, last amend., SG 42/June 7, 2022) establishes the legal
framework for environmental protection and encompasses the core principles of
contemporary policies and regulations in this domain. It regulates public relations
related to environmental protection for present and future generations and the
protection of human health; conservation of biological diversity in conformity with
the natural biogeographical characteristics of the country; the conservation and use
of environmental media; the exercise of control over the state of the environment
and over the sources of pollution; monitoring the state of the environment and
pollution sources; prevention and limitation of pollution; the prevention and
limitation of pollution; the establishment and management of the National
Environmental Monitoring System; environmental strategies, programs, and plans;
collection of, and access to, environmental information; the economic organization
of environmental protection activities; as well as the rights and obligations of the
state, municipalities, legal entities, and natural persons in respect to environmental
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protection (Environmental Protection Act, Art. 1).
The Waste Management Act (promulgated in the SG No. 53/July 13, 2012,
last amend. in No. 108/December 30, 2023), initially introduced in 2004 and
subsequently revised to align with the relevant EU directives, serves as a key legal
instrument for regulating waste management practices in the country. The law
establishes the rights and duties of authorities, sets standards for waste transport and
facilities, and includes enforcement mechanisms. It outlines waste management
guidelines, responsibilities for generators and processors, and penalties for non-
compliance, while promoting sustainable practices such as extended producer
responsibility, waste prevention, and circular economy principles. A key provision
emphasizes separate collection and recycling of household waste to reduce soil
pollution and improve resource recovery. The Act introduces new challenges for
municipal administrations, requiring mayors to meet specific objectives (Article 19,
paragraph 3, item 1). Article 52 mandates that mayors develop and implement
municipal waste management programs in alignment with the National Waste
Management Plan, addressing waste collection, transportation, treatment, and
separate collection of biodegradable waste. These programs also focus on
establishing waste facilities, promoting on-site composting, and enhancing public
awareness about waste management.
In issue 19/2021 of the State Gazette, Bulgaria promulgated the Law
Amending the Waste Management Act. The key changes include:
New recycling targets of at least 55% by 2025, 60% by 2030, and 65% by
2035.
A goal to reduce deposited municipal waste by 10% by 2035, extendable
if a 25% reduction is achieved.
Specific rules for calculating recycling targets based on waste weight.
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Definitions for various waste types, including "non-hazardous waste,"
"municipal waste," "biodegradable waste," "construction and demolition
waste," "food waste," "material recovery," and "landfilling."
Minimum requirements for extended producer responsibility schemes.
The Law on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the Control of
Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal
(Promulgated, SG, No. 8/January 26, 1996) establishes Bulgaria's commitment to
the international treaty aimed at reducing the movement of hazardous waste between
nations and ensuring its environmentally sound management. This law aligns Bul-
garian regulations with global efforts to protect human health and the environment
from the adverse effects of hazardous waste.
Waste management in Bulgaria is also addressed by a number of other laws
and subordinate regulatory acts that cover various aspects of waste handling,
treatment, and disposal. For example, Section I of Chapter 3 (Articles 61-71) of the
Local Taxes and Fees Act (Promulgated in the SG No. 117/December 10, 1997,
last amend., SG No. 106/December 22, 2023) governs household waste fees,
detailing how municipalities calculate and collect fees based on waste volume,
property type, and location. The Territory Planning Act (TPA) (Promulgated in
the SG No. 1/January 1, 2001, last amend., SG No. 106/December 22, 2023) and its
Ordinances regulate waste treatment site designation and land use changes, ensuring
sites meet environmental and health standards through detailed plans, impact assess-
ments, and public consultations. The TPA also sets requirements for waste treatment
infrastructure, including landfills, recycling centers, and incineration plants,
focusing on minimizing environmental impact and ensuring operational safety.
Moreover, subordinate regulatory acts provide detailed guidelines on the
operational standards for waste treatment. For example, regulatory acts such as
Regulation No. 7 of August 24, 2004, on the Requirements for Sites Designated
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for the Placement of Waste Treatment Facilities (Promulgated SG No.
81/September 17, 2004), Regulation No. 6 of August 27, 2013, on the Conditions
and Requirements for the Construction and Operation of Landfills and Other
Facilities and Installations for the Utilization and Disposal of Waste
(Promulgated SG No. 80/September 13, 2013., last amend., SG No. 13/February 7,
2017), Regulation No. H-4 of June 2, 2023 on the conditions and requirements
for sites for the storage or treatment of waste, for the placement of waste
treatment facilities, and for the transportation of industrial and hazardous
waste (Promulgated in the SG No. 52/June 16, 2023), and other, set the standards
and requirements for the placement, storage, treatment, transportation, and disposal
of waste in Bulgaria, ensuring environmental protection and safe waste management
practices. Ordinance No. 2 on the classification of waste (Promulgated in the SG
No. 66/August 8, 2014, last amend) classifies different types of waste according to
their characteristics and potential environmental impact, provides guidelines for
identifying hazardous and non-hazardous waste and outlines the procedures for
labeling, handling, and transporting various waste categories. The Ordinance on
Packaging and Packaging Waste (promulgated in the SG No. 85/November 6,
2012, last amend. SG No. 100/December 16, 2022) regulates the management of
packaging waste to promote recycling and reduce environmental impact, including
provisions for the collection, sorting, and recycling of packaging materials and
establishing responsibilities for producers and distributors.
Several other ordinances specifically address various aspects of waste dis-
posal and recycling. For example, the Ordinance on Single-Use Plastics (Pro-
mulgated in the SG No. 60/July 28, 2021), implements the EU directive on reducing
the impact of certain plastic products on the environment. It bans specific single-use
plastic items, such as cutlery, plates, straws, and expands requirements for the
collection and recycling of plastic bottles. The Ordinance on End-of-Life Vehicles
(Promulgated in the SG No. 62/July 30, 2008) focuses on minimizing environmental
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pollution and recovering valuable materials from vehicles no longer in use. The
Ordinance on the Requirements for Landfilling of Waste (promulgated in the
SG No. 88/October 29, 2013), details technical standards for landfill operations,
including leachate and gas management, to prevent contamination. The Ordinance
on the Separate Collection and Treatment of Bio-Waste (promulgated in the SG
No. 58/July 23, 2013), promotes composting and the proper handling of
biodegradable waste to reduce landfill use and improve soil health. The Ordinance
on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (promulgated in the SG No.
26/March 19, 2007) establishes guidelines for the responsible collection, recycling,
and disposal of electronic waste. The Ordinance on Batteries and Accumulators
(promulgated in the SG No. 21/February 26, 2010), regulates the management and
recycling of batteries to minimize their environmental impact. Finally, the National
Waste Management Plan (promulgated in the SG No. 104/December 29, 2020),
provides a strategic framework for coordinating waste management efforts
nationwide, outlining goals and actions for effective waste handling across various
sectors and levels of government.
1.1.2. Strategic Framework for the Transition to a Circular Economy in
Bulgaria
At the national level, Bulgaria's strategic framework for transitioning to a
circular economy is outlined in several key documents. The National Development
Program Bulgaria 2030 (NDP 2030), adopted on December 2, 2020, by Protocol
No. 67 of the Council of Ministers, sets a comprehensive vision for development
policies across all sectors and regions. This program targets three main strategic
goals: accelerated economic growth, demographic improvement, and reduction of
inequalities, organized into five development axes and 13 national priorities (Fig.
1).
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Figure 1. National Development Program BULGARIA 2030: Development Axes
and Priorities.
Source: developed by the author, based on the National Development Program BULGARIA
2030 (https://www.minfin.bg/bg/1394)
Within this framework, "Green and Sustainable Bulgaria" (Axis 2) includes
"Circular and Low-Carbon Economy" (Priority 4), focusing on enhancing resource
and energy productivity, adhering to circular economy principles, and promoting
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low-carbon, resource-efficient, and waste-free technologies.
The Action Plan for the Implementation of the NDP 2030 for the period
2024-2026, adopted by Decision No. 671 of the Council of Ministers on September
15, 2022, presents the main parameters of the envisaged socio-economic measures
regarding the formulated 2 sub-priorities and specific areas of impact (Fig.2).
Figure 2. Sub-priorities of Priority 4 of the National Development Program
BULGARIA 2030 and areas of impact, according to the Action Plan for the
Implementation of the NDP 2030 for the period 2024-2026.
Source: developed by the author.
The Program and the Action Plan for the Implementation of the NDP 2030
for the period 2024-2026 include detailed strategies for the priorities, indicative
financial framework, preliminary impact assessment on key macroeconomic indi-
cators from the implementation of the interventions, as well as a mechanism for
4.1. "Transition to a Circular Economy"
4.1A "Material Efficiency"
4.1B "Waste Management"
4.1C "Ecological Waste"
4.2. "Transition to a Low-Carbon Economy"
4.2A "Energy Efficiency"
4.2B "Low-Carbon Technologies"
4.2C "Decarbonization of Regions"
4.2D "Gas Grid"
4.2E "Electric Power Infrastructure
and Energy Security"
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monitoring and controlling their execution.
Other key documents include the Strategy and Action Plan for the Transition to
a Circular Economy for the Period 2022-2027, adopted on October 26, 2022, by
Decision No. 832 of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria (Fig. 3).
The Strategy outlines Bulgaria’s approach to enhancing resource efficiency
and reducing environmental impacts through improved waste management. It sets
three strategic goals (fostering a green and competitive economy, minimizing waste
while maximizing resource recovery, and creating consumer benefits) and includes
specific objectives for each goal.
The Action Plan for the Transition to a Circular Economy for the Period
2022-2027 supports these goals with three main approaches: incentives,
information, and regulatory measures. It categorizes actions into short-term (2022-
2023), medium-term (2024-2027), and permanent measures (2021-2027). Short-
term actions focus on legislative development, awareness campaigns, and infor-
mation platforms. Medium-term measures include financing eco-design initiatives,
establishing reuse centers, and professional training for vulnerable groups. Per-
manent measures emphasize achieving recycling targets, advancing waste mana-
gement technologies, enhancing control over illegal disposal, and supporting reuse
centers in urban areas.
From all above it can be concluded that Bulgaria has made significant
progress by incorporating numerous EU directives into its national legislation,
primarily through the Waste Management Act and other key legislative documents.
The country has also developed a comprehensive package of strategic documents
that set goals, priorities, and measures to promote innovation, green technologies,
and sustainable production, contributing to its sustainable development and
environmental protection.
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Figure 3. Strategy for the Transition to a Circular Economy for the period 2022-
2027: Strategic and Specific Goals.
Source: developed by the author.
These comprehensive frameworks collectively aim to drive the transition to a
circular economy by setting ambitious targets for waste reduction, resource
Green and Competitive
Economy
Higher resource productivity
New business models
Economic connectivity
Bulgaria contributes to the supply of
critical raw materials
Less Waste, More
Resources
Less waste
More opportunities for sustainable
consumption
More recycled waste, higher quality
raw materials
No landfilling of waste
Economy Benefiting
Consumers
Better-informed consumers
Sustainable consumption patterns
Social green economy
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efficiency, and environmental protection, not only establishing essential regulations
and goals but also providing actionable plans and measures to address current
challenges and promote sustainable practices across various sectors.
1.2. The recycling network in Bulgaria: infrastructure and key
recycling operators
The concept of the circular economy represents a fundamental shift from the
traditional linear economic model, which typically follows a "take-make-dispose"
approach. Instead, the circular economy seeks to create a closed-loop system where
resources are continuously reused, repaired, refurbished, and recycled. This model
aims to minimize waste, conserve resources, and reduce environmental impacts. In
Bulgaria, the transition towards the circular economy is becoming increasingly
prominent, driven by both national policies and local initiatives. Central to this effort
is the country's waste management infrastructure, which includes key components
and operators dedicated to enhancing recycling rates, reducing landfill dependency,
and promoting sustainable waste practices.
1.2.1. Recycling infrastructure
Bulgaria's recycling infrastructure comprises various facilities, each designed
to handle different stages of the recycling process. Key types of recycling facilities
include waste collection systems, sorting centers, treatment plants, and specialized
recycling units.
The waste collection systems are divided into municipal and comercial/in-
dustrial categories. Municipal systems, managed by local authorities, use separate
bins for recyclables like paper, plastics, glass, and metals, operating on regular
schedules to ensure efficiency. Major operators such as Ecopack Bulgaria AD,
Bulecopack AD, Ecobulpack AD, and Eco Partners Bulgaria AD cover over 100
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municipalities, translating to about 30-40 unique systems.
Commercial and industrial waste is primarily managed by these same major
recycling organizations, which run 300 to 500 collection systems across municipal-
lities. These systems feature specialized containers and treatment facilities for
sorting, recycling, and processing business waste.
Bulgaria has around 50 sorting centers equipped with technologies like
conveyor belts and optical sorters, crucial for efficiently separating recyclables.
Notable is Ecopack Bulgaria AD's Sofia facility, which processes mixed
recyclables.
Treatment plants process waste to reduce volume, enhance safety, or convert
it into usable materials. They encompass a wide range of operations, including
waste-to-energy plants, composting facilities, and various types of recycling units.
For example, the Sofia Integrated Waste Treatment Plant uses mechanical-bio-
logical treatment, composting, and landfilling to manage municipal solid waste,
recovering recyclables and minimizing landfill use. The Svilengrad Waste-to-
Energy Plant incinerates waste to generate electricity and heat, while the Plovdiv
Mechanical-Biological Treatment Plant separates recyclables and produces compost
from organic waste.
Specialized recycling units focus on the efficient processing and recycling of
specific types of materials to produce high-quality reusable raw materials. While
treatment plants aim to manage and process waste to reduce its volume and enhance
safety, specilised recycling units are dedicated to a specific type of recyclable
material, such as an electronics recycling facility for e-waste or a plastics recycling
plant for different types of plastic. The processes are tailored to the unique
requirements of each material type to maximize recovery and quality. For example,
the Integra Plastics facility in Elin Pelin recycles plastics into high-quality pellets,
Metarex OOD handles ferrous and non-ferrous metals, Ecologica Bulgaria Ltd
(https://ecologica.bg/) recycles electronic waste, recovering valuable components
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and managing hazardous substances, M-Texx Textile Recycling OOD in Ruse
processes used clothing into fibers for new textiles or insulation materials, etc.
SPECIAL FOCUS: Integra Plastics
Overview: Location: Elin Pelin, Bulgaria. Operative since 2019. Since 2024
part of the Borealis Group.
Operations: The company specialises in the processing and recycling of
polyethylene films and packaging, fully compliant with current European
Union directives for creating a circular economy aimed at reducing global
pollution from recyclable waste. Integra Plastics operates on a 35,000-
square-meter site, featuring 12,000 square meters of production facilities
and 5,000 square meters of storage. The infrastructure is state-of-the-art and
fully compliant with environmental standards.
The facility is the largest in Bulgaria for recycling this type of waste, with
an annual capacity of 30,000 metric tons. The processing involves five
distinct steps: pre-sorting, optical sorting, washing, drying, and extrusion,
with each step utilizing fully automated processes.
Business model: The vision for Integra Plastics emerged from the crisis
following the 2017 Chinese ban on imported plastic waste, which disrupted
global recycling markets. Europe, accustomed to exporting a large portion
of its plastic waste, faced significant strain, revealing the need for enhanced
recycling capabilities. This gave the idea for constructing a plant that
produces high-quality recycled LDPE granules, aiming to maximally
replace the primary material used in packaging.
The Integra Plastics project was supported by leading companies in
recycling, providing innovative solutions for sorting, washing, and
extruding recyclable plastics. A key advantage is the fully automated sorting
facility, which can distinguish between different polymer types and colours.
Integra Plastics utilizes a fully automated sorting system provided by
Norwegian firm Tomra. This system achieves over 98% polymer purity and
handles up to 35,000 tons of material annually. Integra Plastics also
employs advanced washing equipment from Herbold and Erema, which
enhances the quality and consistency of the recycled material through
sophisticated washing and extrusion techniques.
The company’s emphasis on cutting-edge technology and automation in
sorting and processing positions it as a leader in the recycling sector, able
to offer high-quality recycled materials that meet stringent industry
standards. With a significant investment of €40 million, Integra Plastics has
established a modern facility with a production capacity designed to handle
large volumes of plastic waste, contributing to a more sustainable and
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1.2.2. Waste management organisations in Bulgaria
The legal framework in Bulgaria allows for different types of waste mana-
gement companies to coexist, each with its specific area of focus and expertise. This
approach ensures that all aspects of waste management are covered efficiently, from
municipal and industrial waste to specialized packaging waste recovery. Orga-
nizations such as Ecopack Bulgaria AD, Bulecopack AD, Eco Partners Bulgaria
AD, and EcoBulpak Bulgaria AD focus on packaging waste recovery and recycling,
operating under strict regulations to ensure compliance with national and EU
standards. There are also broader service providers, like Veolia, for example, which
offer comprehensive solutions including municipal waste management, hazardous
waste treatment, and energy management, with facilities specialized in handling
complex waste streams. Other companies focus on specific types of waste, using
tailored technologies for efficiency. For example, companies such as Fenix Invers
OOD, Vadias OOD and Interplast BG EOOD process various plastics into usable
granules and pellets, companies like BalBok Engineering AD focus on the mana-
gement of hazardous and industrial waste, offering services such as waste trans-
portation, treatment, and disposal, as well as the remediation of contaminated sites,
efficient recycling ecosystem. By recycling LDPE waste, the company
helps reduce plastic pollution and reliance on virgin plastic materials. Their
operations support the circular economy by closing the loop on plastic
usage.
Integra Plastics' acquisition by Borealis, where Borealis now fully owns the
company enhances its strategic advantages through access to Borealis'
global network, increased investment capacity, and alignment with sustaina-
bility goals. This integration streamlines operations, supports innovation,
and strengthens Integra Plastics' competitive position in the recycling in-
dustry.
Source: Developed by the author using information retrieved from:
https://integra-plastics.com/
https://bit.ly/4e2sCSW
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Metarex OOD specializes in ferrous and non-ferrous metals, crucial for the
construction and manufacturing sectors, and other. The Bulgarian Environment
Executive Agency maintains a Public Register of individuals holding permits for
carrying out waste management activities, which can be found at:
https://nwms.eea.government.bg/app/registers/waste-activities.
The key recycling operators in Bulgaria are highly diverse, each specializing
in different areas of waste management, from plastics and metals to hazardous and
industrial waste. Due to this diversity, the focus next shifts to packaging waste
management organizations, which play a central role in recycling efforts and are
critical for ensuring compliance with national and EU regulations.
Although the legal framework in Bulgaria allows for different types of waste
management companies to coexist, recycling operators must meet stringent legal
and regulatory requirements set by national and EU legislation. The companies
managing packaging waste must comply with the Waste Management Act and
adhere to Regulation No. 1 (June 4, 2014) concerning waste management proce-
dures and public register maintenance. They are obligated to maintain records and
submit annual reports on the collection, transportation, and recovery or disposal of
packaging waste. Market entities can meet recycling and recovery targets either
through collective systems by contracting approved waste recovery organizations or
individually, though in 2022, no entities chose the latter. In 2022, the organizations
authorized for packaging waste recovery include Ecopack Bulgaria AD, Bulecopack
AD, Eco Partners Bulgaria AD, and EcoBulpack AD, with non-member entities
required to pay a product fee to the Public Utility for Disposal of Packaging Waste
(PUDOW).
Ecopack Bulgaria AD, Bulecopack AD, and EcoBulpack AD are pioneers in
the packaging waste management industry in Bulgaria for nearly 20 years, each
playing a crucial role in promoting sustainable waste management practices.
Though the youngest company in the industry, Eco Partners Bulgaria AD has
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quickly established itself as a key player in packaging waste recycling, leveraging
innovative systems and a commitment to sustainability to make a significant impact
on Bulgaria's waste management landscape.
Ecopack Bulgaria AD operates in the most municipalities (30+), covering
over a million residents, making it the largest in scale. Eco Partners Bulgaria AD,
despite being the newest, operates in 25 municipalities, comparable to Ecobulpack
AD. In terms of the number of participating companies, Ecopack Bulgaria AD leads
with over 3000 participating companies, Eco Partners Bulgaria AD and Ecobulpack
AD following with 2500+ and 2000+ companies, respectively. In terms of
population covered, Ecopack Bulgaria AD again leads, covering almost two million
and a half residents, followed by Ecobulpack AD, and Bulecopack AD. Eco Partners
Bulgaria AD serves the smallest population among the four (Table 1).
Table 1. Market Share of Packaging Waste Management Organizations
According to Article 29 of the Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation as of
January 30, 2024
Organisatio
n
Quantity of
Packaging Placed
on the Market for
the Specified Period
(tons)
Market share
of the
organisation
Obligation for
Covered
Population
According to
Article 84 of the
Waste
Management Act
(residents)
Actual
Covered
Population as
of April 30
(residents)
Ecobulpack
Bulgaria AD
90 053,582
21,17%
1 270 375
1 470 322
Ecopack
Bulgaria AD
181 112,833
42,58%
2 554 937
2 562 665
Bulecopack
AD
89 390,430
21,02%
1 261 020
1 316 069
Eco Partners
Bulgaria AD
64 767,605
15,23%
913 669
904 036
TOTAL
425 324,450
100,00%
6 000 000
6 253 092
Source: https://bit.ly/3B4Vo6Y
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The four companies use two main types of containers: top-opening containers
with a capacity of 1100 liters and igloo containers with volumes ranging from 1100
to 2500 litters. Most municipalities under their management utilize a two-colour
system, where yellow containers are designated for paper, plastic, and metal
packaging waste, and green containers are used for glass packaging waste. A few
municipalities, e.g. Varna, Burgas, Ruse, Pleven, etc., employ a three-colour system
that includes a blue container for paper and cardboard packaging waste.
All organizations employ similar methods: manual sorting, baling for
transport efficiency, and specialized treatment for glass. Separately collected
packaging waste from containers is transported to a pre-treatment site. Waste sorting
goes through the following steps (Fig. 4):
Figure 4. Waste sorting at the pre-treatment site.
Source: https://bit.ly/4e2EKUa
Recyclable packaging waste is sorted by type and material and after pre-
treatment it is transported to processing plants designated by the waste management
organization.
SPECIAL FOCUS: ECOPACK Bulgaria AD
Overview: ECOPACK Bulgaria AD, established in 2004, is a pivotal
organization in Bulgaria's packaging waste management sector. Founded by
18 leading Bulgarian and international companies, ECOPACK was created
in alignment with the Waste Management Act, which mandates extended
producer responsibility (EPR).
Infrastructure and Sorting Facilities: The organization operates 15 sorting
facilities and has rental agreements for an additional three. With 47
subcontractors, ECOPACK Bulgaria ensures that collected waste is
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1.3. Urban strategies for waste management: the cases of Sofia
Municipality and Svilengrad Municipality
Urban strategies for waste management are critical for fostering sustainable
cities and communities. In the context of Bulgaria, Sofia Municipality and Svilen-
grad Municipality present distinct approaches to addressing waste management
challenges. Sofia, the nation's capital and largest city, grapples with complex waste
streams and high population density, necessitating sophisticated and scalable waste
management solutions. In contrast, Svilengrad, a smaller municipality, faces differ-
rent challenges that require tailored strategies suitable for its unique demographic
and economic landscape. Both municipalities illustrate the diverse methods employ-
ed to enhance waste management efficiency, from advanced recycling programs to
processed and sent to 27 recycling plants in Bulgaria and abroad. The
sorting facilities are capable of processing 1 to 8 tons of waste per hour,
with one line dedicated to glass packaging, achieving a purity rate of 99.7%.
These facilities are strategically located to cover all areas with separate
collection systems. In addition to municipal waste management, ECOPACK
Bulgaria handles waste collection from hotels, restaurants, cafes
(HORECA), and retail outlets, adapting services to the specific needs of
each sector.
Achievements and Standards: ECOPACK Bulgaria actively engages in
public awareness campaigns to promote responsible waste separation and
recycling. These campaigns educate consumers on the benefits of separate
collection and encourage a commitment to environmental protection. The
organization’s efforts have been recognized with multiple awards, including
the Green Oscar, the Investor in the Environment award, and the Corporate
Social Responsibility award. As a member of ProEurope and EXPRA,
ECOPACK Bulgaria adheres to high European standards and practices, and
is certified under the EN ISO 9001:2008 and EN ISO 14001:2005 standards,
demonstrating its dedication to quality and environmental management.
Source: Developed by the author using information retrieved from:
https://www.ecopack.bg/
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community engagement initiatives, offering valuable insights into the broader
spectrum of urban waste management practices.
1.3.1. Sofia Municipality waste management
Bulgaria was founded in 681 AD and is one of the oldest countries on the
European continent. Sofia became its capital in 1879. During the Roman Empire,
the city was called Ulpia Serdica (Latin), named by Emperor Trajan. At that time,
the city's location was on the Roman Empire's primary diagonal route across the
Balkan Peninsula, Via Militaris, connecting Viminacium and Naissus (Niš) in pre-
sent-day Serbia, through Serdica and Philippopolis (Plovdiv) in present-day Bul-
garia, to Adrianople (Edirne) and Constantinople (Istanbul) in present-day Turkey.
The name Sofia was first recorded in church books in 1329.
Figure 5. Via Militaris and Serdica – nowadays Sofia
Following its designation as the capital, the city has continuously expanded
and increased in population. As of July 15, 2024, its population is 1,426,575. There
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are 800 large enterprises within its premises.
According to the National Statistical Institute, 84% of Sofia’s added eco-
nomic value is generated in the service sector, with the remaining 16% coming from
industry. Sofia is the largest economic centre in Bulgaria, contributing 41% to the
country's GDP. In 2024, Bulgaria's GDP is expected to reach 200 billion BGN
(102.25 billion EUR).
In Sofia, there are 239 kindergartens, 5 primary schools, 77 elementary
schools, and 187 high schools. The capital city is also home to the campuses of 22
out of 51 accredited higher education institutions in Bulgaria, educating over
100,000 students. The city boasts a well-developed transportation system, with three
of the ten Pan-European corridors (V, VIII, and X) intersecting it, reaffirming its
strategic significance since the time of Via Militaris. Four highways start from Sofia:
A1 "Trakia" (towards Burgas and via A4 "Maritsa" to Istanbul), A2 "Hemus"
(towards Varna and via A7 "Veliko Tarnovo - Ruse" to Bucharest), A3 "Struma"
(towards Thessaloniki and Athens), and A6 "Europe" (towards Niš and Belgrade).
The construction of the Sofia Metro has greatly supported the city's ecological
balance. As of 2024, there are four main lines with 61 metro stations, totalling 52
km in length. Ten new stations are under construction, and 14 more are being
designed. By 2035, the Sofia Metro is expected to reach 79.6 km and 75 stations.
The city's size also presents challenges in maintaining cleanliness, collecting,
transporting, and disposing of household waste. As reported by the administration
of Sofia Municipality, 85% of Sofia's waste is utilized, with 66% being recycled.
Up to 2023, 15,683 MWh of electricity have been generated from the incineration
of household waste. With the construction of the largest and most modern waste
processing facility in the Balkans, the city now deposits only 15% of its household
waste in landfills. In 2007, when Bulgaria became a full member of the EU
alongside Romania, 100% of Sofia's household waste was deposited in landfills. By
2024, the amount of landfill-deposited waste has decreased to less than 15% of the
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total collected tonnage. Between 2014 and 2025, three main facilities of the Sofia
Waste Processing Plant have been put into operation:
Green Waste Processing Facility: This facility produces compost, which
is returned to the parks and gardens of Sofia in accordance with circular
economy principles.
Food Waste Processing Facility: This facility processes food waste from
schools, commercial establishments, and kindergartens to produce
electricity.
Mixed Household Waste Processing Facility: This facility extracts
recyclable components—glass, metal, and plastic—from mixed household
waste, and produces RDF (refuse-derived fuel) from the remaining waste.
Figure 6. The Main Facility of the Sofia Waste Treatment Plant
All old landfills are being closed and rehabilitated into safe green spaces. The
initial goals set before the construction of the waste processing plant - 66% recycling
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of household waste and a 70% reduction in the amount of landfilled biodegradable
waste - are being achieved. A system for separate waste collection has been imple-
mented, serviced by three nationally licensed companies. The system collects paper
and cardboard, clear and coloured glass, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, as well as
plastics separately.
Figure 7. Processed Waste at the Mechanical and Biological Treatment Plant in
Sofia
As of 2023, containers are located at 2,810 sites. National campaigns, such as
"Caps for the Future," are supported with 1,034 special containers placed in 175
schools and 201 kindergartens. Additionally, the first system for the separate
collection of textile waste has been introduced, with 159 containers for old clothes,
ensuring their removal from general household waste. At the start of the campaign
in 2019, 1,095 tons of textile waste were separately collected. This amount increased
to 1,185 tons in 2020, 1,205 tons in 2021, and 1,473 tons in 2022.
A new urban planning initiative involves the creation of "green islands,"
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where residents of individual neighbourhoods and large housing complexes use
containers for separate waste collection with access control, ensuring that only
residents of the urbanized complex can use them.
1.3.2. Svilengrad Municipality and the door-to-door collection method
Svilengrad Municipality, located in southeastern Bulgaria near the borders
with Greece and Turkey, is a vibrant community with a population of approximately
20,000 residents. The town is an important transportation hub through which Pan-
European Transport Corridors 4, 9, and 10 pass. To the northwest of the town run
the Maritsa Motorway and National Road I-8, connecting Kapitan Andreevo-
Kapıkule on the Turkish border with the interior of the country. The town is also
traversed by National Road II-80, which connects the Maritsa Motorway with the
Kapitan Petko Voyvoda-Ormenio checkpoint on the Greek border; National Road
II-55, linking Svilengrad with Northern Bulgaria via the Republic Pass; National
Road III-505, connecting Svilengrad with Haskovo through the Eastern Rhodopes;
and National Road III-5509 to the village of Varnik. In Svilengrad, there are five
kindergartens and six schools: two high schools, two primary schools, an elementary
school, and a special boarding school.
The Municipality of Svilengrad is a pioneer in separate waste collection in
Bulgaria, having introduced the door-to-door collection method. This innovative
approach involves collecting waste directly from individual households, encoura-
ging residents to participate more actively in waste segregation and recycling
efforts. The municipality's commitment to sustainable waste management practices
has earned it recognition and a place on the map of Zero Waste Europe since 2019.
Zero Waste Europe is a prestigious network that connects communities striving to
achieve zero waste by promoting sustainable waste management practices, reducing
waste generation, and increasing recycling rates. Svilengrad's inclusion in this
network underscores its role as a leader in the movement towards a more sustainable
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and environmentally friendly future. The municipality continues to implement and
refine its waste management strategies, setting an example for other communities in
Bulgaria and beyond.
In 2023, the Municipality was selected as a pilot area for Bulgaria for a project
to implement a system for weighing generated household waste in certain pilot areas
of the city based on the "Pay as You Throw" principle. The smart waste management
and weighing system was tested in three pilot areas in Svilengrad: single-family
house zones, multi-family residential buildings, and the villages of Kapitan Andree-
vo and Generalovo. Individual bins equipped with transponders and ultrasonic
sensors for household waste were installed. The bins are locked to ensure only the
respective household's waste is measured. Waste collection vehicles have sensors to
weigh the bins before and after emptying, with data sent to a software platform for
analysis. The system allows real-time data visualization, pricing analysis, and
encourages separate collection of bulky and packaging waste. This model will be
gradually expanded throughout the municipality.
1.4. Empowering Change: Examples of Social
Entrepreneurship in Bulgaria's Circular Economy
Municipal waste, though constituting only about 10% of total waste, presents
significant management challenges due to its diverse composition, which includes
organic materials, plastics, metals, and hazardous substances. Its complex nature,
combined with increasing amounts of single-use plastics and electronic waste,
reflects varied consumer habits and necessitates coordinated efforts across house-
holds, businesses, and institutions. While these efforts can stem from organized
waste buying, recycling, production, and sale chains, they can also emerge from
social entrepreneurship. This latter approach leverages innovative business models
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to address environmental challenges, driving sustainable practices that benefit both
society and the planet.
Social entrepreneurs can develop businesses that focus on reducing, reusing,
and recycling waste, thereby creating economic value while addressing envi-
ronmental challenges. These initiatives can target various sectors, including plastic
waste management, food recovery, sustainable fashion, renewable energy, and eco-
friendly packaging solutions, contributing to a more sustainable and circular
economy.
To illustrate this idea, the subchapter focuses on three initiatives that exemp-
lify how social entrepreneurship can address environmental and social challenges,
creating positive impacts through innovative solutions within the circular economy
framework: the "Caps for the Future" campaign, which collects plastic bottle caps
to fund medical equipment for hospitals and support environmental education; the
Bulgarian Food Bank, which plays a critical role in reducing food waste by
redistributing surplus food to those in need; and M-Texx Textile Recycling, a
company that collaborates with municipalities, such as Ruse, to collect and recycle
unwanted textiles and leather goods, thereby reducing landfill waste and promoting
sustainable consumption.
1.4.1. Turning Plastic Waste into Lifesaving Resources: Bulgaria’s 'Caps
for the Future' Campaign
The initiative "Caps for the Future" was launched in October 2017 by the
Bulgarian entrepreneur Lazar Radkov. The campaign aims to collect plastic caps,
recycle them, and use the proceeds to purchase incubators and ambulances. In 2020,
the initiative expanded to include collection points for plastic bottles as well. The
results have been impressive: stationary facilities in the shape of a big heart (for
caps) and a big bottle (for plastic bottles) are now found in every Bulgarian city and
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school. This effort not only keeps the environment cleaner but also engages students
in a meaningful cause while promoting the circular economy.
Figure 8. Collection points “Big Heart” and “Big Bootle” for the campaign
“Caps for thew future” located at schools and public areas
The “driving force” of the initiative, the social entrepreneur Lazar Radkov
explains to the Bulgarian national media: “In the first two years alone we replaced
all old and non-functioning baby incubators in Bulgaria – in 22 hospitals. In 2020
we helped another 14 hospitals in 14 towns to acquire new equipment for their
maternity wards. At the end of 2020 we launched a campaign for buying a neonatal
ambulance”.
Figure 9. Main output of the campaign “Caps for thew future” by years and
delivered medical equipment as a social entrepreneurship donation (2017-2024)
Source: Author visualisation based on the social initiative publications
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The first ambulance was donated to the “Plovdiv” University General
Hospital for Active Treatment. The ambulance cost 100 000 Euro and it took 600
tons of recycled bottle caps, collected for one year (BNR, 2021a). According to the
Bulgarian National Radio”: “Caps for the future” should be credited with one more
achievement – collecting bottle caps has raised awareness among the young in the
country of just how much plastic is thrown away. People have been collecting every
cap, and many have started avoiding buying plastic. Bulgarians living abroad have
also been joining the campaign when they are back in the country” (BNR, 2021b).
1.4.2. The Bulgarian Food Bank: A Model of Social Entrepreneurship in
Waste Reduction and Community Support
The Bulgarian Food Bank (BFB) is a non-profit organization dedicated to
reducing food waste and combating hunger in Bulgaria. It was established in 2012,
by two civil sector organizations, five companies from the food industry, and two
companies from various business sectors (Association of Meat Processors in
Bulgaria; Bella Bulgaria AD; Bio Bulgaria OOD (Harmonica); Kraft Foods; Neterra
EOOD; Piccadilly AD (Delhaize Bulgaria); Road Runner EOOD (BG Menu);
Tandem-V OOD and FORA – Foundation for Community Development) (Bella,
2012).
The BFB operates by collecting surplus food from food producers, retailers,
and other businesses that would otherwise go to waste. This food is then redist-
ributed to people in need through a network of partner organizations, including
social services, shelters, and community centres.
Since its establishment, the Bulgarian Food Bank has built its capacity to
work with donated food from various companies in the food industry. By mid-2015,
the organization began taking steps to update the legal framework for food donation
in Bulgaria. These efforts culminated successfully at the beginning of 2017 when
the Food Act was updated to include a dedicated fourth chapter on food banking.
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Additionally, the Value Added Tax Act was amended to exempt donated food from
VAT if provided to a food bank operator. With the latest legislative changes and an
order from the Executive Director of the National Revenue Agency on July 1, 2022,
all labelling requirements and administrative barriers for the food industry to donate
surplus food have been removed.
According to the Bulgarian Food Bank's report, in 2023, rescued food reached
60,957 individuals through 207 different programs and services provided by 138
partners, including non-profit organizations, social service providers, and local
government structures. The organization estimates the social value of this food,
based on market prices, to be over 2,247,000 BGN. Compared to 2022, there has
been an increase both in the value and quantity of food served to those in need.
Specifically, the value of the served food has increased by approximately 25%,
while the weight of the food has risen by over 11%.
The Bulgarian Food Bank does not receive funding from the state budget or
municipal budgets. Instead, it sustains its operations through donations of both
monetary and non-monetary resources. The organization is committed to converting
every 1 BGN donated into at least 4 BGN worth of food. For 2023, the Bulgarian
Food Bank provided food worth 5.43 BGN for every 1 BGN invested in its work.
Estimating that each year, Bulgaria wastes 400,000,000 kilograms of edible
food, valued at approximately 2,000,000,000 BGN, which amount if utilized, could
provide adequate nutrition for every person in need or at risk of poverty in Bulgaria,
to date, the Bulgarian Food Bank has rescued from waste and provided to the social
sector food valued at nearly 11,000,000 BGN.
1.4.3. Clothes for a Cause: Social Entrepreneurship and Circular Solutions
in Bulgaria
In Bulgaria, a growing wave of social entrepreneurship is redefining the fashion
landscape by integrating principles of the circular economy into the textile sector.
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These social enterprises are not only addressing environmental challenges through
sustainable practices but also fostering social impact by supporting local commu-
nities, preserving traditional crafts, and creating ethical job opportunities.
Unfortunately, the linear economy dominates in the textile industry. Textile
production starts with the extraction of raw materials, followed by manufacturing,
use, and finally, disposal. This linear process is unsustainable and contributes to
pollution and the depletion of natural resources in all directions. In contrast, the
circular economy in the textile industry changes this model. It supports the recycling
of textiles, where used clothes are collected, recycled, and reintroduced into the
production cycle. This approach reduces the need for new raw materials, decreases
waste, and helps protect the environment.
Textile recycling in Bulgaria is in its early stages, with limited infrastructure
and growing, yet still relatively low, public awareness. While social enterprises and
NGOs are actively promoting recycling initiatives, the overall capacity for textile
waste collection and processing remains limited, with much of it still ending up in
landfills.
One the good examples of recycling activity combined with social impact is
this of M-Texx Textile Recycling OOD (https://m-texx.com/). Founded with a
vision to combat textile waste and promote sustainability, M-Texx Textile Recyc-
ling OOD operates at the intersection of environmental stewardship and social
impact. The company specializes in collecting, sorting, and recycling post-consumer
textiles to create new, high-quality products.
The company operates a network of textile collection points across Bulgaria,
where individuals can deposit used clothing and textiles. These collection points
include specially designated containers placed in public areas, as well as partner-
ships with local businesses and organizations to facilitate textile drop-offs. It also
launches campaigns during which the residents are able to hand over old clothes,
bags, and shoes directly into cargo motor vehicles (Fig. 9). The collected items are
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then transported to the facility of the company for further processing. Upon arrival
at the facility, textiles undergo a detailed sorting process. Items are categorized by
type, material, and condition. High-quality garments that are still in good condition
are set aside for resale in the second-hand market, where they are sold locally or
exported to other markets. This process promotes the reuse of clothing, extending
the lifecycle of these items and reducing waste.
Figure 10. Textile collection points
Textiles that are unsuitable for resale are directed towards recycling. The
company employs advanced recycling techniques to break down these materials into
fibers, which can be repurposed into new products such as insulation materials,
cleaning cloths, or even new textiles. This recycling effort not only reduces waste
but also lessens the demand for new raw materials, supporting a more sustainable
textile industry. The second-hand market is a vital component of the operations of
the company. By channelling high-quality textiles to this market, M-Texx Textile
Recycling OOD not only reduces waste but also makes affordable clothing accessib-
le to a wider audience. This practice is integral to the circular economy model M-
Texx supports, where products are reused and recycled to extend their lifecycle and
minimize environmental impact.
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M-Texx Textile Recycling OOD has a significant social impact, operating in
40 municipalities and partnering with 360 organizations in 2023 to promote
sustainable practices. The company also runs an educational program aimed at rai-
sing awareness about textile recycling and sustainability, while providing fair-wage
employment opportunities to marginalized communities.
Conclusion
Bulgaria has developed a comprehensive legal and strategic framework to
facilitate its transition to a circular economy, integrating EU directives into national
legislation to promote sustainable resource and waste management. Key legislative
acts such as the Environmental Protection Act and the Waste Management Act,
alongside detailed regulations and ordinances, establish the principles for environ-
mental protection, waste treatment, and recycling. This framework is further suppor-
ted by strategic documents like the National Development Program BULGARIA
2030 and the Strategy for the Transition to a Circular Economy for 2022-2027,
which set ambitious goals for resource efficiency, waste reduction, and environ-
mental sustainability. Through these efforts, Bulgaria is aligning its policies with
EU standards, driving innovation, and building a more resilient and sustainable
economy.
The country’s efforts towards a circular economy are supported by a robust
waste management infrastructure that has evolved significantly over the past few
decades, particularly since aligning with EU directives in the early 2000s. The
country’s waste management system is divided into municipal and industrial
sectors, with extensive networks of sorting centres and treatment plants aimed at
enhancing recycling rates and reducing landfill dependency. Bulgaria's diverse
landscape of recycling operators highlights the critical role that specialized
organizations play in managing different types of waste, particularly packaging
waste. The varied approaches of these operators—from established giants like
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Ecopack Bulgaria AD, which leads in both scale and reach, to innovative new-
comers like Eco Partners Bulgaria AD—underscore the dynamic nature of the
country’s recycling sector. These organizations not only ensure compliance with
stringent national and EU regulations but also drive significant advancements in
waste management practices.
The urban waste management strategies of Sofia Municipality and Svilengrad
Municipality in Bulgaria offer valuable insights into how different scales of cities
can address waste challenges effectively. Sofia, as a major metropolis, has imple-
mented advanced waste management systems, including high-tech processing
facilities and extensive recycling programs, to handle its complex and voluminous
waste streams. The city's focus on reducing landfill use and increasing recycling
rates reflects its commitment to sustainable urban development. Conversely,
Svilengrad, a smaller municipality, has adopted innovative approaches such as door-
to-door waste collection and smart waste monitoring systems, demonstrating how
tailored strategies can enhance waste management efficiency in less densely popu-
lated areas. Both municipalities highlight the importance of adapting waste manage-
ment practices to local contexts and needs, providing important lessons for other
cities in Bulgaria and beyond. Their experiences underscore the potential for urban
waste management strategies to drive sustainability, improve environmental out-
comes, and foster community engagement in waste reduction efforts.
Social entrepreneurship in Bulgaria is playing a pivotal role in advancing the
circular economy by addressing complex waste management challenges, particu-
larly in the municipal sector. Through innovative business models and community-
driven initiatives, organizations are not only tackling environmental issues but also
creating substantial social benefits. The examples of "Caps for the Future," the
Bulgarian Food Bank, and M-Texx Textile Recycling highlight how targeted efforts
in plastic waste, food redistribution, and textile recycling can generate positive
impacts. These initiatives demonstrate the potential for social entrepreneurship to
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drive sustainable practices, reduce waste, and foster a more resilient and equitable
society. As these models continue to evolve, they provide a blueprint for how entre-
preneurial efforts can align with environmental goals, contributing to a more sus-
tainable future for Bulgaria.
References
1) Action Plan for the Implementation of the NDP 2030 for the period 2024-2026.
2) https://www.strategy.bg/FileHandler.ashx?fileId=35945
3) Environment Protection Act. https://lex.bg/bg/laws/ldoc/2135458102.
4) Local Taxes and Fees Act, https://lex.bg/laws/ldoc/2134174720, (in Bulgarian).
5) National Development Programme Bulgaria 2030. https://bit.ly/4gn3Uyl .
6) Ordinance No. 2 on the classification of waste,
https://www.moew.government.bg/(in Bulgarian).
7) Ordinance on Packaging and Packaging Waste,
https://lex.bg/laws/ldoc/2135820133 (in Bulgarian).
8) Ordinance on Single-Use Plastics, https://bit.ly/3z9ZKcy
9) Regulation No. 7 of August 24, 2004, on the Requirements for Sites Designated
for the Placement of Waste Treatment Facilities, https://bit.ly/3XqsvJV (in
Bulgarian)
10) Regulation No. 7 of August 24, 2004, on the Requirements for Sites Designated
for the Placement of Waste Treatment Facilities, https://bit.ly/3XqsvJV
11) Strategy and Action Plan for the Transition to a Circular Economy for the Period
2022-2027. https://www.strategy.bg/FileHandler.ashx?fileId =30690.
12) Waste Management Act. https://lex.bg/laws/ldoc/2135472222.
13) Zahariev, A., Ivanova, P., Zaharieva, G., Slaveva, K., Mihaylova, M., &
Todorova, T. (2023). Interplay between CSR and the Digitalisation of Bulgarian
Financial Enterprises: HRM Approach and Pandemic Evidence. Journal of Risk
and Financial Management, 16(9), 385. doi:
https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm16090385.
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14) Zahariev, A., Angelov, P., Mihaylova, M., Gokmen, A.M., Viga, S.O., Tevlik, G.,
Gulbas, E.E., Ciobanu, G., Deatcu, C., Buiga, A., Popescu-Cruceru, A. Ivanovic-
Djukic, M., Radosavljevic, M., Stevanovic, T., Radjenovic, T., Talic, M. (2024a).
Reference book on Circular Economy for Teachers. Svishtov: Tsenov Academy
of Economics. doi: www.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.34487.91046.
15) Zahariev, A., Angelov, P., Mihaylova, M., Manole, A.-L., Deatcu, C., Cucu, V.,
Ciobanu, G., Vasile, V., Gokmen, A.M., Sarici, V., Viga, S.O., Gulbas, E.E.,
Ivanovic-Djukic, M., Radosavljevic, M., Stefanovic, S., Krstic, B., Talic, M.
(2024b). Repertory on Circular Economy for Students. Svishtov: Tsenov
Academic Publishing House. doi:
https://www.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28495.91044.
16) BNR. (2021a, 10 19). A neonatal ambulance arrives in Plovdiv. Retrieved from
BNR Radio Bulgaria: https://bnr.bg/en/post/101543816/
17) BNR. (2021b, 12 26). "Caps for the future”: The tale goes on". Retrieved from
BNR Radio Bulgaria: https://bnr.bg/en/post/101576783/
18) The Pew Charitable Trust & SYSTEMIQ. (2020). Breaking the plastic wave (A
Comprehensive Assessment of Pathways Towards Stopping Ocean Plastic
Pollution). Retrieved from The Pew Charitable Trust & SYSTEMIQ:
https://bit.ly/3TvIPrH
19) Internet sources:
20) https://ecologica.bg/
21) https://bit.ly/4e2sCSW
22) https://integra-plastics.com/
23) https://bit.ly/3B4Vo6Y
24) https://nwms.eea.government.bg/app/registers/waste-activities
25) https://m-texx.com/
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CHAPTER TWO. CHALLENGES OF THE CIRCULAR
ECONOMY IN ROMANIA
Introduction to chapter two
2
The circular economy represents a fundamental shift from the traditional
economic model, which is based on an 'extract, manufacture, dispose' cycle. In cont-
rast, the circular economy harnesses the optimization of resource use through recyc-
ling, reusing and rethinking production processes (Ellen MacArthur Foundation,
2013). This transition is particularly relevant in the current context where the issues
of climate change and limited resources are becoming increasingly burning.
Moreover, the circular economy has the potential to boost innovation and create
significant competitive advantages for industries (Geissdoerfer, Savaget, Bocken &
Hultink, 2017).
The circular economy, an approach aimed at minimizing waste and maxi-
mizing the reuse of resources, is gaining ground globally as a real opportunity to
ensure the sustainable development of the global economy. At the same time, the
implementation of the mechanisms specific to the circular economy is an effective
tool for real protection of the natural environment and, implicitly, for an increase in
the quality of life of every individual on this planet.
Nowadays, the circular economy is no longer just a concept contained in
specialized works or a text that can be considered fashionable in the speeches of
politicians around the world, it has practically become a lifeboat that human society
cannot afford to miss. At global or regional level, as well as at the level of every
individual, the introduction of the specific tools of this new economic model into
2
Note. This chapter was written by researchers from Artifex University of Bucharest, as follows: Professor
Alexandru - Lucian Manole, PhD (Introduction and Subchapter 2.1); Associate Professor Cristina - Elena
Protopopescu, PhD (Introduction and Subchapter 2.2), Associate Professor Catalin Deatcu – Gavril, PhD (Subchapter
2.3 and Conclusions) and Professor Cristian-Marian Barbu PhD (Subchapter 2.4 and Conclusions).
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daily life is an urgent necessity, and delays or hesitations in implementing these
mechanisms must be eliminated immediately.
Romania is also aligning itself with global trends on the implementation of
the circular economy, but the challenges it faces are numerous and not easy to
overcome. We can say that Romania is in the initial stages of operationalizing the
specific instruments of this new economic model, which will ensure the sustainable
development of human society at global level. It is important to note, however, that
the efforts made both by central and local authorities and by economic and non-
profit entities in Romania are not to be overlooked, as they are a source of real hope
for the future of the Romanian circular economy.
The chapter includes the following subchapters:
2.1. The current situation of the circular economy in Romania - a real picture
based on figures
2.2. Romanian legislation in the field of circular economy
2.3. Romanian examples of good practices in the field of circular economy
2.4. Challenges and opportunities for the circular economy in Romania
2.1. The current situation of the circular economy in Romania -
a real picture based on figures
Romania, as part of the European Union, is obliged to align with EU
directives, including those related to the circular economy (European Commission,
2020). However, the process is not without its challenges and difficulties, as the
transition from the classic economic model to the circular model is a laborious one,
with many pitfalls.
As we stated earlier, Romania is only at the beginning of its awareness of the
importance of the circular economy and the implementation of its specific mecha-
nisms. An honest analysis of the current stage of operationalization of the new
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economic model in Romania allows us to state that it is still very far from the global
requirements in this field and cannot be considered an example of best practice in
terms of introducing the tools characteristic of the circular economy on a large scale,
both in terms of economic activities and the individual behaviour of each citizen.
In order to be clearly aware of Romania's situation regarding the implement-
tation of specific mechanisms for environmental protection and the widespread
adoption of the circular economy, it is eloquent to analyse how the country manages
the issue of household waste recycling. Romania has one of the lowest recycling
rates in the European Union. According to Eurostat (2023), the recycling rate of
municipal waste in Romania was around 14%, compared to the EU average of 47%.
Table 2. Waste recycling rates in EU countries
Country
Waste recycling rate
Malta
6
Romania
14
Greece
19
Croatia
24
Estonia
28
Portugal
28
Slovakia
30
Spain
34
Poland
34
Bulgaria
35
Hungary
35
Ireland
41
France
43
Sweden
47
Italia
48
Belgium
54
Netherlands
54
Austria
58
Germany
68
(Source: Own processing based on data available on
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/main/home)
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Figure 11. Waste recycling rates in EU countries
(Source: Own processing based on data available on
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/main/home)
To continue this quantitative analysis, it is important to mention that Roma-
nians produce less municipal waste (301 kilograms per capita, much lower than the
EU average of 513 kilograms per capita), but recycle only a very small part of it (36
kilograms per capita, i.e. a recycling rate of only 11.9%). At the same time, at
European level, on average 249 kilograms of municipal waste per capita is recycled,
with an average recycling rate of 48.6%. This analysis shows that Romania ranks
among the lowest in Europe in terms of efficient waste management.
In the case of a comparative analysis of the situation in our country with that
of a country with a similar level of development, such as Bulgaria, we can note that
Romania recycles 66% less waste than the country south of the Danube, which
demonstrates the inability of the Romanian authorities to make this waste collection
and recycling mechanism more efficient.
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As it can be easily observed, Romania is still far away from the European
standards in the field of recycling and from the real objective of implementing the
circular economy as a way of doing business at all levels of society.
Last year, Romania was fined €1.5 million by the European Commission for
non-compliance with the landfill regime, namely for breach of Directive
1999/31/EC on landfills and Directive 2008/98/EC on waste. Under EU waste
legislation, all Member States are obliged to collect and dispose of waste in a way
that does not endanger the environment and human health. This strictly prohibits the
abandonment, dumping or uncontrolled disposal of waste. According to Romania's
treaty of accession to the European Union, our country had until the end of 2017 to
close all landfills that do not comply with EU legislation. In fact, Romania has
modernized only 92 out of a total of 101 such sites, being obliged to ensure the
closure and rehabilitation of the remaining 9 landfills between 2026 and 2026. For
five of these, clear measures have been adopted to implement the European
requirements within the set deadline, but there are also four high-risk situations for
which the actual modalities and deadlines for adapting to the requirements of
European waste management legislation have not yet been established.
The above analysis is insufficient if we do not analyse the main obstacles
Romania faces in the implementation of an environmentally friendly economic
system. Thus, we can identify three main categories of factors negatively influen-
cing the situation of the circular economy in Romania, which can be summarized as
follows:
Insufficient legislative framework.
At the moment, Romania is in the phase of taking over and implementing the
European directives into national legislation, and improvements are still needed to
ensure a clear and predictable framework for the implementation of specific circular
economy mechanisms. In practical terms, there is a need for stricter legislation on
waste management, financial incentives for companies that implement circular
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practices and sanctions for companies that do not comply with European regulations
and national legislation in this area.
Inadequate infrastructure.
Another real problem facing Romania is the inadequate infrastructure to
implement an environmentally friendly economy. The lack of selective collection
facilities, efficient recycling centres and modern reuse systems inhibits the transition
to a real and efficient circular economy. The development of the necessary infra-
structure for waste collection, sorting and processing is essential for the imple-
mentation of circular practices.
Lack of awareness and education.
A low level of awareness of the benefits of the circular economy among the
population and companies limits the adoption of specific practices of this new
economic and social model. Circular economy education is essential to promote
behavioural change and stimulate demand for circular products and services. In this
context, the education system, with all its components, becomes an important factor
in the process of adopting the circular economy as an alternative for sustainable
economic and social development.
Lack of collaboration between stakeholders involved in implementing the
circular economy at national level.
Insufficient coordination between government, companies, non-governmen-
tal organizations and research institutions hinders the implementation of effective
initiatives and the rapid adoption of new mechanisms specific to the green economy.
Inter-sectoral collaboration is essential to identify innovative solutions and to
implement effective projects, which requires all actors to act as one.
In conclusion, we can state that Romania has made progress in the implement-
tation of the circular economy, but there are still significant obstacles that seriously
affect the prospects of the green economy in our country. To achieve a real transition
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to a circular economy, a multi-disciplinary approach involving investment, legis-
lation, education and collaboration is needed.
2.2. Romanian legislation in the field of circular economy
Romania, as part of the European Union, is obliged to align with EU
directives, including those related to the circular economy (European Commission,
2020). However, the process is not without its challenges, as it is difficult to strike
a real balance between the obvious need to take on board the provisions of EU
legislation as quickly as possible and the specific situation in Romania, particularly
in terms of environmental and circular economy education and the lack of adequate
infrastructure for recycling and reuse.
The main strategic documents and normative acts that legislate and govern
the field of circular economy in Romania can be summarized as follows:
Romania's National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2030 has been
adopted by the Romanian Government and aims to align with global sustain-
nable development goals (Romanian Government, 2018). The strategy
integrates the circular economy as a central principle, recognizing the crucial
role of resource efficiency and eco-innovation. The program promotes an
economic model in which resources are used more efficiently and environ-
mental impacts are reduced, emphasizing the adoption of practices that
support recycling and reuse of resources.
The National Strategy for the Circular Economy (2022), adopted by Roma-
nian Government Decision no. 1172/2022, sets out objectives and measures
for the implementation of the circular economy in various sectors, including
construction, textiles, packaging and waste. It aims to reduce waste produc-
tion, improve waste management, promote recycling and reuse, and develop
the necessary infrastructure.
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The National Waste Management Plan (2021) foresees a series of measures
to reduce waste generation, promote recycling and reuse, as well as to develop
selective collection infrastructure.
Law 211/2011 on waste management, as amended and supplemented, is the
cornerstone of waste regulation in Romania, providing a comprehensive
legislative framework for responsible waste management (Romanian Parlia-
ment, 2011). Updated to reflect European Union directives, the law aims to
minimize the negative impact on the environment and human health by
prioritizing the waste hierarchy-waste prevention, reduction, recycling and
safe disposal. It emphasizes the importance of revalorizing materials and
resources to move towards a sustainable circular economy.
Law no. 249/2015 on how to manage packaging and packaging waste, with
subsequent amendments and additions, which regulates the actual way in
which packaging and other similar types of waste can be recycled and reused.
Romanian Government Decision no. 1074/2021 on the establishment of the
return guarantee system for non-reusable primary packaging, with subsequent
amendments and additions.
Emergency Ordinance of the Government of Romania no. 92/2021 on the
legal regime of waste.
Complementing existing legislation, Romania has initiated additional mea-
sures to promote the circular economy, such as a ban on single-use plastics and
support for renewable energy. These initiatives reflect the national commitment to
the transition to a greener and more sustainable economy and are in line with EU
and UN environmental objectives.
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2.3. Romanian examples of good practices in the field of circular
economy
Even if the circular economy is still in its infancy in Romania, there are clear
signs that this new economic model will establish itself as a viable alternative for
the country's sustainable development. Both central and local public authorities and
a number of significant economic operators in Romania have correctly understood
the importance of adopting a green economy and have put into practice the specific
principles of its functioning.
In the continuation of this paper, a series of successful examples of the
Romanian circular economy will be presented, without constituting a hidden form
of promoting the image of certain brands or a closed list. Circular economy specific
tools are being adopted by more and more important economic or non-economic
actors in our country, so the number of those that will appear on this list will increase
day by day.
2.3.1. Implementation of the Guarantee Return Scheme (GRS)
The Guarantee Return Scheme (GRS) is a legislative and operational mecha-
nism designed to manage reusable packaging more efficiently
in Romania. Implemented with the aim of encouraging recyc-
ling and reducing the environmental impact of packaging, this
system promotes the transition to the circular economy, where resources are used,
reused and recycled in a sustainable way.
In the context of increasing waste and environmental pressures, Romania,
along with many other European countries, has adopted the Guarantee Return
Scheme to encourage citizens to collect and return bottles and other packaging back
to the point of sale. This measure comes in response to EU environmental commit-
ments to improve recycling rates and reduce pollution.
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Guarantee Return schemes have proven to be highly effective in other countries
and are expected to bring similar benefits in Romania. Countries that have
implemented this type of schemes (Germany, Sweden or Norway) have achieved
collection and recycling rates of more than 90% for packaging subject to guarantee.
This suggests a major potential for Romania to achieve similar rates, thus directly
contributing to environmental improvements. Studies show that the introduction of
the Guarantee Return System can reduce packaging waste by up to 40%. This
reduces the amount of waste going to landfill and minimizes the pollution generated
by packaging left in nature. These schemes also create jobs in the recycling and
waste management sector. Last but not least, mass participation in these schemes
can support local economies and generate additional income by saving natural
resources and reducing environmental clean-up costs.
In Romania, the Guarantee Return System was legislated by the Romanian
Government Decision no. 1074/2021 on the establishment of the Guarantee Return
System for non-reusable primary packaging, with subsequent amendments and
additions, its mechanisms starting to be implemented from August 2022. As of
December 1, 2023, the Guarantee Return System became fully operational.
According to the documents on the basis of which this system was introduced,
its aim is to collect from the market and introduce packaging into a circular
economy, helping Romania to achieve the national collection and recycling targets
set at European level. Our country has set itself the quantitative targets set at
European level, namely that by 2025, 77% of PET put on the market will be
collected, and by 2029 - 90%. At the same time, the Guarantee Return Scheme will
help to reach and even exceed the new collection and recycling targets for the
remaining types of materials, namely 75% for glass and 60% for aluminum, from
2030.
The way the Guarantee Return Scheme works is relatively simple. When
buying a product in returnable packaging, the consumer pays an additional amount
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(0.50 lei), called the guarantee, which is added to the price of the product. This
system typically applies to bottles and cans of drinks. After consuming the product,
the purchaser has the possibility to return the empty packaging to any participating
collection point or shop (under national law, all retailers, regardless of their size, are
obliged to have such specialized collection centres). These return points are either
equipped with automatic collection machines or manually at cash tills. Once the
packaging is returned, the consumer receives back the value of the guarantee
initially paid. This may be in the form of a cash refund or a reduction on the amount
of the next purchase. The collected packaging is transported to processing centres
where it is cleaned, sorted and recycled. The resulting materials are reused to make
new packaging or other products.
Figure 12. Recycling equipment used in the Guarantee Return System in
Romania (https://returosgr.ro/, 2024)
In the first three months of effective operation of this system in Romania, the
results obtained have been very good for this incipient stage, and there are real
premises for the Guarantee Return System to become a real success in Romania.
Thus, by the end of March, more than 500 million packages had been put into
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circulation, with more than 23 million containers made of plastic, glass or metal
subsequently recovered. In statistical terms, more than half of the total number of
bottles put on the market in the months of January and February 2024 were collected
in December 2023.
By the end of March 2024, more than 70,000 economic operators had signed
up to the Guarantee Return Scheme, and the number is constantly increasing.
The project has already opened two regional logistics centres in Bonțida (Cluj
County) and Giarmata (Timis County), and by the middle of this year three more
regional centres will be opened in Bacău, Ilfov, Brasov, Prahova and Dolj. At the
moment, the two regional centres in Cluj and Timis Counties have a processing
capacity of 1.4 billion packages per year, which represents about 20% of the total
estimated market of recycled packaging under the Guarantee Return System.
The implementation of the Guarantee Return Scheme is a strategic step for
Romania, not only to improve waste management and environmental protection, but
also to align with European recycling standards and targets.
Once mature, the system is expected to significantly transform the way
packaging is managed, contributing to a cleaner environment and a more robust
circular economy.
2.3.2. Realization of ecological waste bins in Sector 6 of Bucharest
Efficient waste management is a pressing need for big cities, where urban
agglomeration and high consumption generate impressive amounts of waste. This
problem is more than pressing and requires immediate solutions from the public
administrations of the country's major cities and, in particular, Bucharest. In
addition, Romania's recycling rate is traditionally low compared to the European
average, highlighting the need for solutions to stimulate recycling and reduce the
amount of non-recycled waste.
Every day, Bucharest generates tens of thousands of tons of waste. Population
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growth and rapid urban development have intensified these challenges, overloading
existing collection facilities and increasing the risks of environmental pollution.
Fortunately, in this "ocean" of problems that are not easy to solve, there are
also initiatives aimed at protecting the environment and ensuring a better quality of
life in large urban centres. In this respect, we can highlight the important steps being
taken in Bucharest's 6th district.
Figure 13. Above-ground environmental hatcheries in Sector 6
(Municipality of Sector 6, 2024)
In recent years, the City Hall of Sector 6 has started a complex program of
greening and modernization of this administrative-territorial unit, environmental
protection and increasing the quality of life of the inhabitants of the sector becoming
a priority for the local public administration. According to data provided by the City
Hall, the population of Sector 6 has reached approximately 400,000 inhabitants,
contributing daily to the production of hundreds of tons of waste. In this context,
efficient waste management has become an element of utmost importance both for
local decision-makers and for every citizen of this sector.
At the end of 2022, the City Hall of Sector 6 has started a large program to
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equip the sector with ecological garbage bins, dedicated to the selective collection
of garbage in four fractions (paper and cardboard, plastic and metal, biodegradable,
household waste). The project has a total value of about 130 million lei, of which
86 million lei are non-reimbursable European funds from the Cohesion Fund
through the Operational Program Large Infrastructure.
The bins are compartmentalized to facilitate source separation of recyclable
materials, promoting a culture of recycling and helping to increase recycling rates
in the long term. Through the implementation of this project a total of 885 waste
pre-collection points will be realized, of which 743 are underground points. So far,
222 underground platforms and 54 above-ground platforms have been completed
and entered the final acceptance phase. These are to be available for use by the
citizens of Sector 6 of the Municipality of Bucharest in the latter part of 2024.
Figure 14. Above-ground environmental hatcheries in Sector 6
(Municipality of Sector 6, 2024)
The introduction of this new household waste collection system will visibly
reduce environmental pollution. By using sustainable materials and smart design,
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the eco-friendly bins minimize the release of greenhouse gases and reduce the
negative impact on community health. Modern drainage systems also prevent
leachate run-off, protecting soil and groundwater.
Equipped with sensors that monitor fill levels, these bins allow efficient
collection planning, optimizing truck routes and reducing operational costs and
carbon emissions. These systems can reduce the need for traditional frequent
collection by up to 40%, according to studies in cities that have already implemented
this technology. The main challenges faced by the Municipality of Sector 6 of
Bucharest in this particularly complex project relate to covering the installation costs
and changing the public's behaviour regarding recycling. Thus, when talking about
the costs related to the implementation of this project, it should be noted that it
requires a considerable financial effort, as the entire infrastructure requires a
considerable initial investment. Fortunately, attracting non-reimbursable European
funds was a real solution to cover these expenses, so that the project to equip Sector
6 with ecological garbage bins can be continued and completed on schedule, in
compliance with all the technical parameters.
As far as the general public's perception of this project is concerned, it should
be noted that the vast majority of the citizens of Sector 6 support the local public
administration's environmental protection measures. However, there is a high level
of reluctance when it comes to the actual implementation of the differentiated
household waste collection system. Comprehensive environmental education and
awareness-raising campaigns will be essential to convince citizens to adopt new
waste management practices.
In conclusion, the introduction of green waste bins in Bucharest's Sector 6
could significantly transform the way the community manages waste, bringing long-
term benefits for public and environmental health. With firm commitment and well-
planned implementation, this initiative will not only boost sustainability in Sector
6, but could be replicated in other sectors, contributing to a greener and cleaner
Bucharest.
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2.3.3. Green Group
GreenGroup is one of the most important recycling companies in Romania
and Eastern Europe, contributing
significantly to the implementation
of the circular economy in our
country by collecting and recovering plastic, glass and electronic waste.
GreenGroup is owned by the capital company Abris, which acts as an equity
investor in Central and Eastern European markets. Abris' investments are very
diversified, as the company is active in multiple business areas. However, it is worth
noting that the investment company has chosen to focus a good part of its invested
capital in companies in the field of circular economy, thus contributing to the
development of the new global economic model based on environmental protection
and ensuring sustainable development of the global economy and human society in
general.
In Romania, GreenGoup's head office is in Bucharest, but the company has
expanded its activity throughout the country with secondary offices or working
points in Buzău, Câmpia Turzii (Cluj County), Popești - Leordeni (Ilfov County),
Oradea (Bihor County), Făgăraș (Brașov County).
The GreenGroup has established itself as a unique business model in Europe,
with the company's activities including elements of waste recycling and revalo-
rization as well as the production and marketing of new products, the latter being
produced using recycled raw materials and materials. This closes the recycling loop,
which is a significant competitive advantage of this company.
From a relatively simple practical analysis, we can see that GreenGroup
operates the largest integrated recycling park in Europe, specializing in waste
collection and management. The recycling process recovers and reintroduces into
the economic circuit significant quantities of raw materials and materials, which
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allows us to say that recyclable waste becomes a valuable economic resource for the
company and for society in general.
If we are to analyse the beginnings of this company we will notice that the
success story of GreenGroup started in 2002, with the establishment of GreenTech,
the first factory specialized in recycling PET waste in Romania.
Two years later, under the aegis of GreenFiber International S.A., Romania's
first factory producing polyester fibers from 100% recycled PET flakes was
inaugurated. It is based in the municipality of Buzău and is intended to be a natural
continuation of the chain of recycling - revalorization - reuse of plastics.
The success of the first such economic unit has led to the opening of the
second factory of recycled polyester fibers made from 100% recycled PET flakes in
Iasi.
The year 2009 brought with it GreenGroup's involvement in a new sector of
activity specific to the circular economy. Thus, by opening GreenWEEE, the
company became actively involved in the recovery and recycling of waste electrical
and electronic equipment, being the first company on the Romanian market to get
involved in this field. Given the special nature of electronic equipment, the company
also offers a range of related services such as the recovery and securitization of data
stored in electronic devices in the recycling process.
In 2010, GreenGroup set up GreenLamp, the first company specialized in
recycling used lighting equipment and accessories (classic bulbs, LED, etc.) in
Romania. The year 2013 brings the company's involvement in glass recycling.
GreenGlass, the most modern plant in Eastern Europe for this purpose, was estab-
lished. The company's efforts to ensure a complete waste recycling and reuse chain
have continued throughout this period and materialized with the opening, in 2017,
of the third recycled polyester fiber plant in Urziceni and the second site for the
processing of electrical and electronic waste in Câmpia Turzii.
The year 2019 brought with it the internationalization of the GreenGroup
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Group, when the first PET recycling plants in Lithuania and Slovakia were
commissioned.
Today, GreenGroup acts as an integrated group of companies offering a wide
range of services and a complete circuit for the collection, logistics, recycling and
remanufacturing of products based entirely on waste. In this way, GreenGroup has
established itself as the first industrial recycling park in Romania and the largest in
Europe.
GreenGroup has embraced the circular economy model throughout its
business, setting an example of doing business in a more sustainable and efficient
way for the future. The company recycles more than 360,000 tons of waste every
year and converts it into new products, resulting in about 45,000 tons less carbon
dioxide emitted into the atmosphere.
2.3.4. Eco Tiny House
Eco Tiny House is a project that started in 2017 and is based on the
construction of eco-friendly houses based almost entirely on recycled materials.
This concept promotes not only the reuse of materials, but also the reduction of
carbon footprint through sustainable and energy efficient construction.
The examples of green houses built demonstrate the technical and economic
viability of using reused materials, with this type of activity proving to be both cost-
effective and environmentally friendly, and providing a high quality of life
(EcoTinyHouse, 2023).
In its seven years of activity, Eco Tiny House has become one of the most
important producers of tiny houses in Europe, standing out both for the quality of
the products offered to its customers and for the implementation of mechanisms
specific to the circular economy.
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Figure 15. Eco house by Eco Tiny House
(https://ecotiny.house/, 2024)
2.3.5. Renault Romania
Renault Romania has adopted a number of initiatives as part of the joint effort
to implement the circular economy, focusing on reducing environmental impact and
promoting sustainable practices.
The circular economy is based on the idea of reducing waste and maximizing
the reuse of resources. Here are some of the ways Renault Romania contributes to
the circular economy:
Recycling materials
Renault Romania is committed to using recycled materials as much as
possible. This includes metals, plastics and other materials commonly found in the
construction of cars. In addition, at the end of a vehicle's lifecycle, materials are
extracted and recycled, trying to minimize production waste.
Reconditioning vehicles
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Renault Romania has implemented special programs to recondition used
vehicles, often known as "reconditioned vehicles" or "certified used vehicles". This
process involves checking and reconditioning vehicles to ensure they meet strict
quality and safety standards. This approach not only saves resources, but also
reduces the need to produce new vehicles, saving energy and cutting carbon
emissions.
Component recovery
The company focuses on the recovery and reuse of valuable components from
old or no longer usable vehicles. These parts are then reused or sold as spare parts,
thus reducing the demand for the production of new components and saving natural
resources.
Resource efficiency
In order to minimize its environmental impact, Renault Romania has
implemented a rigorous resource efficiency process in its factories. It aims to
minimize water and energy consumption, optimize production processes and reduce
industrial emissions. These efforts not only improve sustainability, but also help
reduce operational costs.
Technological innovations
Renault is investing in the development and deployment of advanced
technologies such as electric and hybrid vehicles. These types of vehicles are key to
reducing pollution caused by emissions from internal combustion engines. In
addition, Renault is working on other technological innovations aimed at advanced
recycling, improving energy efficiency and reducing the use of hazardous
substances.
By integrating the circular economy into its operations, Renault Romania is
not only helping to protect the environment, but also to ensure a sustainable future
for the automotive industry. These actions are an integral part of Renault's commit-
ment to green innovation and long-term sustainability, supporting the transition to a
greener and more responsible economy.
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2.3.6. Ikea Romania
IKEA Romania, part of the Swedish giant IKEA, is actively involved in
promoting the circular economy, an approach that aims to reduce waste and use
resources efficiently.
In recent years, IKEA Romania has adopted and implemented a number of
mechanisms specific to the new circular economic model, among which we can
mention:
Product collection and recycling
IKEA offers collection services for old products, such as furniture and
electronics, to be recycled or reused responsibly, reducing the amount of waste
going to landfill.
Sustainable design for all company products
IKEA products are designed to be durable and easy to recycle or reuse,
promoting a long product life cycle.
Marketing sustainable products
IKEA promotes a wide range of sustainable products made from natural,
biodegradable and recyclable materials. This approach encourages consumers to
choose products with a low environmental impact
Use of sustainable materials
The company focuses on the use of renewable or recycled materials in the
production process, thus reducing environmental impact. For example, some of their
products contain recycled plastic, recycled wood or reclaimed textiles.
Reuse and repair
IKEA offers reuse and repair services for its products, extending their lifespan
and reducing waste.
Introducing buy-back programs
IKEA Romania can offer programs where customers can return their old
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furniture for a voucher, encouraging reuse.
Promoting local and international partnerships with entities that have
implemented circular economy mechanisms
Partnerships with local and international organizations to support circular
economy initiatives and educate the community on its benefits.
Second Life project
IKEA provides an online platform where consumers can buy and sell second-
hand IKEA products, contributing to a more efficient use of resources and a more
circular economy.
IKEA Family for a Better Life project
The program includes recycling, reuse and composting initiatives to promote
more sustainable living.
These initiatives are part of IKEA's commitment to becoming a fully circular
and climate-neutral company, with a strong focus on waste management and the
reuse of raw materials and recycled materials. IKEA Romania is committed to
reducing environmental impact and contributing to a circular economy through
concrete initiatives and collaborative projects with various organizations.
2.4. Challenges and opportunities for the circular economy in
Romania
The main challenges facing the circular economy in Romania are the lack of
infrastructure, lack of education and lack of public awareness of the particularities
of this field of activity.
If we analyse the component related to the infrastructure for the recycling and
reuse of waste, we can notice that Romania is far from the European standards in
this field. Our country has, at this moment, very few sites for waste storage, the
process of modernization of landfills is at an early stage and is facing many
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difficulties. Romania is also, at the beginning of the year 2024, one of the countries
with a very low waste recycling rate.
Going beyond these infrastructure-related problems, we must however note
that the main difficulties Romania is facing in the process of implementing
mechanisms specific to the circular economy are related to the education of the
population and economic agents on the importance of ensuring a real protection of
the environment as a factor for sustainable development.
Especially among the population, the level of awareness of the importance
and advantages of the circular economy is very low compared to other European
countries. Romanians do not yet perceive recycling as an essential component of
everyday life and as a first step to ensure an economic circuit adapted to the demands
of modern society.
In terms of the opportunities Romania has for implementing the circular
economy, it should be noted that our country has access to European funds for
sustainable development and environmental protection. The absorption of these
resources will provide a real opportunity for the development of new types of
economic activity and will contribute to the development of the entire economic
system in our country.
Another potential success factor in the implementation of the circular
economy in Romania is the encouragement of start-ups and small and medium-sized
enterprises, which are able to adapt much better to the requirements of the new
economy and develop innovative solutions for reusing and recycling materials and
transforming them into new products.
Conclusions
In conclusion, the implementation of the circular economy in Romania is still
in its infancy, but there are enough promising initiatives that demonstrate a
significant potential for transformation towards a more sustainable economic model,
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based on a real protection of the environment and ensuring a higher standard of
living for the entire population.
Analysing the implementation of the circular economy in Romania implies
not only a description of existing initiatives, but also a deep understanding of the
socio-economic context and of all the factors involved, directly or indirectly, in this
fundamental transformation of the Romanian economy and society. When we talk
about introducing a new economic system in our country, it is important to take into
account the specific realities of our economic system, the cultural and educational
context in Romania, as well as the opportunities and barriers that arise in the way of
the new economic model.
Thus, it is necessary to start from the idea that Romania is a country that has
no tradition in the field of recycling and reusing waste, and it is important to attach
particular importance to educating the population and economic agents about the
specific mechanisms of this type of activity. Through education, each and every one
of us will become aware of the benefits that recycling brings with it both personally
and for society in general. This is a zero moment for the whole of mankind, when
we all need to be fully aware of the importance of protecting the environment, which
has become a fundamental link in the sustainability of life on this planet. This is
virtually impossible without large-scale recycling and reuse of waste.
In order to accelerate the transition to a circular economy, it is essential for
Romania to develop stricter policies and encourage public-private partnerships in
the field of environmental protection, recycling and reuse of waste and its
transformation into raw materials for new environmentally friendly products. Cross-
sectoral collaboration will be an essential component to overcome existing barriers
and successfully implement circular initiatives (Stoica & Popescu, 2022).
Attracting European funds for sustainable development and environmental
protection is also an opportunity that Romania cannot miss. It is absolutely essential
that political decision-makers and business representatives reach a common
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denominator in order to ensure that these funding resources are absorbed as quickly
as possible. The efficient use of European money will lead to ensuring a modern
economic climate, geared towards protecting the environment and ensuring the
sustainable development of society as a whole, which will lead to an increase in the
quality of life for each and every one of us.
Finally, we can state that the implementation of the mechanisms specific to
the circular economy is an opportunity for a country like Romania, which is in the
process of development. By adopting the new working methods and processes,
Romania is given a real chance to successfully engage in economic activities in areas
considered to be 'green'.
Despite the significant challenges Romania faces in its transition to a circular
economy, its potential for transformation and adaptation is considerable. As
European and national legislation evolves towards more active support for the
circular economy, Romania has the opportunity to improve its performance in this
area and increase its economic and environmental sustainability. The ability to adopt
and implement green innovations, together with better public education and
awareness, will be key to achieving these goals.
References
1) Antikainen, M., & Valkokari, K. (2016). A framework for sustainable circular
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Infrastructure in a Circular Economy. Environmental Engineering and Management
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3) Dumitrescu, E. (2024). The impact of the Zero Waste project in the agri-food
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solutions for the future. Journal of Management and Sustainability, 12(1), 45-58.
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5) Geissdoerfer, M., Savaget, P., Bocken, N. M. P., & Hultink, E. J. (2017). The
Circular Economy - A new sustainability paradigm? Journal of Cleaner Production,
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6) Ionescu, M. (2024). Circular practices in the Romanian private sector. Journal of
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10) Popa, D. (2022). The "Eco-Construct" project and the reuse of demolition materials.
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11) Popescu, A. (2022). Challenges and opportunities of the circular economy in
Romania Journal of Environmental Sustainability, 13(2), 123-138.
12) Stoica, L., & Popescu, D. (2022). Partnership and policy development for a circular
future. Journal of Circular Economics, 15(2), 98-110.
13) EcoTinyHouse. (2023). Sustainable construction and the use of green materials.
Retrieved from https://www.ecotinyhouse.com/projects
14) Green Group. (2022). leaders in recycling and circular economy solutions.
Retrieved from https://www.green-group.com/about
15) Ikea Romania (2023). Buy-back Program and Circular Economy Initiatives.
Retrieved from https://www.ikea.ro/sustainability
16) Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (2013). Towards the Circular Economy: Economic
and Business Rationale for an Accelerated Transition. Retrieved from
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17) Romanian Government. (2021). National Waste Management Plan 2021-2027.
București: Ministerul Mediului.
18) Ministry of Environment. (2023). National Waste Management Plan. Retrieved
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19) Ministry of Environment. (Report on waste management in Romania. Bucharest:
Romanian Government.
20) National Strategy for Circular Economy (2019). Ministry of Environment, Water
and Forests
21) National Waste Management Plan (2021). Ministry of Environment, Water and
Forests
22) European Commission (2020). A new Circular Economy Action Plan for a Cleaner
and More Competitive Europe. Brussels: European Union.
23) European Environment Agency.(2019).Waste prevention in Europe - policies,
status and trends in reuse in 2019. EEA Report No 28/2019.
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Belgium: European Green Deal.
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CHAPTER THREE. CHALLENGES OF THE
CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN TURKIYE
Introduction to chapter three
3
Today, environmental conditions and climate change strongly affect many
areas from the economy to social life and education. This creates processes that
need to be managed effectively and efficiently. To manage these processes, current
practices, laws, instructions and directives, and technological developments emerge
as guiding and strategic elements. In this context, the elements within Türkiye were
examined. An attempt was made to compile information regarding prominent
elements that would be important for society and the business world. In the light of
the above, following these introductory notes, the chapter is structured as follows:
3.1. National Regulation of the Circular Economy in Türkiye
3.2. Urban Strategies for Waste Management: The Cases of Istanbul
Municipality
3.3. The Recycling Network in Türkiye: Infrastructure and Waste
Management Organizations
3.4. Industry 4.0 and Circular Economy
3.5. Urban Strategies f or Waste Management: The Cases of Esenyurt
Municipality
The chapter concludes with a summary that encapsulates the key points
discussed, reinforcing the significance of collaborative efforts in advancing
sustainable waste management practices in Türkiye.
3
Note. This chapter was written by researchers from Istanbul Esenyurt University, as follows: Dr. Ahmet
Münir Gökmen (Editor, Subchapters 3.3, 3.4 (together with prof. Ismail Dalay) and 3.5 (together with Prof. Dr. Ismail
Dalay), Dr. Yasemin Sarici (Subchapter 3.1), Dr. Saban Onur Viga (Subchapter 3.2), Prof. Dr. Ismail Dalay
Subchapters 3.4 (together with Dr. Ahmet Münir Gökmen) and 3.5 (together with Dr. Ahmet Münir Gökmen),
Proofreading Dr. Ekrem Erdinç Gülbaş. The rest of the chapters was written jointly by the four authors.
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The concept of a Circular Economy has been emphasized frequently. Count-
ries, governments, municipalities, industrial unions, NGOs, etc. focused on this
issue in every aspect of application. However, the successful application of Circular
Economy first of all needs strong laws and regulations on the topic. Secondly, best
practice examples can encourage society to act in circular rules of understanding.
In this chapter laws and regulations, initiatives and strategies and international
applications and involvements in Turkiye, and best practices examples are given.
The concept of a Circular Economy has gained significant traction in recent
years as societies around the globe grapple with the challenges posed by environ-
mental degradation and resource depletion. In pursuing sustainable practices, the
Circular Economy promotes the idea of closing the loop on product life cycles,
minimizing waste, and maximizing the efficient use of resources. However, success-
fully implementing Circular Economy principles necessitates a fundamental shift in
the skills and competencies required across various sectors. Here we delve into the
intricacies of circular skills, exploring the multifaceted nature of these competencies
and the challenges and opportunities they present in a Circular Economy (Mondal
et al., 2023).
3.1 National regulation of the circular economy in Türkiye
The concept of a circular economy aims to minimize waste and make the
most of resources. This involves rethinking and redesigning products and processes
to extend their life cycles, promote recycling, and reduce environmental impact.
Türkiye has been increasingly embracing the principles of the circular economy
through various laws, regulations, initiatives, and international involvement to
ensure sustainable development and environmental protection.
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3.1.1. Key Legislation & Regulations
Waste Management Regulation
The Waste Management Regulation governs the collection, transportation,
recovery, and disposal of waste in Türkiye. It emphasizes the efficient use of
resources and promotes recycling and recovery processes. Key provisions include:
- Waste Hierarchy: Prioritizing waste prevention, followed by preparing for reuse,
recycling, recovery, and disposal.
- Producer Responsibility: Producers are responsible for the entire lifecycle of their
products, including take-back and recycling (Ministry of Environment and
Urbanization, 2015).
Packaging Waste Control Regulation
This regulation addresses the management of packaging waste, setting out
responsibilities for producers, importers, and consumers. Highlights include:
- Recycling Targets: Establishes specific recycling and recovery targets for packa-
ging materials.
- Producer Obligations: Producers must design packaging to minimize environ-
mental impact and facilitate recycling (Ministry of Environment and Urbanization,
(2017).
Control of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)
Regulation
The WEEE Regulation aims to manage electronic waste in an environ-
mentally sound manner. Key aspects include:
- Collection and Recycling: Establishes systems for the collection and recycling of
electronic waste.
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- Producer Responsibility: Mandates that producers finance the collection,
treatment, and recovery of WEEE (Ministry of Environment and Urbanization,
2012).
Environmental Law (Law No. 2872)
Türkiye’s Environmental Law (1983) provides the overarching framework
for environmental protection and sustainable resource use. It includes provisions
for:
- Pollution Prevention: Measures to prevent environmental pollution and promote
sustainable resource use.
- Penalties and Enforcement: Penalties for non-compliance with environmental
regulations.
3.1.2 National Initiatives and Strategies
Zero Waste Project
Launched in 2017 by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, the Zero
Waste Project aims to improve waste management practices and increase recycling
rates. Key components include:
- Awareness Campaigns: Educating the public and businesses about waste reduction
and recycling.
- Infrastructure Development: Establishing recycling facilities and collection
systems across the country (Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, 2017).
International Awards Given to the Zero Waste Movement (ZeroWaste
HandBook. 2017, https://sifiratik.gov.tr/sifir-atik/sifir-atik-kitabi):
Zero Waste, Zero Hunger Award
UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Central Asia Sub-Regional
Coordinator at the "Zero Waste Summit" held at the Presidential National Congress
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and Cultural Center with the theme "For a Strong Economy and a Green Nature" in
November 2018 and Türkiye Representative Viorel Gutu presented First Lady
Erdoğan with an award from FAO themed 'Zero Waste, Zero Hunger', on the
occasion of 17 October World Food Day, for her environmental awareness projects.
SDG Action Award
United Nations' 17th Sustainable Development Meeting in March 2021. The
"Sustainable Development Goals Action Award" was presented to First Lady
Erdoğan by Claudio Tomasi, United Nations Development Program (UNDP)
Türkiye Resident Representative for the Zero Waste Movement, for her significant
contributions to the "Responsible Production and Consumption" goal, which is the
12th of its goals.
Waste Wise Cities Award
“Zero Waste Project” carried out under the auspices of June 2021 and First
Lady Erdoğan was presented with the "Waste Wise Cities Global Champion" award
by Maimunah Mohd Sharif, Head of the UN Human Settlements Program (Habitat),
for her contributions to the environment.
Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly Award (PAW Awards)
Our country has been represented as the "main participant" since 2005. The
Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly (MEDITERRANEAN-PA, PAM) is a
central actor in the Mediterranean Region with the mission of developing coope-
ration among member countries to find common solutions to the problems facing
the region. MEDITERRANEAN-PA (PAM) awards to individuals, organizations,
and institutions that have done important work to build bridges between the people
of the region to strengthen dialogue and cooperation in the Region. In line with the
recommendation of our Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the "Türkiye Zero Waste"
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project will be presented on behalf of our country for the AKDENIZPA Award to
be given in 2022. It was nominated and awarded as the winner among 21 countries
at the 16th General Assembly Meeting held in Dubai on March 9-10.
Climate and Development Leadership Award
The Climate and Development Leadership Award, presented for the first time
by the World Bank on July 21, 2022, in recognition of contributions to the fight
against climate change and support for sustainable development through the Zero
Waste movement, was awarded to the movement's advocate, First Lady Emine
Erdoğan.
National Recycling Strategy and Action Plan
This plan outlines Türkiye's strategy for increasing recycling rates and
promoting the circular economy. It includes:
- Recycling Targets: Specific targets for different waste streams, such as packaging,
electronic waste, and organic waste.
- Incentives and Support: Financial and technical support for recycling initiatives
and businesses (Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, 2019).
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
The EPR framework in Türkiye places the responsibility for the end-of-life
management of products on producers. This includes:
- Take-Back Systems: Producers must establish systems for the take-back and
recycling of their products.
- Reporting and Compliance: Producers are required to report on their recycling
activities and meet specific targets (Ministry of Environment and Urbanization,
2020).
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3.1.3 International Applications and Involvements
European Union (EU) Integration Process
Although not an EU member, Türkiye aligns many of its environmental
policies with EU standards. This includes:
- EU Circular Economy Package: Türkiye follows developments and
incorporates relevant directives and regulations from the EU Circular Economy
Package into its national policies.
- Harmonization with EU Standards: Ongoing efforts to harmonize Turkish
waste management and recycling laws with those of the EU to facilitate trade and
environmental cooperation (EC,2015).
United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Türkiye is committed to achieving the UN SDGs, which include targets
related to the circular economy. Key areas of focus are:
- Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production: Promoting sustainable
practices and reducing waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling,