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Journal of Public Policy and Administration
2022; 6(3): 114-121
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/jppa
doi: 10.11648/j.jppa.20220603.11
ISSN: 2640-2688 (Print); ISSN: 2640-2696 (Online)
Status of Youth Participation in Governance in Kenya:
A Case of Tharaka-Nithi County
Nzioka John, Lumadede Japheth, Vengi Ambrose
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tharaka University College, Marimanti, Kenya
Email address:
To cite this article:
Nzioka John, Lumadede Japheth, Vengi Ambrose. Status of Youth Participation in Governance in Kenya: A Case of Tharaka-Nithi County.
Journal of Public Policy and Administration. Vol. 6, No. 3, 2022, pp. 114-121. doi: 10.11648/j.jppa.20220603.11
Received: May 28, 2022; Accepted: June 13, 2022; Published: July 5, 2022
Abstract:
Youth involvement in governance in Kenya is an issue of great concern because there have been claims that they
are not engaged adequately yet they constitute the greatest percentage of the population. This study sought to investigate the
status of their involvement in the country, and specifically in Tharaka Nithi County. The study will be guided by the Positive
Youth Development Theory which focuses on young people’s capabilities and potentialities with an aim of influencing positive
behaviours and attitudes through daily engagements. The study used a concurrent triangulation mixed method research design.
In this design, the researchers conducted both quantitative and qualitative data collection phases simultaneously, then analyzes
the results. Intepretation and analysis of the data was conducted using the Hoteling T Test. The findings of the research were:
that majority of the respondents (more males as compared to females) admitted to have participated in governance processes
for an average of three years, they had recieved some training on governance and understood its mechanisms, and that these
trainings are open for all and frequently attended by youths, members of the civic society and local administrators in each of
the subcounties where the study was conducted. This notwithsatnding, the youth are not suffiiently engaged in education about
decision making processes by government agencies, rather, literacy on govrnance and civic matters was attained through
trainings, mostly by the private sector. This research recommends that the government should be more involved in these
trainings and make relevant information easily accessible to the youth and any other person who may need to access it. Finally,
the drafting and implementation of governance policies should be done when all members of the society, especially the youth,
are involved in all processes.
Keywords:
Youth Participation, Governance, Civic Training, Education
1. Introduction
Perceptions of citizens matter. Clear patterns always
emerge from the analysis of the experiences of large numbers
of people, when citizens identify specific factors of service as
problematic, and they are able to articulate them as feedback
through either appropriate government channels or the mass
media [2, 7]. It offers the government the opportunity to
investigate and resolve the problems, if they are real, or, if
they are not to take steps to change public opinion if the
perceptions are based on misunderstandings.
Citizens’ perceptions on status of governance can be
accessed on the three aspects of governance: civic
engagement, accountable-decision making and quality of
public service. Citizen Satisfaction surveys refer to methods
that have been established so as to asses and evaluate the
quality of local government services by the various public
administration researchers and local governments [24].
Regardless of their age, young people must always be
involved all democratic processess to ensure that they make
decisions that impact on their lives and wellbeing. To ensure
this is achieved, the Revised European Charter on the
Participation of Young People in Local and Regional Life
formulated principles recommnded practices, as well as
guidelines which were to be adopted by European countries
seeking to empower their youth in matters of governance [22].
In most countries in the world, the youth make up the
greatest percentage of the population and in some instances,
they find themselves marginalized. They do not contribute to
social, political and economic matters in their countries and
on occasion struggle to demonstrate that they can contribute
to positive change in the society. According to Kitanova, in
115 Nzioka John et al.: Status of Youth Participation in Governance in Kenya: A Case of Tharaka-Nithi County
contemporary times, youth involvement in political matters
has been observed to decline in many countries in Europe
[13]. The youth are assumed to be disengaged as their turn up
for voting during elections is significantly lower than the
population of registered youth voters [3, 28]. For instance,
during the 2017 elections in Bulgaria, only 14.9 percent of
youth voted. There, however, are exceptions in countries
such as Scotland where youths aged between 16 and 17 years
were allowed to vote and 89 percent of these youths showed
up during the Scottish Independence Referendum [13].
Various studies found out that civic activities such as
voting (which is important in ensuring youth participation in
determining their involvement in governance) have been
shunned by the youth, and instead, other forms of
participation such as protests, demonstrating, signing
petitions, joining movements fighting for inclusivity, and
writing and sharing online forums (such as twitter) have been
adopted in an attempt to ensure youth participate in their own
governance [8, 20, 25, 26].
According to the Kenyan National Bureau of Statistics,
young Kenyans (those under the age of 35 years) constitute
71 percent of the entire population while the elderly of ages
above 65 years account for 3.9 percent [10]. This means that
there should be more involvement of youth in matters
governance, policy making as well as leadership. In order to
ensure that all social, economic and political systems are
properly constituted, all diverse groups in the society must be
involved in decision making [1, 14, 21]. If the majority of the
population is sidelined in these processes, then policies
formulated will be discriminatory. In Kenya, the youth have
been ignored for decades due to the assumption that they may
be ignorant or have no experience in matters of governance,
hence, their opinions are not necessary [4, 11]. Consequently,
this neglect leads to inadequate planning and implementation
of policies and decisions that affect them.
The youth are and will remain a significant share of
Kenya’s population for the foreseeable future. Developing
and implementing appropriate strategies to mitigate the risks
and challenges they face must be more of a priority for the
government than it currently is [12, 30]. Engaging the youth
fully in development process is recognized by the
government of Kenya. Youth marginalization in Kenya has
persisted since independence in spite of various policies
formulated and even implemented to assist them [17].
2. Methodology
The study was carried out in Tharaka Nithi County which
is a typical representation of other counties in Kenya. The
County has four sub counties: namely, Meru South, Maara,
Tharaka South, and Tharaka North. This area was
purposively selected since it is a typical representation of the
other 46 counties in Kenya.
2.1. Research Design
The study used a concurrent triangulation mixed-method
research design. In this design, the researcher conducts both
quantitative and qualitative data collection phases
simultaneously, then analyzes the results. The purpose of this
design is to validate the findings generated by each method
through evidence produced by the other [6, 16]. In this study,
quantitative data were collected using survey questionnaires
while qualitative data was collected through interviews after
which integrated analysis was done.
2.2. Population of the Study
Kenya has a population of 47, 564,296 (KNBS, 2019).
Tharaka Nithi County has an population of 393,177 (Maara
114,894, Igamba 53,210, Tharaka North 58345, Tharaka
south 75,250) [5, 10]. The accessible population of the study
was the 3,698 politically active youths in the counties.
2.3. Sampling Procedures and Sample Size
Cluster sampling was used to select respondents for the
quantitative phase and purposive sampling was utilized to
select respondents from each of the sub counties for focus
group discusisons and interviews (qualitative phase).
From the accessible population of 3,698, a sample size was
drawn using Nassiuma’s formulae [18]:
n =
()
n =
,×.
.
(,).
n =
.
.
n=149.9546
Thus, the sample size was 150 respondents. An addition of
six respondents was added to cater for any technical issues
that might have invalidated data from neglible number of
respondents. The sample size was therefore be 156.
Where: n = Sample size,
N = Population,
C = Coefficient of variation,
e = Standard error.
C=25% is acceptable according to Nassiuma [18], e = 0.02
and N= 3,698.
In each of the four subcounties thus, 39 respondents were
selected. 2 of the respondents were interviewed, 7 were
engaged in a focus group discussion and the other 30
answered the questionnaires.
2.4. Data Collection Instruments
The study used standard questionnaires, semi-structured
interview schedules, and a focus group discussion guide to
collect data. The researchers used questionnaires to collect
data from respondents. The questionnaires contained a 5-
point Likert-Scale, closed-ended as well as open-ended
questions. Section A contained questions on personal
information and Section B and C captured data on youth
participation in governance. The questionnaire sample was
Journal of Public Policy and Administration 2022; 6(3): 114-121 116
formulated after the reception of funding.
Semi-structured interviews were used in this study to
collect information. Specifically, an interview schedule was
used to collect qualitative data from key informants. The
researchers made appointments with 2 key respondents in
every sub-county and conducted the interviews at a place of
their convenience. The interview schedule sample was
formulated after the reception of funding.
Focus group discussions were conducted with a selected
number of youths. The researchers made an appointment
with these selected youths and conducted the discussions in
an area that was convenient for them. Discussions were tape-
recorded with the permission of the respondents. The focus
group discussion guide sample was formulated after the
reception of funding.
2.4.1. Validity
To ensure internal, construct and content validity of the
research instrument, the research instruments were examined
for expert judgement and thereafter corrections were made as
necessary. This was done by checking the instrument items
against the study objectives. Data source triangulation was
also ensured by objective selection of different people for the
discussions. Triangulation enriched the study and ensured
shortcomings of using only one method of data collection
were mitigated. Validity ensures research that outcomes truly
reflect the phenomenon the study is trying to measure [27].
2.4.2. Reliability
Pilot testing was done to test the reliability of the
questionnaire and its internal consistency gauged. Cronbach
alpha value of 0.86 was attained which is acceptable since it
is above 0.7, thereby indicating reliability. Reliability denotes
the degree to which findings can be reproduced by another
researcher [9].
2.5. Data Collection Procedure
The lead researcher sought permission from NACOSTI to
conduct the research. When the permission was granted the
researchers visited the county commissioners and presented a
copy of the letter and also informed them of our intention.
Thereafter the sampled respondents were contacted with the
help of the various chiefs. The data collection was conducted
over 6 days. The interviews were recorded with permission
from the participants. The recordings were transcribed and
then analyzed.
2.6. Data Analysis
The status of youth participation was analysed by the help
of STATA software using descriptive statistics. Qualitative
analysis was done by the help of MAX QDA software.
2.7. Ethical Considerations
Ethical clearance was sought from Tharaka University
College in order to facilitate the acquisition of a research
permit from NACOSTI as per the legal requirements. The
entire research process was conducted with due respect to
ethical considerations in research. The researchers obtained
informed consent of the respondents to participate in the study
and were careful to avoid causing physical or psychological
harm to these respondents by asking embarrassing or irrelevant
questions, using threatening language or making them nervous.
The researchers treated the respondents’ views with respect
and utmost confidentiality. In general, a high degree of
openness regarding the purpose and the nature of the research
was observed by the researchers.
3. Findings and Discussions
This chapter presents the results and discussions of the
collected data as per the objective of the research.
SECTION A: BIO-DATA
Table 1. Bio-data of Respondents according to sex.
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Valid
Male 74 62.0 62.0
Female 46 38.0 38.0
Total 120 100.0 100.0
Figure 1. Bio-Data of Respondents according to Sex.
It can be noted that the number of male youths outweighs
that of women youths i.e. the percentage of the male youth
participants is 62% while that of women youth is 38%. This
means that the majority of male youth tend to engage more in
governance issues compared to their female counterparts.
Figure 2. Bio-Data of Respondents according to age.
117 Nzioka John et al.: Status of Youth Participation in Governance in Kenya: A Case of Tharaka-Nithi County
It is noted that the majority of those who took part in the
governance issues were youths aged 30 years. The average
age of youths engaging in governance was also found to be
26.56 years. This means that those who engage in
governance are middle aged youths. The junior youths are
not engaged in governance issues as was noted.
Table 2. Bio-data of respondents according to level of education.
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Valid
Graduate 52 43.0 43.0
Diploma 18 15.4 15.4
KCSE 32 27.0 27.0
KCPE 18 14.6 14.6
Total 120 100.0 100.0
Figure 3. Bio-data of respondents according to level of education.
The majority have high academic qualification since the
majority had attained the level of graduate. This has an
implication that the majority of the youths were able to make
informed decisions on matters governance due to their high
academic abilities.
SECTION B: STATUS OF YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN
GOVERNANCE
Figure 4. Number of years of participation in governance.
It is noted that the average participation of the youths in
governance matters is 3 years according to the figure above.
It means that the majority had engaged or been involved in
governance matters for at least three years.
Table 3. Training in matters governance.
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Valid
No 30 25.0 25.0
Yes 90 75.0 75.0
Total 120 100.0 100.0
Figure 5. Training in matters governance.
It can be deduced that the number of those who have
received governance training is much more (three quarters of
all the participants) than those who have not received
governance training. This implies that the majority who
engage in governance matters clearly do understand what it
entails, its mechanisms as well as how it is supposed to be
practiced.
I have been trained how to participate in governance
Table 4. Training on how to participate in governance.
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Valid
No 46 38.4 38.4
Yes 74 61.6 61.6
Total 120 100.0 100.0
The participants who said that they had not been trained on
how to participate in governance matters were 38.4% while
those that said they had been trained were 61.6%. This has an
implication that the majority had the requisite training and
knowledge on how to participate in governance matters such
as asking questions about bad governance or demanding for
accountability on the same.
These quantitative findings were also supported by some
of the following statements:
1) Some of the youths here have been trained on how to
participate in governance issues. In fact, most of them
being between 20 and 30 years (Discussant A; Male,
Tharaka North).
2) Truth be told, the youths in this county have at least
some basic training that has been done by some
volunteers mostly some NGOs and even at times the
mass media that traverse the county in an attempt of
providing civic education on good governance
Journal of Public Policy and Administration 2022; 6(3): 114-121 118
(Discussant C; Male, Maara).
3) We are having harmonious working relationship with
our leaders to be honest. In other words, our leaders are
working in unison with different agencies to bring the
requisite trainings that we need on governance and this
has really opened our minds in terms of what we need
to look for when demanding accountability and much
more (Discussant G; Male, Tharaka North).
4) We are succeeding as a team. We are a big team. There
are different agencies involved with the training of the
youths on how to specifically participate in governance.
We have our own chains of command consisting of our
representatives who often engage and inform the youths
whenever there is an opening regarding such trainings
in the county (Discussant F; Male, Tharaka North).
5) You see, if I was to be very honest. The private sector
has really been of great help to the youths not only in
this sub-county but also in the entire county. They have
ensured that illiteracy in terms of inability to
conceptualize good governance is eradicated among the
youths by a big margin. I however would like to appeal
on the government to also take the same steps and do
the same (Discussant D; Female, Maara).
Who attends governance trainings?
Figure 6. Participants in governance trainings.
It is noted from the Figure above that the majority of the
people who attends the trainings encompassed the youths,
chiefs, assistant chiefs, community members, civil societies,
mass media and few civil servants. Very few people noted
that politicians normally attended these trainings. This has an
implication that the majority people were allowed to attend
these trainings while only few times did politicians attend the
trainings as either participants or trainers in Tharaka Nithi
County.
These quantitative findings were also supported by some
of the following statements:
1) Governance training meetings are quite often attended
by different people across various divides. In fact, I
have seen the youths, members of the community
including the chiefs being part of such trainings. I
thinks the chiefs often have automatic tickets to joining
the meetings because they have to be informed
whenever such meetings are to take place in their
jurisdictions (Discussant B; Male, Igamba).
2) Those who often attend the trainings are majorly the
youths, the organizer, the chiefs and their assistants and
at times very few politicians and civil servants alike
(Key Informant 1; Female, Igamba).
3) Just as my colleague have said, those often in
attendance are majorly consisting of the youths, mass
media or those who people call members of the press,
there are always the chiefs and the assistant chiefs, we
have seen other community members, at times these
meetings are also attended by the politicians and those
who have formal employments in offices or those who
are known as the civil servants. So your can see Mr.
Nzioka virtually everyone attends or can attend these
meetings (Discussant D; Female, Tharaka South).
4) There are a myriad people attending the trainings. There
are the organizers themselves who are the civil
societies, the mass media, the youths as well as the
community members. By extension, any other person is
often allowed to attend provided they want to. There is
no restrictions on who is supposed to attend (Key
Informant 2; Female, Tharaka South).
119 Nzioka John et al.: Status of Youth Participation in Governance in Kenya: A Case of Tharaka-Nithi County
21. Where do you meet to train?
Figure 7. Venues for governance training.
It is noted from the Figure above that the majority of the
participants actually outlined that they received their training
in a social Hall as well as in an open ground. This implies
that the majority mostly attended their trainings in social
halls within their in localities (sub-county level).
These quantitative findings were also supported by some
of the following statements:
1) There is no much doubt Mr. Researcher, all the
meetings that I in person has attended have been carried
out in an open place and at times in the chief’s
compound. I also heard that there are a times that they
are held at our social hall in the sub county (Discussant
E; Female, Tharaka North).
2) The trainings are often carried out either in the sub-
county social hall, in the county social hall or in many
occasions under trees in open grounds or fields
(Discussant B; Male, Maara).
3) I have in many occasions attended the trainings in open
grounds more than in buildings such as the social hall
here in our county. Mostly, there are held in the open
fields and especially with the upsurge of corona virus
(Key Informant 2; Female, Tharaka South).
4) The organizers often carry out governance trainings
within the social development offices compound while
at times at the chiefs’ compounds in open fields
(Discussant F; Male, Igamba).
4. Conclusions
This chapter presents the research summary and
conclusions which are arranged logically as per the research
objectives. It also presents the policy recommendations as
well as suggestions for further research.
4.1. Summary
The following were the salient findings of this study:
The objective was to establish the status of youth
participation in governance in Kenya, in particular, Tharaka
Nithi County. After the research, it was noted that the
number of male youths outweighs that of women youths i.e.
the percentage of the male youth participants is 62% while
that of women youth is 38%. This finding is consistent with a
research conducted in Pakistan, South Asia, which
determined that female youth had significantly less
participation in governance as compared to male youth in the
country [15]. It was also established that the majority of
those who took part in the governance issues were youths
aged 30 years. The average age of youths engaging in
governance was also found to be 26.56 years. In terms of
academic qualifications, the majority had high academic
qualification since the majority had attained the level of
graduate. Studies demonstrate that education, both advanced
academic as well as at the technical level are important in
improving the participation of youth (especially those in rural
areas) in governance[19, 29]. Further, it was noted that the
average participation of the youths in governance matters
was 3 years.
With regards to receiving governance training, it was
determined that the number of those who have received
governance training was much more than those who have not
Journal of Public Policy and Administration 2022; 6(3): 114-121 120
received governance training. The participants who said that
they had not been trained on how to participate in governance
matters were 38.4% while those that said they had been
trained were 61.6%.
With regards to who attend the trainings, it was established
that the majority of the people who attends the trainings
encompassed the youths, chiefs, assistant chiefs, community
members, civil societies, mass media and few civil servants
and that very few people noted presence of politicians in
these trainings. The trainings were carries out in a social Hall
as well as in an open ground.
4.2. Conclusions of the Study
Based on the findings of this study, the following
conclusions were arrived at in line with the study objective.
i. The majority of male youth tend to engage more in
governance issues compared to their female
counterparts. Those who engage in governance were
middle aged youths while the junior youths were not
actively engaged in governance issues as was noted.
The majority of the youths were able to make
informed decisions on matters governance due to
their high academic abilities. It means that the
majority had engaged in governance matters for at
least three years.
The majority who engaged in governance matters clearly
did understand what it entails, its mechanisms as well as how
it is supposed to be practiced. Similarly, the majority had the
requisite training and knowledge on how to participate in
governance matters such as asking questions about bad
governance or demanding for accountability on the same.
The majority people were allowed to attend and actually
attended these trainings while only a handful of did
politicians attend the trainings as either participants or
trainers. These trainings were carried out in social halls
within their in localities (sub-county level).
ii. Majority of the youths depended on civil societies to
train them on governance issues while at the same time
owned mass media vessels such as the radios,
televisions among others as important source of
training. The majority had no ability to ask questions
on issues pertaining governance in the county and only
participated in governance matters whenever there was
need to. The youths were taught more of civic
engagement, accountable decision making and
effective public service delivery in the whole Tharaka
Nithi County. The content and relevance of youth
participation training offered amongst the three sources
of training was in tandem with one another in Tharaka
Nithii County except for the ones offered by
politicians.
The majority preferred using means where they do not get
to meet up with the departments that they demand
accountability for fear of being victimized in Tharaka Nithi
County. The trainings offered by various sources had
significantly improved the youths understanding of
participation in governance in Tharaka Nithi County.
iii. The youths were not involved in designing, planning
and implementation of policies that do affected them
directly was the pot most challenge while inadequate
education was found to be the least challenge in
Tharaka Nithi County.
iv. The youths lacked opportunities to participate in
governance.
v. The majority of the youths preferred being granted the
training by the government as well as being included in
political and leadership participation.
5. Policy Recommendations
i. The County and the national government should be
able to conduct governance trainings rather than
leaving the responsibility to the private sectors.
ii. The county and the national governments should be
able to avail the requisite information whenever
anybody, youths included demand of the same as right
to access information is a constitutional right.
iii. Strict adherence to policies that demand that all groups,
including the youths should be engaged right from the
onset in planning, designing and implementing policies
that directly affects them as such will make the
acquainted with what is expected and hence participate
in governance matters.
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