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Research on the hardness of betel leaves fiber surfaces: A comparison epoxy laminate bonded with cassia auriculata filler and betel leaf fiber
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The automobile instrument is the indispensable item that is essential to keep the driver conversant of the process of the engineer and the other system. There are different parameters involved in the automobile instrument, which requires a different process involved in creating the automobile parameter. This research is designed to show the simulation development of injection molding and optimization of automobile instrument parameters using different optimization techniques. In this paper, Taguchi Orthogonal parameter design and particle swarm optimization (PSO) are used to measure the shrinkage volume rate and warpage amount rate. Most of the studies are designed to calculate the reduction and warpage for the gate location and glass material. The Taguchi orthogonal design contains five different parameters which are inversely proportional to each other. Hence, by optimizing those parameters, the injection molding procedure is passed out. In this research, the paper is designed to process the injection molding for the automobile instrument parameter using optimization techniques.
In the current scenario, the applications of natural fibers are increasing enormously due to their biodegradability, low-density and better mechanical properties. This research explains the machining nature of pineapple (P) and flax (F) fibers by the incorporation of cellulose micro filler (CMF). These epoxy-based composites were manufactured using compression moulding. In the machining process using abrasive water jet machining (AWJM), lower kerf angle of 1.31° and surface roughness of 5.1 µm were observed in 30% PF/2% cellulose micro filler hybrid epoxy combination. Agglomeration at higher filler incorporation causes decrease in machinability of hybrid 30% PF. Pineapple and flax hybrid fibers with 30 and 35 wt % showed better machinability at 2 and 3% cellulose micro filler addition. Scanning electron microscopy analysis after machining process showed reduction in flush off and pullouts of fiber by improved compaction with the epoxy matrix due to filler addition.
The interest in materials having natural, environmentally friendly, renewable and low density/cost is increasing day by day due to sanctions imposed to reduce the emission rates, especially the Kyoto Protocol. In recent years, the use of environmentally friendly composites by using natural fibers such as flax, jute and sisal has increased in engineering applications. Milling operation has frequently been an important method of machining which can achieve the desired dimensions and tolerances for the plate-shaped parts. In this study, the effects of cutting parameters such as cutting speed and feed rate on cutting force, delamination factor and surface roughness in end milling of jute fiber-reinforced polymer composite plates with different orientation angle (0°/90°, 30°/−60° and ±45°) were examined by using the cemented carbide (WC) end mills (two, three and four number of flutes). Cutting force, deformation factor and surface roughness were found to be influenced by the feed rate and cutting speeds. In addition, increasing the number of the flutes of the cutting tools reduced the cutting force, delamination factor and surface roughness.
A series of tensile tests were conducted on a Lloyd LRX tensile testing machine for numerous natural fibers deemed potential candidates for development in composite applications. The tensile tests were conducted on the fibers jute, kenaf, flax, abaca, sisal, hemp, and coir for samples exposed to moisture conditions of (1) room temperature and humidity, (2) 65% moisture content, (3) 90% moisture content, and (4) soaked fiber. These seven fibers were then tested for the four conditions and the mechanical properties of tensile strength, tensile strain to failure, and Young's modulus were calculated for the results. These results were then compared and verified with those from the literature, with some of the fibers showing distinctly promising potential. Additionally, a study on the effect of alkalization using 3% NaOH solution was carried out on flax, kenaf, abaca, and sisal to observe impact that this common fiber pre-treatment process has on fiber mechanical properties. The result of the investigation indicated that over treatment of natural fibers using NaOH could have a negative effect on the base fiber properties. It is consequently apparent that a treatment time of less than 10 min is sufficient to remove hemicelluloses and to give the optimum effect.
As part of developing an all natural composite roof for housing application, structural panels and unit beams were manufactured out of soybean oil based resin and natural fibers (flax, cellulose, pulp, recycled paper, chicken feathers) using vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) technology. Physical and chemical investigations and mechanical testing of the beams yielded good results in line with desired structural performance. Room temperature curing of an acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) resin gave a flexural modulus of 1 GPa. Natural fiber reinforcement of 20–55 wt.% fiber increased the flexural modulus to 2–6 GPa. The same resin reinforced with woven E-glass gave a flexural modulus of 17 GPa. Using this type of composite in building construction introduces many advantages such as high strength and stiffness to weight, survivability in severe weather conditions, desired ductility, fatigue resistance, and design flexibility (three-dimensional forms, molded in place, easy to install and structure replacement). A bio-based (natural and biodegradable) matrix reinforced by natural fibers also provides an important environmental advantage, as renewable resources are used instead of petroleum-based materials. Five different structural beams were successfully manufactured and mechanically tested giving good results. Combinations of two different fibers were also introduced to give processing and strength advantages.
In this review, the EMI shielding properties of the various carbonaceous fillers are thoroughly reviewed. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) had been a cause of major concern in the live broadcasting, entertainment, aviation and defense industries since vital radio signals could create more interference, which could lead to poor performance. To reduce the effect of EMI, the organic polymeric composites along with the carbonaceous fillers are mostly used since they are flexible, low denser, high mechanical strength, high thermo‐stability, high electrical and thermal conductivity, excellent fracture toughness, and high friction/wear resistance. There are lot of carbon based materials are being used as EMI shielding material in mono and compound form. This review gives a broad understanding of the utilization of carbonaceous fillers in polymer matrixes. Thus, the overall coverage on this carbon based materials and their effectiveness could help the researchers to find right carbon material for suitable application. According to this review, the absorption mechanism is vital to achieve high EMI shielding effect. The fillers such as graphene and CNTs are most preferable EMI shielding filler, according to the vast coverage of previous articles. However, there are more magnetoelectric materials also evolved recently, having combined properties of both conductive and magnetic, yielding high SE at elevated frequencies.
Natural fiber composites (NFCs) have strong potential to replace glass fiber-reinforced plastics. An instrumental operation in machining composite structures is hole making which facilitates assembly of parts. Understanding the effects of drilling process parameters on feature properties of NFCs has great benefits. In this regard, to make a good quality and accurate hole in composite structures, appropriate selection of drill bit and cutting parameters is important. This paper investigates delamination behavior and hole quality of flax/epoxy composite laminates in response to feed, spindle speed, and three different types of drill bit. As indicated by analysis of variance results, drill bit type and feed have greater influences on the thrust force. It appeared that delamination factor and surface roughness were significantly influenced by drill bit, but not by feed and spindle speed. The choice of drill bit has great impact on the delamination factor (67.27%) and surface roughness (74.44%), respectively.
In this work, two natural fibres extracted from fruit (borassus) and from bast (ramie) were mechanically characterized and investigated as potential natural reinforcements in biocomposites based on polycaprolactone (PCL). The PCL-based biocomposites with content of natural fibres from 10 wt% to 30 wt% were prepared via low-temperature melt-compounding. The influence of fibre content on hardness, tensile and thermal properties of the neat matrix was investigated. The results have shown that ramie fibres exhibited an overall brittle failure with fibrillation, while higher elongation at break and ductile fracture was detected for borassus fibres. Tensile behaviour and crystallinity of the neat matrix were significantly improved by introducing both fibres. In addition, the different ductility and strength of bast and fruit fibres has been exploited in hybrid formulations, confirming the possibility of tailoring the properties of the ensuing composites for a specific application.
Abbreviations:
AAS: absorption spectroscopy; AI: artificial intelligence; ANN: artificial neural networks; ART: assisted reproductive technology; BPNN: back propagation neural network model; DT: decision tress; MLP: multilayer perceptron; PESA: percutaneous epididymal sperm spiration; RBFN: radical basis function network; SRNN: simple recurrent neural network; SVM: support vector machines; TSE: testicular sperm extraction; WHO: World Health Organization.
Several natural fibres such as hemp, flax, sisal, kenaf and jute have been used in different industrial applications. Recently, natural fibres have drawn the interest of researchers, engineers and scientists as substitute reinforcements for fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites tubes. Due to their fairly good mechanical properties, low cost, high specific strength, environmentally-friendliness and bio-degradability, ease of fabrication, and good structural rigidity, these materials can be used in an extensive range of applications, including aerospace and the automotive industry. Previous studies focused on how to introduce the natural fibres into industrial applications and the replacement of synthetic fibres with natural fibre materials. The tensile properties of natural fibre reinforce polymers are mainly influenced by mechanical properties such as tensile properties, flexural properties, and impact strength are strongly affected by fibre content. Furthermore, the overall tensile and flexural properties of natural fibre-reinforced polymer hybrid composites are highly dependent on the aspect ratio, moisture absorption. The geometric designs such as geometry and shapes and triggering and non-triggering and filled and non-filled was found that significantly affected the crashworthiness parameters and specific energy absorption of natural fibre reinforced polymer composite tubes. Furthermore, the compressed data, which is based on the maximum values, reported in the literature, it can be observed that the woven flax fabric circular tube exhibits high energy absorption capability and CFE. This result contributes to the increased ability to use natural fibres in vehicle manufacture and thus increases the sustainability of this industrial sector. This paper presents an overview of the developments made in the area of natural fibres reinforced composites, in terms of their physical and mechanical properties, and crashworthiness properties. Several uncertainties affecting the experimental results were discussed.
The effect of the surface roughness on interfacial properties of carbon fibers (CFs) reinforced epoxy (EP) resin composite is studied. Aqueous ammonia was applied to modify the surfaces of CFs. The morphologies and chemical compositions of original CFs and treated CFs (a-CFs) were characterized by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Compared with the smooth surface of original CF, the surface of a-CF has bigger roughness; moreover, the roughness increases with the increase of the treating time. On the other hand, no obvious change in chemical composition takes place, indicating that the treating mechanism of CFs by aqueous ammonia is to physically change the morphologies rather than chemical compositions. In order to investigate the effect of surface roughness on the interfacial properties of CF/EP composites, the wettability and Interfacial Shear Strength (IFSS) were measured. Results show that with the increase of the roughness, the wettabilities of CFs against both water and ethylene glycol improves; in addition, the IFSS value of composites also increases. These attractive phenomena prove that the surface roughness of CFs can effectively overcome the poor interfacial adhesions between CFs and organic matrix, and thus make it possible to fabricate advanced composites based on CFs.