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Xi'an Shiyou Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban)/
Journal of Xi'an Shiyou University, Natural Sciences Edition
ISSN: 1673-064X
E-Publication: Online Open Access
Vol: 67 Issue 04 | 2024
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10947484
April 2024 | 16
OPTIMIZATION OF SUGARCANE CULTIVAR ADOPTION UNDER
SHORKOT AND JHANG CONDITIONS
MUHAMMAD USAMA SHABBIR *
M.Sc. (Hons), Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan.
*Correspondence Author Email: usamachu127@gmail.com
IMRAN SATTAR
M.Sc. (Hons), Head of Agriculture Development, Kashmir Sugar Mill Limited, Shorkot, Punjab, Pakistan.
Email: imransattar342@gmail.com.
ADNAN SATTAR
PhD Scholar, Applied Chemistry Department, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Email: adnansattar402@gmail.com
MANAHAL IQBAL
PhD Scholar, Applied Chemistry Department, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Email: manahaliqbal@gmail.com
GOHAR JAVED
M.Sc. (Hons.), Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Email: goharjaveduaf@gmail.com
AKA KHIL
PhD Scholar, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Email: hamiddaudzai@gmail.com
RABIA SAFEER
Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. Email: rabiasafeer114@gmail.com
Abstract
A study was conducted at Merik Sial Research Farm, Kashmir Sugar Mill, Shorkot to evaluate six promising
sugarcane varieties regarding their quantitative and qualitative traits. The experiment followed a Complete
Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated significant (p≤0.05)
differences among the varieties for both quantitative and qualitative traits. CPF-253 demonstrated a
significantly higher cane yield (1100 Md/acre) compared to other varieties, followed by YTFG-236 with a
yield of 967 Md/acre. YTFG-236 exhibited the highest sugar recovery percentage (11.38%), while SPF-213
showed the lowest (9.30%). Although, YTFG-236 was also found to be more susceptible to pest attacks
(23%). A recent study surveyed sugarcane growers across different agroecological conditions in Shorkot
and Jhang, Central Punjab of Pakistan, during the 2023-24 season. The study found that approximately
60-70% of the sampled growers cultivate recommended varieties such as CP-77400, CPF-253, YTFG-236,
CPF-237, HSF-240 and SPF-213. Among these varieties, CPF-253 received positive feedback from
growers, especially regarding its ratoon potential, resistance to pests and diseases, cane yield and
intentions for adoption in the upcoming season. However, YTFG-236 was less favored due to its
susceptibility to borer damage. According to Kashmir Sugar Mill laboratory reports, CPF-237 and CPF-253
exhibited the highest recovery averages from December to February, at 10.87% and 10.84%, respectively.
Keywords: Sugarcane, Variety, Yield, Sugar Recovery.
Xi'an Shiyou Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban)/
Journal of Xi'an Shiyou University, Natural Sciences Edition
ISSN: 1673-064X
E-Publication: Online Open Access
Vol: 67 Issue 04 | 2024
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10947484
April 2024 | 17
INTRODUCTION
Sugarcane, a tropical crop primarily grown in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab and Sindh, is
an essential raw ingredient for the nation's second-largest agro-based sugar industry. It
plays a crucial role in employing millions of individuals in both rural agrobusiness and
non-farming communities. Additionally, it serves as a significant source of livestock
feedstuff during the winter term. Sugarcane contributes 3.7 percent to agriculture's rate
count and 0.9 percent to the GDP. In the 2022-23 period, sugarcane cultivation expanded
to 1,319 thousand hectares, marking a 4.7 percent increase from the previous year's
1,260 thousand hectares. The rise in cultivated area can be attributed to the attractive
market prices observed in the preceding year. Furthermore, production witnessed a 2.8
percent growth, reaching 91.11 million tonnes compared to the previous year's 88.651
million tonnes (Government of Pakistan, 2022-23). This crop faces various challenges,
including low-average production per unit area, suboptimal sugar recovery and higher
production costs. Additionally, a significant issue lies in the prevalent use of traditional,
low-yielding varieties instead of adopting more advanced and high-yielding alternatives,
serving as the primary cause for diminished cane and sugar yields. The choice of variety
plays a pivotal factor influencing both the increase and decrease in cane yield per unit
area (Mian, 2006). Addressing the issue of low sugarcane yield and sugar recovery can
be partially mitigated through the cultivation of recently developed and advanced
sugarcane varieties (Chattha et al., 2006). Considerable endeavors are underway to
enhance cane production through the introduction of high-yielding varieties and the
implementation of improved crop production techniques (Gill, 1995). Likewise, choosing
an appropriate variety for cultivation in a specific agroecological zone is essential to
investigate its quantitative and qualitative attributes. (Hassan et al. 2017). The primary
hindrances to sugarcane yield in Pakistan are the cultivation of low-yielding varieties,
suboptimal production technologies, and challenging semi-arid conditions. The
improvement of sugarcane production necessitates the adoption of promising varieties
and appropriate technologies by growers. Overcoming these challenges requires the
appraisal of both local and exotic cane germplasm to evaluate the inherent diversity within
sugarcane germplasm. Knowledge about inherent variety is essential for good breeding
programs. Exploring new assets of inherent variety empowers breeders to advance
cultivars that can withstand evolving emerging diseases, climatic variations,
environments and pests. Suitable inherent diversity makes species to show resistant to
pests and disease and adapt to changing climatical environments. The plant genital
capitals of a crop species serve as the foundational substantial for breeding new and
resistant crop varieties. These varieties, in turn, establish the groundwork for more
productive and adaptable production systems capable of addressing both biotic and
abiotic stress (Naidu et al., 2017). This research is based on achieving specific objectives,
including assessing the varietal composition of sugarcane across farms of diverse
categories and ecologies in Pakistan, analyzing the adoption of sugarcane varieties from
different perspectives using various indicators, proposing strategies to further encourage
Xi'an Shiyou Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban)/
Journal of Xi'an Shiyou University, Natural Sciences Edition
ISSN: 1673-064X
E-Publication: Online Open Access
Vol: 67 Issue 04 | 2024
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10947484
April 2024 | 18
the adoption of high-yielding varieties in the study area and providing formal and informal
measures to promote the adoption of recommended varieties in the research area.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experiment 1.
To evaluate the adoption of sugarcane varieties at both farm and mill levels, a field trial
was conducted at the Merik Sial research trial of Kashmir Sugar Mill. The trial was
followed a complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates, ensuring standard
practices such as irrigation, fertilizer application, seed rate, sowing method and sowing
date as per recommendations. Six sugarcane varieties (CP-77400, YTFG-236, CPF-253,
CPF-237, HSF-240 and SPF-213) were included in the study. Data were collected on
both quantitative (cane yield t/ha) and qualitative (Brix %, POL %, Purity % and Recovery
%) attributes. Brix % represents the percentage of total soluble solids in cane juice,
comprising both sugar and non-sugar constituents. This parameter was conducted in the
cane juice research laboratory using a hydrometer provided by the Kashmir Sugar Mill.
Pol % indicates the percentage of concrete cane sucrose present in the juice. This was
calculated by with a polarimeter also from the Kashmir Sugar Mill laboratory. Purity% was
calculated based on the methodology outlined by Islam et al. (2011).
Purity% = POL % / Corrected Brix % x 100
Using the SJM formula, the sugar recovery was calculated following the quality
assessment of the sample that was sent to the Cane Lab of the Kashmir Sugar Mill,
Shorkot;
Sugar Recovery (%) = [S (JM)×Pol%×Extraction of juice× Efficiency of boiling
house]/[J(S-M)]
Where S is 100% sugar, M is 40% molasses purity, J is juice purity and Pol% is juice
(sucrose%) percentage Efficiency of the boiling house is 0 98, juice extraction is 0 80.
The percentage of infected plants was found by using the following formula, by (Mendes
et al., 1980):
% of infected plants = No. of naturally infected plants /No. of total grown plants x
100
The recorded data was subjected to statistical analysis following the methodology stated
by (Freed, 1990) via Statistix 8.1. The Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at a 5%
probability level was employed to analyze all sugarcane varieties (Steel et al., 1997).
Experiment 2.
A questionnaire survey was conducted in the Shorkot and Jhang areas of Central Punjab,
Pakistan, targeting 50 progressive sugarcane growers. The survey aimed to gather data
on sugarcane varieties, including their ratoon potential, yield, vulnerability to pests and
diseases and adoption remarks by the growers. The questionnaire, designed to evaluate
Xi'an Shiyou Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban)/
Journal of Xi'an Shiyou University, Natural Sciences Edition
ISSN: 1673-064X
E-Publication: Online Open Access
Vol: 67 Issue 04 | 2024
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10947484
April 2024 | 19
sugarcane varieties, was administered to the growers after the sugarcane harvest, in
collaboration with the senior Cane department team of Kashmir Sugar Mill. Evaluation
criteria were based on a ranking system ranging from (very poor=1, poor=2, average=3,
good=4, very good= 5).
RESULTS
Experiment 1.
Cane Yield (Md/acre):
Figure 1 illustrates notable variations (p< 0.05) among different varieties. CPF-253
exhibited the highest cane yield along with YTFG-236 at 1100 Md/acre and 967 Md/acre,
respectively. On the other hand, CPF-237 demonstrated the lowest yield at 848 Md/acre.
Borer Percentage:
Data presented in Fig.2 indicate notable variances among sugarcane varieties concerning
their susceptibility to C. agamemnon infestation. YTFG-236 exhibited the highest
infestation rate at 23%, alongside CP-77400 at 13%. In contrast, SPF-213 demonstrated
the lowest infestation rate at 6%.
Brix % and Pol %
Analysis of data in Figures 3 and 4 revealed notable differences among varieties
regarding brix % and pol %. SPF-213 recorded the lowest brix % at 19.05, whereas CPF-
253 displayed the highest at 21.85% (Figure. 3). Similarly, YTFG-236 and CPF-253
showcased the maximum pol % at 19.20 and 18.84, respectively, while SPF-213
exhibited the minimum pol % at 16.09 (Figure 4).
Xi'an Shiyou Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban)/
Journal of Xi'an Shiyou University, Natural Sciences Edition
ISSN: 1673-064X
E-Publication: Online Open Access
Vol: 67 Issue 04 | 2024
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10947484
April 2024 | 20
Purity%
The study of revealed notable differences among the varieties for purity % (Figure 5).
YTFG-236 displayed the maximum purity % at 89.8%, while SPF-213 exhibited the lowest
at 84.6%.
Sugar recovery
Significant variations were found among all the varieties for recovery (Figure 6). YTFG-
236 showed the highest recovery along with CPF-237 at 11.38 and 11.00, while SPF-213
demonstrated the lowest at 9.30.
Correlation Analysis
Pearson correlation was performed to estimate the association among quantitative and
qualitative traits (Table 1). In this study, traits such as Borer %, Brix % and Pol % had a
Xi'an Shiyou Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban)/
Journal of Xi'an Shiyou University, Natural Sciences Edition
ISSN: 1673-064X
E-Publication: Online Open Access
Vol: 67 Issue 04 | 2024
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10947484
April 2024 | 21
positive correlation with yield, while purity and recovery percentage had a negative
correlation. Moreover, Recovery % also shown highly significant correlation with Borer %
and a negative correlation with yield. It suggests that the higher the Borer % lower the
yield and recovery.
Table 1: Pearson Correlation Analysis of yield, Borer%, Brix%, pol%, purity% and
recovery%.
Yield
Borer %
Brix %
Pol %
Purity %
Recovery %
Yield
1
Borer %
0.13**
1
Brix
0.21**
0.37**
1
Pol
0.06**
0.49**
0.97ns
1
Purity
-0.310**
0.64**
0.67**
0.82*
1
Recovery
-0.010**
0.54**
0.93ns
0.99ns
0.88*
1
* p<=0.05, ** p<=0.01, ns p>=0.05
Experiment 2.
Survey Depiction:
Table 2 shows the Ratoon Potential, HSF-240 demonstrated the highest ratoon potential
with a score of 4.3, followed closely by SPF-213 at 4.2. CPF-237 exhibited the lowest
ratoon potential with a score of 3.0. Pest and Disease Attack, YTFG-236 had the highest
susceptibility with a score of 3.0. SPF-213 had the lowest susceptibility to pest and
disease attacks, scoring 4.7. CPF-237 and HSF-240 were also low relatively susceptible,
scoring 4.6 and 4.5 respectively. Yield, CPF-253 demonstrated the highest yield potential
with a score of 4.47. HSF-240 and CPF-77400 also exhibited high yields, scoring 4.16
and 4.15 respectively. YTFG-236 had the lowest yield potential with a score of 4.00.
Adoption, HSF-240 were the most adopted varieties, each scoring 4.3. CPF-77400 and
CPF-253 were also well-adopted, scoring 4.1. YTFG-236 had the lowest adoption rate
with a score of 2.8.
Table 2: Survey Data of Ratoon, Pest and Disease, yield and Adoption
Remarks
Variety
Ratoon
Pest and Disease attack
Yield
Adoption Remarks
CPF-77400
4.1
4
4.15
4.1
HSF-240
4.3
4.5
4.16
4.3
CPF-253
4.1
3.5
4.47
4.1
CPF-237
3.7
4.6
4.00
3.7
YTFG-236
4.1
3
4.00
2.8
SPF-213
4.2
4.7
4.00
4
HSF-240, CPF-253, CP-77400 and SPF-213 appear to be promising varieties, performing
well in terms of ratoon potential, yield, and adoption rates. However, CPF-237 and YTFG-
236 appear to be non-promising varieties due to low yield and growers' adoption remarks.
Xi'an Shiyou Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban)/
Journal of Xi'an Shiyou University, Natural Sciences Edition
ISSN: 1673-064X
E-Publication: Online Open Access
Vol: 67 Issue 04 | 2024
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10947484
April 2024 | 22
Recovery Report:
Table 3 presents the monthly recovery percentage average data collected from the
laboratory of Kashmir Sugar Mill. In December, CPF-253 and CPF-237 achieved the
highest recovery percentages of 9.81 and 9.75, respectively, while YTFG-236 recorded
the lowest recovery percentage of 9.19. Moving to January, CPF-237 and CPF-253
exhibited higher recovery percentages of 10 and 9.94, respectively, whereas CP-77400
and YTFG-236 had the lowest recovery percentages of 9.36 and 9.39, respectively. In
February, HSF-240, CPF-237, and CPF-253 attained the highest recovery percentages
of 9.93, 9.88 and 9.73, respectively, while CP-77400 displayed the lowest recovery
percentage of 9.44.
Table 3: Month-wise recovery % of Sugarcane varieties.
Variety
Dec
Jan
Feb
Average
CPF-77400
9.41
9.36
9.44
9.403
HSF-240
9.68
9.87
9.93
9.827
CPF-253
9.81
9.94
9.77
9.840
CPF-237
9.75
10
9.88
9.877
YTFG-236
9.19
9.62
9.76
9.523
SPF-213
9.38
9.39
9.46
9.410
CPF-237, CPF-253, and HSF-240 demonstrated maximum recovery during all months
and maintained higher recovery averages compared to other varieties, respectively.
Conversely, CP-77400, YTFG-236, and SPF-213 exhibited the lowest recovery
percentages among the varieties, respectively.
DISCUSSION
The adoption of suitable sugarcane cultivars plays a pivotal role in enhancing agricultural
productivity and ensuring sustainable sugarcane production under diverse agro-climatic
conditions. In the present study, the optimization of sugarcane cultivar adoption under
Shorkot and Jhang conditions was investigated, aiming to provide valuable insights into
maximizing yield potential, resilience to environmental stressors and overall profitability
for farmers in these regions. Through a comprehensive examination of various cultivars,
their performance and their adaptability to local climatic and soil conditions, this research
sheds light on the critical factors influencing cultivar selection and adoption like yield.
Scientific advancements in agriculture and its sub-sectors primarily aim to improve farm
yield, benefiting both farmers and the economy of a country. Our yield result aligning
closely with the findings of Sarwar et al. (2018) at 109.9 t/ha, but slightly lower than 113.38
t/ha reported by (Khan et al., 2013). Borer infestations pose a significant threat to
agricultural productivity and economic stability for farmers. By opting for resistant
varieties, farmers have the potential to mitigate these losses. The impact of borers on
sugarcane varieties and yield can be substantial, potentially leading to significant losses
in production. Studies have shown that borer infestations can reduce sugarcane yield by
up to 30% in severely affected areas (Duhra and Sharma, 1993). Additionally, certain
Xi'an Shiyou Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban)/
Journal of Xi'an Shiyou University, Natural Sciences Edition
ISSN: 1673-064X
E-Publication: Online Open Access
Vol: 67 Issue 04 | 2024
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10947484
April 2024 | 23
sugarcane varieties may exhibit varying levels of susceptibility to borer damage, further
emphasizing the importance of selecting resistant cultivars to mitigate yield losses. Our
results of variation among sugarcane varieties regarding borer infestation are similar to
the finding of Salman et al. (2014). Both brix % and pol % of cane juice are crucial
qualitative parameters utilized for assessing maturity. Following brix % and pol % holds
significance as another important parameter. Variations in Brix and Pol percentages can
significantly impact the yield and quality of sugarcane, with certain varieties
demonstrating higher sugar content and thus greater profitability. Research by Ahmed et
al. (2007) highlights that sugarcane varieties with higher Brix and Pol percentages tend
to exhibit better sucrose recovery rates, ultimately leading to increased yields and
economic returns. Therefore, selecting and cultivating sugarcane varieties with optimal
Brix and Pol percentages is crucial for maximizing productivity in the sugar industry. Our
results contradict the findings of Panhwar et al. (2017) but are consistent with those of
Khalid et al. (2014), possibly due to the consistent expression of genes governing these
attributes. Purity, as indicated by the sucrose content relative to other components in
sugarcane juice, is a critical factor affecting both the quality and yield of sugarcane.
Studies by Abu-Ellail et al. (2020) suggest that certain sugarcane varieties exhibit
inherently higher purity levels, improving sugar recovery rates during processing.
Varieties with higher purity not only contribute to better quality sugar production but also
potentially enhance overall yield, making them favorable choices for cultivation in the
sugar industry. Our study also consistent with the findings of (Sajjad and Khan, 2009).
The recovery rate, which measures the efficiency of sugar extraction from sugarcane,
plays a crucial role in determining both the yield and profitability of sugarcane cultivation.
Research conducted by Gulati et al. (2015) indicates that certain sugarcane varieties
exhibit higher recovery rates due to their genetic characteristics, leading to increased
sugar production per unit of cane harvested. Selecting varieties with superior recovery
potential can thus significantly enhance both yield and economic returns in the sugar
industry. Our findings found similar with results were reported by earlier researchers
(Sarwar et al., 2011; Khalid et al., 2014). They assessed six approved sugarcane varieties
for various juice quality, milling, and processing parameters such as CCS % (commercial
cane sugar), juice extraction %, pol extraction %, BHR % (boiling house recovery), overall
recovery %, and sugar recovery % using a hydraulic press at 1400 bars pressure. A study
conducted by Kumar et al. (2012) similar to our results, revealed a positive correlation
between borer infestation levels, Brix %, Pol % and sugarcane yield. Their findings
suggested that sugarcane varieties with higher resistance to borers tended to exhibit
elevated Brix and Pol percentages, leading to improved sucrose content and
subsequently higher yields. This study underscores the importance of pest resistance and
sugar content in sugarcane breeding programs to enhance productivity and profitability in
the sugar industry. Contrary to common expectations, two separate studies by Shahzad
et al. (2017) and Ahmed and Awadalla, (2016) independently revealed a negative
correlation between recovery rates and sugarcane yield. Their research indicated that
while higher recovery rates are typically associated with better sugar extraction efficiency,
they often coincide with decreased overall yield due to a potential trade-off with biomass
Xi'an Shiyou Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban)/
Journal of Xi'an Shiyou University, Natural Sciences Edition
ISSN: 1673-064X
E-Publication: Online Open Access
Vol: 67 Issue 04 | 2024
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10947484
April 2024 | 24
production. This suggests that focusing solely on maximizing recovery rates may not
always result in optimal yields, highlighting the need for a balanced approach in
sugarcane cultivation practices.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The selection of site-specific varieties with higher cane production and superior sugar
recovery could significantly impact the prosperity of both farmers and industrialists. This
study offers valuable insights into how various sugarcane varieties respond to the
agroecological conditions of Shorkot and Jhang. Results reveal that CPF-253 yielded the
highest cane production at 1100 Md/acre, coupled with good sugar recovery at 10.90%
and low susceptibility to pest and disease attacks. On the other hand, YTFG-236
exhibited the highest sugar recovery at 11.38% compared to other varieties, but due to
insufficient awareness among farmers regarding its handling and its greater susceptibility
to pests, it showed poor adoption remarks by growers. Therefore, further studies should
prioritize these two varieties for variety development. There is an urgent need to
implement extension programs to educate farmers on the latest production technologies
and initiate breeding programs to introduce new high-yielding varieties that are resistant
to pests. Both the government and sugar mills should collaborate to raise awareness
among farmers about modern production technologies, aiming to maximize yield potential
and ensure the efficient utilization of resources, particularly fertilizers, water and land.
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E-Publication: Online Open Access
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