Pet parenting is part of the pet-guardian relationship and involves caring for companion animals by applying strategies and actions typically seen in the parent-child caregiving system. This phenomenon, which is becoming increasingly common in cultures experiencing the second demographic transition (marked by urbanization, increased educational attainment, and life orientation beyond reproduction), reflects a shift in the perception of companion animals, particularly dogs. Using the PRISMA method, we conducted a systematic review to provide a comprehensive overview of these emerging patterns of dog-directed parenting. We analyzed 15 scientific articles on pet parenting involving companion dogs, the results of which were thematically grouped into three sections. The first section, the use of parent-child terms related to companion animals and guardians, showed that familiar terms (e.g., father or the kid) are widely used within pet parenting and that factors such as familiarity with the conversational partner, culture, and the existence of children affect their usage. The second section, the influence of offspring, culture, and gender on pet parenting, included studies indicating that having children was negatively associated with attachment intensity and resource investment. We also described research pointing to common factors (e.g., the second demographic transition) and disparities (e.g., gender roles differentiation in traditional parenting) in cultures experiencing this phenomenon. The third section, pet parenting styles, discussed studies that identified traditional parenting styles and dimensions within the dog-guardian relationships (i.e., authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive), characterized by guardians’ level of demand and responsiveness towards their dogs. Moreover, we described findings regarding the impact of pet parenting styles and dimensions on dog’s health, attachment, sociability, and problem-solving behaviors. Results of the systematic review are discussed to comprehensively characterize the pet parenting phenomenon in relation to dogs; overall, they emphasize the relevance of adopting authoritative strategies to parent, educate, and train dogs, which directly impact on dog’s well-being.