The Ordovician section of the Hällekis Quarry, Sweden

Abstract

One of the most complete, spectacular and most thoroughly documented sections of Ordovician cool to temperate water limestones, globally. It is significant in understanding the Ordovician world.

Full text

THE SECOND
IUGS GEOLOGICAL
HERITAGE SITES

2 3
IUGS Geological Heritage Sites
An IUGS Geological Heritage Site is a
key place with extraordinary geological
elements or processes of the highest
scientific relevance, used as a global
reference, and/or with a substantial
contribution to the development of
geological sciences through history.
“
“
IUGS. Zumaia 2021
First Published in Spain, July 2024
EDITED & PUBLISHED BY IUGS
(International Union of
Geological Sciences)
EMAIL iugs.globalgeosites@igme.es
ISBN: 979-8-218-45558-3
D.L.: LG D 618-2024
DESIGN & LAYOUT BY DOSGES
www.dosges.com

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IUGS Geological Heritage Sites
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Arduino's lithostratigraphical sequence
of the Agno Valley
Cavansham Ferry and Llanstephan Quarries
Jurassic Coast: Lyme Regis
Metamorphic Barrow Zones in Scottish
Highlands
Contact metamorphic rocks of Orijärvi
Durbuy Anticline
Vesuvius volcano
Scheibenberg lava flow
Montagne Pelée volcano
Oligocene Laccoliths and Sedimentary Rock
Domes of the Henry Mountains
Maruia Falls
Mer de Glace
Esmark Moraine and Otto Tank's Moraine
The Parallel Roads of Glen Roy
HISTORY OF GEOSCIENCES
INTRODUCTIONS
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STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY
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Etosha Pan
Pliocene to Holocene records from Raciška
Pecina Cave
Holocene coral reef terraces of Kikaijima Island
Shark Bay
Uyuni salt flat
The Dead Sea
Mars analog of Lake Salda
The Mohorovicic discontinuity in the
Ivrea-Verbano Zone
The Cambrian Leka Ophiolite
Late Cretaceous Samail Ophiolite
Lower Pillow Lavas of Troodos Ophiolite
The ultrahigh-pressure unit of the
Dora-Maira Massif
The Sar-e-Sang Lapis Lazuli Deposit
The Kalahari Manganese Field
The Broken Hill Pb-Zn-Ag deposit
Mineral site of Mont Saint-Hilaire
The Muzo emerald deposit
Vredefort Dome
Ries Crater
Lake Bosumtwi Impact Crater
The Barringer Meteorite Crater
PALEONTOLOGY
IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY
VOLCANOLOGY
TECTONICS
GEOMORPHOLOGY AND ACTIVE
GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES
IMPACT STRUCTURES AND EXTRATERRESTRIAL ROCKS
REFERENCES AND AUTHORS
MINERALOGY
The Mesoproterozoic Belt-Purcell Supergroup
The Ordovician section of the Hällekis Quarry
The Ordovician glacial pavements of the
Tassili n'Ajjer
Carboniferous evolution of The Burren and
Cliffs of Moher
Permian reef complex of the Guadalupe
Mountains
Latemar Triassic carbonate platform
End-Triassic Flood Basalts at the Old Wife
The Jurassic Navajo Sandstone at Coyote
Buttes and The Wave
The Oligocene-Miocene molassic and rock
pinacles of Meteora
Pliocene cyclostratygraphy of Scala dei Turchi
Ediacaran fauna of the Nama Group
The Late Devonian fossil-fish Lagerstätte of
Miguasha
Permian vegetation of the Wuda Fossil Site
Triassic Dinosaurs and mammalian reptiles
from Ischigualasto
Middle Jurassic dinosaur footprints from the
Serras de Aire and Candeeiros
Dashanpu Middle Jurassic Dinosaur
Fossils Site
Upper Jurassic Carnegie Quarry Dinosaur
Bone Site
Early Cretaceous wetland of Las Hoyas
Cretaceous Lagerstätten of Cariri Stone
The Cretaceous Dinosaur Nesting Grounds of
the Willow Creek Anticline
Whale Valley, Cetacea and Sirenia Eocene
fossils of Wadi Al-Hita
The La Venta middle Miocene neotropical
biome
The modern human fossils of the Kibish
Formation
The Human Footprints of Acahualinca
The larvikite plutonic rocks of the Oslo Rift
The Rum Igneous Complex
Devils Tower
Deccan Traps
Muriwai megapillow lava flows
The Pleistocene Al Wahbah dry maar crater
El Laco iron lavas
Ngorongoro Crater
Ruapehu Volcano
Parícutin Volcano
Heisei Shinzan Lava Dome
The Active Hunga Volcano
Rotorua's geothermal fields (Ahi-Tupua)
The Mid-Atlantic ridge on Reykjanes
The evolution of the Andes in Colca Canyon
Salt domes and glaciers of the Zagros
Fold and Thrust Belt
The Patos Shear Zone
Esla Unit thrust system
Glarus Thrust
Monte Perdido massif tectonic structure
Brittle structures of the Somerset Coast
Surface faulting of a seismic sequence
in Mt. Vettore
Alpine superposed buckle folds in Aliaga
Marine terraces of San Juan de Marcona
Granite landforms of Dartmoor
Inverted landscape of a Plio-Pleistocene
phreatomagmatic monogenetic volcanic field
in the Bakony-Balaton Upland
Great Salt Lake
Mackenzie Delta
Getbol Tidal Flats
Fontaine de Vaucluse
Wakulla spring
Vrelo Bune Spring
Mammoth Cave
The White Limestone Karst of Cockpit Country
Guilin Karst
Ha Long Bay-Cat Ba Archipelago
Tepuis and quartzite karst of Gran Sabana
Fjords and towering sea cliffs of Fiordland
Fjords and glaciers in Hornsund and Van
Mijenfjorden, Svalbard
Vatnajökull
Yosemite Valley
90
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IUGS Geological Heritage Sites
THE SECOND 100 IUGS GEOLOGICAL HERITAGE SITES PARTICIPANTS
Credits THE SECOND 100 IUGS GEOLOGICAL HERITAGE SITES has been developed as a collaborative
endeavor among multiple international organizations and national representatives.
IGCP 731 (2021 – 2024)
EUROPE
Austria
Bernhard Grasemann. University
of Vienna
Belgium
Robert Speijer. KU Leuven
University
Cyprus
Efthimios Tsiolakis. Cyprus
Geological Survey
France
Nicolas Charles. French Geological
Survey (BRGM)
Germany
Heinz-Gerd Röhling. German
Geological Society (DGGV)
Iceland
Lovísa Guðrún Ásbjörnsdóttir.
Icelandic Institute of Natural
History
Ireland
Patrick N. Wyse Jackson. Trinity
College Dublin
Italy
Elisa Brustia. Geological Survey
of Italy
Lithuania
Jonas Satkunas. Lithuanian
Geological Survey
Norway
Kristin Rangnes. Gea Norvegica
UGGp
Portugal
Artur Abreu Sá. Arouca UGGp /
Universidade de Tras-os-Montes e
Alto Douro.
Jose Brilha. University of Minho
Spain
Luis Carcavilla. Geological and
Mining Institute of Spain (IGME,
CSIC)
Sweden
Sven Lundqvist. Geological Survey
of Sweden
Switzerland
Thomas Buckingham. Swiss
Academy of Sciences
Christophe Lambiel. University of
Laussane
U.K
Kirstin Lemon. British Geological
Survey
AMERICA
Argentina
Fernando Miranda. Servicio
Geológico Minero Argentino
Brasil
Joana Sanchez. Federal University
of Goias
Bolivia
Wilfredo Ramos Collorana.
Universidad Mayor de San Andrés
Canada
Anne-Aurelie Sappin. Geological
Survey of Canada
David Sharpe. Geological Survey
of Canada
Chile
Manuel Arenas Abarca. Servicio
Nacional de Geologia y Minería
Colombia
Victoria Elena Corredor Bohórquez.
Servicio Geológico Colombiano
Jamaica
Sherene Jones Williams. University
of West Indies
Mexico
Ricardo Barragan. Universidad
Nacional Autónoma de México
Sofia del Pilar Mendoza Castillo.
Servicio Geológico Mexicano
Peru
Bilberto Zavala. Instituto Geológico
Minero y Metalúrgico de Perú
USA
Stanley Finney. California State
University
David Mogk. Montana State
University
ASIA - PACIFIC / MIDDLE EAST
Australia
Margaret Brocx. Murdoch University
Vic Semeniuk. Murdoch University
China
JIN Xiaochi. Chinese Academy
of Geological Sciences
Jianping Zhang. China University
of Geosciences
India
Satish C. Tripathi. Society of
Earth Scientist
Iran
Alireza Amrikazemi. Qeshm
Island UGGp
Iraq
Arkan Osman. University of
Soran-Iraq
Israel
Amit Reiss. Israel Geological
Society
Japan
Setsuya Nakada. National
Research Institute of Earth
Science and Disaster Resilience.
New Zealand
Bruce Hayward. Geoheritage
Subcommittee (Geoscience
Society of New Zealand)
Katherine Holt. Geoscience Society
of New Zealand
Pacific islands (Tonga)
Gary Lee. Pacific Community (SPC)
Saudi Arabia
Karoly Nemeth. Saudi Geological
Survey
South Korea
Daekyo Cheong. Kangwon National
University
Thailand
Suvapak Imsamut. Department
of mineral Resources (DMR)
Turkey
Nizamettin Kazanci. Ankara
University
Vietnam
Tran Tan Van. Vietnam Institute
of Geosciences and Mineral
Resources (VIGMR)
AFRICA
Egypt
Enas Ahmed. Matrouh University
Ethiopia
Asfawossen Asrat. Botswana
International University & Addis
Ababa University
Ghana
Daniel Asiedu. University of Ghana
Libya
Mohammed F. El Hassi. Bright Star
University
Madagascar
Voahanginiaina Saholiarimanana.
Geological Survey of Madagascar
Morocco
Sanae Berred. Member of
Moroccan National Geopark
Committee
Namibia
Helke Mocke. Geological Survey of
Namibia
Sao Tome and Principe
Keynesménio Neto. University of
São Tomé and Príncipe (ISEC)
South Africa
Craig Smith. Geological Society of
South Africa
Hassina Mouri. University of
Johannesburg
EVALUATORS
Aaron Cavosie, Australia
Adele Bertini, Italy
Alexandru Szakacs, Romania
Alireza Amrikazemi, Iran
Andreas Massanek, Germany
Artur Sá, Portugal
Asfawossen Asrat, Ethiopia
Augusto S. Auler, Brazil
Avi Burg, Israel
Batzi Fischer, United Kingdom
Benjamin Tobin, USA
Benjamin Van Wik de Bries,
France
Boris Chako Tchamabe, Mexico
Catherine Mottram, United
Kingdom
Christian Chopin, France
Christian Koeberl, Austria
Daniel Aríztegui, Switzerland
Daniel Ballesteros, Spain
David Baratoux, France
David Harper, United Kingdom
David Mogk, USA
Eamon N. Doyle, Ireland
Eiji Ohtani, Japan
Enrique Castellanos, Cuba
Enrique Díaz-Martínez, Spain
Enrique Gómez-Rivas, Spain
Esperanza Fernández, Spain
Ezio Vaccari, Italy
Freya R. George, United Kingdom
Gonzalo D. Veiga, Argentina
Gregory A. Good, USA
Hans-Peter Schertl, Germany
Heather Handley, Netherlands
Hugo Murcia, Colombia
Ilaria Mazzini, Italy
Isabelle Rouget, France
James Crampton, New Zealand
James Day, USA
Jan Urban, Poland
JIN Xiaochi, China
Joan Martí, Spain
Joana Sanchez, Brazil
José Brilha, Portugal
Juana Vegas, Spain
Karoly Nemeth, Hungary
Khadija El Hariri, Morocco
Kirstin Lemon, United Kingdom
Laia Alegret, Spain
Lars Erikstad, Norway
Laura Giambiagi, Argentina
Lorenzo Gemignani, Italy
Luis Alcalá Martínez, Spain
Luis M. Chiappe, Argentina
Marcela Gómez Pérez, Colombia
Margaret Brocx, Australia
Marissa Betts, Australia
Markus Fiebig, Austria
Martina Kölbl-Ebert, Germany
Mauro Soldati, Italy
Michele Lustrino, Italy
Min ZHU, China
Mónica Sousa, Portugal
Natalia Pardo, Colombia
Nizamettin Kazanci, Turkey
Owen Weller-Gibbs, United
Kingdom
Patrick Wyse Jackson, Ireland
Paul Taylor, Australia
Pedro Castiñeira, Spain
Peter Malík, Slovakia
Pierluigi Pieruccini, Italy
Piotr Migoń, Poland
Richard Palin, United Kingdom
Rodolfo Carosi, Italy
Roger Mitchell, United Kingdom
Roger Thomas, USA
Salvatore Iaccarino, Italy
Sebastian Tappe, Germany
Shuzhong Shen, China
Silvia Figueirôa, Brazil
Stanley Finney, USA
Sylvie Crasquin, France
Tatsuo Oji, Japan
Terri Cook, USA
Thijs Van Kolfschoten,
Netherlands
Thomas Casadevall, USA
William Birch, Australia
Yves Candela, United Kingdom
Zhang Jianping, China
IUGS COORDINATION
Asier Hilario. Chair, IUGS –
International Commission on
Geoheritage (IUGS-ICG)
Gonzalo Lozano. Secretariat
Stanley Finney. Secretary
General, IUGS
Benjamin Van Wyk de Vries. Chair,
IUGS Subcommission on Sites
Juana Vegas. Secretary General,
IUGS-ICG
Jianping Zhang. Vice-chair,
IUGS-ICG
THE SECOND 100
BOOK EDITORS
Gonzalo Lozano. Geological
and Mining Institute of Spain
(IGME, CSIC)
Luis Carcavilla.Geological
and Mining Institute of Spain
(IGME, CSIC)
Stanley Finney. IUGS secretary
General. USA
Asier Hilario. Basque Coast
UNESCO Global Geopark. Spain.
Juana Vegas.Geological
and Mining Institute of Spain
(IGME, CSIC)
Benjamin Van Wyk de
Vries.Université Clermont
Auvergne. France
Jianping Zhang. China University
of Geosciences. China
NATIONAL
REPRESENTATIVES

8 9
IUGS Geological Heritage Sites
SCIENTIFIC PARTNERS:
SECRETARIAT: IGCP 731:
ICS
TGIR
IUGS Task Group on Igneous rocks
IUGS – International Union of
Geological Sciences
Stanley Finney. Secretary General
IUGS – International Commission on
Geoheritage (IUGS-ICG)
Asier Hilario. Chair
Juana Vegas. Secretary General
Jianping Zhang. Vice-chair
Benjamin Van Wyk de Vries. Chair,
IUGS Subcommission on Sites
Gonzalo Lozano. Secretariat, IUGS
Subcommission on Sites
IUGS Commission on the History of
Geological Sciences (INHIGEO)
Ezio Angelo Vaccari. Chair
IUGS – International Commission on
Stratigraphy (ICS)
David Harper. Chair
International Association of
Sedimentologist (IAS)
Daniel Aríztegui. Past-President
International Paleontological
Associati
o
n (IPA)
Sylvie Crasquin. President
The Metamorphic Studies Group
(MSG)
Owen Weller-Gibbs. Chair
IUGS Task Group on Igneous Rocks
(IUGS-TGIR)
Michele Lustrino. Chair
International association of
Volcanology and Chemistry of the
Earth's interior (IAVCEI)
Karoly Nemeth. Member
SELECTION COMMITTEE /
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
IUGS Commision on Tectonics and
Structural Geology (TecTask)
Enrique Gómez Rivas. Chair
Lorenzo Gemignani. Secretary General
International Mineralogical
Association (IMA)
Hans-Peter Schertl. President
International Association of
Geomorphologist (IAG)
Piotr Migoń. Member
UNESCO International Research
Centre on Karst (IRCK)
Mary Luo Qukan. Chair
International Association of
Hydrogeologist (IAH)
David Kreamer. President
Ian Davey. Executive Manager
Impact Cratering Committee (ICC)
from The Meteoritical Society
Aaron Cavosie. Chair
International Union for Quaternary
Research (INQUA)
Thijs Van Kolfschoten. President
Scientific Committee on Antarctic
Research (SCAR)
Enrique Díaz-Martínez. Secretary.
SCAR Expert Group on Geoheritage
and Geoconservation
Global Geoparks Network (GGN)
Nickolas Zouros. President
ProGEO – International Association
for the Conservation of Geological
Heritage
Lars Erikstad. Former-President
THE SECOND 100 IUGS
GEOLOGICAL HERITAGE SITES
has been developed thanks
to multiple international
organizations. Their
representatives served as
members of the Selection
Committee.
On February 6 the final list
of 'The Second 100' was
approved.
“IUGS GEOLOGICAL HERITAGE SITES IS A UNIQUE IUGS
COLLABORATIVE INITIATIVE TO GIVE RECOGNITION TO
THOSE SITES ESSENTIAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF
GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES WORLDWIDE”

10 11
IUGS Geological Heritage Sites
10
The Second 100 IUGS Geological Heritage Sites, as with the First 100, receive IUGS rec-
ognition because they are the of highest scientific value. They are the world’s best
demonstrations of geologic features and processes. They are the sites of fabulous
discoveries of the Earth and its history. They are sites that served to develop the sci-
ence of geology, particularly its early history. They are located worldwide, and they
are geologically diverse. Their visibility is greatly enhanced by IUGS recognition. They
are attractively illustrated and described in this Book “The Second 100 IUGS Geological
Heritage Sites”, and they will be promoted further on the website of the International
Commission on Geoheritage. www.iugs-geoheritage.org
The Second 100 Geological Heritage Sites are distributed in 53 countries. Some of the
sites are classic and known to almost all geologists, but few geologists know most
of the sites because of their diverse types and geographic settings. Older geologists
know many; young geologists few. The announcement of the “Second 100” and the
release of the attractive book at the 37th International Geological Congress in Busan,
Republic of Korea on 27 August 2024 will lead to many of the sites becoming known
for the first time to large numbers of geologists and the public. Interest in individual
sites will increase as will geo-visitors. Many of the “Second 100” are well protected in
national parks, geoparks, and natural reserves, but many are not. Recogition and visi-
bility of the “Second 100” by IUGS can lead to their further appreciation, to their use as
educational resources, and, most importantly, to their preservation.
Selection of the Second 100 built on the success and the global impact of the First 100.
The website with the list of sites has been visited by more than 50.000 geologist from
over 190 nations. The process and the procedures evolved for the “Second 100” to in-
clude over 400 participants and 16 international organizations that represent well all
the disciplines of geological sciences. We thank all of them for their active participation.
For the Second 100, 174 proposed sites from 74 countries were considered. 714 reviews
were done by 89 reviewers, who scored and ranked all the sites. The result of the evalua-
tion was discussed and finally approved by 20 voting members of the Selection Committee,
which represents the 16 international organizations that participate in this global endeavor.
The final selection was ratified by the IUGS Executive Committee on February 21, 2024.
The large number of active participants in this Geological Heritage Sites endeavor
reflects an enthusiasm for identifying geologic sites that impress us and captivates
us with their geological character and significance. We have studied many of them
in our fundamental course work, learned about them from our general interest and
inquisitiveness in geological sciences, and visited them on field excursions. We delve
into their meaning, their composition and structure, their history, and their ongoing
processes. We enjoy being at them and viewing them virtually or, better yet, in person.
There are many more sites of the highest international value that can be considered
global references for the geological sciences. This global challenge led by the IUGS is
only a representation of most of them. The International Commission on Geoheritage
(IUGS) plans to announce the Third 100 IUGS Geological Heritage Sites in 2026, and the
Fourth in 2028. We invite you to follow this endeavor at least through 2028.
Stanley Finney
IUGS Secretary General.
Asier Hilario
Chair. IUGS Commission on Geoheritage.
The Second 100
IUGS Geological
Heritage Sites
Photo: Bernhard Edmaier
Montgomery Reef, Australia

IUGS Geological Heritage Sites
51
2
SITE 115 - SITE 130
STRATIGRAPHY AND
SEDIMENTOLOGY

52 53
IUGS Geological Heritage Sites
Photo: Bernhard Edmaier
Tsaus Mountains, Namibia
Stratigraphy is the branch of geology concerned with studying sedimentary strata and their
chronological relationships. It involves analysing the distribution, deposition, and age of sed-
imentary strata to understand Earth's history and the processes shaping its surface. Sedi-
mentology focuses on sediments and sedimentary rocks – their origin, structure, and depo-
sitional process.
Stratigraphy and sedimentology are crucial for reconstructing past environments, under-
standing geological events, and correlating stratigraphic successions, which are essential for
defining the geological time scale, which are essential for defining geological time scales. Ad-
ditionally, they are fundamental in assessing past climate changes, sea-level fluctuations, and
the impact of human activities on geological processes and they host economically resourc-
es of oil, gas, coal, and minerals. They serve as aquifers of groundwater and proivde massive
amount of non-economic materials such as sand, gravel, and limestone.
The historical evolution of stratigraphy began in the 17th century with Nicolaus Steno's princi-
ples of superposition, original horizontality, and lateral continuity. In the 18th century, James
Hutton introduced the concept of deep time and recognized the significance of unconformi-
ties. These principles laid the groundwork for understanding how sedimentary layers are de-
posited over time. The 19th century saw significant advances, in particular of biostratigraphy
to correlate and date strata, thanks to scientists like William Smith. Sedimentology emerged
as a distinct field in the mid-20th century, with modern theories and techniques emphasizing
sediment transport and deposition processes.
Technological innovations and interdisciplinary approaches drive advancements in stratigra-
phy and sedimentology, including artificial intelligence through machine and deep learning.
High-resolution imaging, geochemical analysis, and computer modelling have enhanced the
precision and scope of research. Integration with palaeontology, geochronology, and geo-
physics has led to a more comprehensive understanding of Earth's history. Researchers in-
creasingly focus on sedimentary records to predict future geological and environmental sce-
narios, addressing contemporary challenges like climate change and resource management.
The second 100 geological heritage sites include several world-class sites that illustrate sin-
gular stratigraphic and sedimentological aspects, from the Precambrian to the present. The
Mesoproterozoic Belt-Purcell Supergroup is the oldest, encompassing the thickest sedimen-
tary succession on Earth and capturing pristine Precambrian rocks. Notable Ordovician sites
include the Hällekis Quarry with cool to temperate carbonates and the glacial pavements of
Tassili n’Ajjer. Two more sites complete the Paleozoic Era: the Carboniferous of The Burren and
Cliffs of Moher, exposed in spectacular sea cliffs, and one of the best visible and most acces-
sible reef complexes in the Permian section of the Guadalupe Mountains.
The Mesozoic Era features the Latemar Triassic carbonate platform, the end-Triassic Flood
Basalts, and an iconic outcrop of aeolian stratigraphy, the colourfully sculpted Navajo Sand-
stone landscape, which records the largest erg in geologic history.
The Cenozoic Era includes the Oligocene-Miocene deposits of Meteora, the Scala dei Turchi
with Zanclean limestones, the Etosha Pan with Neogene to Pleistocene fossils, and the Raciš-
ka Pecina Cave with a multi-proxy record of landscape and paleoenvironmental changes. Oth-
er sites cover various intervals from the Pliocene to the present, including Kikaijima Island,
Shark Bay, the Uyuni salt flat, the Dead Sea, and Lake Salda, a deep alkaline lake that is an
excellent analogue for possible ancient life on Mars.
Daniel Ariztegui
Department of Earth Sciences. University of
Geneva. Geneva, Switzerland.
Past President. IAS - International Association
of Sedimentologists.
IUGS Geological Heritage Sites referee.
Thijs van Kolfschoten
Faculty of Archaeology. Leiden University.
Leiden, the Netherlands.
Past President. INQUA - International Union for
Quaternary Research.
IUGS Geological Heritage Sites referee.

USA AND CANADA
ALGERIA AND LYBIA
ISRAEL AND JORDAN
SWEDEN
ITALY
CANADA
NAMIBIA
IRELAND
USA
BOLIVIA
USA
Latemar Triassic
carbonate platform
End-Triassic
Flood Basalts
at the Old Wife
Etosha Pan
Uyuni salt flat
Carboniferous of
The Burren and
Cliffs of Moher
SLOVENIA
The Dead Sea
ITALY
Holocene coral
reef terraces of
Kikaijima Island
TURKEY
JAPAN
GREECE
The Ordovician section
of the Hällekis Quarry
The Mesoproterozoic
Belt-Purcell Supergroup
The Jurassic Navajo
Sandstone at Coyote
Buttes and The Wave
Permian reef complex of
the Guadalupe Mountains
Pliocene cyclostratygraphy
of Scala dei Turchi
Ordovician
glacial of the
Tassili n'Ajjer
Mars analog
of Lake Salda
Raciška
Pecina Cave
Rock pinacles of Meteora
AUSTRALIA
Shark Bay

58 59
Stratigraphy and sedimentology IUGS Geological Heritage Sites
ONE OF THE MOST COMPLETE,
SPECTACULAR AND MOST
THOROUGHLY DOCUMENTED
SECTIONS OF ORDOVICIAN
COOL TO TEMPERATE WATER
LIMESTONES, GLOBALLY.
The limestone succession, spanning the
Lower–Middle Ordovician boundary, is
exceptionally well-exposed and easily
accessible, attracting stratigraphers,
sedimentologists, paleontologists and
geochemists, as well as students from
schools and universities. It is a prime
example of carbonates formed in an ex-
tensive, sediment-starved intracratonic
basin with low net depositional rates.
The succession encompasses also the
interval that is enriched in extra-terres-
trial chromite and has yielded >130 'fossil'
meteorites in an active quarry 4 km to the
southeast. The quarry is located within
a UNESCO Geopark, protected, open as a
recreational area, and visited by a large
number of tourists every year.
View to the north of the Hällekis Quarry. The succession is approximately 35 meters thick. (Photo: Henrik
Theodorsson).
THE ORDOVICIAN SECTION
OF THE HÄLLEKIS QUARRY
SWEDEN
SITE 116
Simplified lithologic succession and
stratigraphic units in the Hällekis Quarry.
Modified after Streng et al. (2023, fig. 13).
Lower–Middle Ordovician bedded limestones
of Sweden have been collectively referred
to as the ‘orthoceratite limestone’. This
world-famous cool to temperate water lime-
stone is widely distributed in Scandinavia,
and the table mountain Kinnekulle is ;regard-
ed as its type area. The ‘orthoceratite lime-
stone’ here has been the target of numerous
focused studies and is among the most thor-
oughly documented intervals in the Ordovi-
cian, both regionally and globally.
The abandoned quarry at Hällekis, Kin-
nekulle, provides an easily accessible Mid-
dle Ordovician succession. The c. 40 m thick
succession consists predominantly of ‘or-
thoceratite limestone’, often with corrosional
hardgrounds (Lindskog and Eriksson, 2017;
Lindskog et al., 2019). Macrofossils are gen-
erally relatively rare, but some beds contain
abundant and spectacular accumulations
of orthocone cephalopods and trilobites.
Noteworthy is a grey, c. 1.5 m thick unit (the
‘Täljsten’ or ‘carving stone’) dominated by in
situ preserved specimens of cystoid echino-
derms. This interval contains relatively abun-
dant chromite grains with chemical com-
Geological Description
Scientific research and tradition
The ‘orthoceratite limestone’ has been ex-
tensively studied since the mid 1800s. The
last three decades have witnessed major
efforts to increase our knowledge of the
stratigraphy, sedimentology, paleontology,
and geochemistry of this limestone interval,
and the Hällekis section is significant in un-
derstanding the Ordovician world (Streng et
al., 2023).
The interval with the grey, 1.5-meter-thick 'Täljsten' reflects a prominent sea level drop and is enriched in
extraterrestrial chromite grains. (Photo: Anders Lindskog).
GEOLOGICAL
PERIOD Lower to Middle
Ordovician
Stratigraphy and
sedimentology
Paleontology
MAIN
GEOLOGICAL
INTEREST
Kinnekulle,
Västergötland, Sweden
58°36'36''N
013°23'37''E
LOCATION
UNESCO Global Geopark
positions that indicate a meteoritic origin.
Together with the remarkable occurrence of
more than one hundred macroscopic ‘fos-
sil’ meteorites from the same interval in the
Thorsberg quarry to the southeast, this has
been linked to an asteroid disruption event
in space (Schmitz and Häggström, 2006;
Schmitz et al., 2019).

272 273
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S0016-7878(17)30010-X.

292 293
AUTHORS
I. HISTORY OF GEOSCIENCES
101. Arduino’s lithostratigraphical sequence o f the Agno Valley
Ezio Vaccari. International Commission on the History of Geological
Sciences (INHIGEO) / Università degl i Studi dell’Insubria. Italy.
102. Cavansham Ferry and Llanstephan Quarries
Duncan Hawley. History of Geology Group, Geological Society of
London and INHIGEO. United Kingdom.
103. Juras sic Coast: Lyme Regis
Jonathan Larwood. Natural England. United Kingdom.
104. Metamorphic Barrow Zones in Scottish Highlands
Owen Weller. University of Cambridge. United Kingdom.
Richard Palin. University of Oxford. United Kingdom.
Richard White. University of St Andrews. United Kingdom.
105. Contact metamorphic rocks of Orijärvi
Owen Weller. University of Cambridge. United Kingdom.
Richard White. University of St Andrews. United Kingdom.
Richard Palin. University of Oxford. United Kingdom.
106. Durbuy Anticline
Sophie Verheyden. Royal Belgian Institute of Natu ral Sc iences - RBINS.
Serge Delaby. UGGp Famenne-Ardenne, Belgium.
Léon Dejonghe. Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences - RBINS.
Xavier Devleeschouwer. Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences
- RBINS.
Michiel Dusar. Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences - RBINS.
Robert Speijer. KU Leuven, Belgium.
107. Vesuvius volcano
Claudia Principe. Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, CNR, Pisa
and INHIGEO - IUGS International Commiss ion on the History of
Geological Sciences. Italy.
108. Scheibenberg lava flow
Martina Kölbl-Ebert. International Commission on the History
of Geological Sciences (INHIGEO) & Department of Earth and
Environmental Sciences University of Munich, Germany.
109. Montagne Pelée volcano
Nicolas CHARLES. PhD – BRGM / French Geological Survey.
110. Oligocene Laccoliths and Sedimentary Rock Domes of the
Henry Mountains
Marie D. Jackson. Department of Geology and Geophysics,
University of Utah, USA .
David D. P ollard. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences,
Stanford University, USA.
111. Maruia Falls
Martina Kölbl-Ebert. International Commission on the History
of Geological Sciences (INHIGEO) & Department of Earth and
Environmental Sciences University of Munich, Germany.
112. Mer de Glace
Philip Deline. Laboratoire EDYTEM, Université Savoie Mont Blanc –
CNRS, Chambéry, France.
Ludovic Ravan el. Laboratoire EDYTEM, Université Savoie Mont Blanc
– CNRS, Chambéry, France.
113. Esmark Moraine and Otto Tank ’s Moraine
Geir Hestmark . CEES, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo
and INHIGEO. Norway.
114. The Parallel Roads of Glen Roy
John E. Gordon. University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK.
Adrian P. Palmer. Royal Holloway University of London, England, UK.
J. John Lowe. Royal Holloway University of London, England, UK.
Colin K. Ballantyne. University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK.
James Rose. Royal Holloway University of London, England, UK.
II. STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY
115. The Mesoproterozoic Belt-Purcell Supergroup
Kylie Caesar. National Park Service, Glacier National Park. USA.
Tara Carolin. National Park Service, Glacier National Park. USA.
Tea gan Toml in. National Park Service, Glacier National Park. USA.
Richard Menicke. National Park Service, Glacier National Park. USA.
Locke Marshall. Parks Canada, Waterton Lakes National Park. USA.
116. The Ordovician sec tion of the Hällekis Quarr y
Per Ahlberg. Lund University, Sweden.
David A .T. Harper. Department of Earth Sciences, Durham
University, Durham, UK.
Lars Holmer. Uppsala University, Sweden.
Anders Lindskog. Lund University, Sweden.
Birger S chmitz. Lund University, Sweden.
117. The Ordovician glacial pavements of the Tassili n’Ajjer
Ghienne Jean-François. Institut Terre et Environnement de
Strasbourg, France.
Abdallah Hussein. Alicante, Spain.
Buoncristiani Jean-François. Biogéosciences, Université de
Bourgogne, France.
Deschamps Rémi. IFPEN, Rueil-Malmaison, France.
Le Heron D aniel. Department of Geology, Universität Wien, Austria.
Moreau Julien. NW Edge, Isle of Lewis, HS2 9AJ United Kingdom.
118. Carboniferous evolution of The Burren and Cliffs of Moher
Eamon Doyle. Burren and Cliffs of Moher UNESCO Global Geopark,
Ireland.
Clare Glanville. Geoheritage Division, Geological Survey Ireland,
Ireland.
Patrick N. Wyse Jackson. International Commission on the History
of Geological Sciences (INHIGEO) & Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
David A .T. Harper. Department of Earth Sciences, Durham
University, Durham, UK.
119. Permian reef complex of the Guadalupe Mountains
Charle s Kerans. University of Texas at Austin. USA.
Lance L . Lambert. University of Texas at San Antonio. USA.
120. Latemar Triassic carbonate platform
Nereo Preto. Department of Geosciences, University of Padova,
Padova, Italy.
121. End-Triassic Flood Basalts at the Old Wife
John H. Calder. Cliffs of Fundy UGGp, Canadian Geoparks Network
and Saint Mary’s University, NS, Canada.
122. The Jurassic Navajo S andstone at Coyote But tes and The Wave
Winston Seiler. University of Utah. USA.
Marjorie A. Chan. University of Utah. USA.
123. The Oligocene-Miocene molassic and rock pinacles of Meteora
Nikolaos Zouros. Director of the Natural History Museum of the
Lesvos Petrified Forest, Professor in the Department of Geography,
University of the Aegean. Greece.
124. Pliocene cyclostratygraphy of Scala dei Turchi
Antonio Caruso. Università degli studi di Palermo - Dipartimento di
Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche. Italy.
125. Etosha Pan
Helke Mocke. Geological Survey of Namibia, Namibia.
Roy McG. Miller. Consulting Geologist.
Martin Hipondoka. University of Namibia.
Martin Pickford. Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. France.
Brigitte Senut. Natural History Museum, Paris. France.
Loïc Ségalen. Sorbonne University, Paris. France.
126. Pliocene to Holocene records from Raciška Pecina Cave
Nadja Zupan Hajna. ZRC SAZU Karst Research Institute. Slovenia.
Astrid Švara. Karst Research Institute ZRC SAZU. Slovenia.
127. Holocene coral reef terraces of Kikaijima Island
Taro Komagoe. KIKAI institute for Coral Reef Sciences. Japan.
Atsuko Yamazaki. Nagoya University /KIKAI institute for Coral Reef
Sciences. Japan.
Takayasu Amano. Kikai Town Office. Japan.
Rintaro Suzuki. KIKAI institute for Coral Reef Sciences. Japan.
Yoshitaka Uechi. Kikai Town Office. Japan.
Tsuyoshi Watanabe. Hokkaido University / Research Institute for
Humanity and Nature / KIKAI institute for Coral Reef Sciences.
Japan.
128. Shark Bay
Margaret Brocx. Adjunct Professor of Research|College of Science,
Health, Engineering and Education, Discipline Environmental and Con-
servation Sciences. Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia.
Vic Semeniuk. Adjunct Professor of Research|College of Science,
Health, Engineering and Education, Discipline Environmental and Con-
servation Sciences. Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia.
129. Uyuni salt flat
Wilfredo Ramos Collorana. Universidad Mayor de San Andrés,
Ingeniería Geológica, IGEMA. Bolivia.
Nelson R oman Carvajal Velasco. YLB. Bolivia.
Luis Mario Jimenez Huanca. Independiente. Bolivia.
130. The Dead Sea
Amit G Reiss. Rice University. USA.
Uri Schatnner. University of Haifa. Israel.
Ran N Nof. Geological Survey of Israel.
Michael Lazar. University of Haifa. Israel.
Nurit Shtober-Zisu. Un iversity of Haifa. Israel.
Michal Rosenthal. Israel Geological Society.
Lior Kamhaji. Israel Geological Society.
Yoav Nahmias. Geological Survey of Israel.
131. Mars analog of Lake Salda
Nizamettin Kazancı. Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
Nurgül Balci. Istanbul Technical University Geological Engineering
Dept., Geomicrobiology & Biogeochemsitry Laboratory, Istanbul,
Türkiye.

300
The IUGS wants to express its most sincere gratitude to all participants and authors that
have contributed to this unique announcement.
IUGS recognition identifies these sites as being of the highest scientific value. They are sites
that served to develop the science of geology. They are the world’s best demonstrations
of geologic features and processes. They are the sites of fabulous discoveries of the Earth
and its history. Recognition and visibility of the "Second 100" IUGS Geological Heritage Sites
can lead to their further appreciation, to their use as educational resources, and, most
importantly, to their preservation.
Please, do not hesitate to contact us in case you see any error or misspelling. We will be
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Thank you