A RETROSPECTIVE UPDATE ON THE AURICULARIA SPECIES IN GHANA AND THEIR NUTRITIONAL, ETHNOMYCOLOGICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL VALUES FOR HEALTH

Abstract

The genus Auricularia contains mushrooms that are known for their edibility, ecological value;
as decomposers and nutrient cycling. They also contain medically useful bioactive compounds;
mostly polysaccharides with numerous pharmacological activities (antioxidant, anti-tumour,
immunomodulatory, hypolipodemic, antidiabetic, anti-microbial, hepatoprotective etc.). They
also contain nutritive compounds useful as nutraceuticals and are cultivated worldwide. We set
out to update the collecting localities of Auricularia in Ghana with the view to extend the list
of national occurrence. Field trips were made from August 2022 to July 2023 to Ashanti, Oti,
Western North and Eastern Regions to record new localities of Auricularia. A desktop study
collated the nutritional, medicinal and other bioactive compounds resident in the mushroom
to assess potential for economic exploitation for health delivery. Morphological, anatomical
and other characteristics of the fruiting bodies were determined to authenticate the samples
obtained. Auricularia cornea was recorded for the first time on cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao)
and cassava (Manihot esculenta L) sticks in Adansi North (Ashanti Region), Bowiri Amanfro
and Bowiri Kyiriahi (Oti Region); Baakokrom, Sefwi Bekwai in the Bibiani-Anwhiaso Bekwai
Municipality (Western North Region) as well as the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana- New
Tafo Akim (Eastern Region). There are seven Auricularia (A. auricula-judae, A. delicata,
A. fuscosuccinea, A. hunteri, A. mesenterica, A. polytricha and A. cornea) in Ghana. The
morphometric, anatomical and other physical characteristics agree with the reported data in the
pertinent literature for A. cornea. The plethora of bioactive, nutritive and pharmacologically
useful ingredients of the basidiomata makes the mushroom a potential source of economic
value and gives credence to its exploitation for health delivery in our developing economy.

Full text

GHANA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOL. 65
90
A RETROSPECTIVE UPDATE ON THE AURICULARIA
SPECIES IN GHANA AND THEIR NUTRITIONAL,
ETHNOMYCOLOGICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL
VALUES FOR HEALTH
G. T. ODAMTTEN, J. ADDO*, M. WIAFE-KWAGYAN & N. K. KORTEI
G. T. O, J. A & M. W.-K.: Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, School of
Biological Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon.;
N. K. K.: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences,
University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho & Department of Sports Nutrition,
School of Sports and Exercise Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences,
PMB 31, Ho.
*Corresponding author’s email: jaddo009@st.ug.edu.gh
ABSTRACT
The genus Auricularia contains mushrooms that are known for their edibility, ecological value;
as decomposers and nutrient cycling. They also contain medically useful bioactive compounds;
mostly polysaccharides with numerous pharmacological activities (antioxidant, anti-tumour,
immunomodulatory, hypolipodemic, antidiabetic, anti-microbial, hepatoprotective etc.). They
also contain nutritive compounds useful as nutraceuticals and are cultivated worldwide. We set
out to update the collecting localities of Auricularia in Ghana with the view to extend the list
of national occurrence. Field trips were made from August 2022 to July 2023 to Ashanti, Oti,
Western North and Eastern Regions to record new localities of Auricularia. A desktop study
collated the nutritional, medicinal and other bioactive compounds resident in the mushroom
to assess potential for economic exploitation for health delivery. Morphological, anatomical
and other characteristics of the fruiting bodies were determined to authenticate the samples
obtained. Auricularia cornea was recorded for the rst time on cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao)
and cassava (Manihot esculenta L) sticks in Adansi North (Ashanti Region), Bowiri Amanfro
and Bowiri Kyiriahi (Oti Region); Baakokrom, Sefwi Bekwai in the Bibiani-Anwhiaso Bekwai
Municipality (Western North Region) as well as the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana- New
Tafo Akim (Eastern Region). There are seven Auricularia (A. auricula-judae, A. delicata,
A. fuscosuccinea, A. hunteri, A. mesenterica, A. polytricha and A. cornea) in Ghana. The
morphometric, anatomical and other physical characteristics agree with the reported data in the
pertinent literature for A. cornea. The plethora of bioactive, nutritive and pharmacologically
useful ingredients of the basidiomata makes the mushroom a potential source of economic
value and gives credence to its exploitation for health delivery in our developing economy.
Keywords: Auricularia, Ghana, Collecting localities, Pharmacological, Bioactive and
Nutritional components, Medicinal values.
Introduction
The genus Auricularia consists of mushrooms
originally described in Europe and belong
to the Phylum Basidiomycota; Family
Auriculariaceae; Order Auriculariales (Kirk
et al., 2008). They are widely distributed and
recognized for their ecological, economic
values and medicinal properties (Wu et al.,
Ghana J. Sci. 65 (1), 2024 Original Scientic Research https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjs.v65i1.8

GHANA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
VOL. 65 91
2021). Most species of Auricularia play an
important role in the degradation and nutrient
cycling processes in the forest ecosystem
usually inhabiting angiosperm woods (dead
trees, stumps, fallen trunks and branches and
rotten wood). A few, however, are seen growing
on gymnosperm wood (Wu et al., 2021; Dai
and Bau, 2007; Baldrian and Lindahl, 2011).
Records show that seven (7)
Auricularia species have been found in Ghana
on dierent substrates, and locations between
1999 and 2023 (Piening, 1962; Motey, 2006;
Wu et al., 2021). The recent record was on
A. auricular-judae found growing on dead
wood, milk bush (Thevatia peruviana), pencil
cactus or re sticks (Euphorbia tirucalli;
Euphorbiaceae, Malpighiales) (Odamtten et
al., 2021). Auricularia polytricha (Mont.)
Sacc. is also spread worldwide and has been
recorded in the Atewa and Achimota Forest
Reserves in Ghana (Motey, 2006). The current
name is Auricularia nigricans (Sw.) Birkebak,
Looney & Sánchez-García. In India, A.
polytricha has been collected from the host
tree Samanea saman (Garasiya et al., 2007).
Auricularia mushrooms are known
for their bioactive compounds mostly
polysaccharides with numerous pharmaceutical
and biological activities such as antioxidants,
antitumour agent, immunomodulatory,
hypolipidemia, antidiabetic, antimicrobial,
anticoagulant, and hepato-protective (Chiu et
al., 2014; Ying et al., 1987). Auricularia species
are also used as food (nutraceuticals) and
medicine worldwide (Kadnikova et al., 2015).
For example, several species are widely used
as important edible and medicinal mushrooms
in China and other East Asian countries (Dai &
Yang, 2008; Wu et al., 2014). A. heimuer was
for instance considered as a delicacy of the
emperor in Eastern Zhou Dynasty 2000 years
ago (Zhang et al., 2005). It has been cultivated
for over 1400 years (Zhang et al., 2015). For
example, cultivation in China alone, in 2019,
was 7.1 billion kg (fresh weight) of A. heimuer
valued at over ¥36.5 billion (36.5 billion Yuan
=$5.08 billion USD, as of July 2023). This
species is the second most important edible
species after Lentinula edodes (Berk) Pergler,
(Shiitake). Several species within the genus
Auricularia (A. cornea, A. auricula-judae, A.
delicata, A. fuscosuccinea etc.) are cultivated
on commercial scale in China and Southeast
Asia and Africa (Khan et al., 2023; Liu et
al., 2021; Bastos et al., 2023; Khurena et al.,
2020; Thongklang et al., 2020).
The Auricularia species in Ghana
have a plethora of biologically active
secondary metabolites of high therapeutic
applications (Sevindik, 2018; Badshah et
al., 2015; González-Palma et al., 2016;
Gebreyohannes et al., 2019 a,b; Khan et
al., 2023; Shahar et al., 2023, Zakaria et
al., 2022; Zhao et al., 2023) and also a wide
range of secondary antioxidants, anti-diabetic,
anti-viral, antithrombotic, antiammatory and
antitumour properties worthy of exploitation
for health improvement (Bill and Glover,
2016; Walkota and Temesgen, 2018). Recent
studies indicate that over 136 mushrooms
extracts including those from Auricularia,
have antimicrobial activity against gram
positive and gram negative bacteria (Islam et
al., 2021; Oli et al., 2020; Deka et al., 2017).
There are other economically benecial
compounds such as polysaccharides serving
as functional foods for human health (Liu et
al., 2021; Khatun et al., 2012; Gupta et al.,
2019; Kadnikova et al., 2015; Mapoung,
2021). Auricularia fruiting bodies also contain
mineral elements (Ca, Na, K, Mg, Fe, As, Cu,
Zn, Co, Cr, Mn, Pb, Ni), vitamins B1, B2, B3,
B6, D3, glucose, galactose, xylose, mannose,
amino acids, carbohydrates, low fats, crude
protein (Li et al., 2023; Wangkheirakpam et
al., 2018; Gupta et al., 2018 etc.).
The West African Auricularia
mushrooms are used in folklore medicine

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92
for various ailments including sore throats,
sore eyes, jaundice, astringents, blood tonic
etc. (Compagnie du champignon sylvestre,
2020; Apertorgbor et al., 2006).). In Chinese
restaurants, Auricularia species are used to
prepare dishes such as hot and sour soup which
is available in Ghana Chinese restaurants.
In summary, the Auricularia species have
such a potent source of pharmaceutical
factory for bioactive healing compounds and
nutraceuticals for benecial use in our health
delivery system.
In view of the apparent economic
importance of Auricularia species in the
country, we set out to update their occurrence
in the Oti, Ashanti, Western North, and Eastern
Regions of Ghana having done similar surveys
in the Greater Accra, Eastern and Ashanti
Regions in our earlier reports (Odamtten et
al., 2021; Motey, 2006; Piening, 1962). Our
objectives were: To update the occurrence of
Auricularia species in the Ashanti, Eastern,
Oti and Western North Regions of Ghana with
the view of assessing the possibility of future
commercial cultivation and the exploitation
of their nutritive, pharmacological and ethno-
mycological values in our health delivery
system.
Experimental
A eld trip was undertaken from August 2022
to July 2023 to Bowiri Amanfrom: 7˚20’56”N
0˚27’56”E (Oti Region); Bowiri Kyiriahi:
7˚19’56”N 0˚27’24”E (Oti Region) in August
2022; Adansi North: 6˚16’20”N 1˚28’4”W,
altitude 244±8 metres (Ashanti Region) in
October 2022; Baakokrom in Sefwi Bekwai:
6˚10’52”N 2˚18’22”W, altitude 127±38 metres
in the Bibiani-Anhwiaso-Bekwai Municipal
(Western North Region) in June 2023; and
Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana CRIG-
Tafo: 6˚13’52”N 0˚20’41”W, altitude 222±3
metres (Eastern Region) in July 2023 (Fig. 1).
Cocoa farms were inspected for the presence
of the fruiting bodies of Auricularia on trees,
twigs and trunks on oor debris.

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VOL. 65 93
Fig. 1: Regions in Ghana where the survey for Auricularia has been carried out from 1949-2023; ▼:
Auricularia species recorded.

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Anatomical studies
The anatomy of the hymenium (fertile layer)
was studied using the method described by
Odamtten et al. (2021). Photographs were
taken under a photomicroscope (Computer
Model Leica ICC50W) with software (Leica
LAS EZ version, 1.8.0).
Host plant for the edible Auricularia cornea
The host plants were mainly cocoa (Theobroma
cacao L) tree branches and decomposing
wood and twigs of cassava (Manihot esculenta
L). Photographs of the fruiting bodies
(Basidiomata) on the hosts were taken using
IPhone XR (Model Number: MT3T2LL/A).
Desk-top study
This was a collection of information from
the pertinent literature on the nutritional,
pharmacological, ethno-mycological and
medicinal values of Auricularia species in
Ghana.
Results
Table 1 summarizes Auricularia species
recorded in Ghana from 1949-2023. A.
delicate was found in Aiyola Forest Reserve
6˚9’0” N and 0˚57’0” W in Degree Minute
(Eastern Region) and Asuansi Forest (Ashanti
Region) in 1949 (Piening, 1962; Motey, 2006).
A. fuscocuccinea was also found growing
on the rubber plant (Hevea brasiliensis) in
Tarkwa (Western North Region), in 1949 and
A. mesenterrica was found at Nsuaem in the
Ashanti Region in 1949 (Table 1) (Piening,
1962; Motey, 2006). The more recent nd
was A. polytricha in the Achimota Forest
(Motey, 2006) and A. auricula-judae at
Adenta (Greater Accra Region) (Odamtten
et al., 2021). Figures 1a-b and 2-3 show the
morphological characteristics of A. polytricha
and A.auricula-judae, respectively.

GHANA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
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TABLE 1
Record of Auricularia species in Ghana from 1949 – 2023
Auricularia Species
Location of Storage Substrate; (Place and Date of Collec-
tion) References
A. auricula - judae
(Bull) Quet
Ghana Herbarium
Dead orange branch, (USA;1959)
Pencil cactus or re stick ( Euphorbia
tirucalli) (Adenta Municipality Greater
Accra, Ghana, 2021)
Motey (2006)
Odamtten et al.(2021)
A. delicata
(Mont ex Fr.) Henn
Ghana Herbarium
Cola nitida, wood substrate
( Ghana; Asuasi 1949; Aiyola Forest ) Motey (2006)
Piening (1962)
A. fuscosuccinea
( Mont ) Farl.
Ghana Herbarium
Rubber Plants; Hevea brasiliensis
(Tarkwa, Ghana. 1949, 1956 ) Motey (2006)
Piening (1962)
A. hunteri
(Llyod)
Ghana Herbarium
Deadwood, ( Ashanti Region, Ghana;
Undated) Piening (1962)
A. mesenterica
Dickx. Pat
Ghana Herbarium
Deadwood; ( Nsuaem Ashanti Region,
Ghana 1949 Piening (1962)
A. polytricha
( Mont ) Sacc.
Ghana Herbarium Deadwood (Aburi Gardens Ghana 1956;
Achimota 2010; USA 1956 Motey (2006)
Piening (1962)
A. cornea Ehrenb.
China; Beijing
Musuem of
National History
Deadwood, ( PGRI, Aboretum CSIR
Ghana,
Bunso Nov. 2016 )
Wu et al.(2021)
A. cornea Ehrenb.
Ghana Herbarium
Cocoa trees, cassava sticks (Adansi North,
Ashanti, 2022 Region; Bowiri Amanfro
and Bowiri Kyiriahi, Oti Region 2022;
Baakokrom, Western North Region, 2023;
Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana CRIG-
Tafo, Eastern Region, 2023)
Collected by
J. Addo
This Paper
** Obtained from USA; Ghana Herbarium @ Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, University of
Ghana, Legon; PGRI: Plant Genetic Resource Institute CSIR, Bunso, Ghana
Fig 2: (a) Drawing of A. polytricha from Achimota
Forest; (b) Live specimen of A. polytricha growing
on fallen log in Achimota Forest
a a
b
Fig. 3: Auricularia auricular-judae growing on
Euphorbia tirucalli in Accra, Ghana. (a) rainy season
and (b) dry season

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In our recent survey in the Ashanti, Oti, Eastern,
and Western North Regions of Ghana, we
encountered for the rst-time fruiting bodies of
A. cornea growing on cocoa trees (Theobroma
cacao) and cassava (Manihot esculenta)
stems. The morphometric and some physical
characteristics of the fruiting basidiomata of A.
cornea are presented in Table 2 viz-a-viz what
is reported in the pertinent literature.
TABLE 2
Morphometric and some physical characteristics of the fruiting body of
Auricularia cornea in Ghana
Parameter Current Paper Literature data Reference
Length (cm) 4.2-8.1±0.6 8.0-9.0 cm,
1-2 mm thick Wu et al.(2021) Fig. 5-8
Width (cm) 3.6-4.3±0.5 - - Fig. 5-8
Colour
Variable; reddish to orange
brown, white
Variable; reddish brown, bu to
white, orange Wu et al.(2021)
Fig. 5-8
Shape (Basidiomata) auriculate auriculate Wu et al.(2021) Fig. 5-8
Shape/habit
(Basidiomata)
adnate, cespitose, non-
stipitate, solitary.
adnate, solitary, cespitose. Wu et al.(2021) Fig. 5-8
Shape (Spores) allantoid to sausage-shape;
thin walled and smooth.
allantoid, hyaline thin walled,
smooth Wu et al.(2021) Fig. 12
Internal Anatomy
medulla present in middle
of cross-section; abhymenial
hairs with swollen base.
medulla present in the middle or
cross-section; abhymenial hair with
swollen base.
Wu et al.(2021) Fig.
9-11
Distribution
Africa, North and South
America, Asia, Europe;
throughout the year.
Africa, North and South America,
Asia, Europe; throughout the year. Li et al.(2021)
Fig 5a and b show A. cornea on cassava stem
from the Adansi North in the Ashanti Region.
Fig 6a and b show A. cornea on a cocoa tree
branch at Bowiri Kyiriahi in the Oti Region
looking morphologically dierent but shows
the abaxial side of the fruit body (Fig 6b). Fig
7a-b represent A. cornea basidiomata in the
dry state found at Bowiri Amanfrom in the
Oti Region while Fig 8a-b and Fig 9 show the
same fungus on cocoa tree trunk at Baakokrom
in Sefwi Bekwai (Western North Region) and
Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (Eastern
Region), respectively. Clearly, the sizes of the
basidiomata dier from one locality to another
although they are the same fruiting body of the
same fungus (Fig 5-9).
The cross-section of the fruiting body
of A. cornea shows a medulla present in the
middle of the cross-section (Fig 10) shown by
an arrow. There is an abhymenial hairs on the
exterior of the hymenium (Fig 11) formed from
a “hartig net” of mycelium below the hymenial
Fig. 4: Gelatinous fruiting body of Auricularia
auricular-judae found in Accra, Ghana

GHANA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
VOL. 65 97
layer (Fig 12) appearing on the upper surface
and microscopically by the presence of an
obvious medulla.
Table 3a-c show the results of a desk-
top study for information on the nutritional,
pharmacological (bioactive compounds) and
ethnomycological (medicinal) uses of Auric-
ularia species in Ghana. Clearly, Auricular-
ia species in Ghana have a plethora of active
ingredients that can be exploited for human
health benets such as antioxidants, antitu-
mours, immunomodulatory, hyperlipidemic,
antidiabetic, anticoagulant, antimicrobial, nu-
traceuticals and hepatoprotective.
Fig. 5a: Auricularia cornea fruiting bodies on Cassava
sticks in a cocoa farm at Adansi North (Ashanti
Region)
Fig. 5b: Enlarged fruiting body of Auricularia cornea
on cassava stick (from at Adansi North: Ashanti
Region)
Fig. 6a: Top portion of the basidioma of A. cornea
growing on a cocoa tree branch at Bowiri Kyiriahi in
the Oti Region
Fig. 6b: Reex fruiting body of A.cornea growing on a
cocoa tree branch in the Oti Region
Fig. 7a: A. cornea basidioma growing on dead cocoa
tree branches (note the dehydrated fruiting body) at
Bowiri Amanfrom, Oti Region)

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Fig. 7b: Varying sizes of A. cornea basidioma
harvested from dead cocoa tree branches (note the
dehydrated fruiting body) at Bowiri Amanfrom, Oti
Region); x: abaxial y: adaxial side of the fruit body
Fig. 8a: A. cornea basidiomata growing on cocoa tree
stem at Baakokrom in Sefwi Bekwai (Western North
Region)
Fig. 8b: Varying sizes of the basidioma of A. cornea
harvested on cocoa tree stem at Baakokrom in Sefwi
Bekwai (Western North Region)
Fig. 9: A. cornea basidiomata growing on cocoa tree
stem at Cocoa research Institute of Ghana (CRIG) in
New Tafo Akim (Eastern Region)
Fig. 10: Microscopic structure showing cross-section
of basidioma of A. cornea (Medulla is shown by the
yellow arrow)
Fig. 11: Abhymenial hairs on the surface of basidioma
of A. cornea

GHANA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
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Fig. 12: Network of mycelium strand below the
hymenium giving rise to basidia of A. cornea
Fig. 13: Basidiospores of A. cornea (Note the allantoid, sausage shaped of the
hyaline spores); Red and Yellow circles are showing the enlargement of the
spores

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TABLE 3a
The Nutritional, Pharmacological (Bioactive) and Ethnomycological (Medicinal)
Values of Auricularia species in Ghana
Auricularia Species Nutritional Values Medicinal Values References
A. auricula - judae
( Bull ) Quet
Protein, energy, fat,
bre, carbohydrate,
ash, calcium, P, K, Fe,
carotene, vitamins,
Functional food.
Edible
Cancer treatment, for piles,
stomach tonic, nourishes
lungs, stop heamorrhage,
invigorates, blood circulation,
hypertension,
rheumatic pains, lumbago,
cramps, numbness, tetanus,
dysentry, obstruction of arteries
and veins, dysentry enterilis,
menorrhyia leuarrhoea cures,
haemorrhoids and uterine
bleeding, gastric disorders,
removal of excessive phlegms,
alkaloids, polyphenols,
terpenes, saponins, steroid
immunomodulatory
laxative
Mensah (2021)
Bastos et al.(2023)
Kumar et al.(2021)
Liu et al.(2021)
Islam et al.(2021)
Mapoung et al.(2021)
Ying et al.(1987)
Apetorgbor et al.(2006)
Wu et al.(2021)
Bao et al., (2020)
Shabar et al.(2023)
Wasser, (2002)
Wasser and Weis (1999)
Bandara et al.(2019)
Khatun et al.(2012)
Kadnikova et al.(2015)
A. delicata (Mont ex
Fr.)
Henn.
Nutraceutical,
avonoids,
Edible
high nutritional
benets: bre
3.6% ash, 12.5%
crude protein, 1.7%
fat, ash, glucose,
xylose,
Carbohydrates
(66.1%), mannose,
galactose, amino
acids (34.7%),
Ca, Na, K, Mg, Fe,
As, Cu, Zn,
Co, Cr, Mn, Pb, Ni.
Vitamin D,
Se, Vitamin B6, B1,
B2, B3, D3
Cures gastrointestinal and liver
ailments, hepatoprotective, anti
- microbial, hyperlipidemic,
anti-inammatory compounds,
cardiovascular terpenoids,
phenolics avonoids,
polysaccharides, chitin,
melanin, anticancer,
antidiabetic, antipxidant,
immunomodulatory,
diabetics, dysentry, cures
haemorrhoids, uterine
bleeding.
Wangkheirakpam et al.(2018)
Gupta et al.(2019)
Wasser, (2014)
Wasser, (2002)
Khurena et al.(2020)
Kadnikova, (2015)
UCLA Health (2023)
Li et al., (2023)
Xiao et al.(2020)
Ying et al.(1987)

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TABLE 3b
The Nutritional, Pharmacological (Bioactive) and Ethnomycological (Medicinal)
Values of Auricularia species in Ghana
Auricularia Species Nutritional Values Medicinal Values References
A. fuscosuccinea
(Mont.)
White / Black
β-glucosidase xylan-1,4-p
xylosidase; endo-1-4-β-
xylanase,
1,4-β-endo-glucanase,
pectinases; total sugars (9.9
- 10.9%); protein
(8.6 - 12.5%); bre (11.7
- 12.5%); fat (4.5%); total
carbohydrates (68.9% -
71.2%); free amino acids
(alanine, arginine, cysteine,
glutamic acid, glycine,
isoleucine, histidine, lysine,
methionine, phenylalanine,
proline, threonine,
tryptophan, tyrosine,
serine, valine
Minerals (Ca, K, Mg, Na,
P, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn)
• Edible
Antiviral
Antitumour
Antioxidant
Polysaccharides
Anti-inammatory
Antibacterial
Hypocholestolomic
Hypoglycaemic
Anticancer
Nourishes lung, immune
system
Hepatoprotective
Mau et al.(1998)
Kadnikova et
al.(2015)
USDA (2018)
Wu and Xu (2015)
Misaki et al.(1981)
Misaki and Katuta,
(1995)
Chang and Wasser
(2017)
Chang et al.(2019)
Zhao et al.(2015)
Agyei and Dankwah
(2011)
Bandara et al.(2019)
Riaz et al.(2022)
Mensah (2021)
Lin et al.(2013)
A. mesenterica (Dicks)
Pers.
Sparse information
on nutrient content.
Nutraceutical, reducing
sugars, contains
polysaccharides
• Edible
Antioxidant,
hepatoprotective,
nourishes blood, stops pain
and
bleeding; Anticancer
potential, high
levels of phenols,
avonoids;
immunoprotective
en. wikipidea. org
Cheung (2010)
Zhang et al.(2016)
Sharma et al.,
(2018)
Ying et al.(1987)

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TABLE 3c
The Nutritional, Pharmacological (Bioactive) and Ethnomycological (Medicinal) Values of
Auricularia species in Ghana
Auricularia
Species
Nutritional Values Medicinal Values References
A. polytricha
(Mont.) Sacc.
β- glucan
Nutraceutical value
Vitamins, Carbohydrates
Functional food.
mannose, rhamnose, glucose,
galactose, xylose, glucomic acid,
galacturomic acid
Protein, fat, bre, ash, vitamin
B1,
vitamin B2, vitamin PP, Ca, Fe,
K,
β carotene
• Edible as food
Asthma, rheumatism,
anticancer/
tumours, cough, fever,
epilepsy, antioxidant,
antimicrobial, antilipilectic
activity, aphrodisiac, anti-
inammatory, ergesterol,
phenols, avonoids,
immunomodulatory,
hypolipidermic,
hepatoprotective,
renoprotective, removes
lead from surroundings
and foods, sexual
performance, gastric
disorders
Chiu et al., (2012)
Yeo and Shahidi (2021)
Gupta et al.(2019)
Teoh et al.(2018)
Sharma et al.(2018)
Gupta et al., (2018)
Sangphech et al.(2021)
Zhao et al.(2023)
Yang et al.(2023)
Sillapechaiyaporn et
al.(2022)
Jia et al.(2019)
Yu et al.(2014)
Bandara et al.(2019)
Ying et al., (1987)
A. cornea Ehreb.
Ash, protein, fat, crude bre,
carbohydrates, dietary bre, Ca,
K, Mg, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Se,
Cr, Polysaccharides, contains all
essential amino acids
• Edible
Antioxidants activity,
hypoglycaemic response;
leucorrhoea ( whitish
mucous discharge);
haemorrhoids;
antibacterial, intestinal
peristalsis; stimulation,
constipation, convulsion,
overweight, cancer,
hypertension, reduces
cholesterol, inammation
of joints, increases Oxygen
supply to the blood, slows
down ageing, heals post-
partum
weakness, tinnitus,
lumbago, antitumour,
immunomodulatory
polysaccharides, diabetes,
metabolic syndrome
Zakaria et al.(2022)
Mensah (2021)
Morris (1987)
Bastos et al.(2023)
Bandera et al.(2019)
Zaidman et al.(2005)
Wasser & Weis (1999)
Wasser, (2002)
Khan et al.(2023)
Phithakrotchanakoon et
al.(2022)
Wang et al.(2019)

GHANA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
VOL. 65 103
Discussion
Our desktop study and collation of information
on the occurrence of Auricularia species
in Ghana shows that there are at least seven
species recorded in Ghana namely A. auricula-
judae, A. delicata, A. fuscosuccinea, A. hunteri,
A. mesenterica, A. polytricha and A. cornea
between 1949 and 2023 (Table 1). Prior to
our 2022-2023 survey, the only location A.
cornea has been recorded in Ghana was at the
arboretum of the Plant Genetics Resources
Institute, PGRI, at Bunso on 8th November,
2016 and lodged in the Chinese Natural
History Herbarium, labelled as Y.C.Dai,
Dai17352 (BJFC024110) (Wu et al., 2021).
It was collected by visiting Chinese team on
fallen angiosperm trunk. Our present survey
shows that A. cornea is more widespread in
Ghana and can be found in the Ashanti, Oti
and Western North Regions and constitutes a
new record for Ghana.
A. cornea is characterized
macroscopically by the variability in colour
of fresh basidiomata, dense hair on the upper
surface and microscopically by the presence
of an obvious medulla. The basidiomata
was gelatinous reddish brown to orange or
bu to white, solitary or cespitose, sessile or
substipitate in conformity with the description
of Wu et al. (2021) for A. cornea.
In the cross-section of the fruiting body,
the medulla was located either in the center
or near the base of the hymenium. Crystals
were scattered throughout the hymenium, with
a network of mycelium forming a "hartig-
net" structure beneath the outer peridium.
Abhymenial hairs were present, featuring a
slightly swollen base, hyaline, thin walls, and
a wide or narrow lumen. The apical tips of
these hairs were acute or obtuse and tufted.
These observations align with the ndings of
Wu et al. (2021), Looney et al. (2013), and Li
(1987). There was also good agreement with
the dimensions of the length and width of the
fruiting body (Wu et al., 2021) not excepting
the auriculate shape of the basidiomata, the
adnate, solitary and cespitose habits (Wu et al.,
2021). The spores were allantoid to sausage
shape characteristics of the genus Auricularia.
Although the substrate of the A. cornea
collected from Bunso, in the Eastern Region
was not stated, the A. cornea reported in this
paper was found on cocoa branches, main
stems and cassava sticks which constitutes
a novel information and extends the list of
hosts for A. cornea in Ghana. The perennial
nature of ushing of the Auricularia species
in Africa and their resilience to withstand the
vicissitudes of the tropical weather should
lend them amenable to be used for developing
local techniques for commercial cultivation.
Cultivation of several species of Auricularia
is now well-known in South Eastern Asia and
elsewhere (Kumar et al., 2021; Shahar et
al., 2023; Phithakrotchanakoom et al., 2022;
Rebecca et al., 2020; Bastos et al., 2023;
Thongklang et al., 2020; Khan et al., 2023 etc.).
It will be instructive to study the local isolates
using phylogenetic analyses by ITS sequence
and combined ITS and ISU and rpb2 sequence
as was done by Wu et al. (2015) for the Chinese
and European species. This is more so because
Wu et al. (2021) have shown Auricularia can
be divided into ve complexes on the basis
of morphological and phylogenetic relations
of species and they divided the genus into
ve (5) morphological complexes namely A.
auricula-judae complex; A. cornea complex;
A. delicata complex; A. fuscosuccinea
complex and A. mesenterica complex. The
variation in basidiomata morphology of the
A. cornea obtained from the Oti, Ashanti
and Western North Regions may belong to
the same A. cornea complex. However, this
morpho-variation may be due to dierences
in the microclimatic conditions such as
humidity, temperature, and light exposure.
For instance, higher humidity levels in one

GHANA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOL. 65
104
area might promote the formation of larger
and more vibrant basidiomata compared to a
drier environment. Additionally, temperature
uctuations can aect the metabolic processes
within the fungi, leading to dierences in the
size and maturation rate of the fruiting bodies.
But this needs further investigations using
phylogenetic relations.
The Northern, Upper West and East,
Savannah, Bono and Brong Ahafo, Ahafo and
central Regions (Fig. 1) are yet to be surveyed.
The rich medicinal values of Auricularia
species in Ghana are known and also revered
elsewhere for their therapeutic properties and
have also played a signicant role in traditional
medicine system in many cultures across
the globe. The plethora of diverse bioactive
secondary metabolites have numerous health
benets thus making Auricularia a subject
of extensive scientic research and interest
in recent years (Stamets and Zwickey, 2014).
As outlined, these secondary compounds
have shown promising applications for
immunomodulation, anti-inammatory
eect, antioxidants properties, anticancer and
antidiabetic potency to mention but a few
(Wasser, 2002; González-Palma et al., 2016;
Gargano et al., 2017; Gebrayohannes et al.,
2019 a, b; Oli et al., 2020). In summary, the
Auricularia mushroom in Ghana have such a
potent source of pharmaceutical factory for
bioactive healing compounds in the health
delivery system that cannot be discounted.
The WHO has a policy of encouraging the
use of medicinal plants and medicinal fungi
in the health delivery system worldwide
(Chugh et al., 2022) because about 130
therapeutic functions are believed to be
formed by medicinal fungi and mushrooms
including antitumour (Uzma et al.2018;
Deshmukh et al., 2018), immunomodulatory
(Singdevsachan et al., 2016), antioxidant
(Hameed et al., 2017), cardiovascular, anti-
parasitic, antiviral, antibacterial, radical
scavenging, hepatoprotective, detoxication
and anti-diabetic (Chugh et al., 2022), anti-
hypercholesterolemia as well as protection
against tumour development and inammation
(Qin and Han, 2014). Ongoing biodiversity
conservation must include fungi (Cao et al,
2021; Gonçalves et al., 2021; Oyanedel .,
2022).
Furthermore, polysaccharides,
alkaloids, proteins, fats, minerals, carotenoids,
glycosides, terpenoids, folates, tocophenol,
avonoids, phenolic, volatile oils, ascorbic
acids, lectins, enzymes and organic acids,
many of which are formed by Auricularia
species are bioactive molecules synthesized
by dierent medicinal fungi (Chugh et al.,
2022) The pursuance of this research on
documenting our medicinal fungi, promoting
its use and ascertaining their ecacy in health
delivery as well as their articial cultivation
will be a policy in tandem with WHO policy
that cannot be neglected in future studies.
Conclusion
The retrospective study of Auricularia species
in Ghana has signicantly expanded the
known distribution and occurrence of these
mushrooms, identifying new localities in the
Ashanti, Oti, Western North, and Eastern
Regions. With seven distinct species recorded,
including the rst-time documentation of
Auricularia cornea on cocoa and cassava
substrates, the diversity of these fungi is
evident. Auricularia mushrooms possess a
wealth of bioactive compounds, making them
valuable for their nutritional, pharmacological,
and ethnomycological properties. Their
potential for commercial cultivation and
exploitation for health benets highlights the
economic and medicinal importance of these
species. The ndings underscore the need for
further research and development to harness
the full potential of Auricularia mushrooms
for health delivery in Ghana.

GHANA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
VOL. 65 105
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