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Caring, Compassion, and Clemency Within the Nineteenth-Century Foster Family of Clementeoffs; A Case of Fictive Kinship
Abstract
In the traditional Western Christian family model, a nuclear family has a father, a mother, and their children. This has often been seen as an essential and ideal unit for child rearing, socialisation, and survival in general. However, this is not the structure of all families. Like today, families in the past were not as simple and not all of them were based on blood relations or marriage. Some social bonds that are formed by caring, compassion, and even clemency, were more complicated. In early nineteenth-century Finland, the Clementeoffs was such a family. This chapter aims to bring light to the case of this foster family.
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In Hidden Depths, Professor Penny Spikins explores how our emotional connections have shaped human ancestry. Focusing on three key transitions in human origins, Professor Spikins explains how the emotional capacities of our early ancestors evolved in response to ecological changes, much like similar changes in other social mammals. For each transition, dedicated chapters examine evolutionary pressures, responses in changes in human emotional capacities and the archaeological evidence for human social behaviours. Starting from our earliest origins, in Part One, Professor Spikins explores how after two million years ago, movement of human ancestors into a new ecological niche drove new types of collaboration, including care for vulnerable members of the group. Emotional adaptations lead to cognitive changes, as new connections based on compassion, generosity, trust and inclusion also changed our relationship to material things. Part Two explores a later key transition in human emotional capacities occurring after 300,000 years ago. At this time changes in social tolerance allowed ancestors of our own species to further reach out beyond their local group and care about distant allies, making human communities resilient to environmental changes. An increasingly close relationship to animals, and even to cherished possessions, appeared at this time, and can be explained through new human vulnerabilities and ways of seeking comfort and belonging. Lastly, Part Three focuses on the contrasts in emotional dispositions arising between ourselves and our close cousins, the Neanderthals. Neanderthals are revealed as equally caring yet emotionally different humans, who might, if things had been different, have been in our place today. This new narrative breaks away from traditional views of human evolution as exceptional or as a linear progression towards a more perfect form. Instead, our evolutionary history is situated within similar processes occurring in other mammals, and explained as one in which emotions, rather than ‘intellect’, were key to our evolutionary journey. Moreover, changes in emotional capacities and dispositions are seen as part of differing pathways each bringing strengths, weaknesses and compromises. These hidden depths provide an explanation for many of the emotional sensitivities and vulnerabilities which continue to influence our world today.
Direct-to-consumer DNA testing is increasingly affordable and accessible, and the potential implications from these tests are becoming more important. As additional people partake in DNA testing, larger population groups and information will cause further refinement of results and more extensive databases, resulting in further potential opportunities to connect biological relatives and increased chances of testers potentially having their identities re-aligned, reinforced or solidified. The effects of DNA testing were explored through 16 semi-structured in-depth interviews conducted with participants who had received their DNA test results. These participants came from diverse groups, genders and ethnic backgrounds. A thematic analysis found that notions of family were frequently challenged with unexpected DNA test results causing shifts in personal and social identities, especially in their family and biological identities. Discrepancies in DNA test results prompted re-negotiation of these identities and affected their feelings of belonging to their perceived social groups. Participants’ identities were important to them in varying degrees, with some feeling stronger connections with specific identities, thus having significant re-alignment of these identities and feelings of belonging. This article discusses the thematic analysis’s findings and explores how identities of the participants, many of whom took the test for genealogical purposes, were affected by DNA test results. As more people undertake DNA testing, it is important to explore how it may change the notions of family in the future and how their biological and family identities are affected.
Four coffins dating from the period between the mid-18th and mid-19th centuries from Keminmaa in northern Ostrobothnian Finland were examined using computed-tomography (CT) scanning, a methodology with research applications for exploring human remains, coffins, and funerary textiles. The age and, in two cases, sex of the remains were estimated, and both historical sources and archaeological material suggest that socialization through gender was apparent in this collection. This article explores both the material testimony of care, dedication, and innocence of newborn and infant burials, as well as the socialization process and role of women adolescents in providing children’s funerary materials.
To build a theoretical and empirical foundation for interpretation of the absence, segregation or simplicity of infant burials in archaeological contexts, we review social theories of emotion, inter-disciplinary views on the relationship between mortality rates and emotional investment, and archaeological interpretations of infant burial patterns. The results indicate a lack of explicit theory in most archaeological accounts and a general lack of consideration for individual variation and the process of change in mortuary practice. We outline the tenets of Bowlby's attachment theory and Stroebe and Schut's dual process model of bereavement to account theoretically for pattern, variation and change in modes of infant burial. We illustrate the value of this psychology-based perspective in an analysis of Victorian gravestone commemorations of infant burials in 35 villages in rural south Cambridgeshire, England, where individual and class-based variation, relative to falling mortality rates, is best explained as a function of coping strategies and contextually based social constraint on the overt representation of grief and loss.
As humans we are a highly social species: in order to coordinate our joint actions and assure successful communication, we use language skills to explicitly convey information to each other, and social abilities such as empathy or perspective taking to infer another person’s emotions and mental state. The human cognitive capacity to draw inferences about other peoples’ beliefs, intentions and thoughts has been termed mentalizing, theory of mind or cognitive perspective taking. This capacity makes it possible, for instance, to understand that people may have views that differ from our own. Conversely, the capacity to share the feelings of others is called empathy. Empathy makes it possible to resonate with others’ positive and negative feelings alike — we can thus feel happy when we vicariously share the joy of others and we can share the experience of suffering when we empathize with someone in pain. Importantly, in empathy one feels with someone, but one does not confuse oneself with the other; that is, one still knows that the emotion one resonates with is the emotion of another. If this self–other distinction is not present, we speak of emotion contagion, a precursor of empathy that is already present in babies.
Darwin originally pointed out that there is something about infants which prompts adults to respond to and care for them, in order to increase individual fitness, i.e. reproductive success, via increased survivorship of one's own offspring. Lorenz proposed that it is the specific structure of the infant face that serves to elicit these parental responses, but the biological basis for this remains elusive. Here, we investigated whether adults show specific brain responses to unfamiliar infant faces compared to adult faces, where the infant and adult faces had been carefully matched across the two groups for emotional valence and arousal, as well as size and luminosity. The faces also matched closely in terms of attractiveness. Using magnetoencephalography (MEG) in adults, we found that highly specific brain activity occurred within a seventh of a second in response to unfamiliar infant faces but not to adult faces. This activity occurred in the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC), an area implicated in reward behaviour, suggesting for the first time a neural basis for this vital evolutionary process. We found a peak in activity first in mOFC and then in the right fusiform face area (FFA). In mOFC the first significant peak (p<0.001) in differences in power between infant and adult faces was found at around 130 ms in the 10-15 Hz band. These early differences were not found in the FFA. In contrast, differences in power were found later, at around 165 ms, in a different band (20-25 Hz) in the right FFA, suggesting a feedback effect from mOFC. These findings provide evidence in humans of a potential brain basis for the "innate releasing mechanisms" described by Lorenz for affection and nurturing of young infants. This has potentially important clinical applications in relation to postnatal depression, and could provide opportunities for early identification of families at risk.
Artikkeli käsittelee Vihdissä Kourlan kartanon mailla sijaitsevaa Toll-suvun hautakappelia. Kappelin rakennutti leski Catharina Charlotta Swedenmarck miehellensä majuri Carl Fredrik Tollille (1718–1784) tämän poismenon jälkeen vuosina 1785–86. Rakennuttaminen tapahtui hautaustapojen murrosaikana, jolloin kirkkoon ja kirkkomaalle hautaaminen oli juuri kielletty, mutta aatelisto halusi edelleen tulla haudatuksi säätynsä arvoisesti. Tämän johdosta majuri Toll päädyttiin hautaamaan kahdesti. Ensin hän sai leposijan vastoin kieltoja Tenholan kirkossa sijaitsevasta suvun hautakammiosta. Tämän jälkeen leski ryhtyi vastoin kirkon sääntöjä rakennuttamaan hautakappelia yksityiselle siunaamattomalle maalle. Lesken hankkeesta ja sen sallimisesta käytiin yli vuoden jatkunut huolestunut keskustelu Tenholan ja Vihdin seurakuntien papiston sekä konsistorin kesken. Lopulta siunaus kappelin rakentamiseen ja majuri Tollin siirtoon kappeliin hankittiin kuningas Kaarle III:lta. Tosin tuossa vaiheessa kappeli oli jo valmis ja majuri Toll siirretty sen kammioon maaliskuussa 1786. Artikkelissa aatelisen hautaamisen aihetta käsitellään monitieteisen aineiston kautta. Kirjallisina lähteinä käytetään seurakuntien ja tuomiokapitulin aineistoja. Vuonna 2020 Kourlan hautakappelissa tehty arkeologinen dokumentointi tuo puolestaan tietoa majuri Tollista sekä hänen hautaamiseensa liittyneestä materiaalisesta kulttuurista. Vainaja tunnistettiin osteologisen tutkimuksen sekä arkun nimikilven perusteella. Elinaikanaan majuri Toll on ollut noin 170 cm pitkä ja ihannepainoltaan hän ollut noin 74 kg. Hänen hampaistossaan on merkkejä karieksesta ja hampaiden elinaikaisesta irtoamisesta. Vainajan yllä on säilynyt jäännöksiä silkkikankaasta ja jalassaan hänellä on neulotut sukat. Arkeologinen tutkimus vahvistaa, että majuri Toll haudattiin kahdesti. Hautaamisten materiaalisena muistona ovat kaksi sisäkkäistä arkkua, jotka todistavat siirrosta. Sisempi arkku on ollut ajan tapaan vuorattu palttinakankaalla, mistä kertovat punaiset sinettivahat arkun reunalla. Sisemmän arkun kansi on kirkkoon hautaamisen vuoksi pysynyt puhtaana ja siinä on jäännöksiä kanteen kiinnitetystä koristeesta. Ulompi arkku on ollut siirtoa varten rakennettu karkeampitekoinen laatikko, jota on vuoltu sisäpinnoilta alkuperäisen arkun sovittamiseksi sen sisään. Asiasanat: kirkkohautaus, hautakappeli, aateli, Kourla, Swedenmarck
Archaeological research into how objects affect us emotionally is still in its infancy, with our affiliative responses to objects - those related to socially close and harmonious relationships - being particularly understudied. Psychological research has however revealed that objects can have powerful effects on emotional wellbeing, acting as attachment figures which provide a sense of comfort and security in the absence of loved ones, and promoting the confidence to explore and develop positive relationships. Here we discuss the phenomenon of these attachment objects, drawing on recent survey research, and apply this concept to new interpretations of two particularly meaningful prehistoric artefacts - the Stonehenge pig ‘toy’ and the Hohle Fels ‘Venus’. We conclude that a better understanding of attachment objects will provide considerable insight into the emotional significance of particular cherished artefacts throughout time.
This collection asks new questions about the household, examining the kinds of positive and negative emotional scope available to household members drawn together by shared economic, social and biological needs rather than by blood ties.
Fosterage is a little studied aspect of the family lives of the French nobility of the medieval and early modern periods, and research on the fosterage of girls barely exists.1 The most basic issues regarding the practice — how frequently it took place, what motivated it and which girls were involved — remain obscure. Although such information is theoretically available in a variety of sources — correspondence, family papers, household accounts, memoirs and diaries — as yet no one has undertaken to collect and analyse the evidence. Nor has the emotional relationship between girls and their surrogate parents, a subject that lends itself to the methodologies laid out by historians of ‘emotionology’, received critical attention.2 Still, if fosterage was widespread, as it generally is assumed to have been, the institution must have played a significant role not only in the individual lives of the girls involved, but in the collective psychology of aristocratic society practising it, and it therefore merits study.3
Fostering children was an important aspect of early Icelandic society. Under normal circumstances, the outcome was the transference of a child, aged between birth and eight winters, from its natal home to the home of its foster-parents.1 To the modern mind, the upheaval in the child’s life, the switch from one household to another, might seem unsettling. However, careful analysis of the emotional impact of fosterage in early Icelandic society reveals that strong bonds of affection could be forged between children and their foster-parents that augmented, rather than replaced, the bonds of affection with their biological parents.
Archaeology has been subjected to a wide range of misunderstandings of kinship theory and many of its central concepts. Demonstrating that kinship is the foundation for past societies’ social organization, particularly in non-state societies, Bradley E. Ensor offers a lucid presentation of kinship principles and theories accessible to a broad audience. He provides not only descriptions of what the principles entail but also an understanding of their relevance to past and present topics of interest to archaeologists. His overall goal is always clear: to illustrate how kinship analysis can advance archaeological interpretation and how archaeology can advance kinship theory. The Archaeology of Kinship supports Ensor’s objectives: to demonstrate the relevance of kinship to major archaeological questions, to describe archaeological methods for kinship analysis independent of ethnological interpretation, to illustrate the use of those techniques with a case study, and to provide specific examples of how diachronic analyses address broader theory. As Ensor shows, archaeological diachronic analyses of kinship are independently possible, necessary, and capable of providing new insights into past cultures and broader anthropological theory. Although it is an old subject in anthropology, The Archaeology of Kinship can offer new and exciting frontiers for inquiry. Kinship research in general—and prehistoric kinship in particular—is rapidly reemerging as a topical subject in anthropology. This book is a timely archaeological contribution to that growing literature otherwise dominated by ethnology.
Demography in Archaeology, first published in 2006, is a review of current theory and method in the reconstruction of populations from archaeological data. Starting with a summary of demographic concepts and methods, the book examines historical and ethnographic sources of demographic evidence before addressing the methods by which reliable demographic estimates can be made from skeletal remains, settlement evidence and modern and ancient biomolecules. Recent debates in palaeodemography are evaluated, new statistical methods for palaeodemographic reconstruction are explained, and the notion that past demographic structures and processes were substantially different from those pertaining today is critiqued. The book covers a wide span of evidence, from the evolutionary background of human demography to the influence of natural and human-induced catastrophes on population growth and survival. This is essential reading for any archaeologist or anthropologist with an interest in relating the results of field and laboratory studies to broader questions of population structure and dynamics. © Andrew T. Chamberlain 2006 and Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Objectives:
This study examined the extent to which older adults in the Netherlands include a nonrelative as part of their family (create fictive kin), and whether this process is similar in other age groups. It assessed the importance of absence of close family ties and the experience of divorce in the family network for the creation of fictive kin.
Method:
Using data from the Netherlands Kinship Panel Study, logistic regression models for the different age groups tested the importance of absence of primary family relationships and the experience of divorce in the family among three age groups (18-40, 41-60, 61-79, N = 6,571).
Results:
Prevalence of fictive kin relationships was higher in older age groups. Both the absence of close family relationships and the experience of divorce within the family were related to having fictive kin, although the latter was only found in the youngest age group. For older adults never having married, being widowed or divorced were important predictors of having fictive kin relationships.
Discussion:
The study provides support for the idea that the creation of fictive kin is a form of substitution for absent family members and shows that older adults in the Netherlands are active agents in the construction of their family network.
This article focuses on the close linkage between domestic philanthropy and commerce at the end of the early modern period, and the sophistication with which well-connected evangelical institutions transcended the confines of established religion and territorial boundaries. Use of a large set of primary and secondary sources that are relatively unknown in the history of the voluntary sector permits the examination and analysis of several notable aspects of the Francke Orphanage Foundations, an 18th-century central European institution of evangelical reform and colonial mission. Particular attention is given to the innovative efforts of their founder, August Hermann Francke, to secure an independent financial base for his institutional goals. These goals, which were supported in large part by members of the German nobility and of merchants in the imperial cities, included but were not limited to reform of charity care and education. From the outset, a close network of personal supporters and evangelical institutions that extended throughout Protestant Europe proved essential for both trade and evangelical mission; this network permitted expansion into Russia and the Baltic provinces, Hungary, the Near East and India, and eventually the British North American colonies.
The purpose of this article is to review attachment theory and relate the attachment perspective to adolescent mothers and their children. Attachment theory explains positive maternal-infant attachment as a dyadic relationship between the infant and mother that provides the infant with a secure base from which to explore the world. With respect to cognitive, social, and behavioral domains, securely attached infants tend to have more favorable long-term outcomes, while insecurely attached infants are more likely to have adverse outcomes. Adolescent parenthood can disrupt normal adolescent development, and this disruption influences development of the emotional and cognitive capacities necessary for maternal behaviors that foster secure attachment. However, it appears that if specialized supports are in place to facilitate the process of developing attachment, infants of adolescent mothers can obtain higher rates of secure attachment than normative samples in this population.
Material and immaterial security. Households, ecological and economic resources and formation of contacts in Valkeala parish from the 1630s to the 1750s. The geographical area of the thesis, Valkeala parish in the region of Kymenlaakso, is a very interesting area owing to its diversity, both in terms of natural setting and economic and cultural structure. The study begins by outlining the ecological and economic features of Valkeala and by analysing household structures. The main focus of the research lies in the contacts of the households with the outside world. The following types of contacts are chosen as indicators of the interaction: trade and credit relations, guarantees, co-operation, marriages and godparentage. The main theme of the contact analysis is to observe the significance of three factors, namely geographical extent, affluence level and kinship, to the formation of contacts. It is also essential to chart the interdependencies between ecological and economic resources, changes in the structure of households and the formation of contacts during the period studied. The time between the 1630s and the 1750s was characterized by wars, crop losses and population changes, which had an effect on the economic framework and on the structural variation of households and contact fields. In the 17th and 18th centuries Valkeala could be divided, economically, into two sections according to the predominant cultivation technique. The western area formed the field area and the eastern and northern villages the swidden area. Multiple family households were dominant in the latter part of the 17th century, and for most of the study period, the majority of people lived in the more complex households rather than in simple families. Economic resources had only a moderate impact on the structure of contacts. There was a clear connection between bigger household size and the extent and intensity of contacts. The jurisdictional boundary that ran across Valkeala from the northwest to the southeast and divided the parish into two areas influenced the formation of contacts more than the parish boundaries. Support and security were offered largely by the primary contacts with one s immediate family, neighbours and friends. Economic support was channelled from the wealthier to the less well off by credits. Cross-marriages, cross-godparentage and marital networks could be seen as manifestations of an aim towards stability and the joining of resources. It was essential for households both to secure the workforce needed for a minimum level of subsistence and to ensure the continuation of the family line. These goals could best be reached by complex households that could adapt to the prevailing circumstances and also had wider and more multi-layered contacts offering material and immaterial security. Väitöskirjan tutkimusalue Valkeala sijaitsee pohjoisessa Kymenlaaksossa taloudellisella, maantieteellisellä ja kulttuurisella raja-alueella. Kolmivaiheisen väitöskirjatutkimuksen aluksi Valkealaa hahmotettiin ekologisena ja taloudellisena kokonaisuutena sekä analysoitiin ruokakuntien ja perheiden rakenteissa tapahtuneita muutoksia. Tutkimuksen painopisteen eli taloudellissosiaalisen kontaktinmuodostuksen mittareiksi valittiin kauppa-, luotto- ja takaussuhteet, viitteet taloudellisesta yhteistyöstä sekä avioliitot ja lasten kummit. Kontakteja punnittiin lähinnä kolmen tekijän, ruokakuntien varakkuustason, kontaktien etäisyyden ja sukulaisuuden valossa. Keskeistä tutkimuksessa oli kartoittaa ekologis-taloudellisten olosuhteiden, perhe- ja ruokakuntarakenteen muutosten sekä kontaktinmuodostuksen välisiä sidonnaisuuksia maalaisyhteisössä 1600-luvun alkupuolelta noin vuoteen 1750. Tutkimusajanjaksoa kirjoivat sodat, kadot ja suuret väestömuutokset, jotka osaltaan vaikuttivat valkealalaisten ekologis-taloudellisiin raameihin sekä ruokakuntien ja kontaktikenttien rakenteelliseen vaihteluun aikakauden aikana. Valkeala jakautui taloudellisesti kahteen vyöhykkeeseen: peltoviljelypainotteiseen länsiosaan ja kaskivoittoiseen itä- ja pohjoisosaan. Perherakenne osoittautui suurperhe-enemmistöiseksi 1600-luvun jälkipuolella, ja suurimman osan tutkimusajanjaksosta valtaosa alueen väestöstä asui ydinperhettä monimuotoisemmissa talouksissa. Taloudellis-ekologiset resurssit heijastuivat varsin vähän kontaktirakenteeseen. Ruokakunnan koolla oli selvä yhteys kontaktien laajuuteen ja kontakti-intensiteettiin. Perhemuodon merkitys tuli esille lähinnä sukulaiskummien valinnassa. Pitäjärajoja voimakkaammin kontaktinmuodostusta muokkasi Valkealan hallinnollinen kahtiajako. Alueen luoteesta kaakkoon halkaisseen kihlakuntarajan erottamien Suur- ja Vähä-Valkealan asukkaiden välinen vuorovaikutus oli niukkaa. Tukea ja turvaa tarjosivat pääasiassa primaariset kontaktit lähisukuun, naapureihin ja ystäviin. Taloudellinen tuki ohjautui varakkaammilta varattomammille mm. velanannon ja oton kautta. Vakauteen tähtäämisen ja resurssien yhdistämispyrkimyksen ilmenemismuotoina voidaan nähdä ristikkäisyys avioliitto- ja kummisuhteissa sekä avioliittopiirit. Tärkeintä oli turvata riittävä työvoima talouden ylläpitämiseksi ja suvun jatkuvuus. Tähän pystyivät parhaiten vallinneisiin oloihin sopeutumiskykyisimmät ruokakunnat laajempine ja monikerroksisine, aineellista ja aineetonta turvaa tarjonneine kontakteineen.
Abstract: The church graves of the Northern Finnish coastal area according to the written and material sources. Diss. -- Oulun yliopisto.
Peer Reviewed http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43412/1/11098_2004_Article_152364.pdf
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Studier i Härnösands bebyggelsehistoria 1585-1800-talets mitt. del 1. Umeå universitet
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