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1
Four new species of the genus Yunguirius (Araneae, Agelenidae)
from China
Mian Wei1,2 , Jie Liu1,2,3, Kai Wang1,2
1 Hubeiate Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Re-sources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan
430062, China
2 The State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering of China, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
3 School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry and Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, Hubei, China
Corresponding author: Kai Wang (Kai_wang@hubu.edu.cn)
Copyright: © Mian Wei et al.
This is an open access article distributed under
terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License (Attribution 4.0 International – CC BY 4.0).
Research Article
Abstract
Four new species of Yunguirius B. Li, Zhao & S.Q. Li, 2023 are described from China,
namely: Yunguirius parvus Wei & Liu, sp. nov. (♀), Yunguirius trigonus Wei & Liu, sp. nov.
(♀), Yunguirius wangqiqiae Wei & Liu, sp. nov. (♀), and Yunguirius xiannushanensis Wei
& Liu, sp. nov. (♀).
Key words: Biodiversity, coelotine spiders, description, morphology, taxonomy
Introduction
Coelotinae F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1893, the most diverse subfamily of Agel-
enidae C.L. Koch, 1837, is endemic to the Northern Hemisphere. To date, 806
species across 40 genera have been described (WSC 2024). In recent years,
there has been frequent reporting of new taxa as well as taxonomic revisions of
previously described species, particularly those in the genera Coelotes Black-
wall, 1841 and Draconarius Ovtchinnikov, 1999 (Chen et al. 2016; Chen 2017; Li
et al. 2018a, 2018b, 2019, 2023; Okumura 2020; Okumura et al. 2021; Okumura
and Zhao 2022; Hoang et al. 2023; Luo et al. 2023). The genus Yunguirius, was
recently described by Li et al. (2023) based on Draconarius ornatus (Wang, Yin,
Peng & Xie, 1990) and includes two newly described species along with two
others transferred from Draconarius: Y. duoge B. Li, Zhao & S.Q. Li, 2023, Y. sub-
terebratus (Zhang, Zhu & Wang, 2017), Y. terebratus (Peng & Wang, 1997) and
Y. xiangding
described Yunguirius species predominantly occur along the northern edge of
the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau.
While examining our specimens, four undescribed species of Yunguirius col-
lected from the northern edge of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau were discovered.
We report these new species in the current paper, the descriptions, detailed
colour illustrations, and distributional maps of new species are provided.
Academic editor: Dragomir Dimitrov
Received:
29 April 2024
Accepted:
13 July 2024
Published:
2 September 2024
ZooBank: https://zoobank.
org/16DBAD49-A3D7-40F4-A1A1-
FB221AB008BD
Citation: Wei M, Liu J, Wang
K (2024) Four new species of
the genus Yunguirius (Araneae,
Agelenidae) from China. ZooKeys
1211: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3897/
zookeys.1211.126487
ZooKeys 1211: 1–15 (2024)
DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1211.126487
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ZooKeys 1211: 1–15 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1211.126487
Mian Wei et al.: Four new Yunguirius species from China
Materials and methods
All specimens were preserved in 75% ethanol and examined with an Olympus
SZX7 stereomicroscope. Male palps and female genitalia were dissected from
the spider bodies to be examined and photographed. Epigynes were cleared with
Proteinase K to study their inner structures. Photographs were taken with a Can-
on EOS 90D wide zoom digital camera (8.5 megapixels) mounted on an Olympus
BX 43 compound microscope. The images were montaged using Helicon Focus
7.0.2 image stacking software. Left palps are illustrated. Leg measurements are
given as total length (coxa, trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus).
Only the structures on the left (e.g., pedipalpus, legs) were measured. All speci-
mens have been deposited at the Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution,
College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China (CBEE).
Abbreviations used. Morphological characters:
ALE anterior lateral eye;
AME anterior median eye;
AME–ALE distance between AME and ALE;
AME–AME distance between AME and AME;
ALE–PLE distance between ALE and PLE;
AME–PME distance between AME and PME;
PLE posterior lateral eye;
PME posterior median eye;
PME–PLE distance between PME and PLE;
PME–PME distance between PME and PME;
Taxonomy
Family Agelenidae C.L. Koch, 1837
Subfamily Coelotinae F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1893
Genus Yunguirius B. Li, Zhao & S.Q. Li, 2023
Yunguirius parvus Wei & Liu, sp. nov.
https://zoobank.org/E2FDC5CF-C53D-47F2-9DA3-83F9C6AD20A1
Figs 2, 3, 10
Type material. Holotype ♀ (HBU-WM-24-001), 1♀ paratype (HBU-WM-24-002):
: Yunnan Province, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous, Gejiu County, Ge-
jia Forest Park, 23.3893°N, 103.1254°E, elevation: 2045 m, 23.VIII.2020, M.
Wei leg.
Etymology.parvus, meaning
“small”, referring to the relatively small body type of new species; an adjective.
Diagnosis. The females of Yunguirius parvus sp. nov. resemble those of
Y. duoge in 1) the atrium is subrounded with a complete anterior margin (Fig.
2023); 3) the blind sacs of the copulatory ducts are extremely short, symmet-
Yunguirius spe-
cies, the atrium is non-subrounded (except in Y. terebratus) with an incomplete
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Mian Wei et al.: Four new Yunguirius species from China
in Li et al. 2023), the copulatory openings are equal to or less than the length
of the lateral margin of the atrium, and the blind sacs are asymmetrical and
al. 2023). However, Y. parvus sp. nov. can be differentiated from Y. duoge by 1)
the absence of the fold (Fig. 2A), versus being present in the latter (Fig. 2A in
Li et al. 2023); 2) the blind sac is shorter than the spermathecal stalk (Fig. 2B),
versus being longer in the latter (Fig. 2B in Li et al. 2023); 3) the spermathecal
stalk has a conch-shaped distal tip (Fig. 2B), versus being nearly round in the
latter (Fig. 2B in Li et al. 2023).
Description. Female (holotype) (Fig. 3). Carapace reddish brown. Cervical
and radial groove distinct. Cephalic region moderately raised and wide, lateral
margin with distinct furrows. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal teeth and 2 retro-
marginal teeth, condyle red. Sternum longer than wide. Abdomen pale yellow,
with 5 chevron-shaped patterns, covered by hairs. Legs red. Total length 10.41.
Carapace 5.85 long, 3.54 wide, cephalic region 3.12 wide. Abdomen 4.69 long,
3.10 wide. Eye size and interdistance: AME 0.19, ALE 0.23, PME 0.22, PLE 0.25;
AME–AME 0.09, AME–ALE 0.14, AME–PME 0.09, ALE–PLE 0.05, PME–PME
0.06, PME–PLE 0.32. Leg measurements: Leg I 14.02 (1.80, 0.70, 3.53, 1.63,
2.78, 2.46, 1.39), leg II 12.40 (1.52, 0.69, 3.04, 1.48, 2.44, 2.23, 1.33), leg III 10.35
(1.38, 0.67, 2.43, 1.32, 1.68, 1.95, 1.08), leg IV 14.42 (1.66, 0.61, 3.50, 1.59, 2.91,
2.84, 1.41). Epigyne (Fig. 2). Epigynal teeth absent. Atrium centrally situated,
subrounded, anterior margin complete. Epigynal sclerite small. Hoods weak,
vertically oriented, situated laterally. Fold absent. Copulatory ducts openings
broad, subequal to ½ the circumference of atrium, laterally originated, blind
Figure 1. Epigyne and vulva of Yunguirius terebratus A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: A = atri-
um; BS = blind sac; CD = copulatory duct; CO = copulatory opening; F = fold; FD = fertilization duct; H = hood; MP = mating
plug; PES = posterior epigynal sclerite; SB = spermathecal base; SH = spermathecal head; SL = the secondary layer of
copulatory duct; SS = spermathecal stalk. The white dashed line in A represents the margin of atrium and in B represents
the spermathecal head. The black outline B shows the blind sac of the copulatory duct. The red dashed line and arrow in
B indicate the opening of copulatory duct. The blue area indicates the copulatory duct, and the yellow area indicates the
secondary layer of the copulatory duct. Scale bar: 0.50 mm.
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Mian Wei et al.: Four new Yunguirius species from China
Figure 2. Epigyne of Yunguirius parvus sp. nov. A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: A = atrium;
BS = blind sac; CD = copulatory duct; CO = copulatory opening; FD = fertilization duct; H = hood; PES = posterior epigynal
sclerite; SB = spermathecal base; SH = spermathecal head; SS = spermathecal stalk. The white dashed line B indicates
the spermathecal head, the white outline B indicates the fertilization duct. Scale bar: 0.50 mm.
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Mian Wei et al.: Four new Yunguirius species from China
sacs short, symmetric, and untouched. Spermathecal bases consisted of 2
spherical chambers, spermathecal stalks long, with distal tips conch-shaped,
spermathecal heads anteriorly originated, long and sclerotized. Fertilization
ducts posteriorly situated.
Male. Unknown.
Distribution. China (Yunnan).
Yunguirius trigonus Wei & Liu, sp. nov.
https://zoobank.org/8854F835-A7BA-448B-B3B2-B0921CB9E1A6
Figs 4, 5, 10
Type material. Holotype ♀ (HBU-WM-24-003): : Chongqing City, Nan-
chuan District, Jinfo Mountain, 29.0489°N, 107.1279°E, elevation: 681 m,
30.IX.2021, T.X. Gu leg.
Etymology.
meaning triangular and referring to the atrium and the posterior epigynal scler-
ite of the new species forming into a subtriangular pattern; an adjective.
Diagnosis. The females of Yunguirius trigonus sp. nov. resemble those of
Y. subterebratus and Y. wangqiqiae sp. nov. in having a trapezoidal atrium, with
the width longer than the length and the width at the widest point being three
Figure 3. Characters of the female of Yunguirius parvus sp. nov. A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, prolateral view C eye
area, frontal view D eye area, dorsal view E cephalic rigion, lateral view. Scale bars: 2.00 mm (A, B); 0.50 mm (C, D);
0.25 mm (E).
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Mian Wei et al.: Four new Yunguirius species from China
Figure 4. Epigyne of Yunguirius trigonus sp. nov. A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: 1.00 mm.
Abbreviations: A = atrium; BS = blind sac; CD = copulatory duct; CO = copulatory opening; FD = fertilization duct; H = hood;
PES = posterior epigynal sclerite; SB = spermathecal base; SH = spermathecal head; SS = spermathecal stalk. The white
dashed line B indicates the spermathecal head, the white outline B indicates the fertilization duct. Scale bar: 0.50 mm.
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Mian Wei et al.: Four new Yunguirius species from China
compared to being trapezoidal but with the width being shorter than the length,
and the width of the widest point approximately being twice that of the nar-
rowest point in Y. ornatus (Fig. 3A in Li et al. 2023), and being heart-shaped,
pentagonal or subrounded in other Yunguirius
4A in Li et al. 2023). However, Y. trigonus sp. nov. can be distinguished from
the latter by the following characteristics: 1) the presence of a pair of long and
linear hoods (Fig. 4A), versus having a pair of triangular hoods in the latter (Fig.
of the copulatory ducts (Fig. 4B), versus being long and obviously overlapped
are relatively short and thick (Fig. 4B), versus being reduced in Y. subterebratus
Y. wangqiqiae Wei & Liu, sp. nov. (Fig. 6B).
Description. Female (holotype) (Fig. 5). Carapace reddish brown. Cervical
and radial groove distinct. Cephalic region wide, moderately raised and wide,
lateral margin with indistinct furrows. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal teeth and
2 retromarginal teeth, condyle red. Sternum longer than wide. Abdomen pale
yellow, covered by hairs. Legs red. Total length 12.31. Carapace 5.83 long, 3.99
wide, cephalic region 3.49 wide. Abdomen 6.48 long, 3.68 wide. Eye size and
interdistance: AME 0.18, ALE 0.27, PME 0.22, PLE 0.25; AME–AME 0.10, AME–
ALE 0.17, AME–PME 0.16, ALE–PLE 0.10, PME–PME 0.11, PME–PLE 0.42. Leg
Figure 5. Characters of the female of Yunguirius trigonus sp. nov. A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, prolateral view C eye area,
frontal view D eye area, dorsal view E cephalic rigion, lateral view. Scale bars: 2.00 mm (A, B); 0.50 mm (C, D); 0.25 mm (E).
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Mian Wei et al.: Four new Yunguirius species from China
measurements: Leg I 16.00 (2.12, 0.81, 3.97, 1.71, 3.39, 2.86, 1.57), leg II 14.71
(1.82, 0.82, 3.61, 1.66, 2.68, 2.74, 1.65), leg III 12.33 (1.55, 0.80, 2.99, 1.41, 1.94,
2.35, 1.45), leg IV 16.90 (1.87, 0.93, 4.13, 1.82, 3.41, 3.33, 1.61). Epigyne (Fig.
4). Epigynal teeth absent. Atrium centrally situated, trapezoidal, anterior margin
incomplete, posterior margin short. Epigynal sclerite longer than wide. Hoods
long, vertically oriented, situated laterally. Fold absent. Copulatory ducts broad,
laterally originated, blind sacs short, distal tips slightly overlapped. Sperma-
thecal bases normal, spermathecal stalks extended laterally, with distal tips
conch-shaped, spermathecal heads reduced and membranous, distal tips visi-
ble. Fertilization ducts posteriorly situated.
Male. Unknown.
Distribution. China (Chongqing).
Yunguirius wangqiqiae Wei & Liu, sp. nov.
https://zoobank.org/161CD48B-7C1E-4F46-BB59-0587C2B20AE0
Figs 6, 7, 10
Type material. Holotype ♀(HBU-WM-24-004), 1♀ paratype (HBU-WM-24-005):
: Yunnan Province, Zhaotong City, Weixin County, Houshan mountain,
27.8147°N, 104.8050°E, elevation: 1363 m, 1.X.2018, C.F. Tao and H.Y. Chen
leg.
Etymology.
Caifu Tao, who provided the holotype; a noun (name) in genitive case.
Diagnosis. The females of Yunguirius wangqiqiae sp. nov. resemble those of
Y. subterebratus and Y. terebratus in that they have long blind sacs of the copula-
tory ducts, approximately equal to the length of the openings of the copulatory
ducts, while the copulatory ducts are ventrally connected with the spermathe-
Y. duoge, Y. parvus sp. nov., Y. trigonus sp. nov. and Y. xiangding have short blind
sacs, shorter than the length of the openings of the copulatory ducts (Fig. 2B,
are dorsally connected with the spermathecae such as Y. ornatus and Y. xian-
nushanensis Y. wangqiqiae
sp. nov. can be distinguished from the latter by the following characteristics:
1) the atrium is bowl-shaped, wider than long, and lacks the fold (Fig. 6A), ver-
sus being trapezoidal in Y. subterebratus
subrounded, with the width roughly equal to the length, and presenting the fold
in Y. terebratus (Fig. 1A); 2) the copulatory ducts featuring only the prototype of
the secondary layers (Fig. 6B), versus possessing advanced secondary layers
in Y. terebratus (Fig. 1B); 3) the spermathecal stalks are long and extend later-
ally with conch-shaped distal ends (Fig. 6B), versus being extremely short in Y.
subterebratusY. terebratus, they are long
but extend obliquely upward, with large and round distal ends (Fig. 1B).
Description. Female (holotype) (Fig. 7). Carapace reddish brown. Cervical
and radial groove distinct. Cephalic region moderately raised and wide, lateral
margin with distinct furrows. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal teeth and 2 ret-
romarginal teeth, condyle red. Sternum longer than wide. Abdomen pale yel-
low, with 5 chevron-shaped patterns, covered by hairs. Legs red. Total length
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Mian Wei et al.: Four new Yunguirius species from China
Figure 6. Epigyne of Yunguirius wangqiqiae sp. nov. A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: A = atrium;
BS = blind sac; CD = copulatory duct; CO = copulatory opening; FD = fertilization duct; H = hood; PES = posterior epigynal
sclerite; SB = spermathecal base; SH = spermathecal head; SL = the secondary layer of copulatory duct; SS = spermathe-
cal stalk. Scale bar: 0.50 mm.
14.48. Carapace 7.51 long, 5.03 wide, cephalic region 4.28 wide. Abdomen
7.95 long, 4.80 wide. Eye size and interdistance: AME 0.22, ALE 0.31, PME
0.32, PLE 0.38; AME–AME 0.16, AME–ALE 0.20, AME–PME 0.19, ALE–PLE
0.11, PME–PME 0.09, PME–PLE 0.45. Leg measurements: Leg I 19.71 (2.53,
0.93, 4.98, 2.11, 4.08, 3.47, 1.96), leg II 17.82 (2.21, 0.86, 4.44, 1.93, 3.23, 3.28,
2.11), leg III 14.82 (2.00, 0.92, 3.67, 1.73, 2.44, 2.85, 1.61), leg IV 19.73 (2.31,
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Mian Wei et al.: Four new Yunguirius species from China
Figure 7. Characters of the female of Yunguirius wangqiqiae sp. nov. A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, prolateral view
C eye area, frontal view D eye area, dorsal view E cephalic region, lateral view. Scale bars: 2.00 mm (A, B); 0.50 mm (C,
D); 0.25 mm (E).
1.11, 4.87, 1.87, 3.84, 4.13, 1.84). Epigyne (Fig. 6). Epigynal teeth absent.
Atrium large, bowl-shaped, anterior margin incomplete. Posterior epigynal
sclerite weakly sclerotized and opalescent. Hoods weak, situated laterally.
Fold absent. Copulatory ducts broad, laterally originated, slightly folded, with
the prototype of the secondary layers; blind sacs long and with distal tips
overlapped. Spermathecal base small; spermathecal stalk long, with distal
tip conch-shaped and extended laterally; spermathecal head only remaining a
sclerotized end. Fertilization ducts posteriorly situated.
Male. Unknown.
Distribution. China (Guizhou, Yunnan).
Yunguirius xiannushanensis Wei & Liu, sp. nov.
https://zoobank.org/40CEC348-B43B-4EB1-9491-103172F2690E
Figs 8, 9, 10, 11
Type material. Holotype ♀ (HBU-WM-24-006): : Chongqing City, Wu-
long District, Xiannu Mountain, 29.4508°N, 107.7280°E, elevation: 1951 m,
15.IX.2021, T.X. Gu leg.
Etymology. The new species is named after the type locality, Xiannu Moun-
tain; an adjective.
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Mian Wei et al.: Four new Yunguirius species from China
Diagnosis. The females of Yunguirius xiannushanensis sp. nov. resemble
those of Y. ornatus in 1) the atrium is relatively small, less than 1/3 the width of
the connection of the copulatory duct and the spermatheca presents dorsally
Yunguirius species, the atri-
um exceeding 1/3 the width of the epigyne, with the anterior margin complete
(Y. duoge and Y. parvus
(Y. subterebratus, Y. terebratus, Y. trigonus sp. nov., Y. wangqiqiae sp. nov. and
Y. xiangding
and the connection of the copulatory duct and the spermatheca presents ven-
2023). Y. xiannushanensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from Y. ornatus by the
following characteristics: 1) the atrium is pentagonal (Fig. 8A), versus being
trapezoidal in Y. ornatus (Fig. 3A in Li et al. 2023); 2) the posterior epigynal
Figure 8. Epigyne of Yunguirius xiannushanensis sp. nov. A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view C vulva, apical view.
Abbreviations: A = atrium; BS = blind sac; CD = copulatory duct; CO = copulatory opening; F = fold; FD = fertilization duct;
H = hood; PES = posterior epigynal sclerite; SB = spermathecal base; SH = spermathecal head; SL = the secondary layer
of copulatory duct; SS = spermathecal stalk. Scale bars: 0.50 mm.
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Mian Wei et al.: Four new Yunguirius species from China
sclerite is reduced and thin, roughly a quarter of the width of the atrium (Fig.
8A), versus being more substantial and about equal to the width of atrium in Y.
ornatus (Fig. 3A in Li et al. 2023); 3) the copulatory ducts are folded, and with
distinct secondary layer (Fig. 8B), versus being monolayered in Y. ornatus (Fig.
3B in Li et al. 2023); 4) the spermathecal bases are large, twice as wide as the
stalks, the spermathecal stalks have conch-shaped distal tips, and the sperma-
thecal heads are membranous and only the distal tips are visible (Fig. 8B); in
contrast, in Y. ornatus, the spermathecal bases are relatively small, slightly wid-
er than the stalks, the distal tips of the stalks are normal, and the spermathecal
heads are long and sclerotized (Fig. 3B in Li et al. 2023).
Description. Female (holotype) (Fig. 9). Carapace reddish brown. Cervical and
radial groove distinct. Cephalic region moderately raised and wide, lateral margin
with distinct furrows. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal teeth and 2 retromarginal
teeth, condyle red. Sternum longer than wide. Abdomen pale yellow, with 5 chev-
ron-shaped patterns, covered by hairs. Legs red. Total length 13.20. Carapace
6.40 long, 4.25 wide, cephalic region 3.70 wide. Abdomen 7.14 long, 4.36 wide.
Eye size and interdistance: AME 0.19, ALE 0.25, PME 0.25, PLE 0.28; AME–AME
0.12, AME–ALE 0.18, AME–PME 0.10, ALE–PLE 0.05, PME–PME 0.13, PME–
PLE 0.34. Leg measurements: Leg I 17.18 (2.26, 0.75, 4.27, 1.91, 3.57, 3.20,
1.69), leg II 15.25 (1.94, 0.74, 3.79, 1.70, 3.02, 2.79, 1.67), leg III 12.68 (1.64, 0.79,
3.15, 1.45, 2.10, 2.39, 1.40), leg IV 17.77 (1.94, 0.95, 4.40, 1.88, 3.57, 3.49, 1.70).
Figure 9. Characters of the female of Yunguirius xiannushanensis sp. nov. A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, prolateral
view C eye area, frontal view D eye area, dorsal view E cephalic region, lateral view. Scale bars: 2.00 mm (A, B); 0.50 mm
(C, D); 0.25 mm (E).
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Mian Wei et al.: Four new Yunguirius species from China
Figure 10. Distributions of the species of Yunguirius. 1 Y. duoge 2 Y. ornatus 3 Y. parvus sp. nov. 4 Y. subterebratus 5 Y. ter-
ebratus 6 Y. trigonus sp. nov. 7 Y. wangqiqiae sp. nov. 8 Y. xiangding 9 Y. xiannushanensis sp. nov.
Figure 11. Photos of the nest and the living female of Yunguirius xiannushanensis sp. nov. A opening of the tube nest
B living female.
Epigyne (Fig. 8). Epigynal teeth absent. Atrium relatively small, pentagonal, ante-
rior margin reduced. Epigynal sclerite small, opalescent. Hoods weak, vertically
oriented, situated laterally. Fold distinct, triangular. Copulatory ducts broad, later-
ally originated, folded into 2 layers, and connected with spermathecae ventrally;
blind sacs broad and short. Spermathecal base bean-shaped and twice wider
than width of spermathecal stalk; spermathecal stalk long, with distal tip conch-
shaped; spermathecal head reduced, only remaining a membranous tip on the
distal tip of blind sac. Fertilization ducts posteriorly situated.
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Mian Wei et al.: Four new Yunguirius species from China
Male. Unknown.
Distribution. China (Chongqing).
Notes. Yunguirius species inhabit
tube nests with round openings dug into soil, moss, or rotten wood of high
humidity, rather than constructing funnel webs beneath rocks or crevices like
some other common agelenid spiders. A further study may be required to de-
termine the origins of the burrowing behavior of these spiders.
Acknowledgements
We thank Hongyu Chen, Tianxuan Gu, Caifu Tao for their great help in collecting
Dimitrov (editor) and two anonymous reviewers.
Additional information
Conict of interest
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Ethical statement
No ethical statement was reported.
Funding
-
sources In-vestigation Program of China (2023FY100200).
Author contributions
Writing - original draft: MW. Writing - review and editing: JL, KW.
Author ORCIDs
Mian Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7348-8885
Kai Wang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9877-5140
Data availability
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