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International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies Science Reviews
Volume 4 Issue 5: September-October 2024: ISSN 2985-2730
Website: https://so07.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/IJSASR/index
[311]
Citation
Zhang, L., Tongdecharoen, W., & Tasnaina, N. (2024). Development of A Comprehensive Test for Talent
Identification in Chinese Youth Racewalking Athletes. International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies
Science Reviews, 4 (5), 311-330; DOI: https://doi.org/10.60027/ijsasr.2024.4752
Development of A Comprehensive Test for Talent Identification in Chinese
Youth Racewalking Athletes
Zhang Lin1, Wisute Tongdecharoen2 and Nopporn Tasnaina3
Faculty of Sports Science and Technology, Bangkokthonburi University, Thailand
1E-mail: zhanglin@tea.xaipe.edu.cn, ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3280-5826
2E-mail: wisute.ton@bkkthon.ac.th, ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5233-7533
3E-mail: aipia2489@gmail.com, ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6086-0657
Received 22/04/2024
Revised 01/05/2024
Accepted 23/05/2024
Abstract
Background and Aim: Talent identification forms the foundation of competitive sports. Scientific selection of
young people with strong athletic talent and potential to compete in sports training is key to developing high-level
athletes and achieving excellent athletic results. Therefore, this study aims to develop a comprehensive test for
talent identification in Chinese youth racewalking athletes.
Materials and Methods: This is a research and experimental development (R&D) study. There are
approximately 300 youth racewalkers in China, and this study is implemented in 115 athletes. The main steps and
methods of the study are as follows: (1) Literature review and content analysis, search and sort out the factors
related to excellent racewalking performance; (2) Invite 7 experts to fill in the semi-structured questionnaire and
form a preliminary draft of the comprehensive test; (3) Invite 21 experts to conduct a Delphi evaluation of the
comprehensive test content and revise the comprehensive test; (4) Implement the comprehensive test and analyze
the data, select the key test through correlation analysis, and conduct a Test-retest analysis to confirm test
reliability; (5) Complete the second round of Delphi evaluation and to construct the final comprehensive test and
norms.
Results: The final comprehensive test for talent identification in Chinese youth racewalking athletes includes five
aspects: anthropometric, physiological, physical fitness, skill, and psychology. The comprehensive test for males
included 11 items as follows: (1) Pelvic Width; (2) Thigh Length; (3) Calf Length; (4) VO2 max; (5) 400m Run;
(6) 3000m Run; (7) 1000m Racewalking; (8) Sit and Reach; (9) Willpower; (10) Mental Resilience; and (11)
Expectation of Winning. The comprehensive test for females included 8 items as follows: (1) Thigh Length; (2)
Calf Length; (3) VO2 max; (4) 400m Run; (5) 1000m Racewalking; (6) Standing Long Jump; (7) Willpower; and
(8) Motivation to Participate.
Conclusion: The holistic evaluation of Chinese youth racewalking athletes encompasses a diverse range of
factors, from physical dimensions to psychological attributes, reflecting a nuanced understanding of talent beyond
mere physical prowess.
Keywords: Youth Racewalking Athletes; Talent Identification; Comprehensive Test
Introduction
In March 2021, the Chinese State Council released two important documents, the 14th Five-Year
Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China and the Outline of
Long-term Goals for 2035. These documents clearly state the need to strengthen the training of reserve
talent for competitive sports, improve the competitive level of key events, and consolidate the advantages
of traditional events (Xinhua News Agency, 2021). Furthermore, the 14th Five-Year Plan for Sports
Development from the General Administration of Sport of China emphasizes the importance of setting up
scientific and technological support for training and research teams, building a sports training database, and
strengthening the construction of the youth training model (State Council of the People’s Republic of China,
2021). Although the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China only briefly mentions sports,
its report once again highlights the significance of competitive sports as a pillar of national power. By doing
so, we can lay a solid foundation for the training of competitive sports talent, standardize the collection and
analysis of data for talent selection and training, and provide guidance for the development of sports.
As we all know, selecting and developing excellent youth racewalkers is crucial to maintaining the
leading position of this sport. Therefore, to implement the Olympic Glory Winning plan and address new
challenges in developing track and field events in China, we must construct a comprehensive talent
identification model. This scientific and inclusive model is expected to select and evaluate Chinese youth
International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies Science Reviews
Volume 4 Issue 5: September-October 2024: ISSN 2985-2730
Website: https://so07.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/IJSASR/index
[312]
Citation
Zhang, L., Tongdecharoen, W., & Tasnaina, N. (2024). Development of A Comprehensive Test for Talent
Identification in Chinese Youth Racewalking Athletes. International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies
Science Reviews, 4 (5), 311-330; DOI: https://doi.org/10.60027/ijsasr.2024.4752
racewalking athletes and provide a foundation for the scientific and sustainable growth of Chinese
racewalking events. Furthermore, we hope our model can serve as a reference for selecting other
competitive events. During our literature review, we discovered that while research on the selection and
evaluation of racewalkers has been ongoing, recent references are limited. Early scholars mainly discussed
selective training of racewalking from a single dimension, such as heart rate (pulse) (Zhou & Ma, 2003),
special ability index, and body form (Hua et al, 2007; Hua Li & Mou Shaohua, 2008). Subsequently,
scholars have been more inclined towards a multidimensional approach. Wang (2004) proposed that
racewalking technique, cardiopulmonary function, and physical fitness should be key factors in the
selection test indexes of youth racewalkers. Zhang Shihao (2002) suggested that the selection of race-
walking athletes should consider a long body, relatively lightweight, flexibility, and endurance of hip and
ankle joints, as well as a longer proportion of lower limbs. According to Li (2018), comprehensive
consideration should be given to athletes' physical form, quality level, function level, and special skills in
the selection stage. Yoshida T.et al. (1989) put forward the aspects of body composition, body form,
physiology, biochemistry, and psychology in the research on the selection of young female racewalkers in
plateau areas and suggested establishing a database of Chinese female racewalkers living in the plateau.
Furthermore, many scholars have recognized the importance of developing comprehensive models
(combined anthropometric, physiological, physical fitness, biomechanics, psychological, and other
dimensions), with similar content such as Zhang Xiaoliang's (2008) research on the special physical quality
evaluation model of Chinese elite female racewalkers identified five levels of special physical quality:
special speed factor, special speed endurance factor, special endurance factor, special long time endurance
factor, and special super long time endurance factor. These five factors reflect the athletes' unique physical
qualities, and the index is tested by different distances of racewalking. Chen (2016) added physical ability
tests such as push-ups, dangling leg lifts, hip rotations, and heel lifts based on different distance results as
tests. These studies mainly focus on one aspect, and the sample size is small, which significantly limits
their conclusions. Based on the evolutionary process and conclusion of previous research, it is
recommended that the selection of racewalkers may need to consider a range of factors, including body
shape, basic physical qualities, special abilities, physiological, biochemical, and so on. At present, the
Chinese racewalking community lacks a comprehensive and scientifically based model for identifying
athletic talent.
Talent identification forms the foundation of competitive sports. Scientific selection of young people
with strong athletic talent and potential to compete in sports training is key to developing high-level athletes
and achieving excellent athletic results. Evaluating and predicting talent during the cultivation process are
also essential components of sports training and physical education. Therefore, this study aims to construct
a comprehensive test for talent identification in Chinese youth racewalking athletes by exploring factors
and tests that may be associated with better racewalking performance. The entire research process will
involve expert interviews, questionnaire surveys, experimental tests, and data analysis to gradually identify
key factors and refine the test model.
Objectives
Main objectives
To develop a comprehensive test for talent identification in Chinese youth racewalking athletes.
Subsidiary objectives
1. To explore factors and tests that are associated with better racewalking performance.
2. To collaborate with experts in identifying and screening these factors and test methods, leading
to the construction of a comprehensive test.
3. To carry out validity and reliability analyses of the test.
4. To implement the comprehensive test and establish norms.
Literature Review
1. Racewalking
1.1 Introduction of racewalking
Racewalking traces its origins back to the year 1880, with its initial appearance in the athletics
International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies Science Reviews
Volume 4 Issue 5: September-October 2024: ISSN 2985-2730
Website: https://so07.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/IJSASR/index
[313]
Citation
Zhang, L., Tongdecharoen, W., & Tasnaina, N. (2024). Development of A Comprehensive Test for Talent
Identification in Chinese Youth Racewalking Athletes. International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies
Science Reviews, 4 (5), 311-330; DOI: https://doi.org/10.60027/ijsasr.2024.4752
competitions of the Amateur Athletics Association in the United Kingdom. It formally debuted in the
modern Olympic Games in 1904, initially as a half-mile racewalking event within the all-around sports
category, laying the groundwork for subsequent standalone events. Over time, racewalking has evolved
into prominent 20-kilometer and 50-kilometer events and has cultivated a dedicated following and enjoys
popularity in numerous countries globally. It stands out as a physically demanding sport, necessitating
athletes to diligently train to enhance their technique, endurance, and speed. The rules of the racewalking
program are strict, athletes are required to sustain continuous contact with the ground and ensure that their
leading leg remains straight from the moment it makes contact with the ground until it is positioned beneath
the body. To be specific, racewalking is governed by two crucial regulations. The first stipulates that the
toe of the trailing foot must not lift from the ground before the heel of the leading foot makes contact,
violation of this rule is deemed as “loss of contact” and a large number of studies have pointed out that:
less than 0.042s is the reasonable air time limit in racewalking, 0.042-0.070s is the fuzzy time limit, and
greater than 0.070s is the foul air time limit (air time is calculated by dividing 120 by the number of frames
taken by athletes from one foot off the ground to the ground with the other foot) (Zhang, 2019). The second
rule mandates that the leading foot must land with a straight leg, prohibiting any bending at the knee;
contravention results in classification as a “Bent Knee”. Adherence to these regulations is closely monitored
by judges and high-speed cameras, with infractions potentially resulting in disqualification.
The scope of racewalking events encompasses a diverse range of distances, from the short-distance
3,000-meter race walk (an official event in the 1920 Summer Olympics) to the endurance-demanding 100-
kilometer race walk. The formal record for the longest distance is held by the 50-mile (80.5 kilometers)
race walk. The fastest official record for the men's 50-mile race walk was achieved by Israeli athlete Shaul
Ladany in 1972 in New Jersey, completing it in 7 hours 23 minutes, and 50 seconds, breaking records dating
back to 1935. In the official events of the modern Olympic Games, the predominant racewalking categories
are the 20-kilometer race walk (for both men and women) and the 50-kilometer race walk (exclusive to
men). The world of athletics saw the inclusion of the women's 50-kilometer race walk event only in the
year 2017. Racewalking competitions take place on roads, tracks, or designated racewalking courses,
contingent upon the nature of the competition, and the International Association of Athletics Federations
(I.A.A.F) governs international racewalking, overseeing rule formulation and competition organization. In
addition, this athletic pursuit offers multifaceted benefits, not only is it joint-friendly and conducive to
cardiovascular health, but also aids in weight control and serves as a stress-relieving activity. Additionally,
it fosters social interaction, providing opportunities for athletes to forge new connections (I.A.A.F, 2012).
1.2 Racewalking technique
Racewalking necessitates a specialized approach to maximize speed while adhering to the sport's
regulations. Athletes concentrate on maintaining proper form, including a straightened leading leg, heel-to-
toe contact, and avoiding any evident loss of contact. Specifically, the technical essentials of racewalking
encompass (1) Posture and Stride: The fundamental posture in racewalking requires athletes to maintain an
upright but slightly forward-leaning position. The stride must be robust, adhering to specified rules
regarding heel-to-toe placement and ensuring the knee extends straight upon ground contact; (2) Arm
Movement: Arm movements play a crucial role in maintaining balance and providing propulsion. Athletes
need to swing their arms with a controlled range of motion, arm swings should occur at the sides of the
body to coordinate with forward movement; (3) Hip Rotation: Hip rotation stands out as a pivotal action in
racewalking. Swift hip rotation allows athletes to propel their bodies forward more efficiently, minimizing
the risk of losing contact with the ground, this action demands a combination of balance and flexibility. (4)
Breath Control: Effective breathing is paramount for endurance in long-distance athletic endeavors.
Athletes must learn to control their breathing, ensuring an ample supply of oxygen to the engaged muscles.
In summary, racewalking is a demanding and technically intricate athletic discipline. A systematic and
persistent training regimen is imperative for athletes to master these technical intricacies. Proficiency in
these technical facets empowers racewalkers to optimize their efficiency and speed (Ruhling & Hopkins,
1990).
International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies Science Reviews
Volume 4 Issue 5: September-October 2024: ISSN 2985-2730
Website: https://so07.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/IJSASR/index
[314]
Citation
Zhang, L., Tongdecharoen, W., & Tasnaina, N. (2024). Development of A Comprehensive Test for Talent
Identification in Chinese Youth Racewalking Athletes. International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies
Science Reviews, 4 (5), 311-330; DOI: https://doi.org/10.60027/ijsasr.2024.4752
1.3 Racewalking in China
Racewalking stands out as a stronghold in the realm of Chinese Olympic sports. Since Liaoning
athlete Chen Yueling clinched the first gold medal for China in the Barcelona Olympics in 1992, the
Chinese racewalking team has amassed a noteworthy tally of 6 gold, 3 silver, and 6 bronze medals. Looking
back, the Chinese national racewalking team rose to prominence on the global stage after 1992, experienced
a decline in achievements after 2000, and then saw a resurgence in 2012. The athletic journey has not been
without challenges, recognizing its pivotal role in medal acquisition, both the Chinese National Sports
Administration and the Athletics Association place significant emphasis on talent identification and
cultivation within the realm of racewalking. Simultaneously, there is a profound commitment to the
promotion and organization of racewalking events. The recent surge in the popularity of “city walk” among
the Chinese populace serves as compelling evidence of the comprehensive popularization of racewalking
in the country.
2. Talent racewalkers identify
2.1 Key factors of talent Racewalkers identify
Technique Analysis: The racewalking technique plays a crucial role in performance. Video analysis
can be used to assess an athlete's walking form, including leg straightening, heel-to-toe contact, and visible
loss of contact, coaches or experts can evaluate the athlete's technique and provide feedback for
improvement.
Speed and Endurance Tests: Various tests can assess speed and endurance in racewalking. These
may include timed trials over specific distances, such as 1 kilometer or 10 kilometers, to measure how
quickly an athlete can cover the distance while maintaining racewalking form. Endurance tests can involve
longer distances, such as a 20-kilometer race, to evaluate an athlete's ability to sustain a fast pace over an
extended period.
Gait Analysis: Gait analysis involves assessing an athlete's walking pattern, stride length, stride
frequency, and other biomechanical parameters. This can be done using specialized equipment like force
plates or motion capture systems to analyze the athlete's movement and identify areas for improvement.
Strength and Power Tests: Strength and power are important for racewalking performance. Tests can
include measuring an athlete's lower body strength through exercises like squats or leg presses, as well as
assessing power through vertical jump tests or horizontal power tests like standing long jump.
Aerobic Capacity Assessment: Aerobic fitness is critical for racewalking. Tests such as the VO2 max
test, which measures the maximum oxygen uptake, can provide insights into an athlete's cardiovascular
fitness and endurance potential, other tests like the lactate threshold test can help determine an athlete's
optimal race pace and training zones.
Flexibility Assessment: Flexibility is crucial for achieving optimal stride length and preventing
injuries, tests like the sit-and-reach test can evaluate an athlete's lower body flexibility, especially in the
hamstrings and hip area.
Psychological Assessment: Psychological factors, including focus, motivation, and mental resilience,
can impact racewalking performance. Psychological assessments, interviews, or questionnaires can help
evaluate an athlete's mental preparedness, goal-setting abilities, and coping strategies under pressure.
It's important to note that these tests and evaluations should be conducted by qualified professionals,
such as coaches, sports scientists, or exercise physiologists, who have experience working with racewalking
athletes. They can provide a comprehensive assessment and individualized feedback to improve
performance based on the results obtained.
2.2 Measurement and evaluation of elite racewalkers
2.2.1 Anthropometric
The physical characteristics of elite racewalking athletes are mainly reflected in many aspects such
as height, weight, pelvic width, Achilles tendon length, body fat percentage, thigh length, calf length, arm
span, shoulder width, upper limb length, lower limb length, chest circumference, waist circumference, and
hip circumference. Relevant research shows that the mean height, body mass, and body mass index of
International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies Science Reviews
Volume 4 Issue 5: September-October 2024: ISSN 2985-2730
Website: https://so07.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/IJSASR/index
[315]
Citation
Zhang, L., Tongdecharoen, W., & Tasnaina, N. (2024). Development of A Comprehensive Test for Talent
Identification in Chinese Youth Racewalking Athletes. International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies
Science Reviews, 4 (5), 311-330; DOI: https://doi.org/10.60027/ijsasr.2024.4752
world-class racewalking athletes were 177.1±7.1 cm, 66.4±5.8 kg, and 21.2±1.3 kg·m2 for men and
165.6±4.5 cm, 53.6±3.7 kg, and 19.6±1.6 kg·m2 for women, respectively (Gomez-Ezeiza et al., 2019). In
addition, a function of the shoulder torque was to counterbalance the torso torque to gain a fast walking
speed with substantial mechanical energy flow (Espinoza-Navarro et al., 2019). In terms of body fat
percentage, the body fat percentage of world-class racewalking athletes is between 6-10%, indicating lower
body mass index and lower body fat content in racewalking athletes, the lower body fat percentage is
beneficial to the performance of strength and endurance, which is an important characteristic for achieving
excellent competitive results (Gomez-Ezeiza et al., 2018). In domestic research, Hua & Mou (2008)
conducted a study on the physical characteristics of Chinese excellent youth female racewalking athletes.
From the five aspects of length, symmetry, length ratio, arch height, and lower limb ratio, statistical analysis
was carried out, and the following physical characteristics index of Chinese excellent youth female
racewalking athletes were obtained: foot height, calf length + foot height, (calf length + foot height), lower
limb length, weight/height × 1000, ankle circumference/lower limb length. Gomez-Ezeiza et al. (2019)
found that the length of the lower limbs of excellent racewalking athletes accounts for 50-53% of their
height, which is relatively high, the study also found that the thigh and calf lengths of racewalking athletes
are 5-7% longer than those of ordinary people, this indicates that the length and proportion of the lower
limbs are crucial to the competitive ability of racewalking athletes. In addition, racewalking athletes also
exhibit characteristics such as a narrow pelvis, larger arm span, and relatively longer Achilles tendon.
Among them, the longer Achilles tendon can produce greater propulsion force and achieve higher speeds;
the wider arm span than ordinary people can effectively suspend and swing the arms during exercise,
achieving a coordinated step frequency; and wider shoulders are also beneficial to the amplitude of arm
swing. These characteristics are beneficial to producing greater propulsion force, achieving higher step
frequency and stride, and improving exercise efficiency.
In summary, the physical characteristics of racewalking athletes are typical, and these characteristics
are not only formed by long-term training of excellent racewalking athletes but are also the result of natural
selection in response to the requirements of racewalking sports, anthropometric characteristics have an
important impact on the athletic skills and competitive ability of racewalking athletes (Sun, 2011).
2.2.2 Physical Function (Physiology and Biochemistry)
Physical function is also one of the key factors that need to be considered in identifying athletes. For
periodic endurance sports, because of the long distance and duration, most of the energy consumption is
supplied in the form of aerobic energy supply. The ability to absorb and use oxygen is an important factor
that determines the athlete's athletic ability. Therefore, the physical function indicators related to excellent
endurance performance are crucial in identifying racewalking talents, which mainly include maximum
oxygen uptake (VO2 max), anaerobic threshold speed (VAT), testosterone levels, lung capacity, etc.
Excellent physical function is an important guarantee for elite racewalking athletes to achieve world-class
levels, racewalking places high demands on athletes' aerobic capacity and acid-base balance function.
Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) is an important indicator for evaluating aerobic exercise capacity and
is significantly positively correlated with racewalking performance, the VO2 max of elite racewalking
athletes can reach 70-80ml/kg/min (Sjodin & Svedenhag, 1985). Yoshida et al. (1989) conducted a study
on the physiological factors of female racewalking athletes' walking ability and believed that excellent
racewalking ability is closely related to VO2-LT, V-OBLA (lactate threshold speed), VO2-OBLA (lactate
threshold maximum oxygen uptake), VO2 max, and energy-saving. These indicators are highly correlated
with 5KM racewalking ability, and V-OBLA is the best predictor of racewalking ability, followed by VO2
max. Anaerobic threshold speed (VAT) is an important criterion for evaluating the aerobic threshold of
aerobic exercise, and a faster VAT means that the body enters the aerobic state earlier, which is also closely
related to racewalking performance (Liu, 2012). Nie, et al (2003) found that the VAT of world-class
racewalking athletes is faster, reaching 14-16km/h, indicating their ability to enter the aerobic state earlier.
On the other hand, maintaining a high concentration of hemoglobin in the body requires the involvement
of substances such as testosterone, and a high level of cortisol is beneficial to regulating acid-base balance
International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies Science Reviews
Volume 4 Issue 5: September-October 2024: ISSN 2985-2730
Website: https://so07.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/IJSASR/index
[316]
Citation
Zhang, L., Tongdecharoen, W., & Tasnaina, N. (2024). Development of A Comprehensive Test for Talent
Identification in Chinese Youth Racewalking Athletes. International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies
Science Reviews, 4 (5), 311-330; DOI: https://doi.org/10.60027/ijsasr.2024.4752
and coping with metabolic acidosis caused by long-term exercise (Ruhling & Hopkins, 1990). Hanley
(2013) found that the testosterone level of world-class racewalking athletes is as high as 15-20 nmol/L,
which is beneficial to regulating acid-base balance and extending aerobic exercise time. In addition, a higher
level of cortisol is also helpful in regulating metabolic acidosis to adapt to long-term aerobic exercise (Jones
& Carter, 2000). Excellent racewalking athletes also have larger lung capacity (Malina et al., 2004) and
higher hematocrit (HCT), which lay the foundation for achieving higher VO2 max and longer aerobic
exercise time (Kaimal KP et al., 1993).
In summary, the outstanding physical function characteristics of racewalking athletes are reflected
in their higher VO2 max and VAT, larger lung capacity, hematocrit, testosterone, and cortisol levels. These
features come from excellent racewalking athletes' long-term specialized training and genetic talent.
2.2.3 Physical Fitness
The physical fitness of racewalking athletes refers to the abilities obtained through specialized
physical training methods and techniques closely related to the characteristics of racewalking events during
training. Specialized qualities that are directly related to specialized sports include strength, speed,
endurance, and other abilities. Obtaining these specialized sports abilities can ensure that athletes better
master specialized techniques and tactics during training and apply them effectively in competitions (Dong
& Cang, 2009). However, currently, there are very few indicators of physical fitness used for talent
identification in racewalking events, and systematic research and testing of these indicators are rare. Hua
& Mou (2008) conducted a relatively representative study, in which they divided the indicators of quality
into specialized endurance (5000m run), specialized speed (400m racewalking), and specialized strength
(standing long jump, sit-ups, waist and back muscle exercises, and push-ups). Liu & Wang (2009) used a
large correlation analysis method to comprehensively analyze the 26 physical fitness indicators of 30
outstanding female racewalking athletes in China and divided the specialized physical fitness indicator
system of excellent female 5000m racewalking athletes in China into nine levels, including specialized
speed, specialized speed endurance, specialized endurance, specialized long-term endurance, and
specialized ultra-long-term endurance. Hu & Zhai (2009) also researched the training characteristics of
Chinese outstanding racewalking athletes in Olympic preparation years and pointed out that according to
the characteristics of racewalking events, athletes' specialized sports abilities should highlight their
specialized endurance, speed endurance, and specialized speed. Generally, racewalking training develops
specialized endurance through long-term continuous walking, develops specialized speed through fast
walking and variable speed walking, and develops speed endurance through interval walking to improve
athletes' competitive ability. Based on the above research, it can be seen that speed ability can be evaluated
using the 400-meter racewalking event, and excellent athletes can complete it within 1 minute and 30
seconds (Liu & Wang, 2009). Strength is represented by a long-standing long jump distance, a higher
number of push-ups, and a maximum load of squats (Hua et al, 2007). Specialized endurance is one of the
most important abilities of racewalking athletes, which can be evaluated by longer walking or running
times. Faster 3000-meter running times and better 5000-meter racewalking results (Hu & Wang, 2010). In
addition, strong abdominal and back muscle endurance can help maintain a stable posture and rhythm,
racewalking athletes use a lot of interval training and variable speed walking in their training, which
requires strong speed endurance ability (Gómez Eceiza, J, 2019).
In summary, it is crucial to scientifically test and understand the physical fitness characteristics of
racewalking athletes to identify and develop world-class athletes. This requires in-depth research from the
perspectives of biomechanics, exercise physiology, and training science to provide theoretical support and
practical guidance for the further improvement of racewalking in China.
2.2.4 Psychological Qualities
In the process of athlete talent identification, it is necessary to fully recognize the important role of
psychological factors in the individual's realization of their athletic potential, and similarly, psychological
factors play a very important role in the racewalking sport. Racewalking is a speed endurance event with
high technical requirements, from a high-level reserve talent to an international athlete, racewalkers are
International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies Science Reviews
Volume 4 Issue 5: September-October 2024: ISSN 2985-2730
Website: https://so07.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/IJSASR/index
[317]
Citation
Zhang, L., Tongdecharoen, W., & Tasnaina, N. (2024). Development of A Comprehensive Test for Talent
Identification in Chinese Youth Racewalking Athletes. International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies
Science Reviews, 4 (5), 311-330; DOI: https://doi.org/10.60027/ijsasr.2024.4752
required to have a highly developed psychological endurance due to the nature of the event itself.
Racewalking can even be said to be the most tedious and arduous among the 47 events in world athletics,
the technical structure of racewalking is simple but with high technical requirements, and technical training
must be arranged in training sessions. Racewalkers should have superhuman patience to endure extreme
physical and mental fatigue, only with strong willpower can athletes meet the needs of training and
competition (Zhou, 2016).
Wang (2004) pointed out that strong character, high emotional stability, strong self-confidence, good
self-monitoring, no fear of difficulties, and a spirit of enterprising are the psychological characteristics of
excellent racewalkers. Moreover, He believed in the article “Analysis of the Main Competitive Abilities of
China's High-Level Racewalking Athletes at Present" that the psychological qualities that affect China's
excellent racewalkers mainly include willpower, concentration, self-confidence, self-control, and the ability
to withstand the psychological pressure of competition, especially the comprehensive psychological
qualities of willpower, self-confidence, and the ability to withstand the psychological pressure of major
competitions (Wang, 2007). Wang et al (2009) conducted a study on the psychological training structure of
China's excellent male 20km racewalking athletes, by using psychological scale testing, interview methods,
and mathematical statistics, 42 male 20km racewalking athletes were tested, and the core psychological
training elements of excellent male 20km racewalking athletes in China were determined to be tenacity,
decisiveness, sports motivation, internal motivation, and clear goals. The important psychological training
elements include discrimination principles, and the auxiliary psychological training elements include the
expectation of winning, tenacity, lack of motivation, and self-control, among which willpower has a core
position and role in the psychological training structure of male 20km racewalking athletes, and sports
motivation plays an important role. Hu Hao and Wang Chuanping (2010) conducted a study on the
psychological training structure and training strategies of China's excellent female 20km racewalking
athletes, by using psychological scale testing, interview methods, and mathematical statistics, 35 female
20km racewalking athletes in China were tested, and the core training elements of excellent female 20km
racewalking athletes were determined to be tenacity, the expectation of winning, internal motivation, and
clear goals. The important training elements include sports motivation, personal orientation, tenacity, self-
control, and discrimination principles, the auxiliary training element is decisiveness, among them willpower
is a strong vector, and sports motivation is a secondary strong vector. Jing (2010) pointed out that
strengthening the cultivation of racewalking athletes' psychological qualities has special significance for
modern racewalking training in establishing the belief and desire to climb to new heights in the multi-year
training process. The content of basic training stage and primary specialized stage exercises has novelty
and interest, and the methods and means are rich and diverse; in the specialized improvement training stage
and advanced specialized stage, the focus is on improving the psychological qualities of athletes to
overcome difficulties; the psychological training of racewalking athletes should follow the rules of the
athletes' physical and mental development, personal psychological characteristics, age, and mastery of
sports skills, and psychological training should be gradual, combining physical training, specialized skills,
and tactical training organically, coordinated cooperation and consistent goals between coaches and athletes
can achieve good results.
In summary, to become an excellent racewalking athlete, good psychological abilities such as
willpower and sports motivation are prerequisites for achieving outstanding athletic performance.
Therefore, it is of utmost importance to cultivate and develop the sports motivation and willpower of
China's high-level racewalking reserve talents, coaches should include training content on cultivating
athletes' sports motivation and willpower in their annual training plans.
Through a literature review of relevant studies, we can find out that there may be several factors
related to racewalking performance, and through multi-dimensional exploration of the competitive ability
characteristics of elite racewalkers, we can provide a theoretical basis for the construction of a scientific
selection and evaluation system for youth racewalkers athletes.
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[318]
Citation
Zhang, L., Tongdecharoen, W., & Tasnaina, N. (2024). Development of A Comprehensive Test for Talent
Identification in Chinese Youth Racewalking Athletes. International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies
Science Reviews, 4 (5), 311-330; DOI: https://doi.org/10.60027/ijsasr.2024.4752
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 Conceptual framework of this research
Methodology
Research Tools
(1) The main test instruments in this study are the set of tests in constructed comprehensive tests
including anthropometric test instruments, physiology test instruments, physical fitness test instruments,
racewalking skill test instruments, psychological testing instruments, and data analysis instruments.
(2) Semi-structured questionnaire form for 7 experts.
(3) 2 rounds questionnaire for consensus by the Delphi technique.
(4) The primary test equipment used in this study included questionnaires, stopwatches, tape
measures, yoga MATS, an Inbody composition analyzer, questionnaires, treadmills, a Portable
cardiopulmonary function instrument (COSMED K5), and other necessary exercise training and test
manual/form equipment.
Population and Sample
The subjects of this study include two types of individuals: experts and athletes. Among them, experts
include scholars familiar with racewalking, managers, professionals proficient in sports measurement and
evaluation, as well as coaches at the provincial team level and above specializing in racewalking. The
athletes are youth racewalkers aged 15-19 from China.
Based on this, we invited a total of 28 experts, who were divided into two groups. The first expert
group consisted of 7 members, including 4 track and field experts who specialized in racewalking, 2
international racewalking coaches, and 1 national racewalking coach. This group included 5 Chinese
experts and 2 Thai experts. The second expert group invited 21 members, including 6 track and field experts
specialized in racewalking or former racewalkers, 5 experts in sports measurement and evaluation, and 10
racewalking coaches at the provincial level or above. They are familiar with the racewalking project in
China, understand the measurement and evaluation methods and instruments for athletes, and have long
been engaged in talent selection and development of youth racewalking athletes.
The target population of this study is Chinese youth racewalking athletes aged 15-19. This group
consists of about 300 individuals in total and mainly comes from the central and western regions of China,
some individuals possess athlete-level certificates issued by the General Administration of Sport of China,
while the majority of individuals are at a beginner level in racewalking. The selection of the experimental
subjects is based on snowball sampling, recommended, and introduced by coaches and team members.
There were 115 participants in total. Before the test, we conducted a test of the gender and age distribution
of the sample to determine that there was no significant difference in the number of test subjects (males and
females) in different age groups.
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Volume 4 Issue 5: September-October 2024: ISSN 2985-2730
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[319]
Citation
Zhang, L., Tongdecharoen, W., & Tasnaina, N. (2024). Development of A Comprehensive Test for Talent
Identification in Chinese Youth Racewalking Athletes. International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies
Science Reviews, 4 (5), 311-330; DOI: https://doi.org/10.60027/ijsasr.2024.4752
Data Collection
Literature review
Use keywords such as “racewalking”, “endurance sports”, “the selection of athletes”, “talent
identification”, “material selection index system”, “cultivating youth talents for competitive sports” etc. to
search for relevant literature such as books, journals, newspapers, thesis, dissertation, through electronic
resources databases, national library, and Athletics Sports Management Center of the General
Administration of Sport of China, and other resources.
Questionnaire survey
This study distributed a total of 4 questionnaires. The first semi-structured questionnaire was targeted
at 7 members of the first expert group, with the main purpose of selecting and evaluating the indicators for
talent identification and development in Chinese youth racewalking. The second Delphi questionnaire was
mainly used to screen the measurement factors, excluding the factors with low expert evaluation or
significant differences. The third questionnaire primarily targeted 5 Chinese members in the first expert
group, with the main purpose of conducting an IOC evaluation of the final testing plan's validity. The fourth
questionnaire was distributed to 115 Chinese youth racewalkers, with the main purpose of measuring and
evaluating their psychological characteristics. This study mainly used the following scales: “Sports
Motivation Scale” (Zhang, 2002), “Expectancy of Success Scale” (Pezer & Brown, 1980), “Elite Athlete
Will Quality Scale” (Liang, et al, 2005), and “Youth Psychological Resilience Scale” (Hu & Gan, 2008).
Delphi method
This study has invited 21 experts for 2 rounds of Delphi to reach a consensus. The first round of
Delphi expert consultation was conducted in the early stage of comprehensive test construction. After the
test implementation, the second round of Delphi expert consultation was held.
Implementation test
After a literature review, an expert semi-structured questionnaire survey, and the Delphi method, the
final comprehensive test for talent identification in Chinese youth racewalking athletes has been formed.
The athlete testing plan is divided into several categories: (1) Field testing (conducted on the track and
field); (2) Indoor testing (conducted in a spacious indoor area) includes testing with a weighing scale, height
measuring tool, body fat analyze, yoga mat; (3) Laboratory testing (VO2 max test) with the results recorded
by laboratory personnel in an electronic spreadsheet; and (4) Questionnaire testing distributing and
collecting data through paper questionnaires.
Data Analysis
Delphi analysis: invited 21 experts and used 2 rounds of the Delphi method to rate the importance of
each test on a 5-point scale (where 5 means “very important”, 4 means “important”, 3 means “neutral”, 2
means “unimportant”, 1 means “very unimportant”). We will focus on the median and interquartile range
(IQR): if the median of an indicator is less than 3.00 or the IQR is greater than 2.00, then this specific
indicator will be removed.
Descriptive statistical: mainly analyzes the concentration level, dispersion tendency, distribution
status, and other contents of the data one by one.
Relevance test: Before conducting the analysis, we first tested whether each variable follows a
normal distribution. Secondly, during the analysis process, we conducted a test for homogeneity of
variances. For the correlation test between two continuous variables, we refer to the Pearson correlation
coefficient for variables that follow a normal distribution and the Spearman correlation test for variables
that do not follow normality. For the correlation test between a continuous variable and a categorical
variable, we used a one-way analysis of variance. For the correlation test between two categorical variables,
we used chi-square analysis (cross-tabulation).
Reliability (Test-retest data analysis): conducted repeated measurements on half of the total
population (57 people) and used the Pearson coefficient to test the correlation between the data of the first
test and the second test for each test item.
Results
1. Exploration of factors influencing racewalking performance
After conducting a comprehensive analysis of relevant literature, researchers have meticulously
International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies Science Reviews
Volume 4 Issue 5: September-October 2024: ISSN 2985-2730
Website: https://so07.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/IJSASR/index
[320]
Citation
Zhang, L., Tongdecharoen, W., & Tasnaina, N. (2024). Development of A Comprehensive Test for Talent
Identification in Chinese Youth Racewalking Athletes. International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies
Science Reviews, 4 (5), 311-330; DOI: https://doi.org/10.60027/ijsasr.2024.4752
compiled a compendium of potential determinants that may be intrinsically linked to better racewalking
performance. The corresponding literary evidence reveals several key findings as follows:
1) Anthropometric analysis suggests that elite racewalkers tend to exhibit a lower body fat
percentage, longer Achilles tendons, narrower pelvis width, greater flexibility in hip joints, and longer lower
limbs. 2) Physiological analysis indicates that outstanding racewalkers typically demonstrate robust
cardiorespiratory function, efficient aerobic metabolism, substantial muscle strength, and exceptional
coordination.
3) Analysis of sports specialization ability reveals that top-tier racewalkers generally maintain a
stable sports posture, employ a higher step frequency, and utilize longer stride lengths compared to the
general population.
4) Psychological quality analysis suggests that talent identification criteria may need to emphasize
personality traits such as composure and resilience. Elite athletes often exhibit strong mental fortitude and
unwavering determination.
2. Semi-structured questionnaire with 7 experts
The researcher meticulously developed a semi-structured questionnaire for an expert consultation,
which was then presented to the first expert group. After gathering insights from 7 distinguished experts,
the researcher synthesized and amalgamated these professional perspectives (Table 1) culminating in the
formulation of a preliminary structure and content for a test category and its framework.
Table 1 Summary of the first expert interview
3. Delphi method with 21 experts (first round)
After the first round of expert consultations, this investigation has culminated in a factor structure
encompassing 5 primary indices and 34 secondary factors. Then, the first round of Delphi expert
consultation was conducted in the early stage of comprehensive test construction. After the first round of
the Delphi method, the preliminary comprehensive test for talent identification in Chinese youth
racewalkers is shown in Table 2.
International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies Science Reviews
Volume 4 Issue 5: September-October 2024: ISSN 2985-2730
Website: https://so07.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/IJSASR/index
[321]
Citation
Zhang, L., Tongdecharoen, W., & Tasnaina, N. (2024). Development of A Comprehensive Test for Talent
Identification in Chinese Youth Racewalking Athletes. International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies
Science Reviews, 4 (5), 311-330; DOI: https://doi.org/10.60027/ijsasr.2024.4752
Table 2 The preliminary comprehensive test for talent identification in Chinese youth racewalkers
4. Reliability analysis by retesting
We used the same test on two occasions to measure consistency (Test-Retest Reliability). The
measurements were repeated twice for the 57 athletes, one week before and one week after. In the study, it
is generally considered that the R should be greater than 0.80. A range of 0.61 to 0.80 is considered
moderate reliability, 0.41 to 0.60 is considered fair reliability, 0.11 to 0.40 is considered low reliability, and
less than 0.1 indicates lack of consistency. The correlation of the repeat test is shown in Table 3. As can be
seen from Table 5, all R values are greater than 0.8, indicating good reliability in this study. Therefore, the
comprehensive test can be accepted for further analysis.
Table 3 Correlation analysis of Test-retest (N=57)
International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies Science Reviews
Volume 4 Issue 5: September-October 2024: ISSN 2985-2730
Website: https://so07.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/IJSASR/index
[322]
Citation
Zhang, L., Tongdecharoen, W., & Tasnaina, N. (2024). Development of A Comprehensive Test for Talent
Identification in Chinese Youth Racewalking Athletes. International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies
Science Reviews, 4 (5), 311-330; DOI: https://doi.org/10.60027/ijsasr.2024.4752
5. Implementation of each test among 115 Chinese youth racewalkers
We conducted tests on a total of 115 participants (68 male and 47 female), selected through snowball
sampling. Our study focused on Chinese teenage racewalking athletes aged 15-19.
5.1 Descriptive statistical analysis of each test
The mean and standard deviation (SD) of the test data for a total of 18 factors is shown in Table 4
According to Table 4, the average height of racewalkers is comparable to that of Chinese males and females
in the same age group. However, their pelvic width is slightly narrower, which means that a wider pelvis
may result in a smaller stride for athletes, thus affecting their racewalking speed. Additionally, racewalkers
have slightly longer lower limbs compared to the general population, indicating that they may have certain
advantages in leg muscle development. Furthermore, racewalkers have longer Achilles tendons, which may
provide them with better elasticity and explosive power, thereby enhancing their flexibility, agility, and
flexibility. In terms of weight and body fat percentage, racewalkers are noticeably slimmer than the general
population. Additionally, their maximum oxygen consumption is significantly higher than that of the
average person, indicating that they possess stronger aerobic exercise capacity. In terms of field tests,
racewalkers perform better in the 400-meter run, 3000-meter run, and 1000-meter race walk, and they also
have superior standing long jump results.
In terms of psychological data, analysis results show that athletes have a higher level of willpower
and mental resilience compared to ordinary people. Based on the data of three indicators: the expectation
of winning, motivation to participate, and motivation to avoid, it can be seen that Chinese youth racewalking
International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies Science Reviews
Volume 4 Issue 5: September-October 2024: ISSN 2985-2730
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[323]
Citation
Zhang, L., Tongdecharoen, W., & Tasnaina, N. (2024). Development of A Comprehensive Test for Talent
Identification in Chinese Youth Racewalking Athletes. International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies
Science Reviews, 4 (5), 311-330; DOI: https://doi.org/10.60027/ijsasr.2024.4752
athletes have lower enthusiasm for participation and a stronger avoidance tendency. This should be a matter
of concern and attention for coaches. At the same time, we conducted a normality test on each test data for
subsequent analysis. Since the number of male athletes is 68 > 50, we tend to use the Kolmogorov-Smirnov
(K-S) test, while the number of female athletes is 47 < 50, we tend to use the Shapiro-Wilk (S-W) test. The
results show that test items indicate a basic normal distribution.
Table 4 Descriptive statistical analysis of experimental test factors (n=115)
5.2 Key Test insights from correlation Analysis
The aim purpose of this study is to explore the factors related to excellent racewalking performance
and to construct a testing system, providing a reference standard table for talent identification of Chinese
youth racewalking athletes. In the process of variable analysis, we take the 10km racewalking performance
as the dependent variable and focus on testing and discussing the correlation of each variable with the
dependent variable (racewalking performance). Since the test data largely conforms to a normal
distribution, we have adopted the Pearson correlation coefficient. The correlation check results between
each test data and the athletes' 10km racewalking performance are shown in Table 5, with significance
thresholds *p<0.05.
According to Table 5, positive correlations were found in body fat percentage, pelvic width, thigh
length, 400m run, 3000m run, 1000m racewalking, and expectation of winning. A negative correlation was
found for height, calf length, Achilles tendon length, VO2 max, standing long jump test, sit and reach test,
and other psychological measures. At the same time, height, weight, body fat percentage, Achilles tendon
length, and motivation to avoid, a total of 5 tests, were not found to be significantly associated with
racewalking performance (10km racewalking).
International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies Science Reviews
Volume 4 Issue 5: September-October 2024: ISSN 2985-2730
Website: https://so07.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/IJSASR/index
[324]
Citation
Zhang, L., Tongdecharoen, W., & Tasnaina, N. (2024). Development of A Comprehensive Test for Talent
Identification in Chinese Youth Racewalking Athletes. International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies
Science Reviews, 4 (5), 311-330; DOI: https://doi.org/10.60027/ijsasr.2024.4752
Table 5 Correlation analysis results between each factor and 10km racewalking performance
6. Comprehensive test and the norms results
6.1 Delphi method with 21 experts (second round)
After the test was implemented, the researcher conducted a second round of Delphi expert
evaluations. After the expert screening, the following were removed: height, weight, body fat percentage,
Achilles tendon length, and motivation to avoid, a total of 5 tests, and 21 experts confirmed the test items
as shown in Table 6.
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Volume 4 Issue 5: September-October 2024: ISSN 2985-2730
Website: https://so07.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/IJSASR/index
[325]
Citation
Zhang, L., Tongdecharoen, W., & Tasnaina, N. (2024). Development of A Comprehensive Test for Talent
Identification in Chinese Youth Racewalking Athletes. International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies
Science Reviews, 4 (5), 311-330; DOI: https://doi.org/10.60027/ijsasr.2024.4752
Table 6 The results of the second round of Delphi expert evaluation
Therefore, the final comprehensive test included content from 5 aspects. Among them, the male
test included 11 items, and the female test included 8 items as shown in Table 7).
able 7 The final comprehensive test for talent identification in Chinese youth racewalkers
International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies Science Reviews
Volume 4 Issue 5: September-October 2024: ISSN 2985-2730
Website: https://so07.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/IJSASR/index
[326]
Citation
Zhang, L., Tongdecharoen, W., & Tasnaina, N. (2024). Development of A Comprehensive Test for Talent
Identification in Chinese Youth Racewalking Athletes. International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies
Science Reviews, 4 (5), 311-330; DOI: https://doi.org/10.60027/ijsasr.2024.4752
6.2. The norm for talent identification in Chinese youth racewalking athletes
In the end, we found that Pelvic Width, Thigh Length, Calf Length, VO2 max, 400m Run, 3000m
Run, 1000m Racewalking, Sit and Reach, Willpower, Mental Resilience, and Expectation of Winning, a
total of 11 factors are closely related to excellent male racewalkers. On the other hand, Thigh Length, Calf
Length, VO2 max, 400m Run, 1000m Racewalking, Standing Long Jump, Willpower, and Motivation to
Participate, a total of 8 factors are closely related to excellent female racewalkers. These can be used as the
key factors to identify Chinese youth racewalking talents in the future. On this basis, SPSS was used to
divide the data of each variable into five groups according to the mean ± SD standard deviation, and the
final score table was shown in Table 8 and Table 9.
Among them, the calculation standards for Pelvic Width, Thigh Length, 400m Run, 3000m Run,
1000m Racewalking, and Expectation of Winning are as follows:
Excellent: Score ≤Mean-2sd, Good: Mean-2sd ≤ Score ≤ Mean-1sd, Average: Mean-1sd ≤ Score ≤
Mean+1sd, Poor: Mean+1sd ≤ Score ≤ Mean+2sd, and Very poor: Mean+2sd ≤ Score
In addition, the calculation standards for Calf Length, VO2 max, Standing Long Jump, Sit and Reach,
Willpower, Mental Resilience, and Motivation to Participate are as follows:
Excellent: Mean+2sd ≤ Score, Good: Mean+1sd ≤ Score ≤ Mean+2sd, Average: Mean-1sd ≤ Score
≤ Mean+1sd, Poor: Mean-2sd ≤ Score ≤ Mean-1sd, and Very poor: Score ≤Mean-2sd
Table 8 Norm of key tests for talent identification in Chinese male youth racewalkers
Table 9 Norm of key tests for talent identification in Chinese female youth racewalkers
Conclusion
This study developed a comprehensive test for talent identification in Chinese youth racewalker
athletes through a series of rigorous procedures and methods. The final comprehensive test for talent
identification in Chinese youth racewalking athletes encompasses five aspects: Anthropometric,
Physiological, Physical Fitness, Skill, and Psychology. Among them, there are 11 tests for male talent
identification namely (1) Pelvic Width; (2) Thigh Length; (3) Calf Length; (4) VO2 max; (5) 400m Run;
International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies Science Reviews
Volume 4 Issue 5: September-October 2024: ISSN 2985-2730
Website: https://so07.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/IJSASR/index
[327]
Citation
Zhang, L., Tongdecharoen, W., & Tasnaina, N. (2024). Development of A Comprehensive Test for Talent
Identification in Chinese Youth Racewalking Athletes. International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies
Science Reviews, 4 (5), 311-330; DOI: https://doi.org/10.60027/ijsasr.2024.4752
(6) 3000m Run; (7) 1000m Racewalking; (8) Sit and Reach; (9) Willpower; (10) Mental Resilience; and
(11) Expectation of Winning, and 8 tests for female talent identification namely (1) Thigh Length; (2) Calf
Lengths; (3) VO2 max; (4) 400m Run; (5) 1000m Racewalking; (6) Standing Long Jump; (7) Willpower;
and (8) Motivation to Participate.
Discussion
The comprehensive test and norms constructed in this study indicate that in the future, the criteria
for male and female athletes should differ slightly in the process of identifying outstanding Chinese youth
racewalking talents. Among them, men should focus on a narrower pelvis, shorter thighs, longer calves,
better maximal oxygen uptake, and better performance in 400-meter running, 3,000-meter running, 1,000-
meter walking, and sit-and-reach tests. Psychological aspects should pay attention to mental resilience, high
willpower, and expectation of winning. For female athletes, shorter thighs, longer calves, high maximal
oxygen uptake, and better performance in 400-meter running, and 1,000-meter walking and standing long
jump tests are also worth focusing on. Moreover, the psychological part should pay attention to athletes
with high motivation to participate and strong willpower. The results of the comprehensive test and norms
will provide an important reference for China's future selection of outstanding youth racewalking athletes.
Firstly, from the perspective of anthropometry, the body structure of male athletes should have a
narrow pelvis, shorter thighs, and longer lower legs. A narrow pelvis and long lower legs can provide a
more stable and efficient gait, while shorter thighs can reduce energy loss during exercise. These body
characteristics help improve the efficiency of racewalking. For female athletes, although the width of the
pelvis may be larger than that of male athletes, shorter thighs and longer lower legs are also body features
worth paying attention to. There is plenty of research on the correlation between body measurement traits
and athletic performance, and for different events, research also shows the association between body
structure and sports performance. This is consistence with Gomez-Ezeiza et al. (2018) the lower body fat
percentage is beneficial to the performance of strength and endurance, which is an important characteristic
for achieving excellent competitive results.
Secondly, in terms of physiology, maximal oxygen uptake is an important indicator of an athlete's
aerobic exercise capacity. Whether male or female athletes, a higher maximal oxygen uptake may have a
positive impact on racewalking performance. This is consistence with Sjodin & Svedenhag (1985)
Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) is an important indicator for evaluating aerobic exercise capacity and
is significantly positively correlated with racewalking performance.
In terms of skills and physical fitness, the performances in 400m run, 3000m run, and 1000m
racewalking are important indicators to measure the athlete's racewalking skills and physical fitness. The
3000m run and 1000m racewalking test the athlete's medium and long-distance endurance. The results of
these tests can reflect the athlete's speed, endurance, and racewalking skills, and have important reference
value for selecting racewalking athletes. This is consistence with Hu & Wang (2010) Specialized endurance
is one of the most important abilities of racewalking athletes, which can be evaluated by longer walking or
running times.
In the psychological aspect, racewalking athletes need to possess tenacious mental qualities and
strong willpower. The process of competition is full of challenges and difficulties, athletes need to have a
high level of participation willingness and devote themselves to training and competition. Therefore,
racewalkers should have superhuman patience to endure extreme physical and mental fatigue, only with
strong willpower can athletes meet the needs of training and competition (Zhou, 2016).
International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies Science Reviews
Volume 4 Issue 5: September-October 2024: ISSN 2985-2730
Website: https://so07.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/IJSASR/index
[328]
Citation
Zhang, L., Tongdecharoen, W., & Tasnaina, N. (2024). Development of A Comprehensive Test for Talent
Identification in Chinese Youth Racewalking Athletes. International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies
Science Reviews, 4 (5), 311-330; DOI: https://doi.org/10.60027/ijsasr.2024.4752
Recommendation
1. Coaches and researchers must pay heed to the physical attributes of the athletes during the testing
phase.
2. The talent selection system should be fortified to establish a robust foundation for project
development.
3. The implementation of scientific training concepts and methods is crucial for the enhancement of
comprehensive competitive strength. The coaching level should be improved, with the integration of
advanced training methods and personalized teaching emphasized.
4. Training and competition rhythms should be optimized, with dynamic adjustment of training
plans and intelligence collection given due attention.
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International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies Science Reviews
Volume 4 Issue 5: September-October 2024: ISSN 2985-2730
Website: https://so07.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/IJSASR/index
[330]
Citation
Zhang, L., Tongdecharoen, W., & Tasnaina, N. (2024). Development of A Comprehensive Test for Talent
Identification in Chinese Youth Racewalking Athletes. International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies
Science Reviews, 4 (5), 311-330; DOI: https://doi.org/10.60027/ijsasr.2024.4752
