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Journal of Geography Science and Education
61
Vol. 5., No. 2, October 2023, pp. 61-72
ISSN 2685-5801, eISSN 2685-581X
http://journal.univetbantara.ac.id/index.php/jgse/index
doi :10.32585/jgse.v2i2.xxx jurnal.jgse@gmail.com
Inventory of Native, Introduced and Invasive Vegetation in Tree-Pole
Regeneration in Laweyan Village, Surakarta
Asih Kinanthi a,1,*, Khotrotun Nida Farikha b,2
a Faculty of Matematic and Natural Science, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Jawa Tengah 57126, Indonesia
1 asihkinanthi96@student.uns.ac.id*; 2 Nidafarikha012@student.uns,ac.id
* Corresponding Author
Received 30 September 2023; accepted 9 November 2023; published 29 November 2023
ABSTRACT
KEYWORDS
The existence of invasive foreign plants is a threat to the global ecosystem. Its
rapid growth often causes this plant to destroy the original habitat in an area. This
research aims to identify tree-pole regeneration species in Laweyan Village. This
research was carried out by direct observation using a sampling method with a
plot measuring 10 x 10 meters and analyzed descriptively. Based on the results of
research conducted in Laweyan Village, it was found that there were 38 species
of pole and tree regeneration vegetation which were divided into 3 types based
on their origin, namely native, introduced and invasive species. There were 19
species of native plants, 15 species of introduced plants, and 4 species of invasive
plants. Meanwhile, based on their function, plants are divided into three, namely
fruit plants, shade plants and ornamental plants. The plants that dominate based
on their function are fruit plants, totaling 16 types.
Invasive plants
Biodiversity
Lamtoro
Ecosystem
Vegetation
This is an open-
access article under
the CC–BY-SA
license
1. Introduction
Indonesia is a megabiodiversity country with a fairly high level of vegetation diversity both in
terms of species, genetics and ecosystems. This diversity is considered the backbone of life which
has functions and benefits in various aspects, namely social, cultural, economic or ecological
(Supriyatna et al., 2022). This diversity of vegetation needs to be cared for so that its sustainability
is maintained into the future. Therefore, we need to analyze and explore various factors that can
threaten the existence of native vegetation in this country. One of the factors that influences
biodiversity and ecosystem function is land change. Land changes can create supporting conditions
for the spread of invasive plants. When land changes occur, there is an opportunity for invasive plants
to take over native habitats (Rifai et al., 2021). Urbanization and population growth that occur in
various cities throughout the world are the cause of significant transformations in the urban
environment (Rukmana & Cahyaningtias, 2021). Although living in cities has provided great benefits
for humans, it also brings various new challenges, especially in the context of environmental
sustainability. One of the challenges that is currently of great concern is the spread of invasive foreign
plants in urban areas.
Laweyan Village, as a component of the city, is experiencing rapid growth in various aspects, so
it is also facing the impact of environmental changes. Apart from the threat from invasive foreign
plants, urban conditions are worsened by increasing population growth which is one of the causes of
the conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural land which makes the existence of native plants
increasingly threatened due to land transformation (Rohsulina et al, 2020). Invasive foreign plants
are plants that come from outside their natural habitat and have the potential to dominate an area, so
that surrounding plants cannot grow and develop (Sayfulloh et al., 2020). According to (Yuliana,
2018) the presence of invasive foreign species on plants has a detrimental impact both ecologically
and economically. This issue has become an international concern regarding biodiversity
conservation, the control and management of which requires enormous costs (Thapa et al., 2018).
(Rasyid, A., Suleman & Lilies., dan Achmad, 2020) stated that invasives are a threat that needs
attention because they can damage native ecosystems and change nutrient and hydrological cycles.
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Vol. 5., No. 2, October 2023, pp. 61-72
Asih Kinanthi et al. (Inventory of Native, Intoduced and Invasive Vegetation in Tree-Pole Regeneration in Laweyan
Village, Surakarta)
In recent decades, tree-pole saplings have become one of the invasive alien plants that dominate
a number of urban areas around the world. The spread of invasive foreign plants can occur directly
or indirectly depending on environmental factors (Sulistiyowati et al., 2021). The main impact that
occurs due to the presence of invasive foreign plants is reduced biodiversity (Kodiran et al., 2020).
This impact is not only felt on flora, but also on local fauna who depend on these plants as a source
of food and shelter. In the context of Laweyan Village, the presence of invasive foreign plants such
as tree-pole regeneration is of particular concern. Efforts to understand the distribution and spread of
these plants in urban environments are essential, as they can provide insight into the potential
ecological and social impacts resulting from their presence. Research on "Inventory and Distribution
Patterns of Invasive Alien Plants, Tree-Mass Regeneration in Laweyan Village" aims to identify
existing tree-pole regeneration species. Through this research, it is hoped that a better understanding
will be gained about the impact of invasive alien plants on the urban environment, as well as the
potential risks that may arise. Additionally, the information obtained from this research can be used
as a basis for designing effective management strategies, including monitoring efforts, population
control, and restoration of affected ecosystems. This is an important step in maintaining the
sustainability of the urban environment and the welfare of the people living in Laweyan Village.
2. Method
2.1 Location and Time
This research was conducted in Laweyan Village, Laweyan Surakarta, Central Java. To be
precise, there are 30 plots spread across Laweyan Village. This research was conducted in September
2023.
Fig. 1. Map of Research Locations in Laweyan Village, Laweyan, Surakarta
2.2 Data collection method
In this study, plot points were determined using satellite imagery by considering the highest NDVI
value because it influences the ability of water absorption and carbon absorption (Awaliyan &
Sulistyoadi, 2018). The transect method was used to collect data about the distribution and
composition of vegetation in Laweyan Village. Next, the data was taken by analyzing the vegetation
on each plot for a plot size of 10 x 10 meters (Febriawan, 2023). The vegetation analyzed was the
type of tree and pole regeneration.
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Vol. 5., No. 2, October 2023, pp. 61-72
Asih Kinanthi et al. (Inventory of Native, Intoduced and Invasive Vegetation in Tree-Pole Regeneration in Laweyan
Village, Surakarta)
Fig. 2. Research Location Points from Sampling Results with Imagery
2.3 Data analysis
This research uses a descriptive method with a quantitative research type (Rukajat, 2018). This
research presents a total inventory of vegetation in Laweyan Village and describes it based on
species, function and origin. After being classified based on its origin, the impact of invasive alien
vegetation will be explained. The vegetation analyzed is the type of tree and pole regeneration. All
species are separated based on their origin, namely native, introduced and invasive species. Species
in the invasive category are then analyzed for reproductive speed, resistance to the environment, and
ability to take over the ecosystem.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Inventory of Plants in Laweyan Subdistrict on Replanting Trees and Poles
Table 1. Inventory of Plants in Laweyan Subdistrict on Replanting Trees and Poles
Local Name
Latin Name
Origin
Alien
Invasive
(V)
Amount
Function
Rambutan
Nephelium
lappaceum L.
Indonesia
2
fruit
Kapas Randu
Ceiba
pentandra (L.)
Gaertn.
Amerika
Selatan dan
Amerika
Tengah
4
leafy
Mangga
Mangifera
indica L
India
24
fruit
Sukun
Artocarpus
communis
Forst
New Guinea
4
fruit
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Vol. 5., No. 2, October 2023, pp. 61-72
Asih Kinanthi et al. (Inventory of Native, Intoduced and Invasive Vegetation in Tree-Pole Regeneration in Laweyan
Village, Surakarta)
Gelodokan
Tiang
Polyalthia
Longifolia
India
21
leafy
Angsana
Pterocarpus
indicus. Willd
Burma Selatan
1
leafy
Bunga kertas
Bougainvillea
glabra Choicy
Amerika
Selatan
V
3
Ornamental
Beringin
Ficus
benjamina
Indonesia
1
leafy
Melinjo
Gnetum
gnemon L.
Malaysia
6
leafy
Kantil
Magnolia ×
alba (D.C.)
India
1
leafy
Durian
Durio
zibethinus
Merr.
Malaysia dan
Sumatra,
Kalimantan
Indonesia
1
fruit
Palem Putri
Veitchia
merillii
Filipina
5
ornamental
Salam
Syzygium
polyanthum
Indonesia
1
leafy
Matoa
Pometia
pinnata Spp.
Papua,
Indonesia
2
fruit
Srikaya
Annona
squamosa L.
Amerika
Selatan
3
fruit
Belimbing
Wuluh
Averrhoa
bilimbi L
Indonesia
5
fruit
Jambu air
Syzygium
aqueum
Indo Cina dan
Indonesia
2
fruit
Stone Bambu
Phyllostachys
angusta
McClure
Tiongkok
Timur
6
Ornamental
Sawo
Manilkara
zapota
Amerika
Tengah dan
Meksiko
2
fruit
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Vol. 5., No. 2, October 2023, pp. 61-72
Asih Kinanthi et al. (Inventory of Native, Intoduced and Invasive Vegetation in Tree-Pole Regeneration in Laweyan
Village, Surakarta)
Ulin Persia
Parrotia
persica Mey.
Iran
12
leafy
Kamboja
Plumeria rubra
L.
Amerika
Tengah
23
Ornamental
Nangka
Artocarpus
heterophyllus
India
6
fruit
Lamtoro
Leucaena
leucocephala
Lam.
Meksiko dan
Amerika
Tengah
V
8
leafy
Pepaya
Jepang
cnidoscolus
aconitifolius
(mill.)
i.m.johnst
Meksiko dan
Amerika
Tengah
V
2
Ornamental
Jati
Tectona
grandis Linn. f.
Burma
(Myanmar)
3
leafy
Kelapa
Gading
Cocos nucifera
L.
Amerika
Selatan
1
Ornamental
Alpukat
Persea
americana P.
Mill.
Amerika
Tengah
4
fruit
ketapang
kencana
Terminalia
paniculate
Afrika Barat
3
Ornamental
Asam Jawa
Tamarindus
indica L.
Afrika Timur
2
leafy
Ficus
Rubiginosa
Ficus
rubiginosa
Australia
1
leafy
Jambu biji
Psidium
guajava L.
Karibia,
Amerika
Tengah,
Amerika
Selatan
2
fruit
Belimbing
bintang
Averrhoa
carambola L.
Malaysia
3
fruit
Mengkudu
Morinda
citrifolia L.
Asia Tenggara
1
fruit
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Asih Kinanthi et al. (Inventory of Native, Intoduced and Invasive Vegetation in Tree-Pole Regeneration in Laweyan
Village, Surakarta)
Kelengkeng
Dimocarpus
longan
Myanmar
3
fruit
Kecapi
Sandoricum
koetjape Merr.
Indocina dan
Semenanjung
Malaya
V
1
fruit
Jenitri
Elaeocarpus
ganitrus Roxb.
Indonesia
1
leafy
Pohon
trumpet
Brugmansia
candida (Pers.)
Saff.
Peru dan
Meksiko
1
Ornamental
Pohon
hantap
Sterculia
coccínea Jack.
Indonesia
1
leafy
Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, it shows that in table 1 it is known
that there are 38 species of pole and tree regeneration vegetation in Laweyan Village. The thirty-
eight species are divided into three types based on their origin, namely native, introduced and
invasive species. There were 19 species of native plants, 15 species of introduced plants, and 4
species of invasive plants. The results of plant identification in Laweyan Village show diversity.
Apart from origin, the plants in Laweyan Village are classified based on their function. Based on
their function, the plants in table 1 can be divided into three functions, namely fruit plants, shade
plants and ornamental plants (Melanira et al., 2023)
Fig. 3. Comparation of The Amount of Fruit, Leafy and Ornamental Plants
Fruit plants, shade plants and ornamental plants have their respective roles in the ecosystem and
daily life. Fruit plants have a very important dual role in the ecosystem. Fruit plants act as producers
of nutrient-rich fruits, such as mango, guava and durian, which are vital food sources for humans and
animals. However, the benefits of fruit trees are not only that, the flowers that bloom on fruit trees
also provide protection for various organisms by providing shelter and a source of nutrition. Apart
from that, tall growing fruit trees such as shade trees have a very significant additional role. They
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Vol. 5., No. 2, October 2023, pp. 61-72
Asih Kinanthi et al. (Inventory of Native, Intoduced and Invasive Vegetation in Tree-Pole Regeneration in Laweyan
Village, Surakarta)
provide protection from excessive sunlight, create a comfortable shady place to rest, and protect
against inclement weather such as strong winds and heavy rain.
Shade plants or leafy plants are plants that grow tall and have dense leaves, which function to
provide protection from excessive sunlight. They are often used to create shady areas. Apart from
that, shade plants can also act as natural shade, helping reduce heat and offering a comfortable place
to rest. Some examples of shade plants that are commonly used include acacia trees, teak trees,
cypress trees, and various types of palms. Shade plants can also provide ecological benefits by
creating habitat for various types of fauna and caring for the soil with strong roots. For example, the
acacia tree is an example of a shade tree that carries out this function very well (Nurhaliza et al.,
2023).
Ornamental trees are generally planted for aesthetic purposes or functions (Azizah & Utami,
2021). Some types of ornamental trees can even function as air pollution filters, improving the quality
of the surrounding air, and creating a more comfortable environment, such as Sansevieria (P. Tiara
Rosha, 2013). In addition, a variety of ornamental trees support a diverse ecosystem. It should be
noted that some trees can have a dual function, such as fruit trees which also act as shade trees or
ornamental trees, depending on their management. Therefore, selecting the right tree species must
take into account specific needs and objectives in the context of the environment in question. Based
on its distribution, it is divided into local and foreign.
Fig. 4. percentage comparation of the number of native, exotic, and invasive plants
3.2 Native Plants
Native plants are plants that grow and develop in a certain area, and whose distribution cannot be
found in other areas (Karyati et al., 2022). They have been around for a long time and play an
important role in local ecology and culture. Native plants have adapted to the local environment and
often become an integral part of the ecosystem itself. The native species found were Nephelium
lappaceum L., Mangifera indica L, Artocarpus communis Forst, Pterocarpus indicus Willd., Ficus
benjamina, Gnetum gnemon L., Durio zibethinus Merr., Syzygium polyanthum, Pometia pinnata Spp,
Averrhoa bilimbi L, Syzygium aqueum, Manilkara zapota, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Tectona
grandis Linn. f., Averrhoa carambola L., Morinda citrifolia L., Dimocarpus longan, Elaeocarpus
ganitrus Roxb., and Sterculia coccínea Jack. These native vegetation have their respective functions
or roles in the environment. Some of them include fruit, shade and ornamental vegetation types. The
dominant type of vegetation is fruit vegetation with 12 species. Laweyan Village as an urban area
has a cultural tendency to prioritize the function of fruit and ornamental vegetation. Fruit vegetation
has a function that is favored by the community, namely producing fruit that can be consumed by the
community. Meanwhile, ornamental vegetation is often chosen to add to the aesthetic value of living
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Vol. 5., No. 2, October 2023, pp. 61-72
Asih Kinanthi et al. (Inventory of Native, Intoduced and Invasive Vegetation in Tree-Pole Regeneration in Laweyan
Village, Surakarta)
spaces with various variations and origins. Unfortunately, shady vegetation is rarely chosen by
people due to the problem of unavailability of land.
3.3 Introduced Plants
Introduced or foreign plants is non-native but not invasive, known as non-native or exotic plants,
are plants that originate from other regions and are outside their natural distribution area because
they were brought intentionally or unintentionally by humans (Wiryono & Nurliana, 2019). These
plants usually come from different geographic regions. They have no natural history in the region
and can have ecological impacts, including competition with native or invasive plants. Introduced
species are foreign species that do not disturb their new ecosystem and do not have the characteristics
of invasive vegetation. The introduced species found in Laweyan Village is Ceiba pentandra (L.)
Gaertn. originates from South America and Central America; Polyathia Longifolia originates from
India; Magnolia × alba (D.C.) is native to India; Veitchia merillii is native to the Philippines; Annona
squamosa L. originates from South America; Phyllostachys angusta McClure is native to Eastern
China; Parrotia persica Mey originates from Iran; Plumeria rubra L. comes from Central America,
Cocos nucifera L. comes from South America; Persea americana P. Mill from Central America;
Terminalia paniculata from West Africa; Tamarindus indica L. originating from East Africa; Ficus
rubiginosa from Australia; Psidium guajava L. from Caribbean, Central America, and South
America; Brugmansia candida (Pers.) Saff from Peru and Mexico.
Like native vegetation, introduced vegetation has its own function or role in the environment.
Some of them include fruit, shade and ornamental vegetation types. The dominant type of vegetation
is shade vegetation with 7 species. This may be due to the conditions and needs of the urban area
itself. Because Laweyan Village is a densely populated location, there is very little free land for
vegetation. This means that the provision of vegetation can only be done along roads and green open
space which makes it possible for the case study of Laweyan Village as a burial ground. It is common
for vegetation to be planted along roads with the aim of providing shade, this is proven by the large
number of shade plants along the roads in Laweyan Village. One of the most commonly found
introduced vegetation is the 23-individual glodokan pole, this species has been widely used in
Indonesia as shade planted on roadsides. This is because the pole glodokan's ability to adapt in
Indonesia is very good, and it has a root structure that does not damage surrounding buildings or
roads. The impact of this large amount of introduced vegetation can be in the form of positive and
negative impacts. In contrast to invasive plants, introduced plants do not disturb or damage the
balance of the ecosystem of the area where they are introduced. So there is no direct negative impact
on the ecosystem, the negative impact given by the large number of introduced plants can make local
plants unpopular and not the main choice. This can disrupt the sustainability of local plants.
Furthermore, the positive impact provided depends on the type and function of the plant. In the
Laweyan Village case study, many of the introduced plants are shade plants, so they have positive
impacts such as lowering the temperature, helping water absorption, and providing a place to
live/habitat for various small animals. Because the characteristics of shade plants have a wide canopy
and lots of branches, this allows small animals such as birds and small reptiles to nest.
3.4 Invasive Alien Plants
There were 4 invasive species found, namely Bougainvillea glabra Choicy, Leucaena
leucocephala Lam., Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (mill.) i.m.johnst, and Sandoricum koetjape Merr.
Invasive alien plants are non-native plants that grow and spread aggressively in their new
environment to the point of causing significant negative impacts (Sitepu, 2020). Invasive plants are
definitely foreign plants while foreign plants are not necessarily invasive. They can displace local
plants, disrupt natural ecosystems, and damage biodiversity. Therefore, invasive plants can be said
to be competitors with other plant species in their survival and growth with abundant nutrients
(Ahimbisiwe, 2018). The main characteristic of invasive alien plants is their ability to adapt quickly
and spread widely, often without natural control from local pests or predators, they can take resources
such as water, nutrients, and sunlight from local plants, causing a decline in local plant populations.
This can disrupt food chains, affect local fauna that depend on these plants, and change the
Journal of Geography Science and Education
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Vol. 5., No. 2, October 2023, pp. 61-72
Asih Kinanthi et al. (Inventory of Native, Intoduced and Invasive Vegetation in Tree-Pole Regeneration in Laweyan
Village, Surakarta)
composition of the entire ecosystem. Apart from that, generally invasive foreign plants have a
clustered distribution pattern and a small number spread evenly according to environmental factors
(Nurlaila et al., 2019). The invasive species with the highest number found was 8.
Lamtoro, whose scientific name is Leucaena leucocephala Lam, is a plant that originates from
Mexico and Central America. These plants have the ability to grow and reproduce quickly in new
environments, so they can disrupt the balance of the ecosystem, where these plants can take up
resources and space needed by native plants. Apart from that, this plant has the ability to spread
through seeds and strong rhizome roots, which can grow quickly and cover the surrounding
environment. This can cause a decline in native plant populations and change the structure and
composition of ecosystems. The distribution pattern of Lamtoro is generally found in groups which
are not evenly distributed throughout the landscape.
The next plant species, paper flower, which has the scientific name Bougainvillea glabra Choicy,
is a plant that originates from South America. The second most abundant plant species found in the
Laweyan Village area is 3 species. Paper flowers are long-lasting plants and spread quickly, allowing
them to grow quickly in new areas and outcompete native species. The ability to spread rapidly
causes the displacement of native plants and disrupts the balance of the local ecosystem. This plant
is also known to easily adapt to new environments, allowing this plant to explore new places. A
characteristic of paper flower plants is that they have branching spines, which can deter herbivores
and provide a competitive advantage over native plants that may be more susceptible to grazing. This
characteristic makes paper flower plants difficult to control and remove once they grow well. In its
native area, Bougainvillea glabra Choicy has natural predators and diseases that help control its
population. However, when introduced in new areas, these natural controls are not present so the
plant can spread unchecked. The distribution pattern of the Bougainvillea glabra Choicy plant can
vary depending on environmental conditions. In some areas, this plant can be found in clustered
patterns, where there is a high concentration of plants in certain areas. On the other hand, the
Bougainvillea glabra Choicy plant can also show a random distribution pattern which can occur due
to natural dispersal, for example wind or animals spreading plant seeds over a wider area.
The Japanese papaya plant, which has the scientific name Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (mill.) i.m.
Johnst, is a plant that originates from Mexico and Central America. and is included in the invasive
foreign plants found in Laweyan Village, totaling two plants. This plant can produce seeds in large
quantities, which can spread easily via wind, water or animals. These seeds have a high viability and
can lie dormant in the soil for a long time, making it difficult to control their spread. Apart from that,
Japanese papaya plants have the ability to regenerate from stem cuttings. Spinach trees can tolerate
a variety of soil types and can grow in both sunny and shady areas. This adaptability allows tree
spinach plants to thrive in diverse habitats and outperform native plants in obtaining resources such
as water, sunlight and nutrients. Apart from that, spinach tree growth is very fast, reaching a height
of up to 6 feet in a few months. This rapid growth allows dense undergrowth to form, further
displacing native vegetation. The distribution pattern of tree spinach plants also tends to be clustered,
and is often found growing in open areas such as gardens. The lyre, which has the scientific name
Sandoricum koetjape Merr, is a plant that originates from Indochina and the Malay Peninsula. and is
included in the invasive plant category. There is one plant that was found growing in the Laweyan
Village area. In general, this plant has strong stems and wide leaves and can grow up to 2-3 meters.
This plant can grow quickly and can cover a large area in a short time. Apart from that, the harp plant
has the ability to destroy biodiversity where it invades. These plants inhibit the growth of other plants
by taking up nutrient and water resources that would otherwise be available to native plants. So that
native plants are unable to compete with lyre plants, which will lead to a decline in biodiversity in
the future.The distribution pattern of Japanese papaya plants naturally tends to be clustered.
3.5 Ecological Impacts of Invasive Alien Plants
The existence of invasive species outside their natural environment can be a threat to the
continuity of natural processes found in that environment. The presence of invasive foreign plant
species can simplify the ecosystem by suppressing the growth of native species and turning it into a
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Vol. 5., No. 2, October 2023, pp. 61-72
Asih Kinanthi et al. (Inventory of Native, Intoduced and Invasive Vegetation in Tree-Pole Regeneration in Laweyan
Village, Surakarta)
monoculture system. The proliferation of invasive foreign plant species always causes the diversity
of native species and natural regeneration processes to decline, decreasing forest productivity and
causing environmental degradation. The following are the ecological consequences of invasive alien
plants including (a) decreasing biodiversity (b) endangering endangered species and their habitats,
(c) the habitat of insects, birds and native wildlife is at risk of being lost. (d) altering natural
ecological processes such as succession, (e) increasing the frequency and intensity of natural fires,
and (f) disrupting plant-animal associations such as pollination and seed dispersal. According to
research conducted by (Kacheche & Mzuza, 2021) the ecological impacts caused also affect changes
in biomass and changes in the hydrological cycle. The extraordinary adaptability of invasive plants
allows them to spread rapidly and gain a high degree of dominance over other plants (native plants)
over large areas, before evolving into harmful species in damaged or modified environments.
Because there may be few predators or diseases in their new home, populations may spread
uncontrollably, and native plants cannot compete effectively for space and food, they may be driven
to extinction.
4. Conclusion
Based on the results of research carried out in the Laweyan Village area, it can be concluded that
there were 38 species of pole and tree regeneration vegetation found which were divided into 3 types
based on their origin, namely native, introduced and invasive species. There were 19 species of native
plants, 15 species of introduced plants, and 4 species of invasive plants. The plants found as a whole
have a clustered distribution pattern. Apart from that, generally invasive plants also have the ability
to easily adapt to new environments which is supported by strong plant parts such as seeds, roots,
stems which have high absorption capacity and fast growth so that they can affect biodiversity,
especially local plants which cannot compete. with invasive plants. Invasive plants found in Laweyan
Village are Bougainvillea glabra Choicy (South America), Leucaena leucocephala Lam. (Mexico
and Central America), Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (mill.) i.m.johnst (Central America), and
Sandoricum koetjape Merr. (Indochina and the Malay Peninsula). Meanwhile, based on their
function, plants are divided into three, namely fruit plants, shade plants and ornamental plants. In the
Laweyan Village area, the plants that dominate based on their function are shade plants, totaling 7
species. Shade plants dominate in this area because of their role as natural shade, helping reduce heat
and offering a comfortable place to rest which is suitable for planting around urban areas. Apart from
that, shade plants can also create habitat for various types of fauna and care for the soil with their
strong roots.
Acknowledgment
Thank God for the presence of Almighty God, who has provided health and ease in preparing a
journal article with the title "Inventory of Native, Introduced and Invasive Vegetation in Tree-Pole
Regeneration in Laweyan Village, Surakarta" The author would like to express his thanks to Mr.
Ahmad Dwi Setyawan S.Si., M.Si., and Mr. Aru Dewangga S.Si., M.Si., as lecturers in the
Management of Invasive Alien Species course. Then the author also conveyed it to Mr. Prof. Sunarto
M.S., who has guided and assisted during the process of completing this research. Don't forget the
Laweyan Village for allowing the author to carry out research and friends for the support provided
so that this journal article can be completed on time.
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