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Predictors of Cinderella Syndrome and Wendy Syndrome in women: Attachment styles and differentiation of self
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This paper explores a hidden problem experienced by the majority of women all around the world, the Cinderella Complex. Through studying The Grass Is Singing by the British author Doris Lessing, it becomes obvious how patriarchal society is reinforcing the Complex through the independent protagonist "Mary Turner" by compelling her to get married. Otherwise, she is missing the best things in life; marriage and children. Therefore this paper is going to warn women about the importance of their independent personality. Most are unconscious about their dependency and how society, education, and even literature are nurturing them in a patriarchal discipline. However, the Cinderella Complex is not only harmful for women but for men as well, and this is what The Grass Is Singing examines.
Bu çalışmada üniversite öğrencilerinin romantik ilişki içerisinde iken partnerlerinin etkisiyle benliklerinde meydana gelen pozitif ve negatif değişimlerin, benliğin farklılaşması, toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri ve kişilerarası ilişkilerde affetme değişkenleri ile yordanabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini çeşitli devlet ve vakıf üniversitelerinde lisans eğitimlerine devam etmekte olan 150 kadın 150 erkek öğrenci oluşturmuştur. Araştırmanın bağımsız değişkenlerinin, bağımlı değişken olan romantik ilişkilerde ilişkisel benlik değişiminin alt boyutlarını ne düzeyde yordadığını belirlemek amacıyla hiyerarşik regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Tüm değişkenler birlikte iken Ben Pozisyonu ve Durumu Affetmenin Benlik Genişlemesi’ ndeki varyansın % 23.2 sini; Durumu Affetme ve Olumluya Odaklanma' nın Benlik Daralması’ndaki varyansın % 23.4’ünü; Durumu Affetme ve Olumluya Odaklanma' nın Benlik Budanması’ ndaki varyansın % 15.6’ sını; Ben Pozisyonu ve Olumluya odaklanma değişkenlerinin ise Benlik Kirlenmesi’ ndeki varyansın %23.8’ini açıkladığı bulunmuştur.
Aile sistemleri kuramı çocukların sorumluluk alma davranışı aile yapısının içinde bulunduğu kültüre göre değişebileceğini öngörmektedir. Türk kültür yapısında çocuğun aileye katkısı sorumluluk alması ve destek vermesi özellikle kız çocuklarından beklenen bir roldür. Annenin çocukluk döneminde tecrübe ettiği ebeveynleşme düzeyi onun kız çocuğunun ebeveynleşme düzeyi ile olan ilişkisinde çocuğunun benliğinin nasıl ayrımlaştığı en önemli öngörücü değişken olacağı düşünülmüştür. Aile sistemleri kuramının merkezinde yer alan benliğin ayrımlaşması kavramı, bir kişinin aileye bağlı kalma ya da uzaklığına ilişkin duygu ve düşünce boyutları ile açıklanabilir. Buna göre bu çalışmada, (1). Çocukluğunda ebeveynleşme davranışı gösteren annelerin kız çocuklarının da ebeveynleşme davranışı göstereceği, (2). Benliğin ayrımlaşmasının bu ilişkide moderatör (farklılaştırma) rolü oynayacağı beklenmektedir. Çalışmaya yetişkin anneler (Çalışma grubu1, N= 289, Ort.yaş =47,70, SS= 7,68) ve onların yaşları 12 ile 18 arasında değişen kız çocukları (Çalışma grubu2 N=289, Ort.yaş= 15,35, SS=1,98) katılmıştır. Verilerini toplamak için, yetişkin annelere Ebeveynleşme Envanteri, Sosyo-demografik Bilgi Formu ve Yapılandırılmış Açık Uçlu Sorular Formu dört bölümden oluşan çevrim içi anket uygulanmıştır. Yetişkin annelerin kız çocuklarına ise beş bölümden oluşan çevrim içi olarak hazırlanan Ebeveynleşme Envanteri ve Benliğin Ayrımlaşması Kısa-Formu, Sosyo-demografik Bilgi Formu ve Yapılandırılmış Açık Uçlu Sorular Formu kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın bulguları göstermektedir ki yetişkin annelerin geçmiş ebeveynleşme davranışları kız çocuğunun ebeveynleşme davranışlarını yordamaktadır. Kız çocuklarının benliğinin ayrımlaşma düzeyi onun annesinin geçmiş ebeveynleşme davranışları ve kendisinin ebeveynleşme davranışlarını ilişkisinde moderatörlük etmektedir. Bu çalışma ebeveynleşme davranışlarını Türk kültürü bağlamında incelemesi nedeni ile önemlidir. Ayrıca, çalışmanın bu sonuçları aile danışmanlarına klinik uygulama sürecinde ebeveyn davranışlarında değişiklik yapabilmesi için yol gösterecek ve devletin aile kurumuna yönelik politikalar geliştirirken önemli bir ışık tutacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Annenin ebeveynleşme geçmişi, kız çocuklarının ebeveynleşmesi, benliğin ayrımlaşması.
Women's dependency has been a widely debated topic all over the world. A woman is always expected to do only what is
appropriate in contemporary society since infancy, and they are not prepared for independence or self-sufficiency from the
moment they are born. The idea of female dependency began to cause confusion and discontent among the “new independent
women”. The fear of being independent then termed as the Cinderella Complex. Cinderella Complex refers to the fear of
being independent, causes unconscious desire to be taken care of by others (C. Dowling, 1981). Here the investigator
planned to go through the studies conducted in India as well as outside to have a deep understanding on the concept of
Cinderella Complex, its dimensions, method of study, related concepts, implications etc. The investigators used meta-analysis
as the method for approaching the problem. Six studies which met the inclusion criteria were selected for this study. Findings
of the study show that it is interpreted that women having high scores in Cinderella Complex are bound to show negative
motivation towards personal growth. Furthermore, an interventional approach is being developed to motivate and train young
women towards personal growth.
KEYWORDS: Cinderella complex, Meta-analysis, Women, Dependency
Cinderella syndrome is a concept which is used to define woman who fear from being independent. Women with Cinderella syndrome are in the need of men’s refuge and protection. The syndrome is like a psychological dependence for women and in this dependence, situation being patient and moral is important for being rescued by a man as a reward. In the syndrome women expect a man to come and take control of their own lives so that they can live happily. The aim of the study developing a scale into Turkish culture to determine the level of Cinderella Syndrome in females. The Cinderella Syndrome Scale is a 5-point Likert Type scale which includes 25 items. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to define construct validity and three factors were determined, called “sexist attitude”, “escape from responsibility” and “quitting career”. According to EFA, three factors describe 54,69 % of the variance. Results of EFA were validated by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The Cronbach’s alpha was found as .94 for the total scale.
Sindrella Kompleksi Çağdaş Kadında Bağımsızlık Korkusu
Peter Pan Syndrome is a concept that used to characterize the “never-growing” men who have reached an adult age, but cannot face their adult sensations and responsibilities. Individuals with Peter Pan Syndrome have difficulties in social and professional relationships because of their irresponsible behaviors and narcissistic properties. The purpose of this study is to develop a scale in order to measure the level of Peter Pen Syndrome in male individuals. In accordance with this purpose, the draft form was sent to experts to get their feedback, and some statements have been revised in accordance with the feedback. The Peter Pan Syndrome Scale is a twenty-two-item self-report measurement, and each item is evaluated on five-point Likert Type scale. Construct validity of the scale was determined by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and a three-factor model was created, namely, “Escape from Responsibility”, “Power Perception,” and “Never Growing Child”. EFA results shows that these three factors were describing 47.05% of the variance. Results of EFA were verified by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The internal consistency coefficient and the confidence coefficient of the split-half were used to determine the reliability of the scale. The Cronbach’s alpha value was found to be 0.88 for the total scale.
Problem Durumu Dört boyutlu bağlanma stillerinin ölçümünde kullanılmak üzere geliştirilen ilk ölçüm aracı olan Griffin ve Bartholomew " un (1994) ölçme aracının geliştirilmesinde karşılaşılan sorunların ba-şında bağlanma stillerinin bireyin davranışlarını ve tutumlarını etkileyen çok faktörlü bir yapı ol-ması gelmektedir. Bağlanma stillerinin ebeveynden kopmayla ilişkili ayrılık kaygısı (Bowlby, 1960), duyguların düzenlenmesi (Zimmerman, 2004), aile içi iletişim (Doyle ve Markiewicz, 2005), sosyal ilişki (Blehar, Lieberman ve Ainsworth, 1977), depresyon (Strodl ve Noller, 2003), öz saygı ve sosyal güven (Collins ve Read, 1990; Foster, Kernis ve Goldman, 2012) gibi birbirin-den farklı alanlarla ilişkili oluşu, ilgili ölçme aracının geliştirilmesinde pek çok unsuru göz önünde bulundurmak gerektiğini göstermektedir. Griffin ve Bartholomew (1994), dörtlü bağlanma modelinin ölçümü için 30 maddelik bir ölçek geliştirmiştir. Ülkemizde ise dörtlü bağlanma stillerinin ölçümünde uyarlaması Sümer ve Gün-gör (1999) tarafından yapılan İlişki Ölçekleri Anketi kullanılmaktadır. İlişki Ölçekleri Anketi bağlanma ölçümüne dair paragraflar (Hazan ve Shaver, 1987), İlişki Anketi (Bartholomew ve Horowitz, 1991) ve Yetişkin Bağlanma Ölçeği (Collins ve Read, 1990) maddeleri kullanılarak oluşturulmuştur (Sümer ve Güngör, 1999). Ölçeğin uyarlanmış halinde ise 17 madde bulun-makta ve test tekrar test güvenirliği .54 ve .78, iç tutarlık katsayısı .27 ve .61 alfa değerleri arasında değişmektedir. Yapılan faktör analizi sonucunda, varyansın %46'sını açıklayan bi-rinci faktörün korkulu ve güvenli bağlanma stillerini (sırasıyla .80 ve-.84), varyansın %33'ünü açıklayan ikinci faktörün saplantılı ve kayıtsız bağlanma stillerini (sırasıyla .69 ve-.94) kapsadığı belirlenmiştir (Sümer ve Güngör, 1999). İlişki Ölçekleri Anketi'nde bulunan 30 maddenin ilk 17 si dört bağlanma stilinin belirlenmesi için kullanılmaktadır. Diğer maddeler ise Collins ve Read (1990)'in yakınlık, dayanma ve kaygı olarak ifade edilen 3 faktörünü ölç-mektedir. Türkiye'de kullanılan bir diğer ölçek Brenning, Soenens ve Bosmans (2011) tara-fından geliştirilmiş, Türkçe'ye uyarlanması (Kırımer, Akça ve Sümer, 2014) tarafından yapıl-mış olan Yakın İlişkilerde Yaşantılar Envanteri II'dir. Bu envanter 8-13 yaş grubuna uygulan-mış bir ölçektir ve orta çocukluk dönemi bağlanma stillerini belirlemekte kullanılmaktadır. Sonuç olarak Türkiye'de dörtlü bağlanma modeline ait İlişki Ölçekleri Anketi (Sümer ve Güngör, 1999) ve Yakın İlişkilerde Yaşantılar Envanteri II (Kırımer, Akça ve Sümer, 2014), Yakın İlişki-lerde Yaşantılar Envanteri (2006) isimli ölçme araçlarının sıklıkla kullanıldığı ancak üç boyutlu bağlanma stillerinin ölçümüne yönelik olarak bir ölçme aracı bulunmamaktadır. Ayrıca var olan ölçme araçlarındaki uygulamalarda yapılan çalışma kapsamındaki geçerlik ve güvenirlik analiz-lerinin düşük değerler almaları, ölçeklerin her yaş grubunda geçerli olmaması ve var olan madde-lerdeki kültürel ve anlam farklılıklarından kaynaklanan karışıklıkların sonuçlara olumsuz yansıma riski alternatif bir ölçme aracının geliştirilmesinin faydalı olacağına işaret etmektedir. 1 Arş. Gör.,
Studies have demonstrated that parentification, a potential form of child maltreatment, is a ubiqui-tous phenomenon that most community counselors as well as other mental health care providers (e.g., school and family counselors, social workers) face. Although these studies have pointed to a relationship between parentification and later psychopathology, the potential for divergent out-comes is rarely discussed. This article advances an often-absent balanced discussion of the extent to which varied outcomes are evidenced in adulthood after one has been parentified in childhood. For example, varied outcomes such as psychopathology and posttraumatic growth may be feasible in adulthood after parentification in childhood. Suggestions related to research and practice efforts are put forth for mental health counselors.
The researchers tested several propositions about the most important construct in M. Bowen's (1978) theory (M. Kerr & A. Bowen, 1988) of differentiation of self, using a Filipino sample. It was hypothesized that (a) differentiation is associated with less psychological distress, (b) the differentiation levels and psychological distress of parents predict those of their adult children, and (c) spouses report similar levels of differentiation. Results indicated that differentiation predicted both symptomatology and trait anxiety, and spouses' total differentiation scores covaried significantly. On the other hand, structural equation modeling failed to support the intergenerational hypotheses. Compared with E. Skowron and A. Friedlander's (1998) U.S. sample, the present (
N = 306) participants reported less emotional reactivity, greater emotional cutoff, and a greater ability to take an "I-position," although total differentiation scores did not differ significantly. Taken together, the results suggest that differentiation is a meaningful construct for Filipinos, but the lack of support for the intergenerational hypotheses casts doubt on Bowen's theory about the transmission of differentiation and psychopathology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This is a historical account of the partnership in which J. Bowlby and M. S. Ainsworth participated to develop attachment theory and research. Beginning with their separate approaches to understanding personality development before Ainsworth joined Bowlby's research team at the Tavistock Clinic in London for 4 years, it describes the origins of the ethological approach that they adopted. After Ainsworth left London, her research in Uganda and in Baltimore lent empirical support to Bowlby's theoretical constructions. This article shows how their contributions to attachment theory and research interdigitated in a partnership that endured for 40 years across time and distance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
A marital system is described which features an unfaithful and narcissistic husband, Peter Pan, and a long suffering and depressed wife, Wendy. The dynamics of their individual adjustments are examined as well as the symbiotic nature of the dyadic relationship. Other characters take their parts--Tinker Bell, Tiger Lily, and Little Lost Boys. Peter's infidelities belie a firm attachment to his Wendy/mother whilst she depends upon him for protection from forbidden impulses.
Attachment style differences in psychological symptomatology, self-concept, and risky or problem behaviors were examined in a community sample (N = 1,989) of Black and White adolescents, 13 to 19 years old. Overall, secure adolescents were the best-adjusted group, though not necessarily the least likely to engage in risky behaviors. Anxious adolescents were the worst-adjusted group, reporting the poorest self-concepts and the highest levels of symptomatology and risk behaviors. In contrast, avoidant adolescents reported generally high levels of symptomatology and poor self-concepts but similar levels of risk behaviors to those found among secures. Mediation analyses suggested that the observed differences in problem behaviors were at least partially accounted for by the differential experience of distress symptoms (primarily hostility and depression) and by social competence. Finally, patterns of attachment effects were similar across age, gender, and racial groups, with some important exceptions.
The Differentiation of Self Inventory (DSI) is a multidimensional measure of differentiation consisting of four subscales focusing on adults (ages 25+), and their significant relationships, including current relationships with family of origin. Although the DSI full scale and three of its subscales are theoretically and psychometrically sound, the Fusion with Others (FO) subscale is lacking. Therefore, responses of 225 adults were used to revise the FO subscale. Results yielded a 12-item, revised FO subscale with improved internal consistency reliability and construct validity. Greater fusion with others was associated with greater spousal fusion and dimensions of adult attachment insecurity. Implications for Bowen theory and suggestions for future research with the DSI-R are discussed.
Women’s dependency has been a widely debated topic around the world. Back in the 60s-80s, women were limited to their household chores, child rearing practices and were financially dependent on men, and the concept of women dependency on men was phenomenological and acceptable. But when 90s arrived with the drive of women empowerment; women education flourished, they became financially independent and balanced work and personal lives. The concept of women dependency then started confusion and displease among the “new independent women”. This theoretical article aims to elaborate on the concept of women dependence and its background. Cinderella Complex is a psychological syndrome that states women are unconsciously driven to be dependent on a dominant figure (preferably male). Relational Theory in relation to Cinderella complex marks distinction in emotional development of men and women. It states that women are primarily driven to connect with others.
While nurse practitioners initially work with the identified patient, Murray Bowen maintains it is the reciprocal functioning of all the members of the family which contributes to the emotional intensity of the patient. The emotional symptoms of an individual are an expression of the emotional symptoms of the family, which are often embedded in patterns of behaviors from past generations. The purpose of this paper is to facilitate understanding Bowen's theoretical concepts of family systems theory and apply these concepts to a family in therapy.
The purpose of the current study was to examine the validity and reliability of (Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 2003, 29, 209) Differentiation of Self Inventory-Revised (DSI-R; Skowron & Schmit, 2003) in Turkish adults. The DSI-R was translated, independently back-translated, and revised. Two independent samples of adults over the age of 25 were used. The original 46-item DSI-R was not supported by the data derived from Sample 1 (n = 221). However, a revised 20-item, four-factor model fit the data well. This 20-item model was subsequently cross-validated with a second sample of Turkish adults (n = 187). Scale scores showed adequate internal consistency, 5-week test-retest reliability, and satisfactory convergent and criterion-related validity. It was concluded that Turkish DSI-R (DSI-T) is a valid and reliable measure to assess an individual's differentiation level. In light of the findings, implications for the use of the DSI-T and ideas for future research are discussed.
This study examined the relationships among enculturation, attitudes supporting intimate partner violence (IPV-supporting attitudes), and gender role attitudes among one of the largest Asian Indian population groups in the US. Data were collected via computer-assisted telephone interviews with a random sample of Gujarati men and women aged 18-64 in Metropolitan Detroit. Using structural equation modeling, we modeled the effects of three components of enculturation (behavior, values, and community participation) on gender role attitudes and IPV-supporting attitudes among married respondents (N = 373). Analyses also accounted for the effects of respondent age, education, religious service attendance, perceived financial difficulty, and lengths of residence in the US. The second-order, overall construct of enculturation was the strongest predictor of IPV-supporting attitudes (standardized B = 0.61), but not gender role attitudes. Patriarchal gender role attitudes were positively associated with IPV-supporting attitudes (B = 0.49). In addition to the overall effect of the enculturation construct, two of the components of enculturation had specific effects. "Enculturation-values" had a specific positive indirect association with IPV-supporting attitudes, through its relationship with patriarchal gender role attitudes. However, "enculturation-community participation" was negatively associated with IPV-supporting attitudes, suggesting the importance of community-based prevention of IPV among this immigrant population group.
The cognitive/interactionist (C/I) model of interpersonal dependency contends that two central elements of a dependent personality orientation are a schema of the self as powerless and ineffectual, and a resulting desire to obtain and maintain ties to potential caregivers and protectors. Two experiments tested this aspect of the C/I model. Experiment 1 found that dependency level and schema priming combined to predict the amount of time participants were willing to wait for test performance feedback from a professor. Experiment 2 found that varying the likelihood that the professor would be able to offer future help and support moderated the significant dependency and priming effects obtained in Experiment 1. These results support the C/I model; theoretical and empirical implications are discussed.
This research examined differences between types of perfectionists and whether perfectionism related to attachment, academic integration, and depression. University students completed the same attachment and perfectionism measures in two studies. In the 2nd study, measures of academic integration and depression were also used. Replicated cluster analyses revealed 3 groups of perfectionists: adaptive, maladaptive, and nonperfectionists. Attachment predicted type of perfectionist, with adaptive perfectionists reporting more secure attachments than did maladaptive perfectionists. Adaptive perfectionists also had better academic integration than maladaptive perfectionists. Maladaptive perfectionists, on average, reported depression in the clinically significant range. Results revealed academic and emotional benefits of adaptive perfectionism, contrasted with the adverse emotional effects and no academic advantages of maladaptive perfectionism. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Whereas most existing differentiation measures are grounded in Bowen's writings about differentiation, the self-report instrument created in this study addresses differentiation according to the Four Points of Balance articulated by the Crucible Approach. The Crucible Differentiation Scale (CDS) is a 63-item, Likert-type, multidimensional measure of differentiation focused on adults and their important relationships. The psychometric properties of the CDS were tested through five studies with a total of 4,169 participants. The identified CDS subscales are Solid Self, Connectedness, Anxiety Regulation through Self-Soothing, Anxiety Regulation through Accommodation, Reactivity through Avoidance, Reactivity through Arguments, and Tolerating Discomfort for Growth. The CDS has potential use in evaluating differentiation theory, organizing treatment, and measuring therapy process and outcome.
The interpersonal circumplex (IPC) was recommended as a personality trait dimensional model with good potential to identify the phenomenological scope of personality disorders whose core dysfunction involves maladaptive expression of interpersonal traits. The IPC was then applied to the reconceptualization of dependent personality and dependent personality disorder. In Study 1, Pincus and Gurtman’s (1995) three interpersonal vectors of dependency were validated via factor analyses conducted on two large samples (N = 921; N = 472) and a reliable self-report measure, the 3 Vector Dependency Inventory (3VDI) was constructed. In Study 2, two samples (N = 103; N = 122) of individuals identified as predominantly endorsing submissive dependence, exploitable dependence, love dependence, or who were low in aspects of dependency were compared via ANOVA and chi-square analyses on parental representations, adult attachment styles, loneliness, and pathological attachment. Submissive dependence was associated with higher scores on maladaptive constructs (fearful attachment, pathological attachment, and loneliness) and was also associated with lower parental affiliation and higher maternal control. Love dependence was associated with lower scores on maladaptive constructs and higher scores on secure attachment and parental affiliation. Variability in dependent phenomenology was related to its three component traits. Multiple perspectives on integrating love dependence, exploitable dependence, and submissive dependence into a reconceptualization of dependent personality disorder were articulated.
Contrary to clinical lore, a dependent personality style is associated with active as well as passive behavior and may be adaptive in certain contexts (e.g., in fostering compliance with medical and psychotherapeutic treatment regimens). The cognitive/interactionist model conceptualizes dependency-related responding in terms of four components: (a) motivational (a marked need for guidance, support, and approval from others); (b) cognitive (a perception of oneself as powerless and ineffectual); (c) affective (a tendency to become anxious when required to function autonomously); and (d) behavioral (use of diverse self-presentation strategies to strengthen ties to potential caregivers). Clinicians' understanding of the etiology and dynamics of dependency has improved substantially in recent years; current challenges include delineating useful subtypes of dependency, developing valid symptom criteria for Dependent Personality Disorder in DSM-5 and beyond, and working effectively with dependent patients in the age of managed care.
Psikomitolojik bir sendrom: Çalışma yaşamında andromeda kompleksi ve boyutları
- Akkaya
Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties
- Arnett
Yönetim ve Organizasyon içinde (s. 398-399
- Bacacı Varoğlu
Investigating the effect of entrepreneurial passion mediated by the entrepreneurial self-efficacy on the entrepreneurial intention of women entrepreneurs: The mediating role of Sinderella syndrome
- Behrouz
Theory in the practice of psychotherapy
- Bowen
The relationship between Cinderella complex syndrome and selfesteem among working married women and non-working married women
- Irfan
Üniversite öğrencilerinin Sinderella Sendromuna dair görüşlerinin incelenmesi: Odak grup görüşmesi
- F Işık
- S Mucur
Sindirella kompleksi
- Akkaya
Kadınlarda bağlanma stilleri ve Sinderella sendromu
- Atsan
Wendy’s syndrome: People who need the approval of others
- Burks
A correlational study on parentification, self-differentiation, and health for students in senior high and vocational high schools in Taiwan
- Shih
Supermom syndrome: Challenges faced by working women
- Srivastava
Evlilik terapisi ve bağlanma (Çalışma Grubu). 12-13 Kasım
- Weiss
Development and validation of the Cinderella Complex Scale
- Saha
A study of relationship between Cinderella Complex and personal growth among young females
- Sneha
Effects of gender roles and codependency on Cinderella syndrome
- Ü Üstünel
- M Batık