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Journal of Ecological
Engineering
Journal of Ecological Engineering 2024, 25(2),
ISSN 2299–8993, License CC-BY 4.0
Received: 2023.04.15
Accepted: 2023.05.13
Published:2024.01.01
Value integrated project delivery model using IPV technique
Prween S. Majeed Mahdi
1*
, Mervit R. Altaie
2
,
1
Civil Engineer, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq.
2
College of Engineering, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq.
*
Corresponding author’s e-mail:
prween.sabeeh2101m@coeng.uobaghdad.edu.iq
ABSTRACT
One of the most efficient ways to enhance project performance by managing project cost, time, and quality issues
is by integrating value engineering technique (VE)with the integrated project delivery method (IPD). This research
aims to determine the relative importance of each criterion that impacts the project's performance and next step is
to develop a mathematical model that accounts for these factors.
The researcher got to find the common factors between the value engineering technique and the IPD method
through a closed questionnaire for experts in the field of value engineering. The weights of the main and sub-
criteria were found using the IPV technique, which is appropriate for decision-making. The researcher found that
the main criterion of (time management t)ook the most significant percentage (22%) of the project's performance,
followed by (risk management) at 17.5%, and so on for the rest of the criteria. Through the application of multiple
regression, it was observed that there are strong relationships between the performance of the project, which is the
dependent variable, and the nine independent variables, and the researcher was able to reach the mathematical
model
Keywords: Integrated project delivery, value engineering, IPV technique, project performance .
1. Introduction
The method uses pairwise comparison to
separate a complex unstructured situation
into its component parts, arrange those parts
into a hierarchy, assign numerical values to
subjective judgments regarding relative
importance (or preference), and provide a
new perspective on multi-criteria decisions
and alternatives by viewing its main decision
criteria as non-directed (numerical). Changes
in sub-criteria only affect the main criteria.
By viewing its primary decision criteria as
non-directed, the Inner Product of Vectors
(IPV) method offers an alternative viewpoint
on dealing with multi-criteria decisions and
alternatives
(Numerical) Additionally, the main
criterion's size is not impacted by the change
in sub-criteria. Alternatives in the decision-
making process are viewed as vectors in this
method procedure, such as deciding how to
prepare a work in progress project according
to time, money, and quality standards. Many
difficult issues were resolved with the help of
this method, which ultimately streamlined
the choice-making procedure. Expert opinion
was used in this paper to determine which
criteria would best effect to the value
engineering. It helps decision makers by
including all criteria and factors, tangible or
intangible, that influence good decision
making (Hafth and ahadi , 2015).
This method uses decision alternatives as
vectors to show the vectors in the decision-
making process, such as choosing a model
project based on cost and quality. This
method has solved many complex decision-
making problems (Ali,2022). problem
comprehension IPV addresses complex
technological, economic, and sociopolitical
issues problems. By simplifying and
accelerating up natural decision-making.
Previously, interviews with experts and
statistical analyses were used to identify the
main and sub-criteria of integrated project
delivery and value engineering. The main
aim is to identify the IPD factors' impact on
VE and which sub-criteria need to be
analyzed, Identify the weight main and sub-
criteria that need to be analyzed and
considered for a mathematical model and
identify a mathematical model that expresses
the relationship between variables. This
study allows to understand the current state
of the Iraqi communication sector.
2.METHODOLOGY
1.An open questionnaire to collect
information from a team of experts in the
field.
2. Closed questionnaire to gather the data
from the open questionnaire and theatrical
study
3. Weighing each criterion using the IPV
method
4- Create a mathematical model integrating
IPD with value engineering for the
communications sector.
2.1 Structure of the questionnaire
First, relevant information was collected,
organized, and analyzed from previous
studies. After that, discussions, analyses, and
modifications created a questionnaire. The
questionnaire’s contains research-related
information. The questionnaire was two-part.
The first section includes general information
about the entity (type and name) and the
target community's questionnaire
respondents (specialization, educational
qualification, workgroup, and experience).
The second part lists factors that may
positively impact VIPD in communication
sector This section has 9 main axis include
183 closed questions with five-point Likert
scales (Salkind, 2010)
as shown in Table 1. Based on their
perceptions of the Iraqi communication
sector, respondents were asked to evaluate
each factor.
Journal of Ecological Engineering 2024, 25(2),39-48
Table 1. Likert scale
2.2. Statical analysis
Table 2. below show the results of the statistical analysis of the questionnaire
data, which showed 23 factors with a
relative importance of 0.7 or higher to
be the most significant
Table 2. Final list of criteria with
statical analysis
Category
Sub-criteria
Mean
Std.
Deviation
RII
Scope
provide the project's information in
detail
4.5455
.50119
0.9091
Define the project's strategy,
timeline, and parameters.
4.4935
.50324
0.8987
Honesty and specificity in
congratulating work
4.4286
.49812
0.8857
Time
The team's flexibility in planning
project tasks
4.5065
.50324
0.9013
Manage relationships between
project team members
4.4545
.85140
0.8909
cost
Define the cost of project work
items and project performance to
create a budget.
4.4805
.50290
0.8961
required level of work quality
4.0130
.80285
0.8026
Create a contingency plan for the
costs associated with potential work
quality issues.
3.8312
1.17432
0.7662
quality
The benefits of a quality culture,
both material and moral, can be
shared throughout an organization
and made apparent to its
participants.
4.0779
.77402
0.8156
Symbol
Meaning
1
No effect
2
An inadequate grade
3
Medium effect
4
high level
5
Very high level
4
Journal of Ecological Engineering 2024, 25(2),39-48
Regular monitoring and analysis of
performance in service of continue
to improve
3.8571
.78997
0.7714
Human Resources
promoting Project-specific Training
and Kickoff Meetings
4.5714
.52387
0.9143
The work team's administrative skills
and using various means of
communication
4.5714
.49812
0.9143
The management team's opinions
and discussion of possible solutions.
4.0909
.78106
0.8182
Facilitating communication between
internal team members and external
stakeholders
4.0000
.79472
0.8
communication
Determine who has influence and
what role they play in the project
and list them.
4.5714
.49812
0.9143
Define times for contact within the
standard workday
3.4935
1.20986
0.6987
risk
Awareness among stakeholders for
the importance of risk research and
analysis
4.4935
.50324
0.8987
Clearly outlining the limitations and
requires of using risk assessment.
4.0909
.83006
0.8182
procurement
Managing and scheduling
agreements in a way that protects
the interests of all parties with
respect to delivery times and
specification compliance
4.5584
.49983
0.9117
the never-ending quest for
knowledge about the most effective
materials and production methods
4.4286
.49812
0.8857
Stakeholder
Identifying the appropriate level of
stakeholder engagement, which may
include things like researching and
questioning concepts
4.5584
.49983
0.9117
Identify and vary the different
groups of stakeholders
4.4805
.50290
0.8961
The group's history of working on
similar projects
4.4286
.49812
0.8857
Journal of Ecological Engineering 2024, 25(2),39-48
2.3 IPV Tanique procedure
Comparing alternatives to achieve multiple
and competing goals is becoming
increasingly important in nature conservation
decision-making, such as the protection of
habitats, the support of vulnerable
communities, and the promotion of economic
growth (Adem and Geneletti., 2018). After
achieving the most important standards, we
proceed to the next stage, which includes
extracting the weights of these standards to
show the degree of their impact on project
performance using a series of procedures
within a technology as shown in Fig. 1.
Place the primary goal of this decision and/or evaluation
at the top of the hierarchy
Determine the critical criteria for achieving the goal in the
intermediate levels of the gradient.
Define
weights on
standards.
Once the
gradient is
built, the
selected
criteria must
be compared
on the
pairwise
method to
determine
their relative
weights,
according to
the following
steps
Define weights on standards. Once the gradient is built, the
selected criteria must be compared on the pairwise method
to determine their relative weights, according to the
following steps
Reviewing the alternatives identified at the lower level and
related to the criteria in order to achieve the main objective.
After completing the criteria matrix (pairwise comparison matrix), the
priority vector is found for each criterion through:
First: Add all the numbers in each column of the matrix
Second: Divide each matrix number by its column sum.
Third: Calculating the priority vector of the criterion by finding the grade
average by dividing the sum of the numbers in the row by this number.
This indicates criteria importance. This process assumes that the most
important factors should be weighted higher and given more weight in
decision-making or evaluation.
4. m*n (xij) decision matrix with m alternatives and n criteria.
Determine which alternative is best at meeting the achievement of the primary
objective
Then, decision makers are asked to pairwise compare the
criteria's relative importance. However, if a criterion is worse
than the comparison criterion, the reciprocal of preference is
specific. If the comparison criterion is three times more
important than a certain criterion, its value is 1/3 of the
comparison criterion. In the matrix, the standard and itself have
a value of (1).
6
Journal of Ecological Engineering 2024, 25(2),39-48
Figure 1: IPV procedure (Raafat,
2021)
2.4. The role of the expert in the
questionnaire
1-Establishment the compare pairwise
matrices for experts
2-Evaluate main and secondary criteria
in pairwise comparisons
3- Create IPV technique questionnaires
4- Sends out questionnaires to
professionals
5-collect the questionnaires answer
6-Mathematical analysis of the
questionnaires
2.5 Experts’ distribution
The questionnaires have been delivered to
professionals with experience in value
engineeringand integrated project del
ivery.
total of nine (9) specialists from variou
s fields were sent
questionnaires by the researchers.
Table (2) displays the sample populati
on. According to (Senthil and
Jaheerhussain, 2010) the Likert scale of
IPV technique as shown in Table 4
Table 3: Final list of criteria
Table 4: IPV Likert scale
From a behavioral standpoint, criteria with higher activation possibilities have a significant impact on
drivers' route choice behavior. We provided a method to assess the criterion weights for determining
the route-selection criteria because the importance of the criteria is the critical key to controlling the
influential criteria in formulating a route. Our proposed method does not require criteria independence.
Academic Credentials
No
Specialization
Years of experience
Ph.D.
1
Network engineer
25year
MSc.
3
Civil engineer
More than 20 years
High diploma
2
Civil engineer
BSc.
3
Civil engineer
Weight of significance
Definition
1
Equal value
3
intermediate
5
Crucial significance
7
Extremely vital significance
9
Vital significance
2,4,6,8
Values in the middle
Journal of Ecological Engineering 2024, 25(2),39-48
Instead, the interrelationship of criteria can be accurately described (Chen et al., 2001)
3. IDENTIFY THE WEIGHT OF CRITERIA
The researcher followed the steps outlined in Table 2. to identify the IPD criteria affecting value
engineering, then compared the main and sub-criteria head-to-head using a Likert scale, achieving
the following result.
Table 5. show that the highest weight at 25.4% to (Scope management), followed by the
(Stockholders management) with 17.3% in value, and so on for the rest of the variables.
Table 5. Weight of Main and sub criteria
Main Criteria
Symbol
Weight
Sub
criteria
Local weight
Scope management
SM
2.5%
SM1
41.10%
SM2
26.10%
SM3
32.80%
Stakeholder
management
S
3 %
S1
54.80%
S2
24.10%
S3
21.10%
Communication
management
CM
16.5%
CM1
66.70%
CM2
33.30%
Risk management
RM
17.5%
RM1
75.00%
RM2
25.00%
Human Resources
management
HM
3.45%
HM1
23.90%
HM2
29.50%
HM3
25.40%
HM4
21.20%
Quality management
QM
8.20%
QM1
75.00%
QM2
25.00%
Time management
TM
22%
TM1
66.70%
TM2
33.30%
Cost management
CM
11.07%
CM1
45.50%
CM2
32.06%
CM3
22.50%
Procurement
management
PM
15.78%
PM1
75.00%
PM2
25.00%
4. MATHMATICAL MODEL
4.1 Standardized model
Depending on the above weights value, the project performance equation will be as follows.
8
Journal of Ecological Engineering 2024, 25(2),39-48
Performance VIPD = 2.5 (SM)+ 3 %(S) + 16.5% (CM) + 17.5% (RM) + 3.45% (HM) +8.20
% (QM) + 22% (TM) + 11.07 % (CM) + 15.78% (PM)………………………… (1)
By Researcher work with IPV technique
4.2 Estimate model from multiple regression
According to (Wong etal., 2006). The statistical method of multiple regression helps study the
correlation between one dependent variable and many potential independent ones. The point of
using several
Regression analysis aims to predict the value of a single dependent variable based on the known
values of a set of independent variables. The relative importance of each predictor value is
indicated by the weights assigned to those values.
Y = a + b 1X 1 + bzX 3 +... + bnX n ………………………………………………... (2)
Y: is the dependent variable
X 1 ...., X n are the n
independent variables.
In calculating the weights, a, bl .... , bn, regression analysis ensures maximal prediction of the
depend-ent variable from the set of independent variables.
To perform a multiple regression analysis, data from 15 separate project (case study) were gathered
.by using program SPSS26 to analyze raw data. The results are as shown in the Table 6.
Table 6. Weight of Main and sub criteria
Coefficients
Model
Standardi
zed
Coefficien
ts
t
Sig.
95.0%
Confidenc
e Interval
for B
Beta
Lower
Bound
1
(Constant)
-
31475.54
5
1668.810
-18.861
0.00
0
-
35765.357
Scoop
489.312
83.356
0.189
5.870
0.00
2
275.038
Stakeholder
717.624
55.516
0.438
12.926
0.00
0
574.915
Communicati
on
3253.754
330.968
0.181
9.831
0.00
0
2402.972
Risks
3786.998
318.725
0.219
11.882
0.00
0
2967.690
HR
780.031
52.215
0.442
14.939
0.00
0
645.809
Journal of Ecological Engineering 2024, 25(2),39-48
Quality
1656.972
249.560
0.143
6.640
0.00
1
1015.459
Time
-4398.844
962.506
-0.259
-4.570
0.00
6
-6873.045
Costs
-2350.198
463.271
-0.136
-5.073
0.00
4
-3541.075
Procurement
3353.205
944.547
0.197
3.550
0.01
6
925.171
a.
Depende
nt
Variable:
Costs
Performance (VIPD) = -31475.5 + 489.312* SM + 717.624* S + 3253.75* CM + 3787.0*
RM + 780.031* HM + 1656.97* QM - 4398.84* TM - 2350.2* CM + 3353.21*
PM……………………… (3)
4. RESULT
Through the results in Table 5, the weights of the primary and secondary criteria were extracted, and
it was found that the primary criterion (time management) had the highest weight (22) of the project
performance, followed by (risk management) with a weight of 17.5, as well as the rest of the weights.
The researcher has calculated the multiple regression equation in two ways,
First using summation of the weights multiplied by the unit of measure for each standard and
secondly by using SPSS v26 program through input date for 15 projects (case study)
And once through the statistical program and Table 6, it was shown that all criteria were included in
the linear relationship
5.CONCLUSION
A strong direct relationship can be seen with all variables except time and cost, for which an
opposite relationship was found
The market for labor needs to adopt new administrative approaches that are in step with technological
advancements and reflect the abilities of its participants.
Consider a study like value engineering, which provides a report on high-quality, cost-effective
alternatives to the project's current situation, with input from those already well-versed in the field.
When implemented properly, integrated project delivery may decrease costs, improve efficiency, and
increase profits in all levels.
The mathematical connection that the researcher establishes can be used to determine the optimum
project performance.
10
Journal of Ecological Engineering 2024, 25(2),39-48
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2.Salkind, N.J. ed., 2010. Encyclopedia of research design (Vol. 1). sage.
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with Using Highway Construction Equipment and
Materials in Highways Projects in Iraq. (B.Sc.- Dissertation), University of Baghdad, Civil
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