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Automobile engine reliability, maintainability and oil maintenance
Abstract
This paper provides an investigation of the effectiveness of the
oil change, one of the most basic procedures for automobile engine
preventive maintenance. The analysis in this paper is based on a review
of oil, engine, and bearing technologies and on a survey of vehicle
operators. The oil development, specification and approval process is
also discussed. The results indicate engine reliability is significantly
dependent on the period between oil changes. Surprisingly, the survey
data shows that oil changes, when too frequent, can reduce the expected
life of an automobile engine. The unexpected outcome is supported by
lubrication technology literature. Changing engine oil at the proper
mileage can improve engine reliability and has the potential to reduce
nationwide waste and recycled oil by 325 million gallons annually.
Despite more demanding conditions, engine reliability has also improved.
Many automobile operators change engine oil more frequently than
required by the manufacturer. All automobile manufacturer's provide oil
change mileage recommendations which are based on the climate and the
type of driving. A query in the operator's manuals is used to determine
this mileage and most manufacturers require oil changes at about 7500
miles for “normal service” or 3000 miles for “severe
service”. This paper concludes that automobile engine reliability
will be improved by using these recommended oil drain intervals with
potential results of a significant nationwide reduction in waste and
recycled oil
... The test results indicated that the degradation of engine oil could be divided in three stages: (1) good, (2) rapid increase of total acid number (TAN), and (3) rapid increase of viscosity [Wang 2001]. Automobile engine reliability, maintainability and oil maintenance provides Youngk [2000]. The analysis in this paper is based on a review of oil, engine, and bearing technologies and on a survey of vehicle operators. ...
... The results indicate engine reliability is significantly dependent on the period between oil changes. [Youngk 2000]. ...
The main objective of this study was to assess the direction and intensity of changes in selected rheological properties of motor oils, which take place during engine operation, by the application of laboratory methods. The experimental material was a mineral oil Castrol Tection, class: 15W40. Oil samples were collected and analysed at the beginning of the test and then, each time, after making another thousand kilometers. Engine oil viscosity tests were carried out on 11 samples. The study of each subsequent sample was held at constant and variable shear rate. The research was conducted with the use of a viscometer Rheotest RN 3.1.
... The quality of automotive lubricants helps the lubricants companies to retain the consumers. The quality of automotive lubricants increases the durability of the automobile (Youngk, 2000). The reliability of the engine depends on the quality of automotive lubricants (Nazare et al., 2018). ...
... The quality of automotive lubricants helps the lubricants companies to retain the consumers. The quality of automotive lubricants increases the durability of the automobile (Youngk, 2000). The reliability of the engine depends on the quality of automotive lubricants (Nazare et al., 2018). ...
... Regardless of the oil type used, the quality declines during use because of degradation and/or contamination [3,4]. Therefore, motor oil must be changed to counter degradation and contamination, and to maintain the quality necessary to protect the engine [5,6]. A rapid increase in the number of vehicles has increased the demand for motor oil. ...
Several civilian vehicles in China operate in urban traffic conditions and have their motor oil changed every 5,000 km. This study investigates the variations in oil properties after servicing at 5,000 km, based on systematic road tests (including a repeated test, a parallel test, and a new vehicle test). The physicochemical properties, changes in components, oxidation stability, detergent-dispersant performance, and tribological properties of motor oils were analyzed. The results showed that the total acid number (TAN) of oils increased with the operation mileage, by up to 1.41 mgKOH/g. The total base number (TBN) decreased after the road tests were completed, and the decrease was less than 44.6%. The kinematic viscosity (KV) of most oils decreased initially and then stabilized in the middle stage, before starting to increase later in the experiment. The change in KV at 100 °C was less than 15.96%. The oxidation onset temperature (OOT) of the oils diminished gradually with the operation mileage. All OOT values of the used oils were higher than 210 °C. A spot test indicated that the used oils retained their detergent-dispersant performance to an appropriate extent. The four-ball wear scar diameters and friction coefficient of the used oils did not increase significantly after the road tests were completed. This study can serve as a reference for end-users when changing motor oils.
... Additionally, there are other factors like the age of engine, driving conditions, climate, load, etc. that do affect the oil changing schedule. Youngk (2000) expressed the life of automobile engine as a function of maintenance of its lubrication system after conducting survey on vehicle operator's oil changing pattern and engine tests. Naikan and Kapur (2006) performed the reliability analysis of automobile engine lubricating oil, when it was added as topping between replacements using a parametric and non-parametric approach with Weibull distribution model. ...
This paper presents a review on the recent advancements in the field of reliability, availability and maintainability (RAM) aspects of automobiles. The available literature is analyzed and categorically segregated by addressing various issues of RAM concerned with automobiles. The literature covered reliability aspects of mechanical, tribological and electrical and electronics elements, both at the system and component levels. An exclusive survey of literature on maintainability and maintenance aspects of automobile systems is included. The availability aspects of automobiles are also covered in detail. The research paper will be useful to researchers, maintenance professionals, academicians, designers and others concerned with automobile engineering field for updating their knowledge and exploring the research avenues in RAM aspects of automobile systems. The future scope of research pertaining to contemporary developments in automobiles, where RAM concepts have a great role, is also narrated in the concluding section.
... The methodologies regarding how to apply reliability engineering on such types of products are quite different due to the nature of the products and the perspectives of cost and data acquisition. In high-value high-volume industry, such as automobile design and manufacturing, engineers focus on the design for reliability and maintainability for critical components [1,2]. The reliability and safety demonstration has been discussed at system level as well [3]. ...
... In other words, the time between failures can greatly decrease even in cases where the operational parameters do not exceed the standards' specified limits [4,5]. In these cases, it becomes difficult to predict equipment failures by the operating time and the current state due to reduced possibility of detecting early failures because exploitative parameters do not exceed the norm in accordance with the technological regulations and standards for a given type of equipment [6,7]. It is therefore necessary to identify the factors of reliability which directly affect the actual operating time of the main oil pumps [8]. ...
Preventative maintenance systems today are not always able to achieve projected levels of the main pumps use because of the presence of random technical, technological and statistical errors. It is necessary to identify the mean time between failures, reducing factors in situations where exploitative parameters are within the normal limits. It is offered to use statistical indexes and standard parameters for the analysis. Factor analysis defines a moderate negative correlation between the vibration velocity of the fixed pumps’ parts and the mean time between failures. Also, a weak positive correlation between vibration velocity and other parameters has been determined. The results can be used to improve preventive maintenance systems, as well as to choose the most reliable structural performance.
... The technical condition of the compressor (as one of the most critical structural elements) strongly determines the reliability and functional efficiency of the compressor unit [5,6]. ...
... Study also shows that draining the motor oil too frequently may lead to a high concentration of additives in the oil. This can cause a reaction with the lubricant-surface and result in excessive wear [11]. Hence, a reasonable oil change interval is necessary for energy conservation, environment protection, and maintain cost saving. ...
The condition of the motor oil in civilian cars is difficult to monitor; hence, we propose a method to evaluate the degree of degradation of motor oil using an on-board diagnostic (OBD) system. Three civilian cars and four motor oils (containing mineral oils and synthetic oils) were subjected to five groups of road tests under urban traffic and high-way conditions. The operation information, oil service time, mileage, engine operation time, idle time of the engine, and number of start-ups of the engine were obtained using the proposed OBD system. Physiochemical properties and changes in the components of motor oils during road tests were analyzed in laboratory. The theoretical model of the comprehensive indicators of driving parameters and oil properties were established. The proposed method was successfully applied to different cars, motor oils, and operating conditions in road tests. All the theoretical models had high accuracy and precision. Herein, we provide a method to monitor the oil condition with real-time driving parameters and provide a reference for end users to change their motor oil reasonably.
... For example, the increasing amount of debris in oil accelerates the degradation of the engine and reduces the engine reliability. An oil change and lubrication can partially remove the debris (solid contaminants) from the used oil, and depleted additives can be refilled [20]. These activities improve the working conditions and reliability of the engine and prolong the lifetime of the engine. ...
This paper presents a two-stage stochastic programming model with recourse for integrating the design and sequential preventive maintenance schedule of a system, which is subject to uncertain aperiodic-changing future usage stresses. Specifically, the usage stresses change as the system operates and preventive maintenance is conducted. The system undergoes imperfect repair according to the sequential preventive maintenance policy and minimal repair in response to emergency failures. The system is replaced when the maintenance is uneconomical due to the deterioration of the components. Under such future usage stresses and maintenance, this paper formulates the failure rates and lifetime distributions of components and the system, the failure rates increase with the usage stresses, and both the failure rates and usage stresses have an instantaneous incremental decrease at each preventive maintenance action. In the two-stage stochastic optimization model, the first-stage decision variables are the numbers of components to be used in the subsystems, and these variables affect the second-stage variables, which define the number of imperfect preventive maintenance actions before the replacement of the system and the aperiodic preventive maintenance time intervals for various future usage scenarios. Analytical properties about the failure rates of components and subsystems and the solution for minimizing expected system maintenance cost rate are derived. A decomposition method for solving the proposed two-stage stochastic model is designed based on the analytical results. Numerical examples and sensitivity analysis are provided for deep understanding of the proposed method.
... Jagannathan and Raju [1] carried out a study to predict quality and technical life of engine oils, for industrial and automotive applications. Youngk et al. [2], in order to define the best intervals of oil change, demonstrated that too frequent oil change can reduce engine lifetime expectancy because of their additives, which can accelerate chemical wear of engine surfaces. Stelmaszewski and Kròl [3] studied the relationship between the wear degree of oil and the change of its optical properties, by means of optical methods, as fluorescence, light absorption, light refraction. ...
Lubrication of large two stroke marine diesel engines typically is performed by specially blended lubricants with high CaCO3 concentration in order to prevent sulphuric acid corrosion. The feed rate of lubricant, which is injected into the engine, is strictly related to neutralization reaction of sulphuric acid. At the state of the art, its amount is established following a function of engine load and sulphur content of fuel oil, but regardless the stoichiometric quantity needed to neutralize acid corrosion effects. As result of this lubrication strategy, feed rate of lubricant often results higher than the minimum stoichiometric quantity, yielding unnecessary costs, but sometimes feed rate of lubricant and its content of CaCO3 cannot be enough to completely neutralize sulphuric acid, producing corrosion. Taking into account that concentration of CaCO3 within lube oil can be estimated by measuring refractive index, this work aimed to study SPR sensors, capable to measure in real time small variation of lubricant optical properties, in order to adjust lubricant feed rate, according to the real needs of neutralization. Therefore, a numerical optimization of SPR sensors for lube oil characterization has been carried out, analysing several cases, different for laser source, optical prism and thickness of 3 metal film layers. Mathematical results allowed to find the best sensor in terms of sensitivity. This work is the first step towards the development of a semi-closed loop lubrication control system.
... According to the current state of knowledge, the quality of engine oil can be determined through a series of tests, which include laboratory evaluation of the physicochemical properties, as well as through assessing its particular properties which, however, entails lengthy and costly operational research [1,3,8,13,15,16,18]. Knowledge and un-derstanding of the characteristics of motor oils and developing effective methods of analysis enables the creation of systems of quality monitoring which may be conducted within the life cycle of the engine. ...
The article describes the processes of degradation of five engine oils offered by different manufacturers, but belonging to the same SAE class of viscosity. The direction and intensity of changes in kinematic viscosity measured at two temperatures (40°C and 100°C) have been analyzed. As part of the experiment, the changes in engine oils occurring during actual operation have been observed. The conditions of which can be described as “severe”, i.e. frequent starting of the engine, short distance driving, extended engine idling. All engine oils were operated in passenger cars of a uniform fleet of 25 vehicles. Kinematic viscosity was determined in accordance with the EN ISO 3104. The obtained results have led to the development of a statistical model enabling to calculate average predictive values of kinematic viscosity for a given mileage. The results may facilitate decision-making regarding the service life of engine oils. © 2017, Polish Academy of Sciences Branch Lublin. All rights reserved.
... According to the current state of knowledge, the quality of engine oil can be determined through a series of tests, which include laboratory evaluation of the physicochemical properties, as well as through assessing its particular properties which, however, entails lengthy and costly operational research [1,3,8,13,15,16,18]. Knowledge and un-derstanding of the characteristics of motor oils and developing effective methods of analysis enables the creation of systems of quality monitoring which may be conducted within the life cycle of the engine. ...
The article describes the processes of degradation of five engine oils offered by different manufacturers, but belonging to the same SAE class of viscosity. The direction and intensity of changes in kinematic viscosity measured at two temperatures (40°C and 100°C) have been analyzed. As part of the experiment, the changes in engine oils occurring during actual operation have been observed. The conditions of which can be described as “severe”, i.e. frequent starting of the engine, short distance driving, extended engine idling. All engine oils were operated in passenger cars of a uniform fleet of 25 vehicles. Kinematic viscosity was determined in accordance with the EN ISO 3104. The obtained results have led to the development of a statistical model enabling to calculate average predictive values of kinematic viscosity for a given mileage. The results may facilitate decision-making regarding the service life of engine oils.
... http Jagannathan and Raju [8] carried out a work for industrial and automotive applications to predict quality and technical life of engine oils. Youngk et al. [9] studied the best intervals of oil change; particularly, they claimed that too frequent oil change can reduce engine lifetime expectancy because of their additives, which can accelerate chemical wear of engine surfaces. Stelmaszewski and Kròl [10] applied optical methods, as fluorescence, light absorption, light refraction, to establish a relationship between the wear degree of oil and the change of its optical properties. ...
... In contrast, if the consumer believes that the service was done without completing the full range of checks and inspections, s/he may feel more obligated to return sooner. From a practical standpoint, it is noteworthy that although many vehicle manufacturers recommend service frequencies, e.g. oil changes every 5,000 miles, in reality, the decision of when to perform preventive maintenance service is discretionary to the vehicle owner, and there is considerable variation between consumers in how frequently they perform such service on their vehicles (Bennett 2003; Fisher 1999; Marotta 2009; Youngk 2000). Therefore, if an inference of more thorough service is made following the survey, we expect that respondents will tend to delay returning for the next service visit. ...
Using two field studies and a laboratory experiment, we test the proposition that participating in a firm-sponsored post-service experience survey can lead customers to make broader inferences than just increasing accessibility of survey responses, and influence their subsequent buying behavior in a complex manner. Data from a large U.S. automotive services provider shows that post-survey, participants delay their very next service visit for quick lube preventive maintenance even when expressing high satisfaction, but accelerate later service visits when compared to non-participants, and are more likely to redeem coupons on all post-survey service visits. Results of a laboratory experiment further show that post-service experience survey participants report: (1) recalling more specific service elements of a quick lube visit, and (2) perceptions of greater service thoroughness, when compared to non-participants. A third field experiment reveals that the greater inferences of service thoroughness persist up through the next service visit, but diminish thereafter. The findings have practical relevance because they demonstrate that firm-sponsored post-service experience surveys can influence subsequent customer behaviors for up to nine months following the survey. They also point to the importance of understanding the inferences their customers might make from participating in surveys, which could have either favorable or unfavorable effects on subsequent buying behavior.
... For example, Jagannathan and Raju (2000) presented a hybrid approach of predicting the quality and remaining useful life of engine oils for industrial and automotive applications. Youngk et al. (2000) investigated the effectiveness of oil change from the viewpoint of preventive maintenance. They contended that frequent oil changes could reduce the expected life of a vehicle engine. ...
Recently, with emerging technologies, visibility of vehicle information over the whole lifecycle becomes possible. The visibility opens up new challenging issues for improving the efficiency of vehicle operations. One of the most challenging problems arising during the middle of life (MOL) of vehicles is the predictive maintenance on engine oil. For this, in this study, we focus on developing a predictive algorithm to estimate the quality of the engine oil of a vehicle by analyzing its degradation status with mission profile data. For this purpose, we specify the relations between indicators of engine mission profiles and oil quality indicators using principal component analysis and regression method. Then, we develop a heuristic algorithm for estimating the value of a quality indicator of engine oil based on them. To evaluate the proposed approach, we carry out a case study and computational experiments. © International Journal of Industrial Engineering.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of lubricating oil age on the generation of diesel particulate filters (DPF) by non-thermal plasma (NTP) technology and to characterize the physical properties of ash. The regeneration status was evaluated by the concentration of regeneration products and regeneration temperature. The compositional and morphological characteristics of ash were analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Compared with DPF@L-fresh, the internal regeneration temperature was reduced in DPF@L-age. The unit removal time of carbon was 39.23 min/g for DPF@L-fresh but was reduced to 34.87 min/g for DPF@L-age, which indicated that the efficiency of NTP regeneration increased. Shorter regeneration time and lower airflow resistance caused by NTP technology aided the formation of a unique chain-type ash with the structure of a hollow column. Several fine particles that had formed by the condensation of volatiles were distributed on the ash surface of the aged lubricant, and the ash clusters were loosely combined. TEM images revealed that ash was mostly composed of a crystal structure, that the ash dimension of aged lubricant decreased, and that the adhesion between ash particulates was weak.
When faced with a malfunctioning household product, consumers can choose to repair their older product for further reuse or they can discard it and purchase a newly manufactured version. Electing to replace the older, malfunctioning product may impact the environment negatively. Over time repair costs have been rising faster than the cost of newly manufactured products. As a result, many more consumers are choosing to not have their older products repaired. This article examines empirically the cause of rising repair costs, taking automobiles as an example, and discusses wider issues around the ‘throwaway society’.
Lubricants degradation processes are characterized by the physical and chemical indicators changes for oils composition, caused by internal and external factors and the operating conditions severity. Lubricants condition monitoring involves experimental methods to study their behaviour, for developing a lubricants life cycle assessment methodology. The paper proposes the lubricants behaviour complete characterization by using a global performance passport, to study the rheological, tribological and microscopic properties, for various wear stages. The global rheological lubricant feature is expressed by the maximum film pressure, by using the original rheological experimental module. The reference rheological lubricant feature is obtained by using the viscometer validation module, based on the variation of viscosity by the temperature. The tribological lubricant feature is given by the tribological experimental module, based on friction coefficient variation according to the normal pressing force and sliding speed. The structural microscopic lubricant feature is shown by the wear particles analysis module, analysing the solid particles type identified in the fresh and worn lubricant. The global performance lubricants passport assess the lifetime reserve, function the specific use conditions, to reduce operating costs. To do the initial investment for the preliminary experimental tests conduct it is recommended to determine the economic profitability threshold for the user investment.
In this automotive world the selection of a vehicle based on engine plays a major role, in which all the parameters of the engine need to be considered. The engine selection for three purposes has been considered in this paper. Most influencing 10 parameters of each purpose have been shortlisted with the help of experts in the respective field. Then the parameters are ranked with the help of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). It helps to prioritise the parameters while selecting an engine for specific purpose. In AHP the relative matrix is formed by using pairwise comparison with the help of experts then the relative matrix is squared and eigen vector is found. The eigen vector is used to rank the parameters and is reported as per the priority for the respective purpose. The method proposed in this paper can be used as a decision-making tool while selecting an engine for a specific purpose.
In this study, it is tried to establish a theoretical model based on oil oxidation stability to evaluate the motor oil life. Five civilian cars and five motor oils were taken to eight road tests. The road tests contained two experiments taken in two test cars with the same car model, synthetic motor oil and test time, and three experiments taken in one test car with the same mineral oil to study the reliability and repeatability of the proposed method. The change characteristics of oxidation onset temperature, total acid number, and kinematic viscosity of test oils were analyzed. A theoretical model was established with the oxidation onset temperature and column chromatography method. The results showed the established theoretical model has the potential to quantitatively determine the remaining service time and operation mileage of the test oils with high accuracy and reliability. The test synthetic oils are able to operate approximately 11,000–13,000 km in 534–686 days in the typical urban traffic condition of China. The test mineral oils are capable of operating approximately 8200 km with 40 km/day or capable of operating 5723 km in 410 days. The proposed approach can provide some reference for end-users to drain their motor oil reasonably.
Although the reason is not clear, mileage is commonly recommended as an indicator to evaluate the oil drain interval of a car. This paper tries to investigate whether the mileage is the most suitable indicator to evaluate the oil drain interval based on scientific experiments and data analysis method. Three civilian cars and motor oils (contained mineral oil, semisynthetic oil, and synthetic oil) were subjected to road tests under urban traffic condition. The real-time driving parameters comprising speed, mileage, idle time, engine operation time, and number of starts were obtained by on-board diagnostic system. Synchronous oil samples were collected about every 30 days. The physicochemical properties and component changes of experimental oils were analyzed in laboratory. The effects of driving parameters on oil properties were studied with the improved grey relational analysis method. The results show that the influencing factors of driving parameters on motor oil degradation were different in different experimental cars. The influence of mileage on oil degradation was not obvious. The idle time of engine, engine operation time, and number of starts were the three most significantly influential factors on oil deterioration after comprehensive analysis of the three experimental cars.
The paper researches the features and quality of longlife oils after the point of being recommended for replacement by the onboard computer. The longlife oils have their service life prolonged to 30 up to 50 thousand kilometres which is being monitored and evaluated by the onboard computer. The onboard computer then, on the basis of several parameters, modifies the interval to optimum value. Kinematic viscosity, TBN, the amount of soot, oxidizing and sulphating products, water, fuel, glycol and high antioxidant presence were measured. The results we obtained from the measurements do not correspond with the conclusions of onboard computers.
Techniques from the perturbation method, the second moment and reliability-based design theory are employed to present a practical and effective method for the reliability-based design of automobile components. The theoretical formulae of reliability-based design of automobile components. are obtained. The reliability-based design methods are employed to develop the reliability design of automobile axles and springs. The corresponding program can be used to obtain the reliability- based design parameters of automobile components accurately and quickly.
Temporary equipment may be brought onto a plant site for a variety of process needs. The risk profile of the facility is altered by use of such temporary equipment, but since the time durations of temporary equipment usage are generally small, usually fewer than 90 days per year, the risk increase is also small and is typically not modeled in a probabilistic risk assessment. This article describes some risk issues with temporary equipment in long-term use, gives a case study of a temporary, diesel-driven air compressor under extended use at the Idaho National Laboratory, and suggests the need to model temporary equipment in the facility risk assessment if the equipment is used more than a few months. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2006
Recently, emerging technologies related to various sensors, product identification, and wireless communication give us new opportunities for improving the efficiency of automotive maintenance operations, in particular, implementing predictive maintenance. The key point of predictive maintenance is to develop an algorithm that can analyze degradation status of automotive and make predictive maintenance decisions. In this study, as a basis for implementing the predictive maintenance of automotive engine oil, we propose an algorithm to determine the suitable change time of automotive engine oil by analyzing its degradation status with mission profile data. For this, we use several statistical methods such as factor analysis, discriminant and classification analysis, and regression analysis. We identify main factors of mission profile and engine oil quality with factor analysis. Subsequently, with regression analysis, we specify relations between main factors considering the types of mission profile of automotive: urban-mode and highway-mode. Based on them, we determine the proper change time of engine oil through discriminant and classification analysis. To evaluate the proposed approach, we carry out a case study and have discussion about limitations of our approach.
This handbook was sponsored by the American Society of Lubrication Engineers (ASLE). Contents: Applications; Industrial lubrication practices; Maintenance; Appendixes; Index.
The heavy-duty diesel engine oil performance category API CH-4 became licensable in 1998. The development of the new category is described. In the past there was no mechanism in place to generate data for guideline development before the category came into effect. With the implementation of new EPA emission regulations there has been a more rapid evolution of new performance categories and it has been necessary for ASTM and API to coordinate their activities in new category development. The development of Base Oil Interchange (Boi) and Viscosity Grade Read-Across (VGRA) guidelines before the API CH-4 category was licensable is described.
This book includes material on the engineering aspects of reliability and environmental testing, on repairable system reliability, on manufacturing control and production testing, and on maintainability. Emphasis is placed on proven methods for the development and production of reliable equipment. The mathematical concepts described are limited to those necessary for the solution of the problems covered.
Engine Oil Performance Requirements and Reformulation for Future Gasoline Engine and Systems
- Korcek
- Stefan
Korcek, Stefan, and Nakada, " Engine Oil Performance Requirements and Reformulation for Future Gasoline Engine and Systems ", SAE SP-1182, 1996, pp 57-63.
Compounded Lubricant
- G Matheson