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Original Article
ISSN (Online): 2582-7472
ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts
January 2024 5(1), 88–96
How to cite this article (APA): Nazz, S., and Lalrinkima, C. (2024) Evolution of Architectural Style. ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and
Performing Arts, 5(1), 88–96. doi: 10.29121/shodhkosh.v5.i1.2024.1443
88
EVOLUTION OF ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
Shaila Naaz 1, C. Lalrinkima 2
1 Assistant Professor, School of Architecture and Design, K. R. Mangalam University, Gurugram, Punjab, India
2 2nd Year, Architecture Student, K. R. Mangalam University, Gurugram, Punjab, India
ABSTRACT
Architecture has always been important throughout history, showing what people value,
how technology changes, and what society needs. The way buildings have changed over
time is interesting. It's like a
story that shows how different cultures, societies,
technology, and art have all mixed together. The aim of this research paper is to establish
a comparative study of architecture evolution style over the period over the period. The
paper will talk about the architectural styles of different time and do a comparative
analysis to come for a conclusion. It is necessary to study and compare the evolution in
architecture as it will help us in knowing what kind of evolution happen, when were new
architecture introduced and so on. As we keep moving forward, buildings show how
smart and creative people are, and they give us spaces that make us think and feel in
different ways, making life more interesting for everyone.
Corresponding Author
C. Lalrinkima,
ozillalrinkimachawngthu@gmail.com
DOI
10.29121/shodhkosh.v5.i1.2024.144
3
Funding:
This research received no
specific grant from any funding agency in
the public, commercial, or not-for-profit
sectors.
Copyright: © 2024 The Author(s).
This work is licensed under a Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0
International License.
With the license CC-BY, authors retain
the copyright, allowing anyone to
download, reuse, re-print, modify,
distribute, and/or copy their
contribution. The work must be
properly attributed to its author.
Keywords: Human History, Reflecting Cultural Values, Technological Advancement,
Societal needs, and Architecture Evolution
1. INTRODUCTION
The history of architecture dates back to ancient civilizations when early
humans constructed shelters using readily available materials like wood, stone, and
mud. As the needs evolved, so did architectural designs which leads to the creation
of monumental structures such as Pyramid of Giza, the Parthenon, and the
Colosseum, which became the symbol of wealth, power, and influence (Polishchuk,
2023). The Renaissance period marked a shift towards a more human-centred
approach in architecture with the revival of classical design principles and the
application of mathematical proportions. Following this era, the Baroque
introduced a new level of grandeur which was characterized by the use of dramatic
use of light and intricate decorations. In the 19th and 20th centuries, architecture
became more experimental, with the emergence of new technologies and materials.
From the majestic temples of ancient Greece to the houses made from mud,
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innovative structures of contemporary design, each era has left an unforgettable
mark on the built environment. Architectural styles show how societies have
changed over time. It's like a journey from ancient times when buildings were grand
and fancy, to modern times when they're simpler and more practical. This journey
reflects how people express themselves and what they need in their buildings.
Looking at how architecture has changed helps us understand both the past and the
buildings we see around us today. The modernist movement rejected the
ornamental designs in Favor of a functionalist approach, with buildings designed to
serve their intended purpose. The use of reinforced concrete and steel were more
favoured due to the development of new construction techniques requiring
different materials.
2. METHODOLOGY
• This research is conducted using blog written by experts on the internet
and some relevant book which can be found in the library.
• As the topic ranges of different topics with different timelines, different
online platforms and books needs to be covered.
• Each blog and books were thoroughly reviewed which we select the
important and relevant topic related to the research paper.
• We finalised our research paper by thoroughly going through what we
have selected.
• Lastly, we had an analysis of the research paper which we had written
on how the evolution of architecture took place, what evolutionary
architectural style took place and concluding it with a proper conclusion
which sums up our entire research paper.
2.1. AIM AND OBJECTIVE
• The aim of this research is to have a study on the evolution of
architectural style between the Greek period till today’s architecture.
• The study will be based mainly on ancient Greek architecture, Roman
architecture, Medieval architecture, renaissance architecture, Baroque
architecture, neoclassical architecture, and modern architecture.
• This study will include their characteristics, materials used, the period
in which each of these architecture periods are on and how they evolved
from each architectural period.
• Taking these into account we will try to have research on how they differ
to one another and try to come up with a conclusion.
• With that being written, the objective of this research is to learn about
the architectural evolution style.
3. LITERATURE STUDY
1) Greek architecture
Greek architecture stretches from 900 B.C.E. to the first century C.E., with the
earliest extant stone architecture dating to the seventh century B.C.E. Greek
architecture influenced Roman architecture and architects in profound ways, such
that Roman Imperial architecture adopts and incorporates many Greek elements
into its own practice. The characteristics of Greek architecture can be seen by its
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simplicity, harmonic and balance in their design. The most recognizably “Greek”
structure is the temple. They are famous for the use of columns and pediment in
their temples and houses. Greeks’ love for beauty gave rise to different versions of
columns or Orders mainly Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. The use of timber became
minimal and was replaced by marble in Greek architecture. Due to the love of their
aestheticism, entasis (the delicate adjustment to correct the optical illusion so that
the form and proportion appear to be perfect) was used for their inscriptions in the
temples or houses. (A. Becker, 2014).
Figure 1
Figure 1 Greek Order.
Source Google Photos
2) Roman architecture
Roman architecture stretches from 509 B.C.E till 476 C.E. Buildings were
designed to impress when viewed from the outside because their architects relied
on the post-and-lintel system. This method used two upright posts, like columns,
with a horizontal block, known as a lintel, laid flat across the top. Roman
architecture, influenced by Greek architecture, emphasized grandeur and
engineering. Ancient Roman architecture is part of classical architecture and builds
on the three classical orders—Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian—developed in ancient
Greece. The Romans later added two orders of their own: Composite and Tuscan.
Like other classical architecture, the Roman style emphasized proportions and
symmetry. The extensive use of concrete allowed Roman architects to build large-
scale constructions such as aqueducts and the Colosseum. ‘Tufa’, a volcanic stone
coming from Italy was used before the use of concrete. Roman architecture is known
for innovations such as the vault, arches, and domes. The Romans built aqueducts
throughout their cities and supply water into the cities they built and occupied,
increasing sanitary conditions and reduces scarcity of water. Rome had their power
for a long period of time, due to this a defined architectural style in building, location
and era cannot be seen. Some of the notable characteristics which can be seen in
Roman architecture are their arches, concrete structures, columns, domes, and
design based on symmetry and equal proportions. (McLaughlin, 2023).
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Figure 2
Figure 2 Aqueduct
Source Google Photos
3) Medieval Architecture
Medieval architecture developed in Europe from the 5th to the 15th centuries
during the Middle Ages. The architectural style was shaped by the cultural and
religious beliefs of the period, along with practical needs such as protection and the
display of wealth and power. Cultural and religious factors of the time influenced
the design, while practical aspects like security and showcasing affluence played a
significant role. The need for protection, the wish to exhibit wealth and power, and
the prevailing cultural and religious beliefs all contributed to the architectural style.
Some characteristics of the Medieval architecture are their use of brick and stone,
the use of rounded and pointed arches, with the development of ribbed vault taking
place. The style is also known for beautiful elements such as large stained-glass
windows, elaborate sculptures, and intricate carvings. Medieval architecture is
mainly comprising of the following architecture: Byzantine, Romanesque and Gothic
architecture. Byzantine architecture was constructed during the early 10th century
during the Byzantine empire. The construction of domes, ornate decorative
elements, and intricate mosaics were used during Byzantine period. The interplay
of light and shadow emitted by arches and different fenestration can be seen with
the use of marble, gold, and glass. The use of these elements largely impacts the style
and showcasing as the symbol of power, wealth, and cultural sophistication, and
they had a lasting impact on the development of Medieval architecture. During this
period the use of pendentives takes place. (Mutuli, 2024).
Figure 3
Figure 3 Hagia Sophia (Byzantine)
Source Google Photos
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Romanesque architecture, spanning the 11th and 12th centuries, was
influenced by Roman architecture. It featured rounded arches, barrel vaults, and
classical elements like columns, arcaded walls, and pilasters, resulting in simple,
functional, and sturdy structures for buildings such as churches, monasteries, and
castles. The use of barrel vaults in Romanesque architecture allowed for larger
interior spaces and made significant contributions to decorative arts through carved
portals, capitals, and tympana.
Figure 4
Figure 4 Abbey of Sainte-Trinite (Romanesque)
Source Google Photos
Gothic architecture stretches from the 12th-16th century. They were known for
using pointed arches, flying buttresses, and ribbed vault. The uses of these arches
lead in the creation of light and free look. Stone and glasswork were also use which
largely added in the beauty of the structures. Gothic architecture featured
decorative arts like intricate sculptures, medieval stained glass, and illuminated
manuscripts. The style symbolized the power and wealth of the church; the grand
cathedrals, abbeys, and other religious structures of the time were often seen as
symbols of the church’s power, and the style was used to promote its influence and
spread its teachings. (Giuroiu, 2024)
Figure 5
Figure 5 Note-Dame De Paris (Gothic)
Source Google Photos
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4) Renaissance Architecture
Renaissance architecture is between 14th-17th century. It is inspired by the
revival of classical art and learning. The characteristic of Renaissance architecture
includes on proportion and symmetry with the use of classical order. The
Renaissance style is a mixture of different local traditions from different part of the
world which faces comparison by the new richly decorative Baroque style arriving
from the 17th century. It is mainly divided into three periods:
• Early Renaissance (c. 1400 onwards), revival in the reuse of classical
ideas.
• High Renaissance (c. 1500), revival of classicism.
• Mannerism (Late Renaissance, c. 1520-30 onwards) the reuse of classical
ideas became much more inventive and decorative. (Cartwright, 2020)
Renaissance architecture represents a turning point in the history of the field,
marking the transition from the medieval to the modern era. Its largely focuses on
humanist principles, artistic expression, and classical ideals still implemented and
used during that time. The 17th century introduced a more playful new architecture
movement which dominated Renaissance style, this architecture was known as
Baroque style.
Figure 6
Figure 6 St. Peter's Basilica, Rome
Source Google Photos
5) Baroque Architecture
Baroque architecture stretches from the late 16th century-18th century.
Baroque architecture is characterized by ornate details, curved shapes, large-scale
decoration, and dramatic effects of light and shadow. Baroque architecture was
influenced by the Catholic Church's goal to counter the Protestant Reformation and
show the power and glory of God. This style is known for its elaborate designs,
marble, large decorations, and bright colours. Baroque buildings often had domes,
colonnades, twisted columns, and trompe-l’œil (highly realistic optical illusion of
three-dimensional space and objects on a two-dimensional surface) paintings that
created realistic illusions. The style spread across Europe and beyond, influencing
architecture worldwide. Baroque architecture adapted to local traditions and
climates, creating different versions of the style. In Latin America, for example, it
mixed with indigenous and colonial influences to create unique forms. Baroque
architecture moved away from the simple and restrained Renaissance style,
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favouring a more expressive and ornate design. Its focus on emotion, movement,
and spectacle influenced modern architectural styles. (Augustyn, 2024).
Figure 7
Figure 7 Palace of Versailles
Source Google Photos
6) Neoclassical Architecture
Neoclassical architecture stretches from the late 18th-19th century notably in
the Europe, Britain, and the United States as well as Latin America. Modern buildings
today are derived from the neoclassical design which were modified or are used as
a sample towards modernism. Some of the characteristics of the Neoclassical
architecture are the use of grand scale volumes, simple geometric forms, dramatic
columns, Doric Greek, or Roman detailing and domed or flat roofs, depending on the
style. Neoclassical principles also shaped urban planning, with cities featuring
classical elements in their public spaces, street designs, and civic structures. This
influence is visible in cities like Washington, D.C., where neoclassical architecture is
prominent. Neoclassical buildings often sought to project a sense of grandeur and
monumentality, particularly in government offices, museums, and libraries. The
inclusion of large-scale columns, pediments, and porticos added to their impressive
appearance. (Hohendel, 2024).
Figure 8
Figure 8 Washington D.C.
Source Google Photos
7) Modern Architecture
Modern architecture began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries,
responding to the industrial revolution, urban growth, and society's changing needs.
It moved away from old styles and traditions, favouring new methods that focused
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on functionality, simplicity, and using new materials and building techniques.
Architects started using materials like steel, glass, and reinforced concrete, which
allowed for creative structural solutions and bright, open spaces. They embraced
new technology in construction and engineering, using advanced building
techniques and machinery to create innovative designs and make the construction
process more efficient. Modern architects believed that buildings should be practical
and meet the needs of their users. This led to designs that prioritized functionality
over decoration. Spaces were organized logically, emphasizing usability and
practicality. The design principle of "form follows function, function follows form"
emerged from this thinking. Overall, modern architecture was a time of
experimentation, innovation, and evolution in design. It still influences
contemporary architecture today, with a strong focus on sustainability, technology,
and cultural diversity, allowing for endless new and creative architectural ideas.
(Archisoup, 2024).
Figure 9
Figure 9 Burj Khalifa
Source Google Photos
4. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Greek
Architecture
Roman
Architecture
Medieval
Architecture
Renaissance
Architecture
Baroque
Architecture
Neoclassical
Architecture
Modern
Architecture
Time
Period
900 BC - 1st
century BC
1st century
BC - 5th
century AD
5th century
AD - 15th
century AD
14th century
AD - 17th
century AD
17th century
AD - 18th
century AD
Late 18th
century AD -
early 19th
century AD
Late 19th
century AD -
present
Materials Stone
(marble,
limestone),
wood
Stone
(concrete,
marble),
brick, wood
Stone
(limestone,
sandstone),
brick, wood
Stone
(marble),
brick, stucco
Stone
(marble),
brick, stucco
Stone
(marble),
brick, stucco
Steel, reinforced
concrete, glass,
various
industrial
materials
Roof type Gabled or
hipped roofs
covered in
tiles
Mostly flat or
slightly
inclined
roofs with
terracotta
tiles
Steeply
pitched roofs
with shingles
or thatch
Pitched roofs
with
terracotta
tiles or slate
Elaborate
roofs with
curves and
dramatic
shapes, often
with metal or
slate
Flat or low-
pitched roofs
with
parapets
Flat or gently
sloping roofs
with various
materials
including metal,
glass, and
concrete
Load
Bearing
Post-and-
lintel
construction,
archaic truss
systems
Arch, vault,
and dome
construction,
concrete
technology
Thick walls,
groin vaults,
flying
buttresses
Symmetry,
domes,
pilasters,
pediments,
classical
orders
Grandeur,
dynamic
forms, use of
light and
shadow,
massive
domes
Symmetry,
classical
motifs,
columns,
pediments,
strict
proportions
Structural
innovation,
minimalism,
functionalism,
experimentation
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5. CONCLUSION
Architecture has changed a lot over time, from the Greek temples to modern
skyscrapers. Each period had its own style and influences. Greek and Roman
architecture focused on grandeur, while the Renaissance added intricate details.
Later, the Baroque and Neoclassical periods showed off wealth and classical designs.
Modern architecture is all about practicality and new ideas. Today, we're focused on
sustainability and using technology in our buildings. Throughout history,
architecture has reflected our culture and beliefs, shaping the world around us.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
None.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
None.
REFERENCES
Dr. Jeffrey. A. Becker. A beginner's guide to ancient Greece.
Katherine McLaughlin (June 15, 2023). Roman Architecture: Everything You Need
to Know.
Ian Mutuli (19 May, 2024). Medieval Architecture: The Legacy of The Middle Ages.
Mark Cartwright (23 November, 2020). Renaissance Architecture.
Kristin Hohenadel (22 April, 2024). What Is Neoclassical Architecture?