Woody Plants of Ulu Muda Forest Reserve Kedah, Malaysia

Abstract

The woody plants species inventory and diversity of primary, old secondary and secondary forest patches of Ulu Muda Forest Reserve (UMFR), Kedah, Peninsular Malaysia were assessed in this study. This was done to understand the current status of the forest towards ensuring proper conservation plans. Plants with diameter at breast height of not less than 10 were identified and enumerated within 10m radius (both left and right) of a 1500m transect laid at each site. Two hundred and thirty-five (235) plant species belonging to 56 families and 144 genera were enumerated in all the sites. The percentage composition of lianas (14.53%) was found to be very minimal to tree species (76.49%) which denotes the health status of the forest. Polyalthia jenkensii, Spondias cytherea and Intsia palembanica were the most common plants in the three sites. The Shannon diversity index of all the sites was observed to be greater than 2, which shows the high diverse nature of the forest despite some past disturbances. The old secondary forest patch was reported to have recuperated over the years due to its highest diversity indices.

Full text

Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation 21: 15
-
29, 2024 ISSN 1823-3902
E-ISSN 2550-1909
Research Article
Woody Plants of Ulu Muda Forest Reserve Kedah, Malaysia
Zakaria RAHMAD1, Rusly ROSAZLINA1 and Gbenga Festus AKOMOLAFE1,2,3*
1School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang.
2Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Federal University of Lafia, Nigeria.
3Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
*Corresponding author email address: gfakomolafe@yahoo.com
Received 08 February 2023| Accepted 02 January 2024| Published 20 August 2024
Doi: https://doi.org/10.51200/jtbc.v21i.5356
ABSTRACT
The woody plants species inventory and diversity of primary, old secondary and secondary forest
patches of Ulu Muda Forest Reserve (UMFR), Kedah, Peninsular Malaysia were assessed in this study.
This was done to understand the current status of the forest towards ensuring proper conservation plans.
Plants with diameter at breast height of not less than 10 were identified and enumerated within 10m
radius (both left and right) of a 1500m transect laid at each site. Two hundred and thirty-five (235) plant
species belonging to 56 families and 144 genera were enumerated in all the sites. The percentage
composition of lianas (14.53%) was found to be very minimal to tree species (76.49%) which denotes
the health status of the forest. Polyalthia jenkensii, Spondias cytherea and Intsia palembanica were the
most common plants in the three sites. The Shannon diversity index of all the sites was observed to be
greater than 2, which shows the high diverse nature of the forest despite some past disturbances. The
old secondary forest patch was reported to have recuperated over the years due to its highest diversity
indices.
Keyword: Conservation; Dipterocarp; Euphorbiaceae; Forest; Kedah.
INTRODUCTION
Tropical forests globally are known to be highly valuable due to the ecosystem services they
provide such as controlling soil erosion and serving as habitats to both plants and animals
(Anbarashan & Parthasarathy, 2013). These tropical forests are threatened severely by
anthropogenic influences and require specific interventions towards the management and
maintenance of their overall carbon productivity, biodiversity and sustainability (Kumar et al.,
2006). To ensure the management and sustainability of forest ecosystems, it is important to
understand their tree species composition and structures (Kacholi, 2014). The knowledge of
the forests’ structure, tree species richness, and their characteristics is a useful tool towards an
effective long-term conservation of the forests (Ifo et al., 2015). The main anthropogenic threat
faced by tropical forests globally is the issue of logging and this has gotten the attention of
most ecologists in studying how these forests have reacted to the threat (Saiful & Latiff, 2014).
This makes it more expedient for tropical forests to be protected to conserve biodiversity and
mitigate climate change (Berry et al., 2010). Consequently, most tropical countries have now
adopted a more sustainable way of scrutinizing logging activities in their forests through closed
supervision (Sadeghi et al., 2014).

Rahmad et al.
16
Similarly, Malaysian forests are known to be highly diverse in plant species and are
economically useful to the country. About 44.7% of the total land mass in Peninsular Malaysia
is composed of forests (Ghollasimood, 2011). Based on the elevation and soil types ranging
from coastal areas to the hills, about 16 different types of forests have been classified across
the world (Whitmore & Sayer, 1992). The Ulu Muda Forest Reserve (UMFR) can be described
as a dipterocarp forest (Mardan et al., 2013). Both primary and secondary forests have to be
protected due to their importance in maintaining balance in the environment (Berry et al.,
2010).
Over the years, there has been a consistent decrease in the number of plant species at the UMFR
due to logging activities (Saiful et al., 2008). This is why there is need for continuous
assessment of the plant species diversity in the forest so as to guide effective conservation
planning and management. This study aims to produce an inventory of the richness and
diversity of plant species (mainly angiosperms) found at the Ulu Muda Forest Reserve
(UMFR), Kedah, Malaysia. This is to give an updated record of the plant species diversity of
this forest which was lacking in previous studies (Mardan et al., 2013).
METHODOLOGY
Study area
Ulu Muda Forest Reserve (UMFR) which has an average size of about 160,000 ha is located
in Kedah, Northwest of Peninsular Malaysia. The city where this forest is located has an
average annual rainfall of about 2000mm with the peak in October. This forest comprises both
hill and lowland dipterocarp forest vegetations. It also houses other vegetation types such as
limestone and riparian vegetations. Due to the proximity of the forest to Southern Thailand, a
few Thailand flora are found in this forest (Suksuwan, 2008). Apart from these, the forest serves
a lot of economical uses such as water supply, recreation and logging to the natives of Kedah
and neighbouring states (Mariana et al., 2008). Consequently, it has remained threatened by
these anthropogenic activities. The most prevalent threats on the UMFR are the legal and illegal
unstainable logging activities.
Sampling technique and data analysis
The forest was divided into three (3) study sites namely secondary forest (site 1), old secondary
forest (site 2), and primary forest (site 3). The geographic coordinates of the sites are presented
in Table 1.
Sampling was done using a 1,500m line transect laid at each site. Plants particularly with
diameter at breast height (dbh) of not less than 10cm, found along the transect and within the
radius of 10m to the right and left of the transects were identified. Plant identification was done
on-site and only those with uncertain identities were collected and identified at the herbarium
of Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang.

Ulu Muda Forest Woody Plants
17
The diversity indices such as Simpson index, Shannon index, species evenness and Margalef
index were estimated using the PAST 3.0 software. Rarefaction analysis was done to determine
the species richness using the Biodiversity Pro software. The similarity in plant species
between the studied forests was assessed using a Sorenson similarity index as calculated using
the equation below:
𝑆𝑐# = # (2𝑊/𝑎)#𝑥#100%#(𝑆𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑛,1948)
Sc represents the similarity coefficient. W symbolized the number of plant species found
common to all the sites. Also, a is the sum of the total number of plants species recorded at
each of the sites.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A total of 235 plant species comprising the following plant types; 15 emergent, 25 main
canopy, 128 understory, 12 treelets, 18 shrubs, 34 lianas, 2 slender climbers and 1 large
strangler were identified at all the sites in this forest (Fig. 1). These 235 plant species belong
to 56 families and 144 genera (Appendix 1).
Figure 1: The plant types and the corresponding number of species.
Table 1: Location of the study sites.
Site
Latitude (N)
Longitude (E)
Altitude
Forest type
1
6° 6'47.03"
100°57'52.59"
130 m
Secondary Forest
2
6° 5'48.92"
100°58'27.19"
185 m
Old Secondary Forest
3
6° 6'21.12"
100°58'16.39"
210 m
Primary Forest

Rahmad et al.
18
Sites 1, 2 and 3 have 46, 199, and 135 plant species respectively. The rarefaction curve shows
that site 2 has the highest plant species richness, followed by site 3, while site 1 has the lowest
(Fig. 2).
In this analysis, the estimated species richness for each site was very close to the observed
species richness. The lianas have 14.53% composition as compared with the 76.49% of trees
(emergent, main canopy, understory and treelets) in these forests. This low liana composition
indicates that the forests are less disturbed and more stable in terms of tree richness and
diversity (Villagra et al., 2013). Abundance of lianas in tropical forests has been reported to be
positively correlated with high disturbance and also interfere with tree diversity (Addo-
Fordjour & Rahmad, 2015; García León et al., 2018).
Euphorbiaceae, Annonaceae, and Meliaceae are the most common families having 22, 18, and
14 number of species respectively. These same plant families have been reported to be
dominant in many other tropical forests (Françoso et al., 2016; Rahmad et al., 2018). A
previous study at the hill dipterocarp forest of UMFR also confirmed that Euphorbiaceae was
the most important family in the forest (Sadeghi et al., 2014). However, this could have been
due to the removal of some Dipterocarpaceae members during past logging (Saiful et al., 2008).
In site 1, Polyalthia jenkensii, Spondias cytherea and Pterocymbium javanicum were the most
common species. In site 2, Lagerstromia speciosa, Polyalthia jenkensii, and Spondias cytherea
were the most common species. However, in site 3, Intsia palembanica, Spondias cytherea,
and Bombax valetonii were the most common species. This then made Polyalthia jenkensii,
Spondias cytherea, and Intsia palembanica to overall be highly distributed species in all the
three sites.
Site 2 which is an old secondary forest, was observed to have the highest Simpson (0.995),
Shannon (5.288) and Margalef (37.25) indices, followed by site 3 which is a primary forest.
Site 1 was the one with the least of all the diversity indices estimated. This is very
Figure 2: Rarefaction plot showing the species richness of the sample sites.

Ulu Muda Forest Woody Plants
19
understandable due to the recent level of disturbance (logging) faced by site 1, being a
secondary forest. None of the studied forests had a Shannon index that less than two. This
shows that they are all highly diverse and stable in plant species (Barbour et al., 1999). The
Sorenson similarity index coefficient between the three study sites is 8.97%. This is very low
and it indicates that there is very little similarity between the study sites in terms of plant
species. The three forests are different in level of disturbance. This could explain the reason
for the low similarity index between them.
The inventory and diversity of plants reported in this study could be a useful tool for the
conservation of these forests in future (Jayakumar et al., 2011). Generally, tropical forests to
which UMFR belongs, are described as very rich in species diversity and are providers of
important ecosystem services including sources of timber and non-timber forest products
(NTFPs), carbon stock and sequestration etc. (Bradon, 2014). As done in this study, it is
important to periodically ascertain the status of forests which are known to provide lots of
ecosystem services that are very essential to the survival of life on earth (Cardinale et al., 2012;
Steur et al., 2020). This will aid in implementing appropriate conservation measures by policy
makers or conservationists in the forests whose ecosystem services have been identified to be
threatened (IPBES, 2019). There is a direct positive relationship between forest biodiversity
richness and ecosystem services (Harrison et al., 2014). This means that conservation of forest
biodiversity will also aid in the preservation of its ecosystem services (Steur et al., 2020).
Specifically, higher plant diversity of a forest is expected to lead to a higher ecosystem service
since the plants are the primary producers in such forest (Quijas et al., 2010).
CONCLUSIONS
This study has revealed that the old secondary forest (site 2) has undergone fast recuperation
over the years and has become richer and more diverse in plant species as compared with the
primary forest (site 3) at the UMFR. This shows that the efforts made by the government in
conserving this forest reserve is yielding positive results and it is commended. The current
level of supervised logging activities should be maintained or further minimized so as to keep
the forest more stable in the provision of ecosystem services and diverse in plant species.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We acknowledge the School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia for providing
the opportunity to conduct this study. Special thanks to Mr. Abu Husin Harun for assisting in
the plant identification in the field and providing valuable guidance in the forest survey.
Table 2: The diversity indices of plants species at the Ulu Muda Forest, Kedah.
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
Number of species
46
198
135
Simpson index
0.978
0.995b
0.993b
Shannon index
3.829a
5.288d
4.905b
Species evenness
1a
1a
1a
Margalef index
11.75c
37.25d
27.32e

Rahmad et al.
20
REFERENCES
Addo-Fordjour P, Rahmad ZB (2015) Liana community assemblages in relation to human
disturbance in a tropical forest in Ghana: implications for conservation. International
Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management, 11(4): 286–297.
Anbarashan M, Parthasarathy N (2013) Tree diversity of tropical dry evergreen forests
dominated by single or mixed species on the Coromandel coast of India. Tropical
Ecology, 54(2): 179–190.
Barbour MG, Burk JH, Pitts WD, Gillians FS, Schwrtz MW (1999) Terrestrial Plant Ecology.
In: Chicago, Illinois: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., Boston. 604 pp.
Berry NJ, Phillips OL, Lewis SL, Hill JK, Edwards DP, Tawatao NB, Ahmad N, Magintan D,
Khen CV, Maryati M, Ong RC (2010) The high value of logged tropical forests: lessons
from northern Borneo. Biodiversity and Conservation, 19(4): 985–997.
Brandon K (2014) Ecosystem Services from Tropical Forests: Review of Current Science.
CGD Working Paper 380, (October 2014), 82.
Cardinale BJ, Duffy JE, Gonzalez A, Hooper DU, Perrings C, Venail P, Naeem S (2012)
Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature, 486(7401): 59–67.
Françoso RD, Haidar RF, Machado RB (2016) Tree species of South America central savanna:
endemism, marginal areas and the relationship with other biomes. Acta Botanica
Brasilica, 30(1): 78–86.
García León MM, Martínez Izquierdo L, Mello FNA, Powers JS, Schnitzer SA (2018) Lianas
reduce community‐level canopy tree reproduction in a Panamanian forest. Journal of
Ecology, 106(2): 737–745.
Ghollasimood S (2011) Tree species composition and Structureofa Coastal Hill Forest in Pulau
Pangkor, Malaysia. Journal of Agricultural Science, 3(4): 172.
Harrison PA, Berry PM, Simpson G, Haslett JR, Blicharska M, Bucur M, Turkelboom F (2014)
Linkages between biodiversity attributes and ecosystem services: A systematic review.
Ecosystem Services, 9: 191–203.
Ifo SA, Moutsambote JM, Koubouana F, Yoka J, Ndzai SF, Bouetou-Kadilamio LN,
Mampouya H, Jourdain C, Bocko Y, Mantota AB, Mbemba M (2016) Tree species
diversity, richness, and similarity in intact and degraded forest in the tropical rainforest
of the Congo Basin: case of the forest of Likouala in the Republic of Congo.
International Journal of Forestry Research, 2016(1): 7593681.
IPBES (2019) Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.
Retrieved from https://www.ipbes.net/document-library-catalogue/ipbes710add1.
Jayakumar S, Kim SS, Heo J (2011) Floristic inventory and diversity assessment-a critical
review. Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental
Sciences, 1(3–4): 151.
Kacholi DS (2014) Analysis of structure and diversity of the Kilengwe Forest in the Morogoro
Region, Tanzania. International Journal of Biodiversity, 516840: 8.
Kumar A, Marcot BG, Saxena A (2006) Tree species diversity and distribution patterns in
tropical forests of Garo Hills. Current Science, 91(10): 1370–1381.
Mardan M, Hakeem K, Faridah-Hanum I, Saari N (2013) Tree species composition and
diversity in one ha forest, Ulu Muda Forest Reserve, Kedah. Sains Malaysiana, 42(10):
1409–1424.
Mariana A, Zuraidawati Z, Ho T, Kulaimi BM, Saleh I, Shukor M, Shahrul-Anuar M (2008)
Ticks (Ixodidae) and other ectoparasites in Ulu Muda Forest Reserve, Kedah, Malaysia.
Southeast Asian journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 39(3): 496.

Ulu Muda Forest Woody Plants
21
Quijas S, Schmid B, Balvanera P (2010) Plant diversity enhances provision of ecosystem
services: A new synthesis. Basic and Applied Ecology, 11(7): 582–593.
Rahmad Z, Johari S, Akomolafe GF (2018) Tree stands and liana community in Royal Belum
State Park, Malaysia. Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology, 8(2):75–
83.
Sadeghi SM, Faridah-Hanum I, Razali W (2014) Tree composition and diversity of a hill
dipterocarp forest after logging. Malayan Nature Journal, 66(4): 1–15.
Saiful I, Faridah-Hanum I, Kamaruzaman J, Latiff A (2008) Floristic diversity, composition
and richness in relation to topography of a hill dipterocarp forest in Malaysia. Paper
presented at the 3th IASME/WSBAS International Conference on Energy &
Environment. 23–25 pp.
Saiful I, Latiff A (2014) Effects of selective logging on tree species composition, richness and
diversity in a hill dipterocarp forest in Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 26:
188–202.
Sorenson T (1948) A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology
based on similarity of species content and its application to analyses of the vegetation
on Danish commons. Biologiske Skrifter, 5(4): 1–34.
Steur G, Verburg RW, Wassen MJ, Verweij PA (2020) Shedding light on relationships between
plant diversity and tropical forest ecosystem services across spatial scales and plot sizes.
Ecosystem Services, 43:101107.
Suksuwan S (2008) Ulu Muda: the hidden realm of the Malaysian Rainforest: Petaling Jaya,
Selangor: WWF-Malaysia, 2008. 100 pp.
Villagra BLP, Gomes EPC, Burnham RJ, Neto SR (2013) Diversity and abundance of climbers
from the Atlantic Forest, southeastern Brazil. Biodiversity and Conservation, 22(11):
2505–2517.
Whitmore T, Sayer J (1992) Deforestation and species extinction in tropical moist forests.
Tropical deforestation and species extinction, 1–14.

Rahmad et al.
22
Appendix 1: List of plants identified at Ulu Muda Forest, Kedah
S/N
Family
Species
Local name
Plant type
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
1
Actinidiaceae
Saurauia pentapetala
Sauraya
T
0
1
0
2
Alangiaceae
Alangium griffithii
Mentulang
U
0
1
0
3
Alangiaceae
Alangium ridleyi
Mentulang
U
0
1
0
4
Anacardiaceae
Bouea macrophylla
Kundang daun besar
U
0
1
0
5
Anacardiaceae
Bouea oppositifolia
Kundang rumenia
U
1
0
1
6
Anacardiaceae
Dracontomelon dao
Sengkuang
U
1
0
1
7
Anacardiaceae
Mangifera macrocarpa
Macang hutan
U
0
0
1
8
Anacardiaceae
Mangifera sp.1
Macang hutan
U
0
0
1
9
Anacardiaceae
Spondias cytherea
Umrah/Amra
E
1
1
1
10
Annonaceae
Cananga odorata
Kenanga hutan
U
1
0
0
11
Annonaceae
Desmos chinensis
Akar mempisang
L
0
1
1
12
Annonaceae
Desmos cochinchinensis
Akar mempisang
L
0
1
1
13
Annonaceae
Desmos dumosa
Akar mempisang
L
0
1
0
14
Annonaceae
Fissistigma manubriatum
Larak
L
1
1
1
15
Annonaceae
Goniothalamus tenuifolius
Seteru putih
S
0
1
1
16
Annonaceae
Goniothalamus tortilipetalus
Seteru hitam
S
0
1
1
17
Annonaceae
Mitrella kentii
Akar mempisang
L
1
1
1
18
Annonaceae
Polyalthia clavigera
Mempisang
U
0
1
0
19
Annonaceae
Polyalthia jenkensii
Mempisang
U
1
1
1
20
Annonaceae
Polyalthia lateriflora
Mempisang
U
0
0
1
21
Annonaceae
Polyalthia rumphii
Mempisang
U
0
1
1
22
Annonaceae
Polyalthia sclerophylla
Mempisang
U
0
0
1
23
Annonaceae
Popowia pisocarpa
Mempisang
U
0
1
1
24
Annonaceae
Pyramidanthe prismatica
Akar mempisang
L
0
1
0
25
Annonaceae
Trivalvaria macrophylla
Mempisang
U
0
1
1
26
Annonaceae
Uvaria pauci-ovulata
Akar mempisang
L
0
1
0
27
Annonaceae
Xylopia magna
Banit kijang
U
0
1
0
28
Apocynaceae
Tabernaemontana corymbosa
Jelutong badak
U
0
1
0
29
Apocynaceae
Tabernaemontana pauciflora
Jelutong kecil
U
0
1
0
30
Araliaceae
Arthrophyllum diversifolium
Susun pelepah
U
0
1
0

Ulu Muda Forest Woody Plants
23
S/N
Family
Species
Local name
Plant type
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
31
Araliaceae
Macropanax maingayi
None
C
0
1
0
32
Araliaceae
Schefflera heterophylla
None
U
0
1
0
33
Araliaceae
Trevesia burckii
Jari hantu
S
0
1
1
34
Bignoniaceae
Diplanchea bancana
Cenderu
C
1
0
0
35
Bombacaceae
Bombax valetonii
Kekabu hutan
E
0
1
1
36
Bombacaceae
Durio singaporensis
Durian hutan
C
0
1
0
37
Burseraceae
Santiria laevigata
Kedondong kerantai licin
C
0
1
1
38
Burseraceae
Santiria tomentosa
Kedondong kerantai bulu
C
1
0
0
39
Burseraceae
Trioma malaccensis
Kedondong kijal
C
0
1
1
40
Cecropiacaeae
Poikilospermum suaveolens
Akar tumpang
L
0
1
0
41
Chloranthaceae
Chloranthus erectus
None
S
1
1
0
42
Combretaceae
Terminalia citrina
Jelawai belang rimau
C
0
0
1
43
Compositae
Vernonia arborea
None
U
0
1
0
44
Connaraceae
Rourea emarginata
None
L
0
1
0
45
Connaraceae
Rourea memosoides
None
L
0
1
0
46
Connaraceae
Rourea minor
None
L
0
1
0
47
Connaraceae
Rourea rugosa
None
L
0
1
1
48
Dilleniaceae
Dillenia reticulata
Simpoh gajah
C
0
1
0
49
Dilleniaceae
Tetracera akara
Akar mempelas
L
0
1
0
50
Dilleniaceae
Tetracera macrophylla
Akar mempelas
L
0
1
0
51
Dilleniaceae
Tetracera maingayi
Akar mempelas
L
0
1
0
52
Dipterocarpaceae
Anisoptera costata
Mersawa kesat
E
0
1
0
53
Dipterocarpaceae
Dipterocarpus costulatus
Keruing kipas
E
0
1
1
54
Dipterocarpaceae
Dipterocarpus fagineus
Keruing bukit
E
0
1
0
55
Dipterocarpaceae
Dipterocarpus hasseltii
Keruing ropol
E
0
1
0
56
Dipterocarpaceae
Hopea mengarawan
Merawan penak
E
0
1
0
57
Dipterocarpaceae
Shorea guiso
Balau membatu
E
0
1
1
58
Dipterocarpaceae
Shorea leprosula
Meranti tembaga
E
0
1
1
59
Dipterocarpaceae
Shorea parvifolia
Meranti sarang punai
E
0
0
1
60
Dipterocarpaceae
Vatica pauciflora
Resak laru
E
1
0
0
61
Ebenaceae
Diospyros andamanica
Kayu arang
U
0
1
1

Rahmad et al.
24
S/N
Family
Species
Local name
Plant type
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
62
Ebenaceae
Diospyros buxifolia
Meribut
U
0
1
0
63
Ebenaceae
Diospyros pendula
Kayu arang
U
0
1
0
64
Ebenaceae
Diospyros singaporensis
Kayu arang
U
0
1
1
65
Ebenaceae
Diospyros sumatrana
Kayu arang
U
0
1
1
66
Elaeocarpaceae
Elaeocarpus stipularis
Mendung
U
0
1
0
67
Euphorbiaceae
Alchornea rhodophylla
Julong jantan
T
0
1
0
68
Euphorbiaceae
Aporosa arborea
Sebasah
U
1
1
1
69
Euphorbiaceae
Aporosa aurea
Sebasah
U
0
1
1
70
Euphorbiaceae
Aporosa confusus
Sebasah
U
0
1
0
71
Euphorbiaceae
Baccaurea brevipes
Rambai hutan
U
1
1
1
72
Euphorbiaceae
Baccaurea kunstleri
Tampoi
U
0
0
1
73
Euphorbiaceae
Baccaurea parviflora
Setambun tahi
U
0
1
1
74
Euphorbiaceae
Baccaurea racemosa
Setambun jantan
U
0
0
1
75
Euphorbiaceae
Croton erythrostachys
Hujan panas
U
1
1
1
76
Euphorbiaceae
Elateriospermum tapos
Perah
C
0
1
1
77
Euphorbiaceae
Endospermum diadenum
Sesenduk
C
1
1
0
78
Euphorbiaceae
Erismanthus obliquus
None
T
0
1
1
79
Euphorbiaceae
Glochidion glomeratum
Ubah
U
1
0
0
80
Euphorbiaceae
Glochidion sericeum
Ubah
U
0
1
0
81
Euphorbiaceae
Macaranga diepenhorstii
Mahang
U
1
1
1
82
Euphorbiaceae
Macaranga gigantea
Mahang gajah
U
1
1
0
83
Euphorbiaceae
Macaranga hosei
Mahang
U
0
1
0
84
Euphorbiaceae
Macaranga hypoleuca
Mahang tumu putih
U
0
1
0
85
Euphorbiaceae
Macaranga lowii
Mahang hutan
U
0
1
0
86
Euphorbiaceae
Mallotus griffithianus
Balik angin
U
0
1
0
87
Euphorbiaceae
Sapium baccatum
Ludai
U
1
1
0
88
Euphorbiaceae
Sauropus androgynus
Pucuk manis hutan
S
0
1
1
89
Fagaceae
Castanopsis curtisii
Berangan
C
0
1
0
90
Fagaceae
Castanopsis lucida
Berangan
C
0
1
1
91
Fagaceae
Lithocarpus rassa
Mempening
C
1
1
1
92
Flacourtiaceae
Casearia sp.2
None
T
0
1
1

Ulu Muda Forest Woody Plants
25
S/N
Family
Species
Local name
Plant type
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
93
Flacourtiaceae
Casearia tuberculata
None
T
0
1
1
94
Flacourtiaceae
Flacourtia rukam
Rukam hutan
T
0
0
1
95
Flacourtiaceae
Hydnocarpus castanea
Setumpol
U
0
1
1
96
Flacourtiaceae
Hydnocarpus woodii
Setumpol
U
0
1
1
97
Flacourtiaceae
Ryparosa fasciculata
Duku hutan
U
0
1
1
98
Flacourtiaceae
Ryparosa kunstleri
Duku hutan
U
0
1
1
99
Flacourtiaceae
Scolopia spinosa
Telusuk ayam
U
0
1
1
100
Gnetaceae
Gnetum macrostachyum
Akar meninjau
T
0
1
0
101
Guttiferae
Garcinia nervosa
Kandis beruang
U
0
1
1
102
Guttiferae
Garcinia parvifolia
Kandis
U
0
1
1
103
Icacinaceae
Stemonurus malaccensis
Sampul keris
U
0
1
1
104
Irvingiaceae
Irvingia malayana
Pauh kijang
E
0
0
1
105
Lauraceae
Actinodaphne sesquipedalis
var.sesquipedalis
Medang payung
U
1
0
0
106
Lauraceae
Cryptocarya infectoria
Medang kunyit
U
0
1
1
107
Lauraceae
Dehasia incrassata
Medang
U
0
1
1
108
Lauraceae
Litsea elliptica
Medang
U
0
1
0
109
Lauraceae
Litsea grandis
Medang
U
0
0
1
110
Vitaceae
Leea indica
Memali
S
1
1
0
111
Leguminosae
Albizia splendens
Batai hutan
C
0
1
0
112
Leguminosae
Bauhinia bidentata
Tapak kuda
L
0
1
1
113
Leguminosae
Caesalpinia andamanica
Gorek
L
0
1
1
114
Leguminosae
Caesalpinia sumatrana
Gorek
L
0
1
1
115
Leguminosae
Callyera atropurpurea
Tulang daing
C
0
1
1
116
Leguminosae
Crudia curtisii
Merbau kera
U
1
0
0
117
Leguminosae
Derris malaccensis
None
L
1
0
0
118
Leguminosae
Dialium platysepalum
Keranji
C
0
0
1
119
Leguminosae
Intsia palembanica
Merbau
E
0
1
1
120
Leguminosae
Parkia timoriana
Petai kerayong
C
0
1
0
121
Leguminosae
Saraca declinata
Gapis
U
0
1
1
122
Leguminosae
Sindora coriacea
Sepetir licin
C
0
0
1

Rahmad et al.
26
S/N
Family
Species
Local name
Plant type
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
123
Leguminosae
Spatolobus ferrugineus
None
L
1
1
1
124
Loganiaceae
Strychnos flavescens
Tarik gajah
L
0
1
1
125
Loganiaceae
Strychnos ignatii
Tarik gajah
L
0
1
1
126
Lytraceae
Lagerstromia speciosa
Bungor
E
1
1
1
127
Magnoliaceae
Magnolia elegans
Cempaka hutan
U
0
1
0
128
Magnoliaceae
Magnolia lilifera var.lilifera
Cempaka hutan
U
0
1
0
129
Malvaceae
Hibiscus macrophyllus
Tutor
C
0
1
1
130
Melastomataceae
Clidermia hirta
Kelentit nyamuk
S
1
1
0
131
Melastomataceae
Oxyspora bullata
Senduduk gajah
S
0
1
0
132
Melastomataceae
Oxyspora hirta
Senduduk gajah
S
0
1
0
133
Melastomataceae
Phyllagatis hirta
Tapak sulaiman
S
0
1
1
134
Melastomataceae
Phyllagatis magnifica
Tapak sulaiman
S
0
1
1
135
Melastomataceae
Pternandra coerulescens
Sial menahun
U
0
1
0
136
Melastomataceae
Pternandra echinata
Sial menahun
U
0
1
0
137
Meliaceae
Aglaia argentea
Bekak
U
0
1
1
138
Meliaceae
Aglaia crassinervia
Bekak
U
1
0
0
139
Meliaceae
Aglaia elliptica
Bekak
U
0
1
0
140
Meliaceae
Aglaia grandis
Bekak
U
0
1
1
141
Meliaceae
Aglaia lawii ssp.oligocarpa
Bekak
U
1
0
0
142
Meliaceae
Aglaia leucophylla
Bekak
U
0
1
0
143
Meliaceae
Aglaia macrocarpa
Bekak
U
0
1
1
144
Meliaceae
Aglaia pachyphylla
Bekak
U
0
0
1
145
Meliaceae
Aglaia palembanica
Bekak
U
0
1
1
146
Meliaceae
Aglaia tenuicaulis
Bekak
U
0
1
1
147
Meliaceae
Aphanamixis polystachya
Kulim burung
U
1
0
1
148
Meliaceae
Aphanamixis sumatrana
Kulim burung
U
1
1
0
149
Meliaceae
Chisocheton ceramicus
Pasak lingga
U
0
1
0
150
Meliaceae
Lansium domesticum
Langsat hutan
U
1
1
1
151
Memecylaceae
Memecylon dichotomum
Nipis kulit
U
0
1
1
152
Memecylaceae
Memecylon megacarpum
Nipis kulit
U
0
1
1
153
Memecylaceae
Memecylon oleifolium
Nipis kulit
U
0
0
1

Ulu Muda Forest Woody Plants
27
S/N
Family
Species
Local name
Plant type
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
154
Memecylaceae
Memecylon pubescens
Nipis kulit
U
0
1
1
155
Menispermaceae
Coscinium fenestratum
Mengkunyit
U
1
1
1
156
Moraceae
Artocarpus elasticus
Terap nasi
L
0
1
1
157
Moraceae
Artocarpus fulvicortex
Keledang bulu
C
0
0
1
158
Moraceae
Ficus kerkhovenii
Ara
LS
0
1
1
159
Moraceae
Ficus lepicarpa
Ara
U
0
1
0
160
Moraceae
Ficus scortechinii
Ara
S
0
1
0
161
Myristicaceae
Horsfieldia polyspherula var.sumatrana
Penarahan
U
0
1
1
162
Myristicaceae
Horsfieldia sucosa
Penarahan
U
0
1
1
163
Myristicaceae
Knema curtisii
Penarahan
U
1
1
0
164
Myristicaceae
Knema furfuracea
Penarahan
U
0
1
1
165
Myristicaceae
Knema hookeriana
Penarahan
U
0
1
1
166
Myristicaceae
Knema lamellaria
Penarahan
U
1
0
1
167
Myristicaceae
Knema scortechinii
Penarahan
U
1
1
1
168
Myristicaceae
Myristica malaccensis
Penarahan arang
U
1
0
0
169
Myrsinaceae
Ardisia chlorantha
Mata pelanduk
T
0
1
1
170
Myrsinaceae
Ardisia fulva
Mata pelanduk
S
0
1
0
171
Myrsinaceae
Ardisia korthalsiana
Mata pelanduk
T
0
1
1
172
Myrsinaceae
Ardisia pachysandra
Mata pelanduk
T
0
1
1
173
Myrtaceae
Syzygium cinereum
Kelat
U
0
1
1
174
Myrtaceae
Syzygium griffithii
Kelat
U
0
1
1
175
Myrtaceae
Syzygium polyalthum
Kelat
U
1
1
0
176
Myrtaceae
Syzygium scortechinii
Kelat
U
0
1
1
177
Myrtaceae
Syzygium sp.6
Kelat
U
0
1
1
178
Olacaceae
Ochanostachys amentacea
Petaling
U
0
1
0
179
Olacaceae
Strombosia javanica
Dedali
U
0
1
0
180
Ophiliaceae
Champereia manillana
Cemperai
T
0
1
1
181
Pandaceae
Galearia fulva
Ekor tupai
T
0
1
1
182
Polygalaceae
Xantophyllum ellipticum
Minyak berok
U
1
0
0
183
Polygalaceae
Xantophyllum eurynchum
Minyak berok
U
0
1
1

Rahmad et al.
28
S/N
Family
Species
Local name
Plant type
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
184
Rhamnaceae
Ziziphus affinis
Bidara hutan
L
0
1
1
185
Rhamnaceae
Ziziphus calophylla
Bidara hutan
L
0
1
1
186
Rhamnaceae
Ziziphus kunstleri
Bidara hutan
L
0
1
1
187
Rhamnaceae
Ziziphus oenoplia
Bidara hutan
L
0
1
1
188
Rhamnaceae
Ziziphus pernettyoides
Bidara hutan
L
0
1
1
189
Rubiaceae
Aidia densiflora
Menterbang
U
0
1
0
190
Rubiaceae
Canthium horridum
Akar kait kecil
L
0
1
1
191
Rubiaceae
Chasalia culviflora
Puding hutan
S
0
1
0
192
Rubiaceae
Coptosapelta tomentosa
None
L
0
1
1
193
Rubiaceae
Diplospora malaccensis
Gading-gading
U
0
1
1
194
Rubiaceae
Fagerlindia fasciculata
None
L
0
1
1
195
Rubiaceae
Greenea corymbosa
None
U
0
1
0
196
Rubiaceae
Lasianthus griffithii
None
S
0
1
1
197
Rubiaceae
Lasianthus inaequalis
None
S
0
1
1
198
Rubiaceae
Lasianthus oblongus
None
S
0
1
1
199
Rubiaceae
Lasianthus sp.6
None
S
0
1
0
200
Rubiaceae
Nauclea offcinalis
Mengkal
U
0
1
0
201
Rubiaceae
Uncaria attenuata
Akar kait-kait
L
0
1
1
202
Sapindaceae
Lepisanthes senegalensis
Rambutan hutan
U
0
1
0
203
Sapindaceae
Nephelium maingayi
Redan
U
0
0
1
204
Sapindaceae
Paranephelium macrophyllum
Rambutan hutan
U
1
1
1
205
Sapindaceae
Pometia pinnata
Kasai daun besar
U
1
1
1
206
Sapotaceae
Madhuca kunstleri
Nyatoh
U
0
0
1
207
Sapotaceae
Palaquium maingayi
Nyatoh tembaga
U
0
1
1
208
Sapotaceae
Payena maingayi
Nyatoh durian
U
0
1
1
209
Smilacaceae
Smilax lanceifolia
Ubi jaga
CL
1
1
0
210
Smilacaceae
Smilax setosa
Ubi jaga
CL
0
1
0
211
Sterculiaceae
Pterocymbium javanicum
Menglembu
C
1
1
1
212
Sterculiaceae
Pterospermum javanicum
Bayur
C
0
1
1
213
Sterculiaceae
Pterygota alata
Kasah
C
1
1
0

Ulu Muda Forest Woody Plants
29
S/N
Family
Species
Local name
Plant type
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
214
Sterculiaceae
Scaphium linearicarpum
Kembang
semangkuk bulat
U
0
1
0
215
Sterculiaceae
Sterculia macrophylla
Kelumpang
U
0
1
0
216
Symplocaceae
Symplocos ophirensis
Jirak
U
0
1
1
217
Tetramelaceae
Tetrameles nudiflora
Mengkundur
E
0
1
1
218
Theaceae
Gordonia multinervis
Samak pulut
U
0
1
0
219
Tiliaceae
Grewia laevigata
Akar cenderai
L
0
1
1
220
Tiliaceae
Microcos hirsuta
Cenderai
U
0
1
1
221
Tiliaceae
Microcos latifolia
Cenderai
U
0
1
1
222
Tiliaceae
Microcos latistipulata
Cenderai
U
0
1
0
223
Tiliaceae
Microcos laurifolia
Cenderai
U
0
1
1
224
Tiliaceae
Microcos tomentosa
Cenderai
U
1
0
0
225
Tiliaceae
Schoutenia furfuracea
Bayur
U
1
1
0
226
Ulmaceae
Celtis philipinensis
Kaum hampas tebu
C
0
1
0
227
Ulmaceae
Celtis rigescens
Kaum hampas tebu
C
0
1
0
228
Ulmaceae
Gironniera nervosa
Hampas tebu
U
0
1
1
229
Verbenaceae
Callicarpa maingayi
Tampang besi
U
0
1
1
230
Verbenaceae
Sphenodesma pentandra var.pentandra
Akar leban
L
0
1
1
231
Verbenaceae
Teijsmanniodendron pteropodum
Entapuloh
U
0
1
0
232
Verbenaceae
Vitex gamosepala
Leban
U
0
1
0
233
Verbenaceae
Vitex pinnata
Leban
U
0
1
0
234
Verbenaceae
Vitex vestita
Leban
U
0
1
0
Key: 1 - present; 0 - absent; E - emergent; C – main canopy; U – understory; T – treelet / small tree; S -shrub; L – liana; CL – slender climbers; LS – large
strangler.