Allium kubeysdaghense, a new species of Allium sect. Codonoprasum (Amaryllidaceae) from Eastern Anatolia, Türkiye

Abstract

Allium kubeysdaghense Sonay & Balos, Allium sect. a new species from Codonoprasum, described from Elazığ
Province, eastern Turkey. It is morphologically similar to A. turcicum and A. turcicum subsp. fusciflorum in general shape
and presence of long spathe valves. But it differs in papyrus-like outer tunic; flexible, purple or green petioles on the upper
part of the leaves; leaf sheaths covering up to 2/3 of the total length of the scape; crescent-shaped leaf cross-section; leaf
margins with 3 to 6 scabrous teeth; verrucose leaf surface; non waxy, cream or white bell-shaped perigone; different structure
and shape of inner and outer tepals; reticulate ovary surface. This study includes a detailed description of the new species,
photographs of the species, habitat and ecological characteristics, conservation assessment, significant morphological
differences with related species, and seed micromorphology (SEM).

Full text

International Journal of Nature and Life Sciences
https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ijnls
e-ISSN: 2602-2397 https://doi.org/10.47947/ijnls.1532537
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Copyright: © 2024 by the authors. Submitted for possible
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Research Article
Allium kubeysdaghense, A New Species of Allium sect. Codonoprasum (Amaryllidaceae) From
Eastern Anatolia, Türkiye
Veysel Sonay 1, Emel Gül 2, Mehmet Maruf Balos 3*, Eyüp Bağcı 4
1 Sarıcan Town, Subaşı Neighborhood, Tirkiyan Street. Number: 38, Karakoçan, Elazığ, Türkiye; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8523-5113
2 Fırat University, Science Faculty, Biology Department, Elazığ, Türkiye; https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6837-6249
3 Şanlıurfa Provincial Directorate of National Education, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9590-5237
4 Fırat University, Science Faculty, Biology Department, Elazığ, Türkiye; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1824-9424
* Corresponding author: mbalos@gmail.com
Abstract: Allium kubeysdaghense Sonay & Balos, Allium sect. a new species from Codonoprasum, described from Elazığ
Province, eastern Turkey. It is morphologically similar to A. turcicum and A. turcicum subsp. fusciflorum in general shape
and presence of long spathe valves. But it differs in papyrus-like outer tunic; flexible, purple or green petioles on the upper
part of the leaves; leaf sheaths covering up to 2/3 of the total length of the scape; crescent-shaped leaf cross-section; leaf
margins with 3 to 6 scabrous teeth; verrucose leaf surface; non waxy, cream or white bell-shaped perigone; different structure
and shape of inner and outer tepals; reticulate ovary surface. This study includes a detailed description of the new species,
photographs of the species, habitat and ecological characteristics, conservation assessment, significant morphological
differences with related species, and seed micromorphology (SEM).
Keywords: Elazığ; Karakoçan; Kovancılar; New onion; Palu; Sultan Kubeys Mountain.
1. Introduction
The genus Allium L. is the largest monocotyledonous genera in the family Amaryllidaceae, with approximately
1078 species naturally distributed throughout the northern hemisphere in worldwide (Friesen et al., 2006; POWO, 2024),
however some of the subgenera may not be monophyletic (Li et al., 2010). The main centers of biodiversity are the Southwest
and Central Asia and the Mediterranean region (Friesen et al., 2006; Li et al., 2010; Chase et al., 2016). Allium cepa L., A.
sativum L., A. fistulosum L., A. ascalonicum L, A. ampeloprasum and A. porrum L. are Allium species with high culinary and
medicinal values. Many Allium species found in the wild in Turkey have ethnobotanical use and among the people, their
leaves and bulbs are consumed as vegetables and spices; their water is drunk, added to cheese, pastry, rice and made into
brine etc. and used for food purposes and earache treatment, appetite stimulant, blood pressure lowering, antiseptic
purposes, strength booster, cold treatment, hemorrhoid treatment, parasite treatment, hair loss, stomach ache, inflamed
wounds, worm reducer, boil treatment, asthma, cough suppressant and flu infection treatment, kidney stone reducer, earache,
rheumatic pain, expectorant, blood pressure lowering, diabetes treatment (Baytop, 1999; Akan et al., 2005, 2008; Balos and
Akan, 2007; Genç, 2010; Koçyiğit, 2010; Ekşi, 2012; Sargın et al., 2013; Akgül et al., 2018; Ekşi Bona, 2018; Yeşil and İnal,
2019; Yeşil et al., 2019; Balos et al., 2022; Demir and Ayaz, 2022; Sağıroğlu et al., 2023).
Received: August 13, 2024
Accepted: August 18, 2024
Online Published: August 18, 2024
Citation:
Sonay, V., Gül, E., Balos,
M. M.,
& Bağcı, E. (2024).
Allium
kubeysdaghense, a new s
pecies
of Allium sect. Codonoprasum
(Amaryllidaceae) from
Eastern
Anatolia, Türkiye.
International
Journal of Na
ture and Life
Sciences, 8 (2), 111-124.

112
Türkiye an important center of Allium diversity in the Southwest Asia (Koyuncu et al., 2023; Balos et al., 2023; Balos and Sonay, 2024) with 234 species.
In recent years, new species related to Allium, especially sect. Codonoprasum, have been published (Koyuncu et al., 2023; Koçyiğit et al., 2023a; Fırat, 2023;
Koçyiğit et al., 2024; Eker, 2024; Yıldırım et al., 2024; Sonay et al., 2024; Çeçen et al., 2024).
Allium sect. Codonoprasum Reichb., contains 67 taxa (37 of which are endemic) (Koyuncu et al., 2023; Koçyiğit et al., 2023a; Sonay et al., 2024). With
the new species in this study, the number of Allium species in Turkey increased to 232 and the number of sect. Codonoprasum species increased to 68.
The first specimens of the new species described here were collected in August 2023 during the floristic studies carried out in Sultan Kubeys Mountain
(Elazığ, Türkiye) during the scientific field trip, which was the second author's master's thesis study. As a result of the examinations made on the collected
specimens, it was determined that the species was an undescribed species, but due to the lack of specimens for a detailed description, a sufficient number of
plant specimens were collected from the place where the plant was first collected the following year, in August 2024. As a result of detailed morphological studies
on living materials, it was concluded that the plant was a new species and this article was written. The new species presented to your journal under the name
Allium kubeysdaghense was compared in relation to the species A. turcicum and A. turcicum subsp. fusciflorum.
The eastern and south-eastern region of Türkiye region is a less studied region in terms of the Allium genus. In 4 years, new Allium species have been
discovered from Türkiye (Armağan, 2021a, 2021b; Balos et al., 2021; Balos, 2022a, 2022b, 2022c; Balos et al., 2022a; Özdöl et al., 2022; Balos and Geçit, 2023a,
2023b; Balos et al., 2023; Koçyiğit et al., 2023a; Eker, 2023; Fırat, 2024; Koçyiğit et al., 2024; Eker, 2024; Yıldırım et al., 2024). Many new endemic species have
been described in Elazığ (Türkiye) in the last two years (Balos, et al., 2022a; Balos, et al., 2023; Keskin, et al., 2023; Sonay, et al., 2024). This shows that the
region is rich in plant diversity.
2. Materials and Methods
In this study, about 30 specimens were collected in this study from natural locality. For the identification of the collected specimens, the literature on Allium
was reviewed. We consulted Kollmann (1984), Özhatay and Tzanoudakis (2000), and Koyuncu et al., (2023) that deal with the Turkish species. Floras of the
neighbouring regions including Iran, Iraq, Syria and Palestine were also consulted (Boissier 1882; Feinbrun 1948; Wendelbo, 1971, 1985). Additional relevant
publications include Brullo et al., (2013; 2014), Salmeri et al., (2015), Cowley et al., (1993), Özhatay et al., (2018), Bagheri et al., (2020), Ioannidis and Tzanoudakis
(2022), Koçyiğit and Kaya (2020), Trigas and Barega (2020), Armağan (2021a), Pirhan (2022), Balos (2022a, 2022b), Balos et al., (2022a), Özdöl et al., (2022),
Balos and Geçit (2023a, 2023b), Koçyiğit et al., (2023), Jang et al., (2024), Koçyiğit et al., (2024), Eker (2024), Sonay et al., (2024), and Yıldırım et al., (2024).
Morphological studies were carried out to describe and characterize of this Allium species in all Allium were examined on fresh material using with a
stereo-binocular microscope. The collected specimens are kept in the herbarium of the Harran University Herbarium (HARRAN).
Electron micrographs (Scanning Electron Microscope, SEM) were obtained under a Zeiss EVO 50 SEM at an accelerating voltage of 10 kV, three
seeds were mounted onto aluminium stubs with double adhesive carbon tape and coated with 5 nm thick gold prior to observation. Ornamentation descriptions
(Table 1) on SEM ornamentation images of seeds (Figure 4) were made according to Neshati and Fritsch (2009), Choi and Cota-Sanchez (2010, 2012), Bednorz
et al., (2011), Celep et al., (2012), Lin and Tan (2017), Baasanmunkh et al., (2020; 2021), Khorasani et al., (2020), Ariunzaya et al., (2022, 2023), Shin et al.,
(2022) and Yusupov et al., (2022).
3. Results and Discussion
Allium kubeysdaghense Balos & Sonay sp. nov. (Fig. 1 and 2)
Type: Türkiye, Elazığ Province, Kovancılar / Palu / Karakoçan district, Mt. Sultan Kubeys, steppe area, 2315 m., 15 July 2024, M. Balos 5670 & V. Sonay
(holotype HARRAN, isotype FUH, HARRAN).
Paratype: Türkiye, Elazığ Province, Kovancılar / Palu / Karakoçan district, Mt. Sultan Kubeys, steppe area, 2310 m., 12 August 2023, M. Balos 5554 & V.
Sonay (Paratype HARRAN).
Etymology: The new species takes its name from Sultan Kubeys, which gave its name to Sultan Kubeys Mountain and where his tomb is located. Sultan
Kubeys Mountain is located between the Kovancilar, Palu and Karakoçan districts, close to the Elazığ-Bingöl border. The new scientific Turkish name suggested
according to the guides of Menemen et al., (2016; 2021) is "Kubeys soğanı", named in honor of Sultan Kubeys.

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Bulbous perennial, bulb ovoid, 1.5–2 × 1–1.5 cm diameter, no bulblets; outer tunics greyish, blackish, papyraceous, forming a 0.5–1 cm collar on the stem;
inner tunics membranous, dirty white. Scape 16–33 × 1–2.5 mm; straight, upper part sometimes flexuous; purple or green; usually up to 2/3 of total long covered
by scabrid leaf sheaths ± ribbed. Leaves (–2) 3–4 pieces, 7–15 × 2–3 mm; sometimes exceeding the inflorescence, crescent shaped, semi-cylindrical, canaliculate,
scabrid teeth in groups of 3–6 at intervals; surface densely covered with white verrucose. Spathe persistent with two unequal valves, much longer than umbel;
lower part of valves narrow triangular, upper part thin-pointed; short one 4–10 cm, longer one 7.5–14.5 cm long; fragile, easily falls off in herbarium specimens
during fruiting period. Inflorescence lax, umbellate, sparsely flowering, slightly spreading, 3.5–6 cm in diam, with 20–60 flowers. Pedicels unequal, 1.5–2.5 cm,
directed laterally and upwards, central pedicels elongating up to 3 cm at fruiting stage, waxy, bracteolate. Perigone 4–4.75 × 3–4 mm, campanulate, tepals unequal.
Outer tepal 3.9–4.5 x 1.6–2 mm, wider than inner tepal, obovate, oblong-obovate or elliptic-obovate, retuse, truncate or rounded at apex, creamy, brownish,
brownish-green, the tips and edges of the tepals have greenish or brownish stripes, with green or dark brown midvein, inner tepal 3.5–4.5 × 1.5–1.8 mm, narrower
than outer tepal, oblong or narrowly obovate, truncate or retuse at apex, creamy, brownish, brownish-green, tepals. Stamens clearly exserted from perigone;
filaments simple, upper part purplish, 5.5–7 mm long, below connate into an annulus 0.6–0.9 mm high, interstaminal teeth absent. Anthers yellow, oblong, 1.2–
1.4 × 0.6–0.7 mm, retuse at apex. Ovary yellow, subglobose or globose, with deep longitudinal furrows, upper part narrowed, with reticulate surface, no papillose,
1.5–2.8 × 1.2–2 mm, with a 0.3–0.5 mm long stipe. Style 3.75–6 mm long, white, distinctly exerted from perigon. Capsule globose, tripartite, 4–4.5 × 4–4.2 mm,
upper parts purplish; valves globose, emarginate, 4–4.5 × 3.5–4 mm; 3 carpel and trilocular, each loculus bearing 2 seed; seed oblong, semicircle, with a feebly
rugose surface, 3.5–4 × 1.6–2 mm.
Distribution and Habitat: Allium kubeysdaghense is a endemic found Elazığ province, eastern Anatolia (Türkiye). It grows on the mountain top, in stony,
steppe areas at 2200–2315 m a.s.l. (Fig. 1). Other plant species grooving nearby are Acantholimon saxifragiform Hausskn. & Sint. ex Bokhari, Achillea millefolium
L. Allium murat-sonayi Balos, Sonay & C.Çeçen, A. pseudoampeloprasum Miscz. ex Grossh., Astragalus acicularis Bunge, A. lagopoides Lam. Helichrysum
arenarium subsp. aucheri (Boiss.) P.H.Davis & Kupicha, Hypericum linarioides Bosse, H. Scabrum L., Jacobaea cilicia (Boiss.) B.Nord., Odontites aucheri Boiss.,
Prometheum sempervivoides (Fisch. ex M.Bieb.) H.Ohba, Tanacetum nitens (Boiss. & Noë) Grierson.
Conservation status: As a result of the Geocat Program Analysis (GeoCAT, 2024), the distribution area of the plant species covers an area of occupancy
(AOO) is 4000 km2, extent of occupancy (EOO) is 0.012 km2. It is estimated that there are less than 200–250 individuals in the only known location. Due to goat
grazing and people's tourist activities, a decrease in the number of the species is expected in the near future. Therefore, according to the IUCN Red List categories
and criteria (https://www.iucnredlist.org/), we assessed its conservation status as "Critically Endangered" (CR) [criterion B2ab [i, ii, iii] (IUCN, 2024).
Allium kubeysdaghense is morphologically similar to A. turcicum and A. turcicum subsp. fusciflorum in general shape and presence of long spathe valves.
But it differs in papyrus-like outer tunic; flexible, purple or green petioles on the upper part of the leaves; leaf sheaths covering up to 2/3 of the total length of the
scape; crescent-shaped leaf cross-section; leaf margins with 3 to 6 scabrous teeth; verrucose leaf surface; non waxy, cream or white bell-shaped perigone;
different structure and shape of inner and outer tepals; reticulate ovary surface, different colour of capsule and ornemantasyon of seed surface (see Fig. 1–4 and
Table 1).
Additional examined selected specimens: Allium turcicum (Endemic): Türkiye. Diyarbakır: Between Çermik and Çüngüş counties, near Sinek village, stony
and rocky areas, 1125 m., 06 June 2023, M. Balos 5440 & C. Çeçen (HARRAN). Allium turcicum subsp. fusciflorum (Endemik): Type: Mardin Province, Artuklu
District, Zınnar region, rocky areas, 1140 m., 09 June 2023, M. Balos 5482, C. Çeçen & M. Geçit (holotype HARRAN, isotype HARRAN).

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Figure 1. Allium kubeysdaghense. A–B: Habitat, C: Leaves, D–E: Habit at the holotype locality, F: Inflorescences, G: In fruit, H: Perigone.

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Figure 2. Allium kubeysdaghense (from holotype). A: Habit, B: Bulb, C: Leaf sheaths on stem, D–E: Leaf, F: Leaf cross-section, G–H: Perigon, I: Outer surface
of open perigon, J: Inner surface of open perigon, K: Outer (K1), inner (K2) tepal, L: Ovary, M: Ovary cross-section (from lower part), N: Ovary cross-section
(from upper part), O: Cross-section of the scape, P: Anther, Q: Capsule, R: Valve of capsule, S: Seed (from paratype, M. Balos 5554 & V. Sonay, for seed).

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Figure 3. Comparison of some different morphological parts of A. kubeysdaghense, A. turcicum subsp. turcicum, and A. turcicum subsp. fusciflorum. — A.
kubeysdaghense: A1: Inflorescences. A2: Perigon, A3. Outer–inner–outer tepals, A4: Leaf cross-section, A5: Ovary, A6: Capsule, A7: Seed; — A. turcicum
subsp. turcicum, B1: Inflorescences, B2: Perigon, B3. Outer–inner–outer tepals, B4: Leaf cross-section, B5: Ovary, B6: Capsule, B7: Seed; — A. turcicum subsp.
fusciflorum, C1: Inflorescences, C2: Perigon, C3. Outer–inner–outer tepals, C4: Leaf cross-section, C5: Ovary, C6: Capsule, C7: Seed.

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Figure 4. SEM micrographs of seed testa of the new species and its closest related taxa, (A1–A3 ): Allium kubeysdaghense (M. Balos 5670, HARRAN),
(B1–B3): A. turcicum (M. Balos 5467, HARRAN), C1–C3: A. turcicum subsp. fusciflorum (M. Balos 5482, HARRAN).
Table 1. Distinguishing characters between Allium kubeysdaghense, A. turcicum and A. turcicum subsp. fusciflorum
Characters A. kubeysdaghense sp. nov. A. turcicum subsp. turcicum A. turcicum subsp. fusciflorum
Bulb (length cm ×
width cm)
1.5–2 × 1–1.5, bulb single, a single
scape emerging from a bulb
1.5–2 × 1–1.2, bulb single, a
single scape emerging from a
bulb
1–2 × 0.5–1.5, bulb single or double,
a single or double scape emerging
from a bulb
Outer tunic papyraceous, greyish, blackish,
intermediate tunic papery dirty
yellowish, forming a 0.5–1 cm collar
on the stem
coriaceous, brownish,
intermediate tunic papery dirty
yellowish, forming a 0.5–0.7 cm
collar on the stem
coriaceous, brownish to blackish,
intermediate tunic papery yellowish
to orange, forming a 0.3–0.5 cm
collar on the stem
Inner tunic membranous, dirty white membranous, white membranous, white
Scape long (length
cm × width mm)
16–33 × 1–2.5; straight, upper part
sometimes flexuous; purple or green
15–30 × 2–2.5, erect or erect
ascending, green
10–40 × 1.5–2, straight or slightly
slanting, glabrous
Spathe valves
up to 2/3 of total length covered by
scabrid leaf sheaths
up to 1/2 of scape length lower
sheaths scabrid
more than 1/2 of total length
covered by glabrous leaf sheaths
Leaves (–2) 3–4, 7–15 cm long, 2–3 mm wide;
crescent shaped, semi-cylindrical,
canaliculate, scabrid teeth in groups of
3–4, 14–22 cm long, 1–1.2 mm
broad, semi-cylindrical,
3–6, 1.5–2 mm broad, the lower part
of the leaf that is connected to the
stem and the upper parts are

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3–6 at intervals; surface densely
covered with white verrucose
canaliculate, the lower part of the
leaf is solid and the upper part is
hollow, margins scabrid
hollow; sometimes there is a leaf
with channels on both sides
between the leaf and the leaf
sheath, surface densely covered
with white verrucose
Spathe valve short one 4–10 cm, longer one 7.5–
14.5 cm length, dirty yellow, easily
falls off in herbarium specimens during
fruiting period
short one 10–18 cm length, longer
one 12–25 cm length,
longitudinally fine densely veined,
yellow, upper parts purplish, not
falls off in herbarium specimens
during fruiting period
short one 5.5–15 cm, longer one
9.5–22 cm length, margins entire;
Inflorescence 3.5–6 cm diam 2–4 cm diam 2–4.5 cm diam
Flowers 20–60 10–35 10–60
Pedicels 1.5–2.5 cm 1.5–2 cm length 0.5–2.5 cm length
Perigone (length
mm × width mm)
4–4.75 × 3–4 mm width, campanulate,
no waxy, tepals unequal, outher tepal
wider than inner tepal
3.8–4.6 × 3.75–4, shortly
campanulate, waxy, clearly
unequal, inner longer than and
narrower, tepals, covered with a
waxy layer; green
3.5–4.3 × 3–4.2, globose, creamy to
brownish, clearly unequal, inner
longer than ones, covered with a
waxy layer
Outer tepals (length
mm × width mm)
3.9–4.5 × 1.6–2, wider than inner
tepal, obovate, oblong-obovate or
elliptic-obovate, retuse, truncate or
rounded at apex, creamy, brownish,
brownish-green, the tips and edges of
the tepals have greenish or brownish
stripes, with green or dark brown
midvein
3.5–4.5 × 2.5–3, obovate, obtuse,
no curved outwards, greenish
with dark green midvein
3.5–4.1 × 2.1–2.5, elliptical, keeled,
obtuse, broader than inner tepal,
creamy to brownish, with green
midvein, brown stripes on the sides
and upwards
Inner tepals (length
mm × width mm)
3.5–4.5 × 1.5–1.8, narrower than outer
tepal, oblong or narrowly obovate,
truncate or retuse at apex, creamy,
brownish, brownish-green, the tips
and edges of the tepals have greenish
or brownish stripes, with green or dark
brown midvein
4–5.5 × 2–2.5, obovate, no curved
outwards, green with dark green
midwein, purplish at apex (dark
purplish when dry) with irregularly
dentate, truncate-emerginate
3.75–4.75 × 1.75–2, narrowly
elliptical, creamy to brownish, with
green midrib, brown lines on sides
and upwards, irregularly dentate at
apex, truncate-truncate
Filaments 5.5–7 mm length, below connate into
an annulus 0.6–0.9 mm high, white or
upper part purple
6.5–8 mm length, below connate
into an annulus 0.8–1 mm high,
upper part purple
4.5–7 mm length, connected below
into an annulus 0.5–1.0 mm long,
upper part purple
Anther (length mm ×
width mm)
1.2–1.4 × 0.6–0.7, retuse at apex 1.25–1.5 × 0.6–0.9, truncate at
apex
1.4–1.5 × 0.6–0.7, rounded at apex
Ovary (length mm ×
width mm)
1.5–2.8 × 1.2–2, with a 0.3–0.5 mm
long stipe. subglobose or globose,
with deep longitudinal furrows, upper
1.6–1.8 × 1.6–2, with a 0.2–0.3
mm stip, subglobose, with shallow
1.5–2.5 × 1.75–2, with a 0.25–0.5
mm long stipe. globose or

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part narrowed, with reticulate surface,
no papillose
longitudinal furrows, surface
papillose
subglobose, with deep longitudinal
furrows, surface papillose
Style 3.75–6 mm length, white 4–4.5 mm length, the upper half is
purple
2–5.8 mm length, white
Capsule (length mm
× width mm)
4–4.5 × 4–4.2, upper parts purplish 3.5--4 × 4–5, dirty yellow 3.5–4 × 3.5–5.2 pinkish
Capsule valves
(length mm × width
mm)
4–4.5 × 3.5–4 3.75–4 × 3–4 3.5–4 × 3.5–4.5
Seed (length mm ×
width mm)
3.5–4 × 1.6–2 3.5–3.8 × 1.5–2 3–3.5 × 2–2.5
Seed testa cell Irregularly polygonal (4–8 -edged),
ellipsoid-oblongoid (43.95 µm long,
23.15 μm wide)
Irregularly polygonate (3–5), sub-
isodiametric in some area, often
have unclear boundaries. The
length of the cells are
approximately 2–3 times longer
than their width (24–44.4 × 8–25.8
μm), with undulate borders
Irregularly polygonate testa cells
(pentagonal to hexagonal), semi-
isodiametric to elongated (24.4–
38.8 × 15.6–24.00 µm), with distinct
and sharply angled cell walls
Seed periclinal walls ± flat, granulose, with several
irregularly shaped and sized verrucae,
smaller verrucae in rows at the edges
slightly raised ± flat, with large
and small verrucae and a few
granular and irregular shaped
verrucae at the edge
slightly elevated ± convex, with 1–3
large central papillate verrucae and
smaller verrucae regularly arranged
at the edges
Seed anticlinal
walls
5.84 µm wide depressed, broad,
±straight, covered by strap-like
sculptures
8–16.4 µm wide, depressed,
more or less ± straight, covered
with vaguely strap-like sculpture
4–10.8 µm wide, depressed, ±
straight, covered by strap-like
sculptures
Conflicts of Interests
Authors declare that there is no conflict of interests
Financial Disclosure
This study was supported by the Scientific Investigation Project Coordination Office of Fırat University (Project IDFF-00-25).
Statement contribution of the authors
This study's experimentation, analysis and writing, etc. all steps were made by the authors.
Acknowledgements: We would like to thank Mr. Osman Adıgüzel and Necmettin Gül for his assistance in field work and Dr. Kemal Doğan from the Harran
University for taking SEM photographs of seeds. Also we would like to thank Scientific Investigation Project Coordination Office of Fırat University for for financial
support.

120
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