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International Journal of Applied Research in Social Sciences, Volume 6, Issue 8, August 2024
Enobie, Okwandu, Abdulwaheed, & Iwuanyanwu, P.No. 1642-1652 Page 1642
Effective waste management in construction: Techniques and
implementation
Benfancy Kelechi Enobie1, Azubuike Chukwudi Okwandu2, Sanni Ayinde Abdulwaheed3, &
Obinna Iwuanyanwu4
1Independent Researcher, Connecticut, USA
2Arkifill Resources Limited, Portharcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
3Construction Manager, Osun State, Nigeria
4Independent Researcher, Delta State, Nigeria
______________________________________________________________________________
Corresponding Author: Benfancy Kelechi Enobie
Corresponding Author Email: benfancyenobie@gmail.com
Article Received: 01-03-24 Accepted: 12-06-24 Published: 11-08-24
Licensing Details: Author retains the right of this article. The article is distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 License
(http://www.creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction
and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as
specified on the Journal open access page.
______________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
This review paper examines the critical issue of waste management in the construction industry,
focusing on techniques for reducing and managing construction waste. It begins by highlighting
the importance of waste management, outlining the significant environmental and economic
impacts of construction waste, and setting the research objectives. The paper then categorizes the
types of construction waste and identifies the primary sources and impacts of these wastes.
Effective waste reduction and management techniques are discussed, including waste prevention,
reuse, recycling, and sustainable construction practices. The regulatory and policy frameworks
governing waste management are analyzed, focusing on international and local policies. Best
practices for implementation, illustrated through successful case examples, are provided, along
with the roles of various stakeholders. The impact of modern technologies and innovations, such
as Building Information Modeling (BIM) and the Internet of Things (IoT), on waste management
OPEN ACCESS
International Journal of Applied Research in Social Sciences
P-ISSN: 2706-9176, E-ISSN: 2706-9184
Volume 6, Issue 8, P.No. 1642-1652, August 2024
DOI: 10.51594/ijarss.v6i8.1390
Fair East Publishers
Journal Homepage: www.fepbl.com/index.php/ijarss
International Journal of Applied Research in Social Sciences, Volume 6, Issue 8, August 2024
Enobie, Okwandu, Abdulwaheed, & Iwuanyanwu, P.No. 1642-1652 Page 1643
is explored. Finally, the paper addresses current challenges in waste management and provides
recommendations for future improvements, emphasizing the need for collaborative efforts
among industry stakeholders.
Keywords: Construction Waste Management, Sustainable Construction, Waste Reduction
Techniques, Building Information Modeling (BIM), Recycling and Reuse.
_____________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
Background and Importance of Waste Management in Construction
The construction industry significantly contributes to global waste production, generating a
substantial portion of the waste in landfills. Estimates suggest that construction and demolition
activities account for approximately 40% of the total solid waste generated worldwide. This
waste includes concrete, wood, metals, glass, plastics, and other debris. This waste's sheer
volume and diverse nature pose significant challenges for effective disposal and management
(Hoang, Ishigaki, Kubota, Yamada, & Kawamoto, 2020).
The environmental impacts of construction waste are profound. Construction waste can lead to
soil and water contamination, air pollution, and habitat destruction when improperly managed.
The decomposition of organic materials in landfills produces methane, a potent greenhouse gas
contributing to climate change. Moreover, the extraction and processing of new construction
materials consume natural resources and energy, further exacerbating environmental degradation
(Aiguobarueghian, Adanma, & Kupa, 2024a; Muhammad, Khan, Khan, & Khan, 2021).
Economically, the mismanagement of construction waste can lead to increased costs for disposal,
fines for non-compliance with regulations, and lost opportunities for material recovery and reuse
(Woodard, 2021). Effective waste management practices can mitigate these costs by reducing
waste generated, promoting the reuse and recycling of materials, and ensuring compliance with
environmental regulations. Thus, there is a compelling need for the construction industry to
adopt more sustainable waste management practices to minimize its environmental footprint and
enhance economic efficiency (Kabirifar, Mojtahedi, Wang, & Tam, 2020).
Objectives of the Paper
This paper examines the current landscape of waste management in the construction industry,
identifying key challenges and exploring innovative waste reduction and management
techniques. The primary focus will be on sustainable practices that can be integrated into
construction projects to minimize waste generation, promote material reuse and recycling, and
enhance overall project efficiency.
The research will explore various waste management strategies, including waste prevention and
minimization, reuse and recycling practices, and sustainable construction methods. It will also
explore the role of technology and innovation in improving waste management outcomes,
highlighting how modern tools and techniques can facilitate more efficient and effective waste
management practices. In addition, the paper will analyze the regulatory and policy frameworks
that govern waste management in the construction industry, examining how different regulations
and policies impact waste management practices. Best practices from successful case studies will
be presented to illustrate practical implementations of effective waste management strategies.
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Ultimately, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the importance of effective
waste management in the construction industry and offer actionable insights and
recommendations for improving waste management practices. By highlighting the significance
of implementing effective waste management techniques, the paper seeks to underscore the need
for a concerted effort among industry stakeholders, including contractors, policymakers, and
suppliers, to adopt more sustainable practices that can lead to a reduction in construction waste
and its associated environmental and economic impacts.
TYPES AND SOURCES OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE
Classification of Construction Waste
Construction waste encompasses various materials, each with distinct characteristics and
environmental impacts. Understanding the classification of construction waste is crucial for
developing effective waste management strategies. Generally, construction waste can be
categorized into several types (de Andrade Salgado & de Andrade Silva, 2022; Ho, Iizuka, &
Shibata, 2021; Joseph et al., 2023; Li et al., 2022; Quedou, Wirquin, & Bokhoree, 2021):
Concrete: Concrete waste is one of the most abundant types of construction waste, resulting
from demolition, construction, and renovation activities. It includes broken slabs, bricks, and
other cement-based materials.
Wood: Wood waste arises from various construction activities, including framing, flooring,
and finishing. This category includes untreated lumber, plywood, particleboard, and other
wood products.
Metals: Metal waste, such as steel, aluminum, copper, and iron, is commonly generated
during construction and demolition. These materials often come from structural elements,
wiring, and plumbing.
Plastics: Plastic waste includes materials such as PVC pipes, insulation, packaging, and
plastic sheets. These are often used in construction for various purposes, including piping,
insulation, and protective coverings.
Glass: Glass waste is produced from windows, doors, and other glazing materials. It is often
a result of renovations and demolitions.
Insulation Materials: Insulation waste includes materials such as fiberglass, foam, and
mineral wool, which are used in building insulation.
Gypsum: Gypsum waste is mainly generated from drywall, plaster, and other wallboard
products.
Asphalt: Asphalt waste comes from road construction, roofing, and other applications where
asphalt is used.
Primary Sources of Construction Waste
Construction waste is generated at various stages of the building process, each contributing to the
overall waste produced. The primary sources of construction waste include (Chi, Lu, Ye, Bao, &
Zhang, 2020; Hoang, Ishigaki, Kubota, Tong, et al., 2020; Jalaei, Zoghi, & Khoshand, 2021;
Kabirifar et al., 2020):
Demolition: Demolition activities are a significant source of construction waste. When
buildings are torn down, a large volume of waste is generated, including concrete, metals,
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Enobie, Okwandu, Abdulwaheed, & Iwuanyanwu, P.No. 1642-1652 Page 1645
wood, and glass. Demolition waste often includes materials that are difficult to separate and
recycle.
Renovation: Renovation projects generate waste from removing and replacing building
components. This can include old fixtures, flooring, drywall, and other materials no longer
needed.
New Construction: New construction activities produce waste, although typically at lower
volumes than demolition and renovation. Waste from new construction includes off-cuts
from wood and metal, packaging materials, and surplus building materials.
Site Preparation: Before construction begins, site preparation activities such as clearing
vegetation, excavating, and grading can generate waste, including soil, vegetation, and rock.
Construction Processes: During the construction process, waste is generated from the
installation of building materials, including off-cuts, packaging, and damaged materials.
Impact of Different Waste Types
The environmental and health impacts of construction waste vary depending on the type of
material. Effective waste management requires understanding these impacts to prioritize waste
reduction, reuse, and recycling efforts (Grădinaru, Muntean, Șerbănoiu, Ciocan, & Burlacu,
2020; Osial, Pregowska, Wilczewski, Urbańska, & Giersig, 2022).
Concrete: Concrete waste, if not managed properly, can contribute to the depletion of natural
resources through the need for new raw materials. Additionally, concrete waste in landfills
can lead to increased greenhouse gas emissions.
Wood: Wood waste can decompose and produce methane if disposed of in landfills.
However, treated wood waste may release harmful chemicals into the environment. Reusing
and recycling wood waste can mitigate these impacts.
Metals: Metal waste has a high recycling potential, which can significantly reduce its
environmental impact. Recycling metals reduces the need for new raw materials, conserving
natural resources and energy.
Plastics: Plastic waste poses a significant environmental threat due to its long degradation
period and potential for microplastic pollution. Incineration of plastic waste can release toxic
chemicals into the atmosphere, impacting air quality.
Glass: Glass waste is non-biodegradable and can occupy landfill space indefinitely.
Recycling glass can conserve raw materials and reduce energy consumption in glass
production.
Insulation Materials: Insulation waste can be harmful if it contains hazardous materials such
as asbestos. Proper disposal and recycling can mitigate health risks and environmental
impacts.
Gypsum: Gypsum waste can produce hydrogen sulfide gas if disposed of in landfills, posing
a risk to human health and the environment. Recycling gypsum can prevent these issues and
allow the material to be reused in new products.
Asphalt: Asphalt waste can be recycled into new asphalt products, reducing the need for new
raw materials and minimizing environmental impact. Improper disposal of asphalt can lead to
soil and water contamination.
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TECHNIQUES FOR WASTE REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Waste Prevention and Minimization
Effective waste management in the construction industry begins with waste prevention and
minimization. These strategies focus on reducing waste generation at the source, which is the
most efficient way to manage waste. By addressing waste at its origin, the industry can
significantly decrease the volume of materials that must be managed, recycled, or disposed of.
One of the primary strategies for reducing waste generation is meticulous design and planning.
Architects and engineers play a crucial role in this process by designing buildings with waste
minimization in mind. This can include specifying standard dimensions for materials to reduce
off-cuts, using prefabricated components to minimize on-site waste, and choosing materials that
generate less waste during installation. Additionally, design for deconstruction, where buildings
are designed to be easily dismantled, can facilitate the reuse and recycling of materials at the end
of a building's life (Aiguobarueghian, Adanma, Ogunbiyi, & Solomon, 2024b; Bertino et al.,
2021).
Another effective strategy is the implementation of Just-In-Time (JIT) delivery systems. By
delivering materials to the construction site only as needed, the industry can reduce the
likelihood of material damage and waste due to prolonged storage. Moreover, careful inventory
management and accurate ordering can prevent over-ordering of materials, a common waste
source. Education and training of construction workers and site managers are also essential in
waste prevention. By promoting a culture of waste consciousness and providing training on best
practices for waste reduction, the construction industry can ensure that waste minimization
strategies are effectively implemented on-site (Liu, Yi, & Wang, 2020).
Reuse and Recycling Practices
In addition to preventing waste, reusing and recycling materials are critical to effective waste
management. Reuse involves finding new uses for materials that would otherwise be discarded,
while recycling involves processing waste materials to produce new products. Techniques for
reusing construction materials include deconstruction and salvage operations. Deconstruction
involves carefully dismantling buildings to preserve materials that can be reused. Salvaged
materials such as bricks, tiles, timber, and fixtures can be cleaned, refurbished, and reused in new
construction projects, reducing the need for new materials and diverting waste from landfills
(Kwakye, Ekechukwu, & Ogundipe, 2024; Raji, Ijomah, & Eyieyien, 2024).
Recycling construction waste is another key strategy. Many materials, including metals,
concrete, and asphalt, can be recycled into new products. For example, concrete can be crushed
and used as aggregate in new concrete mixes, while metals can be melted down and reformed
into new products. Advances in recycling technology have also led to the development of
innovative processes for recycling construction waste. For instance, mobile recycling units can
be brought to construction sites to process materials on-site, reducing transportation costs and
emissions (Afolabi, Owoade, Iyere, & Nwobi, 2024; Ogborigbo et al., 2024).
Innovative recycling processes also include using waste materials to produce new, sustainable
building products. For example, recycled plastic can create composite materials for decking and
cladding, and recycled glass can be incorporated into countertops and tiles. These practices
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reduce waste and promote the use of sustainable materials in construction (Tang, Li, Tam, &
Xue, 2020).
Sustainable Construction Practices
Adopting sustainable construction practices is another crucial aspect of waste reduction and
management. Sustainable construction involves using materials and methods that have a lower
environmental impact throughout the building's life cycle, from construction to demolition. One
approach to sustainable construction is the use of green building materials. These materials are
typically sourced from renewable resources, have a lower environmental footprint, and are often
recyclable at the end of their life. Examples include bamboo, recycled steel, and sustainably
harvested timber. Using these materials can reduce the environmental impact of construction and
promote waste reduction (Anaba, Kess-Momoh, & Ayodeji, 2024; Ekechukwu & Simpa, 2024).
Another sustainable practice is the implementation of construction methods that minimize waste.
For example, modular construction involves assembling components in a factory setting and
transporting them to the construction site for assembly. This method can significantly reduce on-
site waste and improve construction efficiency. Additionally, using advanced construction
techniques such as Building Information Modeling (BIM) can help plan and manage materials
more efficiently, reducing waste generated during construction (Jalaei et al., 2021). Green
building certifications, such as Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), are
vital in promoting sustainable construction practices. These certifications set standards for
sustainable building design, construction, and operation. Buildings that achieve LEED
certification have demonstrated a commitment to sustainability, including effective waste
management. The certification process encourages using recycled and recyclable materials,
waste reduction strategies, and sustainable construction practices (Aiguobarueghian, Adanma, &
Kupa, 2024b; Chi et al., 2020; Kupa, Adanma, Ogunbiyi, & Solomon, 2024).
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES
Regulatory and Policy Framework
A robust regulatory and policy framework underpins effective waste management in the
construction industry. Regulations and policies are crucial in setting standards, enforcing
compliance, and promoting best practices for waste reduction and management. Globally,
various regulations have been established to address the environmental impacts of construction
waste and encourage sustainable practices.
Several frameworks and guidelines have been developed internationally to promote sustainable
waste management. For instance, the European Union's Waste Framework Directive sets the
foundation for waste management policies across member states. It emphasizes the waste
hierarchy, prioritizing waste prevention, reuse, recycling, and recovery before disposal. It also
mandates member states to develop waste management plans and prevention programs. The
directive also includes specific targets for recycling construction and demolition waste, aiming
for a minimum of 70% by 2020.
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) provides the framework for properly
managing hazardous and non-hazardous solid waste in the United States. The Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) has developed guidelines and resources for construction and
demolition debris recycling and reuse. Additionally, various states have implemented regulations
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Enobie, Okwandu, Abdulwaheed, & Iwuanyanwu, P.No. 1642-1652 Page 1648
to address specific local needs and challenges. Locally, regulations vary widely depending on the
region and the specific environmental and economic contexts. For example, in Japan, the
Construction Material Recycling Law mandates the recycling of specific construction materials,
such as concrete, asphalt, and wood, to promote resource conservation and waste reduction. In
contrast, countries like Australia have state-specific regulations and guidelines for waste
minimization and recycling (Aiguobarueghian, Adanma, Ogunbiyi, & Solomon, 2024a).
Best Practices for Effective Implementation
Successful waste management in construction requires adopting best practices that are proven
effective in reducing waste and promoting sustainability. Case examples of successful waste
management practices provide valuable insights into how these strategies can be implemented
effectively. One notable example is the Zero Waste Scotland initiative, which aims to reduce
waste and promote recycling in the construction industry. The initiative has helped numerous
construction projects achieve significant waste reduction and improve recycling rates by
providing guidance, support, and resources. Key strategies include careful planning,
prefabricated components, and on-site waste segregation.
In the United States, the Deconstruction and Building Materials Reuse Program in Portland,
Oregon, showcases how deconstruction can effectively reduce waste. The program encourages
dismantling buildings in a way that preserves materials for reuse, thereby diverting significant
amounts of waste from landfills. This approach reduces waste, creates job opportunities, and
supports the local economy.
The role of stakeholders in waste management is critical for effective implementation.
Contractors, government agencies, suppliers, and clients all have important roles to play.
Contractors must adopt best practices and comply with regulations, while government agencies
must enforce regulations and provide support through incentives and resources. Suppliers can
contribute by providing sustainable materials and products, and clients can prioritize
sustainability in their project requirements (Zhao, 2021).
Technology and Innovation in Waste Management
Modern technologies are transforming waste management in the construction industry, making it
more efficient and effective. Building Information Modeling (BIM) and the Internet of Things
(IoT) are two key technologies that significantly impact waste reduction.
BIM is a digital representation of the physical and functional characteristics of a building. It
allows for better planning and management of materials throughout the construction process. By
using BIM, construction projects can reduce waste through improved accuracy in material
estimation, optimized design, and efficient project management. BIM also facilitates the reuse
and recycling of materials by providing detailed information about the materials used in a
building (Akinsulire, Idemudia, Okwandu, & Iwuanyanwu, 2024a, 2024b).
IoT technology enhances waste management by providing real-time data and insights. For
example, IoT sensors can monitor waste levels in bins and trigger alerts when they need to be
emptied, optimizing waste collection and reducing overflow. IoT devices can also track
materials' movement and usage on-site, helping prevent waste through better inventory
management. Innovative solutions and tools are also being developed to manage construction
waste more effectively. Mobile recycling units, for example, can be brought to construction sites
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to process waste materials on-site, reducing transportation costs and emissions. Advanced sorting
technologies, such as robotic sorting systems, can improve the efficiency and accuracy of waste
segregation, increasing recycling rates (Farjana, Fahad, Alam, & Islam, 2023; Sivakumar,
Renuka, Chitra, & Karthikeyan, 2022).
CHALLENGES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Current Challenges in Waste Management
Effective waste management in the construction industry faces numerous economic, technical,
and logistical challenges. One significant barrier is the high cost of implementing comprehensive
waste management practices. Many construction companies, particularly smaller ones, may
struggle to allocate funds for advanced waste reduction and recycling technologies. The initial
investment in sustainable materials and waste management infrastructure can be prohibitively
expensive, leading to resistance among stakeholders.
Technical challenges also play a significant role in hindering effective waste management. The
construction industry often deals with a diverse range of waste materials, each requiring specific
methods for recycling or disposal. The lack of standardized practices and technologies for
handling different types of waste can complicate efforts to streamline waste management
processes. Additionally, inadequate knowledge and training among workers regarding best
practices for waste reduction and recycling can further impede progress.
Logistical challenges include the complexities of waste collection, segregation, and
transportation. Construction sites are often scattered and temporary, making it difficult to
establish consistent waste management routines. Coordinating the timely collection and disposal
of waste materials can be challenging, particularly in urban areas with limited space.
Furthermore, the lack of infrastructure for recycling and disposal in certain regions can
exacerbate these logistical difficulties, leading to increased reliance on landfills.
Future Trends and Innovations
Despite these challenges, several emerging trends and innovations offer promising solutions for
construction waste management. One such trend is the increasing use of digital technologies to
enhance waste management practices. Building Information Modeling (BIM) and the Internet of
Things (IoT) are revolutionizing how construction projects are planned and executed. BIM
allows for precise material estimation and efficient project management, reducing waste
generation. IoT devices provide real-time data on waste levels, enabling better waste collection
and disposal coordination.
Another significant trend is adopting circular economy principles in the construction industry.
The circular economy model emphasizes the reuse and recycling of materials to minimize waste
and extend the lifecycle of resources. This approach encourages the design of buildings with
end-of-life disassembly in mind, promoting the recovery and reuse of materials. Companies are
increasingly exploring ways to repurpose construction waste into new building products, such as
using recycled concrete in new construction or transforming waste plastics into composite
materials.
Innovations in recycling technologies are also contributing to more effective waste management.
Advanced sorting systems, including robotic technologies, are improving the efficiency and
accuracy of waste segregation. Mobile recycling units that process waste on-site are reducing
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transportation costs and emissions. Additionally, new recycling methods for previously non-
recyclable materials are expanding the range of materials that can be diverted from landfills.
Recommendations for Improvement
Strategic recommendations for enhancing waste management practices in the construction
industry are essential to overcome current challenges and capitalize on future trends. Firstly,
increasing investment in education and training programs for workers and site managers is
crucial. Providing comprehensive training on best practices for waste reduction, segregation, and
recycling can significantly improve on-site waste management.
Secondly, fostering collaboration among industry stakeholders is vital. Governments,
construction companies, suppliers, and waste management firms need to work together to
develop standardized practices and share knowledge. Public-private partnerships can facilitate
the development of necessary infrastructure for recycling and disposal, particularly in regions
where it is lacking.
Incentivizing adopting sustainable practices through regulatory measures and financial incentives
can also drive progress. Governments can implement stricter regulations on waste disposal and
offer tax breaks or subsidies for companies that invest in sustainable materials and technologies.
Additionally, promoting green building certifications, such as LEED, can encourage construction
projects to prioritize waste reduction and sustainability. Finally, embracing innovation and
staying abreast of emerging technologies is crucial. The construction industry should actively
explore and invest in new technologies that enhance waste management efficiency. Supporting
research and development in recycling methods and sustainable materials can lead to
breakthroughs that further reduce waste and promote circular economy principles.
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