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Journal of Modern Physics, 2024, 15, 1760-1868
https://www.scirp.org/journal/jmp
ISSN Online: 2153-120X
ISSN Print: 2153-1196
DOI:
10.4236/jmp.2024.1511079 Oct. 28, 2024 1760
Journal of Modern Physics
Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena,
Extraterrestrial Life, Plasmoids, Shape
Shifters, Replicons, Thunderstorms,
Lightning, Hallucinations, Aircraft
Disasters, Ocean Sightings
Rhawn Gabriel Joseph1*, Olivier Planchon2, Christopher Impey3, Richard Armstrong4,
Carl Gibson5, Rudolph Schild6
1Astrobiology Research Center, California, USA
2CNRS UMR 6282 Biogéosciences-Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
3Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
4Department of Vision Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
5Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, USA
6Center for Astrophysics, Harvard-Smithsonian, Cambridge, USA
Abstract
As documented by NASA space shuttle films and detailed in this report, self-
illuminating, pulsating, plasma-like UAP/UFO (“plasmoids”) have multiple
shapes and sizes, are attracted to electromagnetic activity, and travel at differ-
ent velocities from different directions, making 90 to 180-
degree turns, as well
as colliding, intersecting and piercing other plasma; and have been filmed by
U.S. Navy personnel and a U.S. Customs and Border Protection DHC-
8 flying
above and diving/sinking beneath the ocean; and by NASA following, circling,
and hovering near the space shuttles, satellites, and the MIR Internationa
l Space
Station and congregating above and descending into thunderstorms and th
e
lower atmosphere, which is the air corridor favored by commercial and mili-
tary aircraft; and this may account for reports of UAPs following, harassing, chas-
ing, and “toying with” aircraft. Plasmas also have explosive properties, nega-
tively affect electronics and mental activity (possibly inducing hallucinations
of “alien abductions”), pass through glass, plastic, metal, and enter the cock-
pits of airplanes and have been observed by astronauts inside spacecraft, the
MIR and ISS. It is hypothesized that given their propensity to collide, plasmoids
may be responsible for at least some
unexplained
,
inexplicable
aircraft disasters.
How to cite this paper:
Joseph, R.G., Plan-
chon, O
., Impey, C., Armstrong, R.,
Gibson,
C
. and Schild, R. (2024) Unidentified Anom-
alous
Phenomena, Extraterrestrial Life, Plas-
moids, Shape Shifters, Replicons, Thunder-
storms, Lightning, Hallucinations, Aircraft
Disasters, Ocean Sightings
.
Journal of Mod-
ern Physics
,
15
, 1760-1868.
https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2024.1511079
Received:
August 4, 2024
Accepted:
October 25, 2024
Published:
October 28, 2024
Copyright © 20
24 by author(s) and
Scientific
Research Publishing Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative
Commons
Attribution International
License (CC BY
4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Open Access
Video Supplement:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383116954
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Journal of Modern Physics
Thunder-lightning-storms are the main drivers of Earth’s GEC and direct pos-
itive currents into the ionosphere,
which attract plasmas. The troposphere also
has a positive charge, and the ocean surface under white water and turbulent
conditions develops a positive charge, and we hypothesize that this account
s
for sightings of UAP in the lower atmosphere and soaring above and divin
g into
the oceans, including, as reported here, shape-
shifting UAP replicons that split
into or generate additional shape-shifting UAPs as filmed by NASA and U.S
.
Customs. Plasmoids appear to purposefully interact and engage in complex be-
haviors, and it is suspected they are sentient and represent a fourth domain
of life. Although plasmas in the lower atmosphere may be responsible for
UAP sightings over the centuries, including those that appear to “battle”
over cities or follow and harass military ships and planes, plasmoids cannot
account for all UAPs, which may
include extraterrestrial spacecraft from other
worlds.
Keywords
Fourth Domain of Life, Extremophiles, Unidentified Flying Objects,
Unidentified Ocean Phenomenon
1. Introduction
As documented in this report (Figures 1-49) and a supplementary video compi-
lation of NASA space shuttle films [1], pulsating, self-illuminated plasmas (aka
“plasmoids”/Unidentified Anomalous Phenomenon, UAP) target and collide
with other plasmoids (Figure 4, Figure 8, Figure 10, Figure 16), and have fol-
lowed, approached and congregated near the MIR International Space Station
(Figure 1), NASA’s space shuttles (Figure 2) and satellites (Figures 3-5, Figure
21, Figure 24, Figure 25) and have been filmed flying toward and engaging in
complex interactions above thunderstorms (Figures 6-8, Figure 10), cities and
the ocean (Figures 31-40), including changing shape and replicating (Figure
8, Figure 9, Figure 16, Figures 18-20, Figure 29). These are established facts
[1]-[3].
Thunderstorms are major sources of positive charges directed to the ionosphere
and likely provide excitatory charges to plasmoids congregating above and those
descending within these raging storms. Thunderstorms also provide negative charges
to Earth’s surface, which is surrounded by insulating lower atmospheres that are
also positively charged,
i.e.
the stratosphere and troposphere [4] [5]; whereas the
ocean surface under white water and turbulent conditions may develop a positive
charge [6]-[10].
As documented here and in NASA space shuttle films [1], plasmoids will con-
gregate near the space shuttles (Figure 2, Figure 41, Figure 42) and descend into
lightning storms and the lower atmosphere (Figures 9-12), which is the air corridor
favored by commercial and military aircraft; and we hypothesize this accounts for
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reports of UAPs following, harassing, chasing, and “toying with” aircraft. Plasmas
also have explosive properties, negatively affect electronics [11]-[14] and mental
activity [13]—possibly inducing hallucinations of “alien abductions” [15] and
pass-through glass, plastic, metal, and enter the cockpits of airplanes and have
been observed by astronauts inside spacecraft, the MIR and ISS [11] [16]-[22].
Coupled with their propensity to chase, target and collide [1]-[3] [23]-[25], and
coupled with related concerns expressed by members of the military and the
U.S. Congress, we hypothesize that plasmas descended into the lower atmos-
phere may be responsible for many
unexplained
,
inexplicable
aircraft disas-
ters.
The thermosphere-ionosphere is a positively charged environment, and plasmas
are electrically charged physical, electrical and magnetic phenomena, comprised
of negative, positive and neutral charges and cellular layers [3] [26]-[30] Those of
the upper (ionosphere) and lower atmosphere (troposphere) have various shapes,
sizes and colors, and some consist of multiple plasmas (Figure 9) and can replicate
forming additional plasma, as well as change shape (Figures 1-3, Figures 6-8, Fig-
ure 10, Figures 14-17, Figure 21, Figure 25).
Glowing, pulsating plasmoids have been filmed in the ionosphere and lower
atmosphere flying in V-formations (Figures 45-46); and as verified by quantita-
tive analysis [2] [31], will accelerate to hyper speeds and make 90 and 180-degree
turns as well as colliding, merging, and piercing one another (Figure 7, Figure 8,
Figures 24-29). A recent quantitative analysis of 20 seconds of stable film footage
from the STS 115 tether incident indicates that some plasmoids range in size from
0.1 to 4 km2 and travel at speeds up to 28 km (17.4 miles) per second, which yields
a velocity of 1680 km (1044 miles) per minute and 100,809 km (62,640 miles) per
hour [31]. Others travel at much faster rates but whose velocities have not yet been
determined. Collectively, these plasmoids exhibit aerodynamic characteristics
well beyond those of any known aircraft or missile—either manned or unmanned
[1]-[3].
Presumably, those that descend into thunder clouds and appear in the lower
atmosphere and above the ocean engage in maneuvers similar to those in the ion-
osphere, and this may partially explain why plasmas (AKA UAP) have been de-
tected by U.S. Navy personnel descending at hyper-velocities from the upper at-
mosphere and filmed soaring above the ocean [32]-[34]. Glowing, pulsating, brightly
lit plasmas have also been filmed in the thermosphere, traveling across America and
descending toward and above the ocean (Figure 22, Figures 30-36). As noted,
during periods of turbulence and white-water conditions, the surface of the ocean
and air and atmosphere directly above are also positively charged [6]-[10]—as
is the ionosphere [35] [36]. Thus, the ocean may be attractive to plasmas, thereby
accounting for numerous observations of UAPs above the ocean by Navy ships
and naval aviators [32]-[34].
As reported here, a shape-shifting plasma (UAP)—filmed by a U.S. Customs and
Border Protection DHC-8 off the coast of Puerto Rico—continuously changed
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shape and size as it flew over an airport then the ocean and repeatedly split off to
form additional shape-shifting structures (Figures 32-36). Although these Puerto
Rico UAPs are most likely a transient lower atmosphere plasma, those in the ion-
osphere also change shape and size and split off to form additional plasmoids
(Figure 8, Figure 37, Figure 44).
As documented in NASA videos [1] and in this report, plasmoids in the ionosphere
will arrive off-camera, sometimes in pairs, and approach and descend into thunder-
storms (Figures 11-16). In other instances, hundreds of brightly glowing plasmoids
and other unknown entities will congregate above a raging storm and engage in a
variety of behaviors, including turning, following, targeting, colliding and piercing
one another—behavior also observed when they gathered around a satellite tether
generating electromagnetic energy into the space medium (Figure 4, Figure 8, Fig-
ure 10, Figure 16, Figures 24-29, Figure 37, Figure 39, Figure 44). This is not spec-
ulation. These are established facts based on official NASA films [1]-[3].
Thunderstorms typically range from 10,000 to 20,000 m above sea level [37].
Therefore, plasmoids from the ionosphere that dive into thunderstorms are also
descending to an altitude where commercial and military jets typically fly [38]
[39]. Plasmas in the lower atmosphere would account for the numerous observa-
tions over thousands of years of glowing orbs flying above cities and encounters
with UAPs by civilian and military pilots prior to during and after the second world
war [1]-[3] and who were not uncommonly report that brightly lit UAP have fol-
lowed, confronted and nearly collided with them as exemplified by the following
report.
Dr. Harvey Wichman [40], a professor at Claremont College, reported an en-
counter with a UFO (AKA plasma) when working as a flight instructor on a Cessna
150 training plane, accompanied by a student, on a night cross-country assign-
ment. As they departed Lindbergh Field, San Diego, on the night of May 28, 1968,
he and his student were confronted by a “UFO...in the form of a bright light ap-
proaching on a collision course at a very high rate of speed—a rapid deceleration
and hovering—a rapid acceleration away from the author’s plane followed by an-
other deceleration and hovering. This apparent reconnoitering activity was repeated
approximately ten times after which the object failed to reappear”. Wichman, there-
fore, did not see an object with a solid structure, but a bright pulsating light that
repeatedly circled, followed, targeted, and nearly collided with Wichman’s plane,
and then vanished. Wichman reported that he felt confused and disoriented by the
experience, and struggled to control his plane, alluding to a temporary electrical dis-
turbance and near loss of control.
The term “flying saucer” has been attributed to Kenneth Arnold [41] who, on
June 24, 1947, observed a “flash of light” like “a mirror reflecting sunlight” [42]-
[44] and a chain-like formation of nine brightly scintillating lights that were “flip-
ping from side to side” and “flying erratically...weaving, dipping...like the tail of
a kite” and “like stones being skipped over water” and that “flew like a saucer
would if you skipped it across the water” and “flashing brightly” and changing
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shape, from a “disk” and “platter shaped” to a “crescent” [14] [42] with some hav-
ing a shape “like sky jellyfish” [43] “with a pulsating thing in the middle of them”
[44].
Arnold has repeatedly emphasized that initial news accounts misquoted him
and he does not believe in “little green men stories” or that these shape-changing
crescent- and disk- and jellyfish-shaped objects and “lights” are spaceships from
other worlds but that they are “living organisms” [43]; “space and atmospheric
organisms that they have the natural ability to change their densities at will” [44].
“After some 14 years of extensive research, it is my conclusion that the so-called
unidentified flying objects that have been seen in our atmosphere are not space-
ships from another planet at all, but are groups and masses of living organisms
that are as much a part of our atmosphere and space as the life we find in the oceans”
[44]. The first author of this report, based on analysis of NASA’s extensively occluded
space shuttle films, came to identical conclusions [1]-[3] [45].
These observations, fact-based hypotheses and conclusions that many (but not
all) UAP are actually cellular electromagnetic plasma [1]-[3] [13] are supported
by an analysis by the British Ministry of Defense [45], which conducted a mul-
tidisciplinary analysis of UFO-UAP phenomenon based on information collected
over 30 years,
i.e.
UAP-UFO “are comprised of several types of rarely encountered
natural events within the atmosphere and ionosphere...the events are almost cer-
tainly attributable to physical, electrical and magnetic phenomena in the atmosphere,
mesosphere and ionosphere. The fact that the objects reportedly have the maneu-
ver and acceleration attributes of an inertia-less vehicle reinforces the hypothesis
that they are buoyant charged bodies”.
We hypothesize, based on factual evidence [1]-[3] [45] [46], that some plasmoids
may be sentient and conscious of their surroundings and engage in purposeful in-
teractions,
i.e.
they may represent a fourth domain of life [1]-[3] [46]. As docu-
mented in NASA film-footage compiled by the first author [1] [46], and as docu-
mented via freeze frames reproduced in this report, some plasmoids engage in
complex behaviors and what could be construed as curiosity and evidence of in-
telligence. Moreover, astronauts have reported that glowing plasma-like entities
have appeared outside shuttle windows, often traveling from window to win-
dow—as if looking inside and, in so doing, upsetting the crew [1] [46]—and glow-
ing plasma has entered homes, businesses [11] [13] [47] [48], and even through
cockpit windows; in one instance it then slowly moved about the interior of the
plane as if reconnoitering [49]. Moreover, plasma-UAP encountered in the trop-
osphere have been accused of “surveillance”, mimicry, “toying with” and harassing
aircraft and so on [13] [40] [41] [50]-[54]. As reported by Navy Cmdr. David Fravor,
the UAP he and his fellow pilots encountered, behaved with conscious intention:
“it was aware we were there”.
Further, plasmoids appear to be aware of each other, as evident by numerous ex-
amples of turning, following, targeting, colliding, and merging. To speculate: Alt-
hough not all plasmoids behave the same; when considered as a collective, their
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behavior and their conglomerate structure could be likened to eukaryotic algae,
e.g.
Eudorina
Elegans [1] [2] [46]. For example, although
Eudorina
may look like
a single organism, it is actually a conglomerate consisting of up to 64 cells loosely
grouped together. Likewise, as documented in this report, what looks like single
cloud-like plasmoids, in some cases, actually consist of dozens of individual plas-
mas grouped together (Figure 9), forming plasma conglomerates that engage in co-
ordinated action to produce what appears to be purposeful behavior.
Plasmoids can generate additional plasmoids,
i.e.
they reproduce and generate
plasmas that also engage in complex behaviors as documented in this report and
by NASA video [1] [46]. For example, as depicted in Figure 16(A), Figure 16(B),
Plasmoid #1 travels toward a thunderstorm, and intersects plasma #2 as a hyper-
velocity plasma speeds by. Then, another plasmoid, #3 materializes or suddenly
self-illuminates, then changes shape as it follows plasmoid #1, then intersects the
same #2 plasma, then passes close to #1, and continues upward and finally hovers
above a thunderstorm. And then, plasmoid #1 replicates and produces/secretes a
new additional plasmoid #4 that travels toward and interacts with #3, which heads
back toward and merges with #1.
It is important to avoid anthropomorphizing what may be purely electromagnetic
push-pull attraction-repulsion when exposed to highly charged environments and
surrounded by plasmas of opposite or similar or changing electric charge. However,
according to Alfvén [26] [27], these plasmas contain cellular membranes, whereas
plasma with a nucleus have been repeatedly observed and which contain glowing
spheres within (Figure 1, Figure 6, Figure 7, Figure 10, Figure 29, Figures 34-36).
To speculate, these internal spheres could be construed as ganglia and neural net-
works, or circular, double-stranded DNA “plasmids” that have the ability to rep-
licate and self-clone. Based on laboratory experiments, a number of scientists
have proposed that “dusty plasmas” may form crystalline RNA-DNA helixical
structures and may represent a non-biological form of life or pre-life [1]-[3] [46]
[55]-[58].
Plasmoids appear to be electrical phenomenon, attracted to and with some pos-
sibly produced by lighting. It’s been hypothesized that dusty plasmas in the ther-
mosphere may have incorporated all the necessary elements for the synthesis of
RNA leading to DNA and thus life [3]. Stanley Miller and Harold Urey, in their
famous experiments designed to produce life, exposed a mixture of gases and ele-
ments to a continuous electrical spark simulating lightning and produced organic
chemicals and 33 different amino acids, including 11 of those necessary to create
the proteins required by all living organisms [59]. If life can be created via in-
teractions between lightning and an enclosure containing the necessary elements,
it can be predicted that every world with a gaseous atmosphere and thunder clouds
is inhabited by plasmas; and that these dusty plasmas spawned life on innumerable
earth-like planets billions of years older than Earth; life that may have evolved.
Thus, some UAP may be spacecraft from other worlds [60].
This latter hypothesis is not mere speculation as it is evident NASA has added
layers of obscuring noise/snow to space shuttle films [1], the U.S. military refuses
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to release all relevant information; and space shuttle film-footage that NASA re-
leased to the public [1] [46] depicts glowing forms that established a V-formation
and followed a space shuttle (Figure 45) and then the camera was turned off [1].
And another object that followed a space shuttle, but as it grew closer again, the
camera was turned off. Further, optical analysis employing optical filters revealed
a cylindrical form hidden within the pulsating cloud-like object that was approach-
ing a NASA space shuttle (Figure 2); whereas in another instance (Figure 23), as
a pulsating form emerged from the clouds and approached the shuttle the camera
was again turned off [1].
Numerous credible eyewitnesses, often military pilots and astronauts, as well as
the British and U.S. governments have expressed the concern that some UAP might
possess “advanced technology” [3] [60]-[62]. For example, former Navy Commander
David Fravor also observed “vehicles” (UAP) with “superior”, “technology”. While
commanding a squadron of F/A-18F fighters, Commander Fravor reported that
“advanced radar” detected “multiple vehicles”. Fravor, a graduate of the Top Gun
naval flight school, reported that “the technology that we faced is far superior to
anything that we had” [61]. There is no evidence that plasmoids have technologi-
cal capabilities.
In addition, there is visual evidence of anomalous structures and specimens that
were photographed by NASA on Mars, that resemble crash sites, the wreckage of
space craft, and forms that resemble bones and humanoid bodies and skulls; all
observed within 100 meters of each other [60]. In fact, this latter evidence—as yet
unconfirmed—is the only “hard” evidence of visitations by technologically ad-
vanced extraterrestrials.
It would therefore be presumptuous to claim that all UAP/UFO are plasmas/plas-
moids. On the other hand, the authors of this and related reports [1]-[3], have
provided hard irrefutable factual evidence—all of it based on authenticated NASA
(albeit heavily obscured) night time films and freeze frames from those films—of
hundreds of extraterrestrial specimens that engage in complex and life-like behav-
iors including congregating and crawling upon a satellite tether generating elec-
trical impulses into the space medium, and approaching space shuttles and the MIR
international space station.
Based on these findings and observations [1]-[3] and the fact that plasmoids in
the thermosphere are attracted to sources of electromagnetic activity, we have also
proposed a means to scientifically study and examine these plasmas as they form,
congregate, and interact. This can be accomplished via the launching of a tethered
satellite generating electromagnetic pulses and equipped with multiple cameras
with infrared, X-ray, telescopic, and other sensory capabilities,
i.e.
an alien-hunt-
ing satellite [3]. If this same alien-hunter satellite is equipped with an electrified
net—and if such a project is judged to be ethical and humane—perhaps it would
be possible to attract and capture one or more extraterrestrial plasmoids, as de-
picted in the following photographs from official NASA nighttime space shuttle
films [1].
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Figure 1. Plasma approaching the MIR International Space Station from multiple directions. Top, second and bottom row: Pro-
cessed with Fotor Anti Blur Image Software. Note void/nucleus in second (red arrow) and bottom row, and what resembles ovoid
ganglia within the interior of the plasma (bottom right). The blue-green colors are due to the colorized layers of “noise” introduced
by NASA into nighttime film footage [1]. Filmed by STS 75 [1].
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Figure 2. An anomalous elongated pulsating object followed NASA’s space shuttle as it orbited into the nightside of Earth. As the
tail of the shuttle disappeared in the darkness the pulsating object grew brighter as it approached the shuttle; at which point, the
camera was turned off [1]. The blue, green, yellow, red colors are due to the colorized layers of “noise” introduced by NASA into
nighttime film footage. Bottom and above bottom right processed with Fotor Filters and Anti Blur Image Software and magnified
over 1600 times. Plasma photographed in the thermosphere has a variety of shapes and this elongated pulsating object resembles a
metal cylinder, length and width unknown. Filmed by STS 96 Discovery [1].
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Figure 3. Filmed by STS-75. Plasmoids swarming together and gathering around an electrified tether. These entities range in size
from 0.1 to 4 km2 structures (A-E) document these plasmas contain a void-nucleus and possibly two internal forms that may not
(C, D) be interconnected.
Figure 4. Plasmoids engaged in frenzied collisional behavior adjacent to electrified tether 12 miles in length [1].
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Figure 5. Computerized analysis of flight paths and velocity, based on 20 seconds of stable sequences of film footage from STS-75.
Many objects display 45˚, 90˚, and 180˚ shifts in trajectory and make sudden or slow turns around the electrified tether [1].
Figure 6. Hundreds of cone- and cloud-shaped glowing plasmoids with an internal nucleus filmed congregating 200 miles above an
electric-thunderstorm by STS-80. Processed via Fotor Filtering Software. Very small forms, and those that are not illuminated have
also been detected in this footage.
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Figure 7. Ring-shaped plasma (red circle) hovers above a thunderstorm as a plasmoid (white circle) materializes and disappears as
it descends into the lower atmosphere [1]. (Bottom row) Fotor filters applied to freeze frames and identifying and colorizing differ-
ences in gray scales, thereby revealing internal oval structures and the “tail/nose” directed toward the storm. Filmed by STS 80.
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Two Plasmoids near a Thunderstorm, One Replicates
Figure 8. Two glowing shape-shifting plasmoids (near a thunderstorm), one of which (far right) becomes elongated and from which
a third plasmoid emerges then makes contact with the plasmoid on the far left, and then detaches: plasmoids became three [1].
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Some Plasmoids May Be Multi-Plasmoid Conglomerates
Figure 9. Some colliding plasmoids may be multi-plasmodic conglomerates consisting of numerous plasmoids loosely joined to-
gether forming a composite single cloud-like entity up to or greater than a kilometer in size. To speculate, each individual plasma
may be multi-polar—similar to a multi-polar cloud—thereby enabling different aspects with a positive vs. negative charge to attach
to its opposite. This also implies that the composite and each separate plasma are acting like a cooperative supra-organism that may
detached plasmoids that become replicons or satellites.
2. The Plasmasphere
Plasmas have been filmed in the thermosphere, appearing from off-camera, ap-
proaching and descending into thunderstorms (Figure 11, Figure 12) whereas
others have suddenly materialized and begin glowing in the space medium above
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thunderstorms (Figure 7, Figure 10, Figures 13-16). These and others plasmoids
may hover in place or travel in a trajectory that leads to a thunderstorm within which
they descend (Figure 6, Figure 7, Figures 11-15, Figure 44), or which makes them
a piercing target for plasmas (“hunters”) and entities as yet unidentified coming
from a different direction (Figure 10, Figure 16, Figures 27-29, Figure 39). We
hypothesize that those that suddenly materialize in the thermosphere either (A)
travel and arrive at near light speed and come to a sudden halt, (B) or they are
formed by localized electromagnetic activity generated by lightning storms. (C)
Often, within masses of illuminated and pulsating plasmas, there those that are
not illuminated and appear as shadows. Therefore, it is possible that plasmas may
“turn on” or “turn off” their illumination. (D) It is also possible that they and other
plasmoids originate in and seep across from a 5th dimension when electromag-
netic activity produced by a massive thunder bolt is transformed into mass that
becomes a small black hole [63] that pierces a “brane” separating that 5th dimen-
sion from those four comprising our “known” universe. Some of those that mate-
rialize also appear to be emerging from a surrounding darkened area [10] that could
be likened to a “hole” in spacetime.
It is also likely that those that arrive from off camera descending downward,
originated in the plasmasphere—a region of Earth’s magnetosphere well above the
ionosphere—and which consists of low-energy (cool) plasma [64]-[66]. In 2014,
satellite observations from the THEMIS mission have shown that density irregu-
larities such as plumes form in the plasmasphere [67] and which may encapsulate
electrons, protons, ions, neutrinos, and electrified dust, thereby forming a cold plasma
[64] [65]. By contrast, the outer boundary of the plasmasphere may be relatively
devoid of plasma.
The existence of the plasmasphere was first deduced by detection and analysis
of very low frequency “whistler” radio waves which in turn are believed to propa-
gate and possibly originate—along with transient plasma—in upward directed
bolts of lightning that pass through the ionosphere into the plasmasphere and
which propagates in the whistler-mode along geomagnetic field lines to the oppo-
site hemisphere [68]-[70]. Possibly these whistlers’ direct plasmas to the most en-
ergetic lightning storms; thus, accounting for those that arrive off-camera ap-
proaching and descending into storms raging in the troposphere (Figure 11, Fig-
ure 12). “Whistlers” are produced by plasma (lighting) and can be heard on radios
on Earth and, to speculate, it is possible that plasmoids communicate via “whis-
tlers”.
3. Plasma in the Ionosphere
Interstellar space, the plasmasphere, and the ionosphere of Earth are permeated
by plasmas/plasmoids [1]-[3] [71]-[75] and a variety of illuminated forms, that at
present, are best described as “plasmoids” [1]-[3] or a form of life that is not car-
bon based and devoid of DNA [1] [2] [46]. In the lower layers of the atmosphere
transient, self-illuminated, colorful entities, best described as plasmas, are produced
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by lighting, thunderstorms, or in association with seismic events, volcanoes, dust
storm, geomagnetic anomalies or the buildup of electric charges in fogs or ice-
crystals in the atmosphere [11] [13] [16] [17] [49] [76]. Arnold, who is attributed
with coining the term “flying saucer” but who believes these are “living organisms”
also noted an association with seismic events [43] [44]; a belief now shared by many
others.
Plasmas of the thermosphere-ionosphere, regardless of their origins, appear to
be electromagnetic entities and constitute a fourth state of matter that are produced
by complex electromagnetic interactions [28] [71]. Although these plasmoids may
have a metallic sheen it is not known if they have solidity.
According to Nobel Laureate Hannes Alfvén [26] [27], plasmas have “a cellular
structure” consisting of inner and outer layers which differ in positive vs. negative
charges. These double layers act to repel plasma of the opposite charge, but com-
bine with plasmas of the same charge, such that plasmoids may repel or be attracted
to one another and exchange energy and engage in related behavior which have
been filmed by 10 separate shuttle missions [2] [3] as documented in this report
and a compilation of NASA shuttle films [1] [46].
Ions have a positive (cations) or negative charge (anions), and form positive or
negatively charged layers that can attract, repel or neutralize each other (via the
transfer and equalization of electrons), and which may enable plasmas to maneu-
ver, accelerate or hover via interaction with other plasmas and the charge of their
localized environment [26]-[28] [71] [72] [77]. Possibly, the cellular structure of
the plasmoids of the ionosphere have incorporated and include cations and ani-
ons, which also form layers and encapsulate dust and debris that also have an elec-
tric charge.
Plasmas observed and filmed in the ionosphere-thermosphere and those pro-
duced in laboratories include those of many types, and which may have high or
low density, high or low temperatures, and consist of positively and negatively
charged particles, ionized atoms of gas; and whose basic interactions are electro-
magnetic [26]-[28] [71]-[74] [78]. Therefore, many of those that have been filmed
within the ionosphere-thermosphere are believed to consist of a double membrane,
a nucleus, as well as electrified particles of dust and fragments from carbonaceous
chondrites [3]. However, there are other entities that have not been identified, in-
cluding those that travel at hyper-speeds, and those that are not illuminated but ap-
pear as shadows. Furthermore, employing Fotor image filters, it appears that some
specimens are distinctly different from the globular shaped nucleated specimens
that target them. For example, in one instance captured on space shuttle film [1]
four different multi-layered nucleated forms, coming from different directions at
different speeds, penetrated dual-cloud shaped specimen devoid of any nucleus but
which hovered in place near a satellite tether generating electricity into the sur-
rounding space medium. To speculate: the sea of space may harbor innumerable
life-like forms.
These UAP-plasma-like entities of the upper atmosphere are up to several dozen
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meters in diameter, and have ovoid-, elongated-, cloud-, saucer-, donut-, cone-,
snake- and cylindrical shapes (Figures 1-3, Figure 6, Figure 7, Figure 14, Figure
17) and some even resemble transient phenomenon commonly referred to in the
scientific literature as “elves”, “sprites” and even “jellyfish” (Figure 17, Figure 18).
These plasmoids react to and possibly form in response to lightning and thunder-
storms, as well as the waxing and waning of electromagnetic fields, the Van Allen
Belts, geomagnetic storms, coronal mass ejections, solar flares, atmospheric waves,
radiation from radio transmitters and heating facilities, volcanic eruptions, geomag-
netic anomalies, seismic activity and electrified dust; all which affect the shape, ve-
locity, and behavior of plasmas [74] [77]-[79].
As documented in this report and supplementary NASA film footage [1], these
plasmoid-life-like entities can turn their illumination off on or, and will glow in the
dark and are self-illuminating and many pulsate with light. The amount of light
emitted may be determined or influenced by the type of particles that are shed and
via electron discharge and a reduction in or conversely an increase in electron den-
sity. The glow may also be a form of bioluminescence and/or is produced via the
transition from bipolar charging to a more dominant role of ions in particle charg-
ing [22] [79]-[82]; and this may also account for the stroboscopic waxing and wan-
ing patterns of light oscillation that is not uncommon as plasmoids traverse the
thermosphere (Figure 22, Figure 23, Figure 30). If plasmas can “turn off the lights”
and appear in a dark mode, is strongly suspected.
They also appear to have the capacity to shed or acquire electrons and to increase
or maintain or change their electrical charge or that of different layers via accumu-
lation or shedding of neutrinos and electrons [3]. Via charge separation or substi-
tution, this may enable these life-like plasmoids to engage in complex behaviors as
well as accelerate to hyper speeds.
Plasmoids in the thermosphere will turn and follow or collide with other plas-
moids which hover in place or triangulate their movements so the two intersect
(Figure 8, Figure 10, Figure 16, Figures 25-29, Figure 37, Figure 39, Figure 44).
Often, they will briefly merge (Figure 16, Figure 37). In addition, those about to
collide and especially after they collide may split off to form an additional plasma
(Figure 25), and emit a glowing plasma trail (Figure 7, Figure 8, Figure 12, Fig-
ures 20-23), presumably consisting of emitted electrons and electrified dust that
create a trailing particle “glow” (afterglow).
Plasmas created in the laboratory have a variety of colors, are ionized and are
made up of negatively charged electrons and positively charged ions [27] [30] [55]
[73] [78]. The atoms in these laboratory grown plasmas also engage in charge sep-
aration; that is, they separate from their negatively charged electrons and cease to
have a neutral or negative charge [30] [75] [83]. Instead, they become quasi-neutral
such that the overall charge can approach zero. Therefore, plasmas engage in “charge
separation” and “charge coupling” (Figure 25) and can change their charge or the
charges of different layers or locations within these layers [23] [27], and this would
enable them to maneuver, accelerate or slow down, hover, make sudden turns, as
well as follow and collide and even merge with other plasmas; as well as completely
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change shape and split off into additional plasmas of opposite charge (e.g. charge
separation).
Collectively, they travel at different velocities from multiple directions, with many
stopping and hovering while yet others travel at hyper-speeds, sometimes in tan-
dem, nearly side by side as they pierce other plasmoids one after another (Figure
7, Figures 20-23). That some plasmoids are attracted to and collide suggests that
some plasmas consist of positive (or quasi-positive-neutral) charges and others neg-
ative (or quasi-negative-neutral) charges [27]. Yet others may have a neutral charge
making them attractive to those with a negative or positive charge [27]. It has also
been speculated that this may be a form of “alien sexual reproduction” [1] [2] [46]
or they are merely engaged in energy cannibalism, or a complex “alien” form of
communication [2]. Hence, not all plasmoids, even in the same group or vicinity,
behave the same.
Assuming these are plasmoid-like entities, and not a completely novel (non-plas-
modic) fourth domain of life, then the attraction and repulsion and reciprocal and
non-reciprocal interactions between plasmas including asymmetric acceleration
and collisionality are likely affected by their degree of magnetization and electric
charge (positive, negative, neutral) which can differ dramatically between plasmas
[23] [27] [75] [83]. Presumably, when plasmoids collide they are engaged in elec-
tron and ion transfer and are recharging a waning charge or changing charges; e.g.
charge coupling. Likewise, those plasma that target other plasmoids, may be acquir-
ing or shedding electrons, ions, or electrified dust; observations consistent with the
likelihood they are capable of increasing, decreasing (charge separation) and chang-
ing their charge, which in turn would affect maneuverability and enable them to
increase or decrease velocity and rapidly alter their trajectory.
Plasmas also divide and fragment into additional plasma [27] [30]. As docu-
mented here the splitting may be an example of “charge separation” or an example
of DNA—or non-DNA alien “mitosis/meiosis”. Moreover, the portion that splits
off can be smaller and have a different appearance, and most likely an opposite
or neutral charge. However, using Fotor Image processing, it has also been deter-
mined that what appears to be a single cloud-like plasmoid, actually consists of
dozens of smaller plasmoids (Figure 9)—reminiscent of algae conglomerates that
resemble a single algae [1]—and it is these smaller entities that might be jettisoned
as satellites.
In summary, plasmas will glow, as well as oscillate and pulsate with light, and can
display a range of colors and behaviors, including swarming, aligning, congregat-
ing, clustering, crowding; all of which contributes to collective or individualized be-
havior including pursuit, head-on collisions and energy cannibalism [23]-[25]—as
observed in the thermosphere [1]-[3] and documented in this report, it is this
propensity to collide and intersect which puts aircraft at risk if plasma are encoun-
tered in the troposphere.
4. The Ionosphere and Earth’s Global Electric Circuit
The highly electrically active ionosphere provides the ideal habitat for these putative
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energy radiating and consuming plasmoids. Extending 85 to 600 km above the
Earth’s surface the ionosphere is coextensive with the thermosphere (50 to 400
km) and exosphere (400 Km on up). The ionosphere is an energetically active
waxing and waning region of the atmosphere within which swirl ions, particles
and dust that are positively charged with an overall potential of about 250 - 300
kV [35] [36]. However, the ionosphere grows or shrinks in response to thunder-
storms, lighting, solar radiation, galactic cosmic rays originating outside the solar
system and precipitation from the Van Allen radiation belts, all of which are a
source of negatively charged electrons and positively charged ions [35] [36].
Ultraviolet radiation also causes the photoionization/photodissociation of mol-
ecules, creating ions—particularly in the thermosphere which constitutes the ma-
jor portion of the ionosphere [35] [36] and within which plasmas congregate and
engage in complex behaviors [1] [3]. Upper atmospheric conductivity in fact ac-
celerates with height due to the increased ionization produced by cosmic rays and
extreme ultraviolet and X-radiation [36].
The ionosphere obtains its positive charge primarily from thunderstorms [35]
[36] [68]-[70]. Thunderstorms (disturbed weather) produce electric fields and
cause positive charges to jet upwards toward the ionosphere (O~ 250 kV positive)
whereas negative charges are directed to Earth’s surface [5]—a phenomenon known
as “charge separation” and which may also characterize the cellular layers and mu-
tual behaviors of plasmas, including splitting into additional plasmas.
Atmospheric charge separation occurs because the lower atmospheres are weakly
conducting, and function more as a leaky insulator, thereby enabling AC (positive)
and DC (negative) charges to attract and pass between the ionosphere and Earth’s
surface with minimal loss of current [4] [68]-[70]. Because it is weakly conducting,
the lower atmospheres also provide a corridor through which plasmoids may de-
scend without losing charge; and instead acquire charge.
In addition to “charge separation” there is another electrical phenomenon known
as “atmospheric electrical coupling” which takes place at or near the speed of light
[68]-[70] and which links “couples” the negative charge of Earth with the positive
charge of the ionosphere [35] [36]; also made possible by the weakly conducting
stratosphere and troposphere. “Electrical coupling” may explain why plasmas
target collide, and sometimes merge, whereas the exchange of charges (separa-
tion) results in repulsion—phenomenon which would also enable plasmas to
accelerate.
It is important to stress that many of these entities engage in behaviors that can-
not be explained as automata guided by push-pull electromagnetism. There are
pulsating entities that will strike and pass through numerous other “plasmoids”
but then turn, follow and pursue a plasmoid coming from a different direction the
latter of which appears to eject a smaller plasmoid that contacts the pursuer which
reverses direction [1] [3]. As also documented in this report, entities will suddenly
appear (materialize or self-illuminate) and then follow another plasmoid which just
struck and passed through a smaller plasmoid, and the pursuer will pass through
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the same smaller plasmoid, make contact with the plasmoid it followed then con-
tinues toward a thunderstorm, only to hover as the first plasma ejects a plasma
that makes contact with the now hovering pursuer. In yet other instances, a plas-
moid will split into two, one of which contacts a nearby plasmoid and hovers be-
side it. Then, there are those that hover in place as yet other plasmoids strike and
pass through it, one after another. These complex behaviors can’t be explained by
plasma physics or electromagnetism. Perhaps the answers would become appar-
ent if NASA did not obscure space shuttle film footage with four layers of visual
noise [1] [2] [46] and repeatedly shake and change the focus of and turn off the
camera.
These complex behaviors and more, can be viewed in a 17-minute film of sup-
plementary data consisting of a compilation of NASA space shuttle video footage
[1]. Except for the section of film time-line: 13:19 to 13:30 which employed track-
ing software, no filters or enhancement software were employed on these NASA
films by the authors or their associates. The four layers of noise were added by
NASA to these films after they were broadcast to Earth which is why the NASA
emblem in the corners of many of these film segments is blurred [1].
All freeze frames (figures) were captured from these NASA films [1] via Apple
Final Cut Pro and one or more of the following Fotor filters were employed on
many of the photos/figures: anti-blur to sharpen the focus; contrast to enhance
contrast; sharpness to sharpen the image. To visualize internal features, Fotor Red,
Blue, Green filters were employed to detect gray-value differences in pixels and
enhance different gray-value spectra embedded in the film-photo so as to de-fine
and colorize differing features and shapes within shapes within the outer and in-
ner aspects of the specimens.
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Plasmoid Materializes, Moves toward Thunderstorm, Is Targeted for Colli-
sion and Pierced
(A)
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(B)
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(C)
Figure 10. (A) The plasmoid (circled in white) materialized (or suddenly self-illuminated) in the thermosphere, and maneuvered
itself above a thunderstorm and in the direct path of one of two twin “hunters” [1] indicated by the red and blue arrows (continued
in (B) and (C)). (B) Plasmas gathered above a thunderstorm as two hunters strike one after another, at hyper-velocity. NASA Mission
Control referred to these “twins” as “shooting stars” despite the fact they did not burn up and were “wiggling” (Hunter “B”) and
sightly altering their trajectory as they struck and pierced other plasmas. Note the glowing ovoids within specimen “B”. Filmed by
STS 101 Shuttle Atlantis [1]. (C) The globular plasmoid circled in white materialized, flew above a thunderstorm where it hovered
directly in the path of a (Red arrow) “Hunter” that pierces and exits multiple plasmas until striking the globular plasmoid. Processed
with Fotor Filters and Anti-blur software. (Top right) Note the multiple ovoid forms and the nucleus/void at its center of the target
plasma (Top) and when the two collide (Bottom) above the thunderstorm, Filmed by STS 101 [1].
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The ionosphere’s positive charge is maintained largely by thunderstorms. How-
ever, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and even rocket launches can
contribute to positive charges in the ionosphere [36] [84] [85]. As such, these same
factors would be expected to influence the behavior and even the formation of
plasmas.
As a good electrical conductor, the overall neutral to positive charges within the
ionosphere are generally equipotential and spherically symmetric around Earth and
its continents (which generally have a negative charge) and oceans (negative and
positive); the surface also serving as a conductor [69] [70] [86]. Specifically, Earth’s
soil, rocks, metals, have a negative charge of around 500,000 Coulombs with the
ionosphere having a fairly equal positive charge [36] [69] [70]. Land masses are also
electrically conductive and natural electric currents flow on and beneath the sur-
face. Land conductivity ranges from 10−7 S·m−1 for rocks, to 10−8 S·m−1 for marble
and up to ~10−2 S·m−1 for limestone or wet clay [68] [86]. In addition, ore, rocks,
pipes and cables, respond to electrical changes in the ionosphere, so that a telluric
current is induced in the ground [36] [86]-[88].
In contrast to extraterrestrial spacecraft—the existence of which is yet un-
proven—it is unlikely that a negatively charged plasmoid would land on Earth but
instead would prefer the positively charged atmosphere that extends up to 20 km
above Earth. Moreover, given that coastal areas and the surface and air above the
ocean develops a positive charge under white water and turbulent conditions [6]-
[10], it can be predicted that negatively and neutrally charged plasma would be at-
tracted to this environment as documented in this report.
Thunderstorms and Plasmas (UAP)
Plasmas need energy to survive [30] and thunderstorms serve as one of the ma-
jor supplier of electric currents to the ionosphere and Earth [69] [70]—and thus
thunderstorms would attract plasmas. Observational data captured on film by
missions STS-75, STS-80, STS-96, and STS-106 (see Figures 3-13) documents that
hundreds, and possibly thousands plasmoids are attracted to, fly toward, and con-
gregate above localized thunderstorms and massive bursts of lightning [1]-[3] [46].
In so doing, these plasmas may hover or engage in complex behaviors, including
colliding and piercing one another (Figure 7, Figure 8, Figures 20-24).
Thunderstorms form, on average, at a height of 12,000 to 20,000 meters [5].
Likewise, the maximum production rate of ionization (up to 3 × 107 ion pairs m−3 s−1
[89] [90] occurs at altitudes between 12,000 to 20,000 meters,
i.e.
in the tropo-
sphere-stratosphere. This region of the atmosphere is a major corridor through
which passes commercial and military jets [38] [39] and that not uncommonly
encounter UAP that hover, follow, “toy with” circle, and then abruptly speed off
at incredible velocities despite no obvious means of propulsion [32]-[34] [41] [45]
[51]-[54].
Lightning is also a plasma that can produce or trigger the formation of multiple
transient plasma [16] [76] [91]-[93]. Moreover, a single lightning bolt can produce
up to 1,000,000,000 joules of energy and anywhere from 130 million volts to 1.3
billion volts of upward directed positive current. It is predictable that lightning
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(which is a plasma) would be very attractive to and would produce plasmas.
STS-75, STS-80, STS-96, and STS-106, however, present, at best, only a limited
picture of the tremendous amount of plasmoid activity above lightning storms, as
Earth is constantly buffeted by thunderstorms and lightning. Each day at least a
thousand thunderstorms rage over Earth and approximately 2000 thunderstorms
are simultaneously active around the globe [94] [95]. These storms of lightning
continuously release positive charges into the upper atmosphere and negative and
positive charges toward Earth’s oceans and land masses.
Thunderclouds consist of both positive and negative charges [5]. These currents,
in turn, would attract plasmas with a negative charge and those with a positive
charge. Specifically, as thunderclouds and storms develop, complex microphysical
processes cause the buildup of reservoirs of positive electric charge in the upper
regions of the cloud, and reservoirs of negative charge at the lower portions such
that a vertical electric dipole is formed.
Rycroft
et al
. [96] and Odzimek
et al
. [97] estimated that thunderstorms con-
tribute about 60% to 80% of the upward positive currents flowing to the ionosphere,
with electrified rain/shower clouds, dust storms, volcanoes, and earthquakes respon-
sible for 40% to 20%. However, the lower portions of thunder clouds contain a neg-
ative charge and direct negative charges toward the ground [5] [98].
It is believed that on average a thunderstorm generates an upward D.C. current
of ~1 A to the ionosphere, which is an excellent conductor (with an equipotential
VI of ~+250 kV) and an A.C. current toward Earth [99]. Thunderclouds, there-
fore, constitute giant “batteries” which drive a downward negative electric current
toward Earth, and an upward current (
i.e.
positive ions that accumulate in the
troposphere and within the clouds), through the stratosphere and mesosphere up
to the ionosphere and which attracts plasma [3]. The upward conduction current
of a single thunderstorm can cause the charge potential of the ionosphere to reach
~+250 kV with respect to that of the Earth’s surface [35] [36]
Because thunderclouds generate potential differences exceeding 100 MV between
the positive charges at their tops and the negative charges near their bottoms, they
serve as both a D.C. (negative to positive) and an A.C. (positive to negative) bat-
tery/generator that continually recharges the global electric circuit maintained be-
tween the ionosphere, the lower atmospheres, the land masses and the oceans.
Moreover, the thundercloud’s “D.C. Battery” creates a series of horizontal charge
fields above the cloud—basically creating an “all roads lead to Rome” multi-path-
way that plasmoids may traverse as they fly toward and then descend into a thun-
derstorm. By contrast, the A.C. generator at the bottom creates vertical charge fields
leading downward to a dozen meters above the ground and ocean and thus provid-
ing yet another pathway to the lower atmosphere and the surface [98]. However,
in so doing, the coupling of a downward charge with the positive charge in the
lower atmosphere, may result in a plasmodic collision that also produce transient
plasmas, e.g. ball lightning.
This physical separation of oppositely charged particles within the cloud and the
creation of the dipole occurs, in part, because the larger negatively charged cloud
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particles fall toward Earth and smaller positively charged particles are transported
to the ionosphere [100]. However, the thunder cloud may become layered or pock-
eted with negative and positive charge centers. Thus, the dipole connection with
Earth vs. the ionosphere may become multi-polar—a function of the dynamic na-
ture of the thunderstorm and the many factors (such as temperature, amount of
moisture, humidity) which can affect the temporal evolution of charge.
Thunderclouds, which generate potential differences exceeding 100 MV between
the positive charges at their tops and the negative charges near their bottoms [101],
are the most important source of currents through the atmosphere. They are both
a D.C. “battery” and an A.C. generator in the global electric circuit and are im-
mensely attractive to plasmas in the ionosphere.
Lightning discharge from the top of a thundercloud commonly generate ener-
getic electrons so powerful they are transformed into an upward gamma-ray burst
and electromagnetic waves that travel in a variety of direction and across a broad
range of frequencies including whistler radio waves that jet through the iono-
sphere into the plasmasphere [102] [103]. It is possible that these whistler radio
waves alert and direct plasmoids in the ionosphere and plasmasphere to an active
thunderstorm.
Thunderstorms—in conjunction with Earth, its land masses, oceans, clouds, and
thermosphere-ionosphere—are primarily responsible for maintaining Earth’s Global
Electric Field and Circuit [70] [101]. Thunderstorms also appear to provide an elec-
trically recharging “way-station” for plasmoids descending from the ionosphere,
mesosphere, and stratosphere to the positively charged lower atmosphere—the
troposphere—and the oceans of Earth.
5. Fair Weather Clouds
Each of the ~1000 thunderstorms active each day generates a downward A.C. cur-
rent that flows even to areas remote from those thunderstorms including toward
fair weather (no clouds) and semi-fair weather (non-precipitating layered clouds)
areas [104]-[106]. Complex microphysical processes acting within thunderclouds
can also cause the buildup of reservoirs of positive electric charge at ~10 - 16 km
altitude,
i.e.
in the troposphere and lower stratosphere [5]—airspace in which pas-
senger and military jets often cruise.
Once a localized storm has calmed, the atmosphere and remaining clouds con-
tinue to be electrified in upper horizontal and lower vertical directions. For exam-
ple, it has been estimated that 30 minutes after the last lightning flash a horizontal
positive charge can be detected over 250 km2 distant; and that even when nearly
an hour has passed, the horizontal positive charge will still extend over 90 km2 at
an altitude of 10 km [5] [107] [108].
Thus, for over an hour or more, the interior positive charge extends well beyond
the lifetime of the thunderstorm and persists even during fair weather conditions
and may infiltrate and charge distant areas that are otherwise cloudless; and this
is due to the fact that the stratosphere and especially the troposphere act as non-
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conducting insulators and maintain a positive charge [88]. In addition, fair weather
clouds, including those fluffy white and pillow shaped, and in particular those that
are layered, are also electrically charged and contribute to the GEC [70] [104]-
[106]. Such clouds are known to cover around 30% of the planet at any one time
[70]. Earth’s lower atmosphere, above much of the planet, is therefore electrically
charged.
Clouds in general accumulate charges. In the natural atmosphere, the global
circuit drives vertical current through layered clouds and fogs, such that the lower
boundary of the cloud is subject to rising moist air and water vapor saturation all
of which contribute to a negative charge at the lower boundaries of the cloud
[109]-[114]. Calculations and measurements for non-precipitating (fair weather)
clouds have documented that the interior and upper boundary and interior charge
of these clouds are usually positive and the lower cloud boundary negative [70]
[109]—similar to thunderclouds. Globally, the total positive charge stored by lay-
ered clouds is approximately 105 C, which, combined with the positive charge in the
troposphere atmospheric column below and in the stratospheric column above
the cloud up to the ionosphere, balances the total negative surface charge of the
land masses below [70] [109].
A positive charge also accumulates in these fair-weather clouds because of
the horizontal transmission of positive charges even from thunder clouds hun-
dreds of kilometers distant. Because they act as passive accumulators of charge
these fair-weather clouds also serve as “generators” of current within the global
circuit [70].
Plasmoids filmed by 10 shuttle missions are attracted to electromagnetic activ-
ity and the positive charges at the top of thunder clouds and positively charged
lightning (Figures 3-13). Therefore, it can be predicted that plasmas would be ob-
served not only during disturbed weather conditions, but on foggy, cloudy, humid
as well as on cloudless fair-weather days due to the attractive influences of this pos-
itively charged environment.
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Plasmas in the Thermosphere Approaching—Descending into Thunder-
storms
Figure 11. Multiple plasmoids, alone and in pairs, arrive from off-camera and approach, at different velocities, and descend into a
powerful thunderstorm [1]. See: https://researchgate.net/publication/383116954.
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A Single Thermosphere Plasma Soaring above & Descending into a Thun-
derstorm
Figure 12. A single plasmoid alone approaches a powerful thunder and lightning storm; and then descends into the storm and the
lower atmosphere [1]. (Bottom). Processed with Fotor anti-blur imaging processing software. Note multiple voids/nuclei in speci-
mens magnified 1600 times.
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Plasmoid Materializing and Descending into a Thunderstorm
Figure 13. A plasma materializes above and descends into the storm and the lower atmosphere. (Bottom) Note void/nuclei (top
second row). Filmed by STS 80 [1].
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Figure 14. A plasmoid materializes and descends into the storm and the lower atmosphere. (Bottom) Note multiple voids/nuclei.
Filmed by STS 80 [1]
Figure 15. Plasmoids materializing or suddenly self-illuminating above a thunderstorm [1].
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Plasmoid Materialize above Thunderstorms Target Same Plasma. Engage in
Complex Interactions
(A)
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(B)
Figure 16. (A) Plasmoid 1 (red circle) targets collides/merges with a plasma 2 (purple). Plasmoid 3 materializes (white box) after a
hyper-velocity hunter strikes numerous plasmas. Plasmoid 3 follows and also collides/merges with Plasma 2. (Continued with (B)).
Filmed by STS 101 [1]. (B) As documented in (A), the white box plasma #3 materialized and followed the Red Circle plasma #4,
intersecting the same #2 plasma that Red Circle had already penetrated. The Red and White come close together, but White contin-
ues to just above the thunderstorm. Plasmoid 1 ejects a smaller plasma #4 circled in green, which makes contact with the White Box
Plasma #3, which then reverses course, targets, collides, merges and intersects White Circle Plasma #1. These complex interactions
could be interpreted as indications of communication, intelligence, and complex social behavior. Filmed by STS 101 [1].
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Thermosphere Plasmoids That Form Rings, Cones “Jelly Fish”, “Sprites”
and “Elves”
Figure 17. Plasmoids in the thermosphere take a variety of forms and change shape, resembling clouds, rings, cones, and multiple
plasmas joined together. If these are representative of a “fourth domain of life” then some may represent distinct “species”.
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Transient Luminous Plasmas
Figure 18. Transient plasmas, (Top Left) referred to as an “Elves”. Photographed on March 27, 2023 above Possagno, TV, Italy. The
red ring marks where the pulse hit the ionosphere. (Top Right) A transient plasma, resembling a “jelly fish” referred to as a “Sprite”.
Figure 19. (Left) Shape-shifting ring-shaped plasmoid filmed above the ocean; (Middle: “Hunter” and Right “jellyfish”) thermo-
sphere plasmoids.
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6. Lightning over Land vs. Sea
Lightning is an electrical discharge in the form of a thunderbolt, transmitting an
electrical charge of 5 coulombs and 500 Megajoules depending on the length of
the thunderbolt; e.g. 3 million volts per meter and about 1 billion volts for a light-
ning bolt of 300 meters (1000 feet). lightning also has a velocity of 45 km per sec-
ond (100,000 miles per hour) and a temperature of around 1700˚C (3090˚F). In
contrast to the upward thunderstorm dipole consisting of positive energy, light-
ning emitted from the lower regions of a cloud usually (but not aways) consists of
negative electrical currents ranging from 40 kAh to 120 kA [110]. Thus, downward
directed lightning also excites the AC global circuit. However, some lightning bolts
carry an electric current of up to 120 kA, and transmit an electrical charge of 5
coulombs and 500 Megajoules [106].
Lightning is commonplace and when considered as a global phenomenon, is
continuous. Christian
et al.
[111] estimated the global rate at ~44 flashes per sec-
ond as based on space-borne sensors; whereas Gurnett
et al.
[112] based on Cas-
sini’s HF measurements during its Earth flyby in 1999, arrived at an estimate of
~70 flashes per second [102].
It is estimated that up to 90% of global lightning is diurnal and concentrated
above the convectively active continental tropical land regions and shows a clear
maximum around 16 - 17 LT and a minimum in the early morning hours 6 - 9
LT. By contrast, oceanic lightning activity is spread evenly throughout the day and
early evening [113]-[116]. It is estimated that the number of upward directed
lightning flashes over land is hundred times greater than over the tropical oceans.
[116]; and this may be due to land masses having a negative charge whereas the
electrical charge of the surface of the sea may wax and wane between positive and
negative.
7. Transient Plasmas in the Ionosphere: Elves, Sprites, Pixies,
Streaks, Flashes, and Jelly Fish
Lightning is a plasma that produces transient plasmas that linger near the ground
and lower atmosphere and those that rocket toward the ionosphere [17] [76] [117].
Whereas plasmas of the Ionosphere will descend into thunderstorms, colorful tran-
sient plasmas will erupt from thunderstorms and jet at incredible velocities through
the stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere, with some taking shape 50 to 90
km above Earth—including those resembling “jellyfish”, “clouds”, “streaks”,
“flashes”, “donuts”, “stars” and rapidly expanding rings of light [91]-[93] [118]
[119]. Astronauts have also reported that three objects, two “ring” shaped, ap-
proached and were hovering near their space shuttle [1].
These upward directed transient “cold” plasmas are not rare events, but are pro-
duced on average one every second [120] [121] and are commonly referred to as
“sprites”, “elves”, and “pixies” in the scientific literature. Moreover, these upward
directed plasma may intersect plasmas of the ionosphere (Figure 7, Figure 8, Fig-
ure 22, Figure 23) and based on reports by astronauts, they have penetrated and
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flashed through spaceships, the MIR, the space shuttles, and ISS [19]-[22].
For example, sprites are believed to form during intense positive cloud-to-ground
lightning and propagate visible tendrils downwards and upward; whereas Elves
likely form during an interaction between the propagating electromagnetic light-
ning pulse and the ions of the ionosphere [122]. Other cold plasmas produced by
lightning storms have been referred to as “blue jets”, “gigantic jets”, “blue sprites”,
“blue starters”, “pixies” and so on [118] [123] [124].
All these plasmas may extend from cloud tops all the way up toward the iono-
sphere. “Blue jets” for example, are beams of blue light that streak upward from
active thunderclouds but take unusual shapes, resembling giant trees with filamen-
tary branches and pierce the stratosphere into the lower ionosphere at increasing
speeds [123]. By contrast, “giant jets” preferentially appear above the oceans, and
a single jet may speed up and brighten, slow down as it dims, and may split in two
[123].
Collectively, these particular plasmas have been referred to as Transient Lumi-
nous Events (TLEs), which is the collective name given to a wide variety of optical
emissions and which have been studied from the ground, and via balloons, air-
craft, the space shuttles, the ISS (International Space Station) and orbiting satel-
lites.
Plasmas that jet upward have various colors (predominately white, but also red,
green, blue, orange, and yellow; and have been described by astronauts as shaped
like donuts (Elves), jellyfish (sprites), clouds, rings, and flashes and streaks of blue
or white light [1] [19]-[23].
These upward propagating plasmas are not always associated with thunder-
storms. For example, two weeks before it exploded on reentry in 2003, the crew of
the Space Shuttle Columbia observed an intense flash of red light that continued
to glow in the ionosphere despite the fact that no thunderstorms were observed
down below. Possibly this is because gravity waves, meteors, volcanoes, seismic
events, and even dust storms are believed to modify the local electrical properties
of the mesosphere and ionosphere [26] [35] [88] [106] [124] all of which can cause
the formation of plasmas with a variety of shapes and that engage in different be-
haviors. Therefore, in general these upward transient luminous plasmas rise and
take shape 50 km to 90 km above the surface.
TLEs are associated with “Whistlers” [125]. Whistlers “whistle” and are cen-
tered above intense thunderstorm activity but pass through the ionosphere along
geomagnetic field lines to the opposite hemisphere and into deep space [126]
[127]. Whistlers may alert plasmas to the location of a particularly intense electric
storm.
TLEs, along with whistlers from lightning, trigger particle-wave interactions
and collisions with energetic electrons [125] and not only contribute to the ion-
ization of the mesosphere and thermosphere, but can affect spacecraft and sat-
ellites—even entering and exiting spacecraft—before radiating out into deep
space.
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8. Plasmoids (UAP) Approach to Apollo Spacecraft, Satellites,
the Space Shuttles and MIR
Upward directed lightning bolts with their positive charges form an electrical cir-
cuit between the tops of thunderstorms and the ionosphere and produce transient
plasmas, referred to as elves, sprites, and blue jets. These transient, colorful plasmas
can jet into the thermosphere and pass-through glass, metal, brick, wood, plastic
[12] [13] [18] [47] [49] and penetrate and enter various spacecraft and the Inter-
national space station—as reported by astronauts [19]-[22].
As documented in this and an earlier report [3] plasma have a variety of col-
ors—including white, blue, green, red; as well as a variety shapes (e.g. donut,
cone, spherical, amorphous, cloud, blob, sperm), and sometimes the glowing
sheen of a non-solid clothlike metal. Moreover, they have approached, gathered
around, and passed by the MIR International Space Station (Figure 1), satellites
(Figures 3-5, Figure 20, Figure 21, Figure 24) and space shuttles (Figure 33);
and may have been first observed by astronauts aboard the Gemini and Apollo
spacecraft.
For example, on February 20, 1962, Astronaut John Glenn, the first American
to orbit Earth, excitedly reported that he was seeing, outside his spacecraft, little
colorful objects that “look like stars”. He reported that they “are brilliantly lit up
like they’re luminescent. I never saw anything like it. They round a little; they’re
coming by the capsule, and they look like little stars. A whole shower of them com-
ing by. They swirl around the capsule and go in front of the window and they’re
all brilliantly lighted. They probably average maybe 7 or 8 feet apart, but I can see
them all down below me, also”.
NASA CAPCOM replied: “Roger, Friendship Seven. Can you hear any impact
with the capsule? Over”. Glenn replied: “Negative, negative... They’re going at the
same speed I am approximately... They do, they do have a different motion, though,
from me because they swirl around the capsule and then depart back the way I am
looking”.
These “luminescent”, “brilliantly lighted”, “round” and “star” shaped optics
were attracted to the portal (window) of Glenn’s capsule and were briefly viewed
during the first orbit, as the craft flew above those areas of the ocean referred to
as the Pacific, Indian, and Southern Ocean—an area where spectacular celestial
lights (AKA Aurora Australis, Southern lights) and colorful, transient plasmodic
events are common [128]. The specific auras and plasmas have been attributed to
heightened localized geomagnetic activity down below and fluctuations in Earth’s
magnetosphere, which, as noted, contribute to the production and influence the
behavior of plasmoids.
NASA later dismissed Glenn’s “fireflies” as “ice particles” traveling with his space-
ship and illuminated by the rising Sun,
i.e.
water that somehow froze on the out-
side of the ship after liftoff and this frozen liquid remained frozen and attached
despite the heat-friction of ascent through the atmosphere, but once in space and
despite the sub-zero temperatures, this ice melted because of the sunlight—creating
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the “fireflies”—and then somehow all this liquid became re-attached to the space
capsule and froze again, then melted again [129].
During the second orbit as Glen flew over the volcanic Canary Islands which
are dominated by an active volcano, Mt. Teide, his ship was again surrounded by
“luminescent”, “stars” and “round” shaped optical phenomenon; and which he
verified were not coming from the ship’s engines and instead repeatedly gathered
near the window of his capsule. Space shuttle astronauts, have also reported that
objects shaped like “rings”, but which were not solid, also gathered near the shuttle
windows [1].
Although Mt. Teide is considered active, there has not been an eruption since
1909. Even so, active volcanoes produce heightened electromagnetic activity [130]
and are associated with lightning and other atmospheric electrical phenomena.
Volcanic gas is also mostly positively charged [131] as particles and liquid droplets
which when combined with the ejection of ions provides several possible charging
mechanisms [132]. Volcanoes can also provide charges to thunderclouds [133].
Particles with positive and negative charges also leak from active volcanoes but
undergo charge separation [132], triggering lightning as well as transient plasmas
that may shoot up to the stratosphere and beyond.
What Glenn and other astronauts observed are most likely colorful transient
plasmas; electromagnetic entities with electric charges. These transient entities as-
sume a variety of colorful brightly lit shapes, including ovoids, balls, streaks, and
little stars [63] [127] [134] that may or may not have a reflective metallic sheen
(Figure 15).
TLEs, like long duration plasmas in the ionosphere, are not solid and do not
consist of metal. For example, the commander of STS 115 described what are most
likely thermosphere plasmas as translucent, flexible, not a solid object, metallic
but not made of metal, and giving off light and glowing: “The best way I can de-
scribe it as some kind of reflective cloth—some type of metallic looking type of
cloth—a structure which is definitely not rigid—it’s not a solid metal structure”
[1]-[3].
Many of the observations of astronauts are consistent with film-footage depict-
ing what appear to be colorful plasmas which are “not rigid” and “not a solid metal
structure”. It is precisely because they are a plasma, and (presumably) not a solid,
that plasmas can pass through metal, brick, wood, glass, and have entered and
appeared inside spacecraft, the MIR International Space Station, and the Interna-
tional Space Station; possibly gaining access by passing through windows which
lack electromagnetic shielding [47]; and this may explain why John Glenn and other
astronauts have observed these optical phenomenon outside and approaching win-
dows; they were seeking access.
9. Plasmas Have Invaded Spacecraft, MIR and International
Space Station
There have been numerous credible reports documenting that plasmas shaped like
donuts, spheres, and even “jellyfish” can pass through metal, plastic, wood, windows,
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and brick walls over 40 centimeters thick, and enter home, businesses, and the
cockpits of aircraft [11] [12] [47]-[49], sometimes burning or shocking those in-
side, and/or damaging power plants, electrical circuits and short-circuiting televi-
sion sets, radios, junction boxes, and other electrical devices.
Astronauts, including the first and second man to walk on the moon, have re-
ported seeing flashes of colored light that had entered their sealed craft and which
had various shapes. According to Buzz Aldrin “Something was zapping through
the cabin... I observed what I thought were little flashes inside the cabin... I was
able to see double flashes, at points separated by maybe a foot. At other times, I
could see a line with no direction of motion”. Neil Armstrong also admitted that
he’d “seen some light” that had flashed inside the cabin, and that his observations
were similar to those of Buzz Aldrin [19] [20].
The crews of Apollo 12 through 17 also “observed light flashes” inside the cabin
[20] that were “blue”, “red”, “white” and shaped like “stars” or clouds” or “steaks”.
Nor were these illusions, hallucinations, or due to cosmic or gamma rays affecting
their eyes, because they were not observed when astronauts closed their eyes or were
wearing blindfolds. For example, Lunar Module pilot Harrison Schmitt, reported
that inside his craft, “we had light flashes just about continuously during the whole
flight” and he had seen another “flash on the lunar surface” during his moon-walk.
According to Schmitt and others, when “we had the blindfolds on for the ALF-
MED experiment there were no visible flashes”. But when they removed the blind-
folds, they again began “seeing the light flashes again” inside the ship; and which
were later attributed to the “flux of multiply charged nuclei” from the Van Allen
radiation belt [21] which in turn are a major factor in the formation and behavior
of plasma in the thermosphere and ionosphere.
Crews aboard the MIR space station also reported seeing the light flashes which
they described as having various and complex shapes. Out of 59 different astro-
nauts who were members of the Shuttle, MIR and ISS crews, 47 admitted they’d
repeatedly seen light flashes inside their craft shaped like “stars”, “clouds” and
“blobs”; not only in darkness, but 11 saw them in dim light and two saw them in
bright light. Thirty nine of the 59 astronauts reported that the lights were colored
red, green, blue, orange, yellow, but most commonly white and almost all were in
motion, swirling or streaking about inside the craft [22].
Plasma-like UAP—shaped like “stars”, “clouds”, “rings” and “blobs” but of much
larger size (Figure 14)—have also been filmed flowing towards, circling, flying past
or hovering near the MIR International Space Station and the Space Shuttles and
an electrified tether generating electromagnetic pulses into the space medium [1]-
[3]; the latter of which include those shaped like jellyfish (Figure 14) serpents (Fig-
ure 7, Figure 12) and those that streak at hyper speeds above thunderstorms (Fig-
ure 7, Figure 8, Figure 22, Figure 23).
10. Encounters with Plasmas That Descended into the Lower
Atmosphere: UAPs
The ionosphere-thermosphere (and possibly the upper layers of the mesophere) are
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electrically conductive, with thunderstorms and (less so) electrified clouds serving
as the main current source and providing continual upward positive charges. The
atmospheric conductivity in fact increases with height due to the increased ioni-
zation produced by cosmic rays and extreme ultraviolet and X-radiation [36]. As
a good electrical conductor, the positive charges within the ionosphere are gener-
ally equipotential and spherically symmetric about the Earth and its oceans which
also serve as a conductor.
Between these two conductors (the ionosphere and Earth’s oceans and surface)
are electrified clouds that circulate in the troposphere and lower stratosphere
[106]. The troposphere (0 to 10,000 meters above the surface) and stratosphere
(10,000 to 30,000 meters) comprise the non-conducting positively charged layers
of the atmosphere and behave more like a leaky insulated electrical cable 30,000
meters in height and which surrounds Earth in all directions and through which
electrical charges and related phenomenon may pass including charged plasmas
that have a variety of shapes.
The lower atmosphere is weakly conducting [135] due to ionization by galactic
cosmic rays, electrified particles, and precipitation from the Van Allen radiation
belts [106] [136]. These extremely energetic (>100 MeV) charged particles—par-
ticularly those originating beyond the solar system—are incident from all direc-
tions at the top of the atmosphere. However, the maximum production rate of ion-
ization occurs at altitudes between 12 and 20 km [89] [136] [137],
i.e.
in the trop-
osphere: that region of the atmosphere where aircraft not uncommonly encounter
UAPs.
Because plasmoids are charged with electromagnetic energy, these non-conduct-
ing lower atmospheric layers provide an insulated route that leads from the iono-
sphere (thermosphere, mesosphere) directly to thunderstorms and electrified clouds
that generally form between 10,000 meters (33,000 feet/6.25 miles) to 20,000 me-
ters (66,000 feet/12.5 miles) above the surface [105] [106]. In consequence, elec-
tromagnetic plasmas that have descended to the lower atmosphere will encounter
airlines and military jets that (respectively) usually fly between 9144 to 12,800 me-
ters and 13,715 to 15,544 meters above the surface [38] [39].
It is likely that the plasmas of the ionosphere, when they descend into the lower
atmosphere, account for many reports of UAP/UFOs including those that have
followed, harassed, and “toyed with” military and civilian planes [3]. As doc-
umented, plasmas in the ionosphere will also turn, follow and even collide with
each other.
During the second world war, American, English, German and Japanese pilots
reported being followed, confronted and challenged by UFOs-UAPs that were
white, silver, and red, and often glowing or translucent, and shaped like clouds,
donuts, balls, spheres, and stars [41] [51]-[54] [138]. Allied pilots called them “Foo
Fighters”. Hundreds of pilots and flight crews described the “Foos” as on fire [138]—
Japanese pilots in particular. The Foos were glowing, and sometimes changing col-
ors from silver-white to red-orange.
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As reported by Allied Supreme Headquarters and numerous news media out-
lets, including in 1944, by the New York Times [52]: “Airmen of the American Air
Force report that they are encountering silver colored spheres in the air...either
singly or in clusters. Sometimes they are semi-translucent... There was no infor-
mation available as to what holds them up like stars in the sky, what is in them, or
what their purpose appears to be”.
One WWII crew member reported that his encounter with the “Foos” gave him
nightmares: “Some of them”, he said, “looked shiny, metallic, and saucer shaped
when viewed from far away. We thought they were Nazi secret weapons, some
kinds of rocket-dirigible, capable of fantastic speeds and maneuvers... On one mis-
sion, after we dropped a lot of fire bombs... the Foos surrounded our plane... They
didn’t look like rockets or planes or made of metal; but more like giant colorful
jellyfish. Alive...toying with us” [41]. Two years after WWII came to a close, Ken-
neth Arnold observed nine shining shape-shifting phenomenon flying at fantastic
speeds, some of which resembled “sky jellyfish” [43].
According to the official military reports these WWII Foos were incredibly fast,
capable of amazing maneuvers and impossible turns, and would ride alongside,
above, below, and directly in front of U.S. fighter planes which proved incapable
of shooting them down [41] [51]-[54] [138]. Military pilots and others continued
to have these encounters during the “Korean War” and for every war thereafter in-
cluding numerous close calls that almost resulted in collisions. It can be assumed
that when collisions occurred, electronics may have failed and those planes crashed
killing all onboard.
This suspicion is not mere speculation. In the last 80 plus years, military pilots
have reported hundreds of encounters with these brightly lit UAP including turn-
ing, following, hovering, and near collisions, after which these UAP would sud-
denly disappear or speed off at hypersonic speeds—behaviors typical of plasmoids
in the thermosphere [1]-[3]. Nikitin [13] has documented numerous encounters
between Russian military and commercial pilots and UAPs that are most likely
“ball lightning” and which fly at fantastic speeds, make impossible turns, radiate
beams of light, cause electronic failures, jam radar, and which repeatedly confront
jets in flight and have nearly caused numerous aerial catastrophes.
According to the June 25, 2021 report issued by the Office of the Director of Na-
tional Intelligence [32] these “UAP...appeared to remain stationary in winds aloft,
move against the wind, maneuver abruptly, or move at considerable speed, with-
out discernible means of propulsion”. These are also the characteristics of plasmas
filmed in the thermosphere and which can change velocity and accelerate to hy-
personic speed—possibly by altering their charges. The U.S. government 2021 re-
port goes on to state: “In a small number of cases, military aircraft systems processed
radio frequency (RF) energy associated with UAP sightings”.
It is noteworthy that plasmas radiate electromagnetic energy. If the plasma trav-
els along geomagnetic lines, they are accompanied by or generate radio-frequen-
cies termed “whistlers” which are named for the sound it makes. Whistlers are caused
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when plasma from lightning travels along the geomagnetic flux lines [125]. There-
fore, those RF waves sometimes detected in association with UAP may be whistler
radio waves which are produced by plasmas and which radiate throughout the
entire frequency range from VLF, ELF to ULF [125] [139] and which can be heard
on AM radios on Earth.
Plasmas also consist of charged particles which can create radio signals with a
characteristic frequency of 300 Hz to 2 kHz [140]. Moreover, Füllekrug
et al.
[141]
simulated the production of relativistic electrons above a thundercloud and below
a sprite, and which radiated radio waves with frequencies up to 400 kHz. Consider;
AM broadcasting frequencies range from 535 to 1605 KHz; FM broadcasting
from 88 to 108 MHz; whereas Military aircraft broadcast and receive at 225.0 to
399.95 MHz for air-to-air and air-to-ground, including air traffic control com-
munication. It is likely that the “radio frequency (RF) energy associated with
UAP sightings” were whistlers and frequencies associated with plasma. In fact,
Whistlers can be heard on Earth-based radios and are called “whistlers” because
they whistle.
11. Effects of UFO/UAP and Ball Lightning Plasmas: Behavior,
Types, Hallucinations, and Confusion
Collectively, the diverse array of plasmoids that form in the lower atmosphere have
sometimes been referred to as “ball lightning” and which have multiple shapes, col-
ors and forms and may endure from a few seconds to several dozen minutes before
vanishing. In this report, we provide evidence of what is most likely ball lightning
hovering over the ocean (Figure 27) and a series of freeze frames from a 3-minute
film by U.S. Customs of a rapidly shape-shifting object flying erratically just above
the ocean and that repeatedly splits apart (Figures 28-32). Although it may have
behaved like “ball lightning” this latter entity and those that split off, were not oval
or round, but assumed twisted and unusual shapes.
Broadly considered there are several major loosely defined categories of “ball
lightning” which is the collective term for a variety of illuminated plasmas that
appear in the lower atmosphere [13] [17] [49] [76] [117] [142]-[145]. For example,
there is the ball of lightning that appears after a bolt strikes a pole, tree, or the
ground and which kicks up dust and debris that along with various gases are in-
corporated within a plasma that is illuminated and which may be round or ovoid
in shape. A second category is observed above dust storms and prior to and after
earthquakes and during volcanic eruptions. The third category is a ball of light
that floats in the air at various distances above ground, sometimes as high as the
stratosphere and which emits beams of light. Another category includes luminous
globes that lead or follow a bolt of lightning, and that may bounce against the
ground or telephone poles and electric cables. A fifth category includes those that
travel atop and along power lines and fences. Then there are those that enter or
appear inside buildings, homes, and airplanes that are aloft. In each instance, the
plasmoid may move randomly, erratically sometimes very rapidly, or slowly, but
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most often horizontally at relatively slow velocities and then suddenly vanish or it
may explode as it disappears.
Therefore, like the plasmas of the ionosphere and the transient plasmas ejected
upward from thunderclouds, the plasmas collectively referred to as “ball light-
ning” have different color sizes and shapes including “rectangular” [128] and in-
clude those that rapidly and continually change shape [13]. They may engage in ro-
tational movements, or move about erratically, and travel at different velocities, in-
cluding speeding up, slowing down, and hovering. They have also been described
as hot, cold, or lacking temperature, though some have reported being burned or
suffering an electric shock [13] [63] [134] and even radiation burns [13]. Most are
described as intensely white or bluish white, occasionally red to yellow, or green,
blue, or purple.
Estimates as to size range from a few centimeters to several meters. Although usu-
ally globular, they have also been described as shaped like a ring, a cloud, a blob,
a jellyfish, a flame or ball of fire, or as shape shifters that may appear as ellipsoids,
cylinders, disks and triangular [13]. Some balls seem solid; others appear to be
hollow; yet others may fragment into smaller balls or are accompanied or imme-
diately followed by another luminescent circular apparition [17] [76] [128] [142]
[143].
Some observers have detected an odor resembling ozone, sulfur, and nitrogen
dioxide in the vicinity of these plasmas. Some believe the ball of plasma is cold,
because they feel no heat when it gets near their body. However, there are also
anecdotal reports of balled plasma melting soil, evaporating large volumes of wa-
ter, and of people suffering severe burns or a painful electric shock [13]. In addi-
tion, power outages have also been attributed to these balls of plasma [128].
Some of those who have encountered ball lighting, also report becoming con-
fused, disoriented and even experiencing visual illusions and hallucinations or
suffering from nightmares [13] [63] [146] [147]. In one instance hundreds of those
who observed first one then a second ball of lighting, reported feeling disoriented
not only during, but for several minutes after the ball disappeared, as documented
in the following account by Mason [128]:
The mining town of “Tom Price”—also known as “Top Town” because it is 747
m (2451 ft) above sea level—is located in Western Australia adjacent to a moun-
tainous region, the Hamersley Range—and above which John Glenn flew in 1962
when he first reported his observation of brilliant flashes of light, outside his cap-
sule window, shaped like spheres and stars. In October 1994 at around 8:30 PM,
approximately 1000 of the town’s 4000 residents “saw a very large red-orange col-
ored ball of fire moving at very low altitude directly towards them...it appeared to
be a fiery orange-yellow-white color—possibly rectangular or spherical in cross
section (depending on observer), from the side it appeared to be a spherical yel-
low-white light—pulsing up and down in light intensity (as captured on video)”.
Several of the “observers, being some 200 meters directly below it by now, re-
ported that it was an intense spherical ball of orange-red fire with the fire swirling
in a spiral pattern and the flames disappearing internally upwards into a central
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black ‘hole’ or void within the spherical mass of flames”. Another observer also
described it as “like a moving plasma ball in a local space-time warp around a
central black hole”... “The fireball had no tail and made no noise at all... It was
described as a sort of ‘implosion ball of flames’ with all the fire or flames originat-
ing in local space outside the fiery sphere-like form, the flames being sucked into
the center where they disappeared”.
After about five minutes, “it flashed a bright blue-white color that lit up the area
and it then took off at very high speed and disappeared almost instantly moving
very fast to the east. Other observers simply believed that it just disappeared with
the intense blue-white light flash/explosion—no explosive noise heard—just a
very bright light energy emission flash....”.
“Immediately a second fireball appeared in the west following the path of the
first. This flew slightly lower but at the same slow light aircraft speed (
i.e.
about
100 mph) and similarly at constant low altitude...and was identical in all respects
to the first. It disappeared similarly in a massive blue-white flash of light energy
moving at very high velocity to the east...”.
“Many attempted to take photos but all film rolls returned from Perth showed
good family snaps but only white blanks of the fireballs...suggesting that X-ray or
similar e/m radiation from the fireball fogged the film”. Fortunately, two minutes
of this incident were videotaped and showed a “pulsing light or fireball”. Many of
the residents also discovered that their watches stopped working, or that electrical
equipment, TVs and radios had stopped functioning. “It was later found out that
the Dampier power station (150 km north of Tom Price) went off line at the time
of the Tom Price fireballs due to a huge overvoltage pulse on the transmission
lines”.
Many of the residents also admitted that they began to feel confused and diso-
riented as the fire ball approached: “Strange time/space/mind distortion effects
were in operation (emanating from the fireballs) such that confusion reigned im-
mediately during and after the sightings” [128].
Figure 20. (Top) 18th/19th century encounters with “ball lighting”. (Left) Death of Russian professor Georg Wilhelm Richman from a
ball lightning strike on July 26, 1753. These encounters generally cause shock, terror, confusion, disorientation, and later, sleep
disturbance and nightmares. (Bottom Right) CGI re-creation of orange colored UAP based on witness descriptions of a UAP en-
counter with the USS Ronald Regan in 2004, from Beaty
et al.
[50].
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12. Speculation: Electromagnetic Hallucinations and Alien
Abductions
Plasmoids appear to be electromagnetic entities that emit electric charges and en-
ergetic electrons. Proximity to plasmoids described as “ball lightning” have been
reported to cause damage to electrical systems, television sets, telephones, junc-
tion boxes, and electrical circuits and knock out power stations presumably due
to the radiation of electromagnetic fields. Christopher Mellon, former Deputy As-
sistant Secretary of Defense for Intelligence in the Clinton and George W. Bush
administrations stated at the “SOL Foundation” Symposium in November 2023,
that UAP are capable of “emitting radiations in radiation in the 1 to 3 and 8 to 12
gigahertz range” [and] “have rendered segments of our nuclear deterrent inoper-
able. In other recent cases they’re jamming Radars on fighter aircraft”.
Russian pilots and ground crews have reported similar experiences including
cases where “the aircraft’s electronic equipment fails” and where ball shaped UAP
have interfered “with the operation of radio equipment and affect the human psy-
che” including inducing vivid hallucinations of humanoid-like forms [13]. Arnold,
who inadvertently coined the term “flying saucer” in 1947, reported that he also
felt his mind was affected by these pulsating forms that he believed might be read-
ing his thoughts [44].
Anecdotal reports claim that these plasmoids (AKA UAP) can cause night-
mares, confusion, feelings of disorientation and induce illusions and hallucina-
tions—presumably due to the effects of electromagnetic radiation having adverse
neurological effects, possibly affecting the temporal lobes (and hippocampus and
amygdala) in particular [148]. In one instance, nearly 1000 residents experienced
“Strange time/space/mind distortion effects were in operation (emanating from
the fireballs) such that confusion reigned immediately during and after the sight-
ings” [128].
Luis Elizondo former U.S. Army Counterintelligence Special Agent, DoD Of-
fice of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and former director of the
Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification (AATIP) Program, has reported that
periods of confusion are not uncommon during and after a UAP encounter:
“where certain observers almost appeared to be in an essence mesmerized...almost
like hypnotized by the event to the point where...it wasn’t until after the event, did
people kind of scratch their heads and say, oh my God, did we just see what we
saw?”.
However, in many anecdotal reports, couples and entire families have reported
not just seeing but taking a picture of a UFO that had landed. But when these photos
are developed, there is no UFO and no aliens; sometimes only a bright light. At the
other extreme are the numerous cases of individual reporting or remembering or
dreaming about having been abducted by aliens [15] [148]. As noted, nightmares
after encounters with plasmas are not uncommon; and which raises the possibil-
ity: is the memory of an abduction actually based on a dream, a nightmare, or the
product of an electromagnetically induced hallucination caused by exposure to a
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plasma?
Experiments have demonstrated that exposure to electromagnetic fields can pro-
duce a diverse range of hallucinatory phenomena including the hearing of voices
and the perception of full-blown demonic or ghostly apparitions [149]-[154]. Per-
singer and colleagues [155]-[157] have repeatedly induced anomalous hallucina-
tory experiences and otherworldly phenomenon via the application of complex
magnetic fields to the temporal region of the skull, whereas Frey [151] employing
power densities as low as 400 μW/m2 was also able to produce voices and a variety
of sounds even in subjects completely deaf. Over the years, various U.S. govern-
ment agencies have employed and funded scientists who are expected to develop
electromagnetic radiating devices that can be used for crowd control and even in-
fluence how individuals vote [152].
Electromagnetic pulses can also cause dizziness, vomiting, confusion, disorien-
tation, memory loss, the perception of unpleasant odors, dissociative experiences
(floating above the body), or cause those affected to fall asleep and have night-
mares or conversely make them unable to sleep so that they begin to hallucinate
after prolonged sleep deprivation [13] [151] [158]. Stroboscopic dazzling lights
and specific radio frequencies are reported to have almost identical effects [158]
[159]. Therefore, based on anecdotal and experimental studies, there is now con-
siderable evidence that exposure to intense electromagnetic fields and bright stro-
boscopic pulsating lights—such as those associated with plasmas—can induce com-
plex hallucinations of ghost-like and demonic forms or horrific nightmares that
upon recall or following hypnosis, might later be interpreted as “alien abductions”.
This is not to say that all claims of abduction should be dismissed as due to an
electromagnetically or stroboscopic induced hallucinations, but rather, exposure
to plasmas radiating high levels of electromagnetic activity can alter perceptions
of reality. Again, Arnold, who coined the term “flying saucers” believed that these
arrays of bright shape shifting lights and forms, had somehow invaded his thoughts
and could read his mind [44].
Figure 21. 19th century encounters with “ball lighting”. These encounters generally cause shock, confusion, disorientation, terror,
and later, sleep disturbance and nightmares.
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Figure 22. Examples of oscillating, Stroboscopic waxing pulsating plasma illumination in the thermosphere. These behaviors and
more, can be viewed in a 17-minute film consisting of a compilation of NASA space shuttle [1]. See:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383116954.
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Figure 23. This pulsating plasmoid emerged into the thermosphere from the clouds below, and approached the space shuttle [1]. It
is likely that some individuals may feel confused, disoriented, or increasingly mesmerized when exposed to a bright pulsating object
emitting powerful electromagnetic impulses as it approaches, and becomes increasingly bright. Hallucinations are not uncommon
during exposure to electromagnetic pulses and nightmares may follow, all of which may be experienced or “remembered” or inter-
preted as an alien abduction.
13. Plasmas Have Invaded the Cockpit of Airplanes
The lower atmospheric transient luminous phenomenon like the sprites, elves,
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and blue jets of the upper atmosphere, are short lived, display a diversity of sizes
and colors, and may appear as ellipsoids, cylinders and disks that radiate beams
of light and high-frequency radio emission [13]. Not uncommonly they occur in
pairs, triplets or follow one another but do not engage in complex behaviors.
Like those of the upper atmosphere which have entered spacecraft, plasmas in
the lower atmosphere pass through metal, plastic, glass and aluminum and entered
aircraft cockpits [47] [49]. Cockpits are a preferred mode of plasma entry, pre-
sumably because in contrast to the high electric fields that exist on this portion of
the aircraft, the cockpit windows are large and lack any electrical shielding [47]—
which may explain why John Glenn and other astronauts have reported seeing
these UAPs approaching or appearing just outside the windows of their spacecraft.
Perhaps they were seeking entry. However, although they may enter a window, they
may exit by passing through a metal door [49].
Don Smith [49] who was a lieutenant in the U.S. Air Force and the navigator of
a cargo aircraft in route to Hawaii has reported the following encounter: “We were
at an altitude of 18,000 feet, it was at night and we were flying in a continuous
horizontal layer of thin cloud which had the density of soup...a glowing ball of
golden fire about the size of a volleyball appeared just inside the windshield, mid-
way of the windshield and above the central Pilot console. It touched nothing and
made no sound...but slowly floated downward into the cockpit between the Pilots,
then between the Engineer and me, coming within a foot of me at my waist, now
staying about three feet above the floor, then slowly turned left toward the crew
lounge doorway, went through the open doorway, turned right 90 degrees and
toward where the Loadmaster was sitting...the Loadmaster burst into the cockpit
yelling ‘Did you see THAT?’. The Loadmaster said that he saw a ball of golden fire
come from the cockpit into the crew lounge. It floated toward him, came within a
foot of him but turned to exit through the open stairway door and down the stair-
way into the cargo bay—then to float above the cargo down the exact middle of the
airplane toward the tail of the airplane—and then just disappeared as it went through
the metal tail ramp and door at the rear of the airplane”.
As documented here and additional reports [1]-[3] the plasmas of the ionosphere
have approached, circled, and lingered near various space shuttles, satellites, and
the MIR international Space Station. Optic phenomena that resemble miniscule
plasmodic flashes, streaks, “elves”, “sprites” and “blue jets” have actually entered and
have been observed inside the MIR, the International Space Station, and Apollo
11 through 17, and most likely at least one Gemini mission. What all these space-
craft and international space stations have in common are: windows and portals
which lack any electrical shielding [47].
Presumably, a plasma may pass through a portal or window and appear inside
due to the accumulation of atmospheric ions on the isolating inside surface of the
craft. If the interior collects a surface charge that can produce electric fields which
are sufficient to sustain an electric discharge this may create a plasma that slowly
floats or begins “zapping” around inside, amongst the crew and passengers. However,
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as reported by Heil and Smith [49], in the minutes before a glowing plasma ap-
peared inside their plane, another plasma, which he described as “St. Elmo’s fire”
had attached itself to the nose of the plane. Their plane, therefore, attracted two
distinct forms of plasma; one that remained outside and another that appeared to
be engaged in a sight-seeing tour inside the plane.
It can be considered an established fact that plasmas may pass through metal,
glass, composite aluminum, and so on, including spacecraft encapsulating astro-
nauts. Obviously, it could be exceedingly dangerous if plasma collided with or
entered an airplane cockpit. Once inside it may injure crew, cause hallucinations
and dissociative experiences, or explode or cause a short circuit in a computerized
system of control leading to a catastrophic systems failure and the death of all those
onboard.
In fact, Navy pilots have reported incidents of near mid-air collisions with UAP.
According to F-18 fighter Lt. Ryan Graves, a UAP almost downed his plane and
his wingman, when it zipped between the two jet fighters. In 2001, the CIA—re-
sponding to a “freedom of information request” released documents re-porting
numerous incidents of near collisions or an actual collision with UFOs: “For sev-
eral minutes he had tracked an object on his radar’ scope, then all of a sudden it
had stopped at a range of about 15 miles from the base and remained stationary...
A full half hour passed and still this object remained in the same location on the
radar screen.... the radar operator… guided the pilot to a new heading that would
bring him directly into this blip that was still stationary on the screen... the aircraft
slowly approached the object on the scope... Then when it seemed that the two would
collide... the stationary object simply disappeared, vanished seconds before” they
almost collided. An “RAF pilot encountered a UFO” [and] “nearly collided head-
on with a huge, metallic appearing object. The UFO was shaped like two saucers
pressed together, one inverted on top of the other”. And then, when they were
about to collide… “At the last second, it flipped to one side and streaked past at
tremendous speed”.
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Plasmoids Targeting, Colliding, Piercing, Turning, Following
Figure 24. Examples of plasmas in the thermosphere “hunting” colliding, piercing, and turning (circled in red) and following plasma
(circled in yellow); and then, reversing course [1].
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Plasmas Targeting, Colliding, Piercing
Figure 25. Examples of plasmas in the thermosphere, traveling in different directions, targeting, colliding, and piercing one another
[1].
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Hyper-Velocity “Hunters” in Thermosphere above Thunderstorms
Figure 26. Examples of hyper-velocity plasmas “hunters” in the thermosphere. Trajectory is from the top right toward the bottom
left. Vertical lines indicate “hits”. Filmed by STS 101 Shuttle Atlantis [1].
Figure 27. Examples of hyper-velocity plasmoid “hunters” in the thermosphere. Trajectory is from the bottom left toward upper
right. Vertical lines indicate “hits”. Filmed by STS 101 Shuttle Atlantis [1].
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Figure 28. (Top Rows Red Box) An elongated “hunter” strikes and intersects numerous plasmoids hovering above a thunderstorm;
and (Bottom Rows Blue Box) pulsates, shrinking, expanding, wiggling like a “worm” or “snake” as it “hunts”.
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Example of Plasmas Colliding, Merging, Spitting Apart: Charge Coupling &
Separation?
Figure 29. Detailed analysis of colliding, merging, and separation—which could be likened to “charge coupling” between plasmoids
of opposite charges followed by “charge separation” as one or both reverse charge, such that both are positive or both negative,
resulting in repulsion.
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14. Speculation: Plasmas (UAP) May Have Caused
Unexplained, Inexplicable Airline Disasters
Members of the U.S. Congress and U.S. military personnel have expressed concern
that UAP poses a danger to aircraft. As summed up in 2023 by Chris Mellon, For-
mer U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense, UAP have caused “multiple cases
of near midair collisions and other cases involving serious injuries to Military and
civilian Personnel”.
Lightning is a plasma that when carrying a positive or negative charge, attracts
electrically charged plasmas which follow these bolts to the tops of these clouds
which are also positively charged; whereas the bottom of the cloud and the bolts
of lightning that erupt from the bottom, often have a negative charge. Aircraft and
spacecraft may also radiate a positive charge that attracts bursts of lightning even
in fair weather conditions. Presumably this occurs because these craft—under
some conditions—act as a long conductor which intensifies an existing positive
electrical field whereas the lightning bolt and the bottom of the cloud have a neg-
ative charge. For example, rocket exhaust typically becomes ionized and conduc-
tive and serves as an extension of the craft and attracts lightning.
Negative and positive charges also attract, and, as documented, plasma will
turn, follow, and collide and intersect one another. Further, UAP—which may be
plasma—follow, circle, and sometimes act as if they are about to collide with air-
craft. And if it did, and all electronics were lost, the plane would be lost and the
cause of the catastrophe would be unknown.
Fatal accidents have been attributed to lightning strikes due to electrical failure
and even the ignition of fuel [160]. Lightning has even struck aircraft and rockets
sitting on the ground still in a horizontal position. For example, in June 1987,
three rockets, including the Orion sounding rocket, were struck by lightning,
shorting out the firing circuits, but nevertheless igniting launch circuits causing
the Orion to launch horizontally, flying hundreds of meters before striking the
ocean [160].
On average aircraft are struck by lightning at least once per 3000 hours [160].
Apollo 12 was struck just over 35 seconds into ascent.
Lightning is a plasma. Therefore, aircraft, rockets, and spacecraft attract plasmas
which will strike and collide with these crafts [160].
In addition, energetic magnetospheric or solar wind conditions can cause the
surface of spacecraft to acquire charges due to the implantation of charged parti-
cles that penetrate and accumulate in the skin or insulating materials. Under these
conditions, the interaction may trigger “deep dielectric discharges” [102]. This
may explain why plasmoids in the thermosphere have been attracted to the space
shuttles and the MIR.
“St Elmo’s Fire” is a plasma that has been observed—for centuries—dancing about
ships at sea. Aircraft crews have also observed luminous point discharges, “St Elmo’s
Fire”, dancing about the skin of the plane even when there is no evidence of an elec-
trically active storm [49]. These discharges can affect electronics and create radio
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“noise” and if sufficiently bright, impair cockpit visibility [160].
As documented in NASA film footage [1] plasmoid have followed, hovered near,
orbited around, and were repeatedly observed near the MIR and numerous space
shuttle missions. UAPS have been observed for centuries and have repeatedly
“toyed with” and harassed American, British, Japanese and German pilots during
the second world war [41] [138] “These balls of fire appear suddenly and accom-
pany the plane for miles”, keeping up at 300 mph, and yet—contrary to initial mili-
tary fears of these being a new Nazi weapon—one pilot noted how “they don’t ex-
plode or attack us. They just seem to follow us like will-o-the-wisps” [138]. How-
ever, those that not only followed but collided or entered the craft, may have
stunned the pilots and/or exploded and killed all on board, but the loss of the plane
was instead attributed to enemy fire.
UAPs and plasmas are also associated with the disruption of electronic equip-
ment and have reportedly affected the mental functioning of those in close prox-
imity, causing confusion, disorientation and hallucinatory experiences including
(perhaps) those recounted as “alien abductions”.
Therefore, if plasmas that descended into the lower atmosphere collided with
or entered the cockpits of commercial, private, and military planes, it may have
been the cause of numerous
unexplained
,
inexplicable
airline disasters by affecting
the mental functioning of pilots and crew and causing planes to lose electronics
and power and plummet to the ground or ocean.
On July 17, 1996, a TransWorld Airline (TWA 800) exploded when it was struck
by a powerful beam of light of unknown origin. Another example, in 1996 when
a Boeing 747 Paris-bound plane took off from New York City at 8:19 PM in “muggy”
weather. As it ascended over the sea witnesses observed a streak of lightning ac-
companied by a fireball and then, according to the National Transportation Safety
Board: the plane suffered an electric short circuit which may have detonated an
empty center wing fuel tank, causing the explosion killing all 230 onboard. Was
the short circuit caused by the lightning or the ball of plasma that accompanied
it?
On August 28, 1945, Army Air Force crewman, Leonard Stringfield was aboard
a C-46 flying over the Pacific ocean toward Iwo Jima when he observed three
cloud-like “blobs” of “brilliant white light” [51]. According to Stringfield as the
three brilliant white cloud-like objects approached (Figure 47, the C-46 suddenly
developed electrical problems and engine trouble, and began to rapidly lose alti-
tude. Stringfield reports everyone onboard was terrified, believing the out-of-con-
trol plane would crash into the ocean. Stringfield states it is his belief “that the
sudden erratic behavior of my plane was due to a mysterious force generated by
the blobs” because when the cloud-like “blobs” disappeared, the electrical sys-
tems and engine went back online and the pilot regained control over the plane
[51].
On March 8, 2014, Boeing 777 Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 inexplicably
ceased to communicate with air-traffic controllers and disappeared from air control
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radar 39 minutes after leaving Kuala Lumpur en route to Beijing but then flew for
hours off-course before disappearing from radar. The pilot’s last message was
“Good Night Malaysian Three Seven Zero”. Minutes later, the plane’s transponder—
a communication system that transmits the plane’s location to air traffic control—
shut down. Military radar and satellite systems however, continued to track the
plane which appeared to turn 180 degrees, and continued to fly for hours, until it
vanished; presumably crashing into the ocean when it ran out of fuel.
The Boeing 777, like all commercial aircraft since 2001, has an armoured cock-
pit door that can resist attacks and small arms fire from outside the cockpit, and
an electronic locking mechanism so it is kept secure during flight. To speculate: if
a plasma were to enter the cockpit through the cockpit windows but remain sealed
within the cockpit, might that explain why the transponder failed and why the
plane disappeared from all but military radar and satellite tracking devices? Might
both pilots have become confused, disoriented, mesmerized, or caused to fall asleep
by electromagnetic radiation emitted by a plasma locked within the cockpit? To
date there has been no explanation for what happened or what became of Malaysia
Airlines Flight MH370; other than speculation by Malaysian authorities,
i.e.
un-
known “interference”.
Between November of 2013 and June of 2016, eight different commercial pas-
senger planes suffered
catastrophes
of
unknown
cause
, resulting in 1022 fatalities
in just 30 months, six within 16 months—a series of disasters unlike any previously
reported, but associated with an increase in UAP sightings by civilian and military
pilots. These include two inexplicable crashes in July 2014, the month with the high-
est monthly UAP count. July (and late June) appears to be a month favored by plasma
and UAP [3] [14] especially over the ocean [32]-[34] as reported by Navy pilots and
personnel aboard Navy ships.
These
unexplained
,
inexplicable
aircraft disasters also coincided with almost daily
encounters of U.S. Navy pilots with UAP from mid-2014 till early-2015, as con-
firmed in 2019 by the U.S. Dept of Defense. Mid-2014 till early-2015 is right in the
middle of the 2013/11/29-2016/5/19 period of inexplicable increase in airplane ac-
cidents; and the 2012/12/2-2016/11/14 period of close calls according to The New
York Times. In addition, between December of 2012 and November of 2016, there
were nine near fatal accidents involving commercial airlines, cause unknown, which,
again coincided with a period of elevated UAP sightings.
“Correlation” does not prove causation and the same can be said of “coinci-
dence”. Moreover, in the vast majority of airline accidents a cause was determined
and which clearly has nothing to do with UAP, UFO, or plasma.
Nevertheless, it is important to note that the association between
inexplicable
,
unexplained
airline disasters and UAP, do not include and unknown number of
unexplained crashes of military planes; and this is because the U.S. Military can
always invent an explanation. Case in point: On the evening of November 23,
1953, Air Defense Command Ground Intercept radar operators at Sault Ste. Ma-
rie, Michigan, observed an unidentified object flying object (UFO) over Lake
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Superior. Attempts were made to contact the UFO by different radio frequencies
but there was no response. In consequence, a F-89C Scorpion jet piloted by First
Lieutenant Moncla, was scrambled from Kinross Air Force Base to investigate the
UFO. Moncla, an experienced pilot with over 800 hours of flying time, was accom-
panied by Second Lieutenant Robert L. Wilson who was also acting as the Scor-
pion’s radar operator. Wilson reported to ground control that the UFO was flying
in a bizarre fashion and rapidly changing course. Wilson also failed to make radio
contact with the UFO. Via triangulation with ground radar operators, the Scorpion
was able to hone in on the UFO.
As documented by two distinct radar signatures, Lt. Moncla began to close in
on the UFO, as verified by ground radar operators who tracked two distinct blips
on the radar screen. The two blips collided and merged at 8000 feet, becoming one
blip on the radar screen—as if the UFO had engulfed the jet which disappeared
from the radar screen, whereas the UFO, still flying erratically, suddenly acceler-
ated and soon vanished from the radar. In fact, Lt. Moncla and his Scorpion had
not only disappeared from the radar screen but from the face of this Earth. No
wreckage was ever found or located. The Air Force offered a variety of conflicting
explanations, including claiming that Lt. Moncla must have crashed his jet after
he “probably” suffered “vertigo” and that they “believe” the UFO was actually an
RCAF aircraft “VC-912”—even though radar operators classified the blip as “un-
known” and the UFO never responded to a variety of radio frequencies and was
flying erratically and then accelerated to tremendous speeds, whereas the Canadian
Air Force emphatically denied any of their planes were in the area. As to why no
wreckage was ever found the Air Force blamed “the weather” and then came up
with another explanation,
i.e.
the jet must have exploded while in the air, and the
explosion was so powerful that the jet was completely obliterated.
Although the number of military planes that have inexplicably “vanished” is un-
known, the fact is, since 1948, 84 passenger aircraft have vanished without a trace
according to the Aviation Safety Network [161]. Thus, the link between UAPs and
unexplained
airline disasters may include numerous catastrophic crashes or van-
ishings as obliquely admitted by the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO)
task force whose purpose is to investigate the legitimacy of UAP encounters re-
ported by military and especially Navy pilots. In their October 2023 report the
AARO [34] admitted that “many [UAP] reports from military witnesses do present
safety of flight concerns”.
15. UAPs over the Ocean
UAPS have been repeatedly observed flying above and descending into the ocean
as verified by the U.S. Dept of Defense and the AARO. This is most likely due to
the fact that the ocean surface—especially during white water and turbulent con-
ditions—and surface air up several dozen meters above the sea, often has a positive
charge, which in turn would be attractive to plasmoids with a negative or neutral
charge.
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In July of 2023, retired Navy Cmdr. David Fravor testified before a special US.
Congressional Committee reported that on Nov. 14, 2004, when he was com-
mander of the F/A-18F squadron on the USS Nimitz, radar on the USS Princeton
detected what radar operators called “multiple anomalous aerial vehicles”. These
objects were rapidly descending and covered more than 25,000 meters (15 miles)
in less than a second,
i.e.
approximately 54,500 miles per second, 3,270,000 miles
per minute, and 196,200,000 miles per hour—nearly twice the velocity of a light-
ning bolt.
For the sake of comparisons, NASA’s X-43, believed to be the fastest aircraft in
existence, is capable of 7266 miles per hour whereas 364,660 miles per hour is the
fastest speed so far attained by a spacecraft (the Parker Space Probe). Thus, the
multiple anomalous vehicles descending toward the ocean in 2004 achieved ve-
locities 500% faster than any human-made vehicle: 364,660 vs. 196,200,000 miles
per hour.
When he diverted his fighter jet to investigate, Fravor reported that he observed
a “white Tic Tac-looking object. And it’s just kind of moving above the whitewater
area” off the coast of Southern California 100 miles southwest of San Diego. “There
was four of us in the airplanes literally watching this thing for roughly about five
minutes”. Fravor reported that the “Tic Tac” object mirrored the movements of his
plane and “it was aware we were there”.
The white object was approximately the same size as Fravor’s F/A-18F, “with no
markings, no wings and no exhaust plumes”, but when Fravor approached, it ac-
celerated so quickly that it seemed to disappear—as if repelled by Favor’s jet.
Navy, private, and commercial seagoing ships, not uncommonly observe anom-
alous pulsating “white lights” and “red” and “white” objects in the nighttime sky
that hover and fly over the ocean and their ships and which engage in behaviors
interpreted as harassment or surveillance [50] [162] [163]. For example, over a
period of three days, in July 2019, fourteen bob-shaped brightly illuminated ob-
jects surrounded five Navy warships. Officers on duty in the USS Omaha command
center, filmed one of the objects on July 15, 2019, which apparently was self-illumi-
nated and white in color and resembled a large sphere of unknown size and dimen-
sion (Figure 27).
This white sphere flew alongside the ship for over an hour, beginning around
10 PM. Because it was pitch black outside, the object was tracked and filmed via
thermal sensors. At around 11 PM the brightly lit sphere-shaped object which had
been hovering just above the ocean sank beneath the sea. The Pentagon has con-
firmed that the object was filmed by U.S. Navy personnel.
Moreover, the prior day, beginning around 10 PM on July 14, 2019, and for sev-
eral days thereafter, a “white light” repeatedly appeared above three U.S. destroy-
ers (USS Kidd, USS Rafael Peralta and USS John Finn) a hundred miles off the
coast of Los Angeles, California under conditions of very low visibility. The U.S.
Navy described this “white light” or “lights” as “Unmanned Aerial Vehicles” or
UAVs without providing details [162]. The first episode lasted about 90 minutes
R. G. Joseph et al.
DOI:
10.4236/jmp.2024.1511079 1821
Journal of Modern Physics
and then the UAVs vanished and disappeared from the destroyers’ advanced array
of electro-optical systems including radar and thermal imaging, which can see in
the dark and detect and locate radio transmissions [162] [163].
The next evening on July 15, the crew and passengers of a nearby cruise liner
“Carnival Imagination” observed up to six brightly lit UAP flying around the Navy
ships. That same evening, the USS Rafael Peralta reported that it was harassed and
followed by four UAPs. The UAPs returned on July 25, and 30, 2019 [162].
Formal investigations conducted by Navy, Coast Guard, FBI and other agencies
were unable to determine what the objects were, where they came from, what they
were composed of, but raised the possibility these were “drones” with amazingly
advanced technological capabilities and unlike anything possessed in the U.S. ar-
senal [162].
The object filmed by the U.S. Omaha on July 14 2019, is shaped like a ball, a
sphere and in no respect does it resemble a drone (Figure 27). Unfortunately, the
party claiming the copyright of this government property, and who has also been
claiming it’s a spaceship from another planet, would not agree to allowing an ex-
amination of the film footage. Therefore, based on the photographic evidence (Fig-
ure 27) it is likely that these were plasmas attracted to the white-water positive
charges emitted by the ocean.
These positive space charges are not only upon the surface but extend up to 200
meters above the ocean; caused by the accumulation of positive ions drifting down-
ward which is not counterbalanced by negative ions drifting upward, so called elec-
trode effect [135] [164].
In support of this theory, consider the following: On May 27, 2004, the nuclear-
powered aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76) left Norfolk Virginia, USA,
intending to circumnavigate around South America to its permanent homeport
in San Diego. Based on the reports of Navy personnel, between the hours of 8 PM
and midnight as they neared the Caribbean, the crew on the watch, on the bridge
and the flight deck observed a luminous, semi-translucent orange-red oval-shaped
gaseous object about the size of a fighter jet [50]. According to Karol Olesiak, Navy
“QM3” (Quartermaster) of the Watch, it was an “orange globe ball-looking thing
that was floating over the flight deck. The ship was going forward and it was keep-
ing pace with the ship”; and it looked as if it consisted of “negative energy” and
“unburnt energy”, as if it was burning but without consuming itself and because
it didn’t give off any heat.
Karol’s shipmates, SN Patrick Gokey and Boatswain’s Mate Seaman (BMSN)
Derek Smith confirmed the sighting. According to Smith who was a lookout that
night with his trainee: “It was like hovering and it just appeared. And then we got
up on the lookout watches... They’re like mounted binoculars. … I’m sitting here
looking at this thing, and I couldn’t tell what it was. There was a shape to it. It was
oval shaped like a sideways, as it was kind of like an oval shape, but it didn’t look
solid, but it had a shape to it” [50]