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Abstract

Background The integration of Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy (AYUSH) with modern medicine aims to provide a more personalized and effective approach to healthcare. Ayurveda is a traditional medicine system in India that emphasizes the balance between mind, body, and spirit. It is based on the belief that every individual is unique and requires personalized treatment. The fundamental principles of Ayurveda revolve around maintaining equilibrium among three doshas: Vata (air and space), Pitta (fire and water), and Kapha (earth and water). Imbalances in these doshas are believed to cause diseases. Main body of the abstract The integration of Ayurveda with modern medicine seeks to utilize the best of both systems, focusing on using natural remedies and treatments that have been used for centuries in Ayurveda. The integration involves combining the strengths of both systems, including the use of Ayurvedic principles in modern medicine and the incorporation of modern medicine into Ayurvedic practices. Several studies have explored the efficacy of Ayurvedic treatments for various diseases, and the integration of Ayurvedic principles into modern medicine can provide a more comprehensive approach to patient care. Short conclusion Ayurveda is a traditional medical system deeply rooted in Indian culture that offers a holistic approach to healthcare. Its principles emphasize personalized treatment based on an individual's constitution. Integrating Ayurveda with modern medicine can enhance patient care by providing a more comprehensive approach towards health management. However, challenges exist regarding the standardization of Ayurvedic practices due to variations in formulations and the need for more scientific evidence for some treatments. Further studies are needed for validation purposes.
Vermaetal.
Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77
https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-024-01231-0
REVIEW
Exploring Ayurveda: principles andtheir
application inmodern medicine
Sunil Kumar Verma1, Minakshi Pandey2, Avinash Sharma3 and Devendra Singh1*
Abstract
Background The integration of Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy (AYUSH) with modern medicine
aims to provide a more personalized and effective approach to healthcare. Ayurveda is a traditional medicine system
in India that emphasizes the balance between mind, body, and spirit. It is based on the belief that every individual
is unique and requires personalized treatment. The fundamental principles of Ayurveda revolve around maintaining
equilibrium among three doshas: Vata (air and space), Pitta (fire and water), and Kapha (earth and water). Imbalances
in these doshas are believed to cause diseases.
Main body oftheabstract The integration of Ayurveda with modern medicine seeks to utilize the best of both sys-
tems, focusing on using natural remedies and treatments that have been used for centuries in Ayurveda. The integra-
tion involves combining the strengths of both systems, including the use of Ayurvedic principles in modern medicine
and the incorporation of modern medicine into Ayurvedic practices. Several studies have explored the efficacy
of Ayurvedic treatments for various diseases, and the integration of Ayurvedic principles into modern medicine can
provide a more comprehensive approach to patient care.
Short conclusion Ayurveda is a traditional medical system deeply rooted in Indian culture that offers a holistic
approach to healthcare. Its principles emphasize personalized treatment based on an individual’s constitution. Inte-
grating Ayurveda with modern medicine can enhance patient care by providing a more comprehensive approach
towards health management. However, challenges exist regarding the standardization of Ayurvedic practices due
to variations in formulations and the need for more scientific evidence for some treatments. Further studies are
needed for validation purposes.
Keywords Ayurveda, Therapeutic lead, Integrative medicine, Panchakarma, Traditional medicine
Background
Ayurveda, also known as the “Science of Life,” is an
ancient system of medicine that originated in India
over 5000years ago. It is contemplated one of the old-
est healthcare classifications in the world and has been
practiced continuously throughout history (Lohiya etal.
2016). Ayurveda encompasses a holistic approach to
health and well-being, focusing on the balance between
mind, body, and spirit. Ayurveda, an ancient healing sys-
tem originating in India, has an opulent history spanning
thousands of years. Its roots can be traced back to Vedic
scriptures, including the Atharva Veda, Rig Veda, and
Yajur Veda. Ayurvedic texts, such as the Charaka Sam-
hita and the Sushruta Samhita, compiled between 1000
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Bulletin of the National
Research Centre
*Correspondence:
Devendra Singh
Devendrasingh.ibst@srmu.ac.in
1 Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Shri
Ramswaroop Memorial University, Lucknow Deva Road, Barabanki, Uttar
Pradesh 225001, India
2 Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Faculty of Biosciences, Shri
Ramswaroop Memorial University, Lucknow Deva Road, Barabanki, Uttar
Pradesh 225003, India
3 Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Arunachal University of Studies, Namsai,
Arunachal Pradesh 792103, India
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Vermaetal. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77
and 500 BCE, serve as foundational sources for this tra-
ditional medical system (Narayana and Durg 2021; Singh
and Agarwal 2022). ese texts provide a comprehensive
understanding of human anatomy, physiology, pathol-
ogy, and therapeutic interventions. Ayurveda adopts a
holistic approach to health and well-being, considering
the physical, mental, and spiritual aspects of an individ-
ual. It emphasizes the dynamic balance between doshas
(bio-energies), dhatus (body tissues), and malas (waste
products) in maintaining health. Ayurvedic practitioners
aim to restore this balance through various therapeutic
modalities and lifestyle adjustments (Singh etal. 2021).
Fundamental principles
Panchakarma
Panchakarma is a central tenet of Ayurveda that involves
a series of detoxification procedures to cleanse the body
and mind. A holistic medical regimen called pancha-
karma purifies and revitalises the body, mind, as well as
consciousness. It is founded on Ayurvedic principles,
according to which each human is a unique phenomenon
that is expressed through one of the five elements: Earth,
Air, Fire, Water, and Ether. Each person has a different
balance of the three doshas (tridosha) that are formed by
these elements: Pitta, Kapha, and Vata. Disturbances in
this doshic balance give rise to chaos and, ultimately, dis-
ease. Panchakarma is individualized for each individual
founded on their unique constitution and disease, neces-
sitating careful monitoring and oversight. It includes
cleansing techniques (Shodanas) after pre-purification
steps like Snehan and Svedana. It comprises five primary
therapies, which are briefly described in Fig.1.
Tridosha theory
One fundamental idea in Ayurveda that reflects a
straightforward yet profound perspective on health is the
Tridosha hypothesis. It asserts that the three basic ener-
gies—Pitta, Kapha, and Vata—that regulate all physiolog-
ical processes are known as doshas. e various doshas
that each person possesses in different amounts are what
give humans their unique physical characteristics, per-
sonalities, and susceptibilities to illness. Ayurveda offers
a variety of methods for balancing the doshas, such as
Panchakarma, herbal remedies, dietary adjustments, and
lifestyle changes (Fig.2).
Therapeutic modalities
Ayurvedic medicine utilizes a vast array of herbs, spices,
and plant extracts for therapeutic purposes. ese
herbal remedies are formulated into various prepara-
tions, including decoctions, infusions, pills, powders, and
oils. Common herbs used in Ayurveda include turmeric,
ginger, holy basil, neem and ashwagandha (Singh etal.
2022a, b, c, d; Wu etal. 2021). A few well-known Indian
medicinal plants and their applications are included in
Table1.
Ayurvedic dietary guidelines are based on the prin-
ciple of Ahara (proper nourishment). A balanced diet is
essential for maintaining optimal health. Specific dietary
recommendations are made according to an individual’s
dosha constitution and health condition. Ayurvedic mas-
sage, known as Abhyanga, involves massaging the body
with medicated oils (Al Mahmud et al. 2023). It helps
improve circulation, ease muscle tension, and promote
relaxation. Specialized massage techniques, such as Shi-
rodhara (pouring oil on the forehead), are also employed
for specific health concerns. Ayurveda emphasizes the
integration of yoga and meditation practices to enhance
overall well-being. Yoga postures, breathing exercises,
and meditation techniques are recommended to bal-
ance doshas, promote mental clarity, and reduce stress
(Kakodkar et al. 2021). Ayurveda advocates for a har-
monious lifestyle that aligns with the rhythms of nature.
Regular exercise, adequate sleep, and stress management
are essential components of Ayurvedic health mainte-
nance. Ayurveda has gained global recognition for its
holistic approach to health and well-being. It offers a
comprehensive system that addresses the root causes of
imbalances rather than merely treating them (Singh etal.
2022b; Verma etal. 2024).
Historical development
e origins of Ayurveda could be trailed back to the
Vedic period in ancient India when sages and seers docu-
mented their knowledge of health and healing in sacred
texts called Vedas. ese texts, particularly the Atharva
Veda, contain detailed descriptions of various diseases,
their causes, symptoms, and treatments (Sharma et al.
2022). Over time, Ayurveda evolved and expanded its
scope through the contributions of renowned scholars
such as Charaka and Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita and
Charaka Samhita are two seminal texts that provide
comprehensive guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and
prevention of diseases (Singh et al. 2022e). Ayurveda, a
Sanskrit term meaning “science of life,” is a holistic sys-
tem of medicine with its roots in ancient India. Ayurveda
accentuates the equilibrium between body, spirit, and
mind and uses natural herbs, diet, and lifestyle changes
to promote health and prevent disease. Here is a detailed
historical timeline of Ayurveda’s development in India:
Early Vedic period (1500–1000 BCE)
e earliest evidence of Ayurvedic practices can be found
in the ancient Vedic texts, such as the Rigveda, Athar-
vaveda, and Yajurveda. ese texts mention medicinal
herbs, surgical procedures, and guidelines for healthy
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Vermaetal. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77
living. Ayurveda was closely associated with religion
and spirituality, with many healing rituals performed by
priests and healers in temples.
Classical period (1000–500 BCE)
During this period, Ayurveda experienced significant
advancements, and several influential texts were com-
posed. e most important of these texts are the Charaka
Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridaya.
ese texts provided a comprehensive framework for
Ayurvedic medicine, covering topics such as anatomy,
physiology, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment. e
Sushruta Samhita, in particular, is acknowledged for its
contributions to surgery, including descriptions of over
120 surgical instruments and procedures(Pandey et al.
2013; Shi etal. 2021).
Pre‑classical period (500–300 BCE)
is period saw the emergence of various schools of
Ayurvedic thought, each with its own unique method-
ology for treatment and diagnosis. e most prominent
schools were the Charaka School, the Sushruta School,
Fig. 1 Showing the fundamental principles of panchakarma for treating an infected individual
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Vermaetal. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77
and the Vagbhata School. Despite their differences, these
schools shared a common belief in the importance of a
balanced diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes for
maintaining health (Jaiswal and Williams 2016).
Golden age ofAyurveda (300–1000 CE)
is period marked the pinnacle of Ayurvedic devel-
opment, with significant contributions from renowned
physicians and scholars. Notable figures during this
time include Nagarjuna, Charaka, and Sushruta. Ayur-
veda was widely practiced throughout India, and Ayur-
vedic texts were translated into several languages,
including Arabic and Persian. Ayurvedic practitioners
also began to establish medical schools, hospitals, and
dispensaries(Honwad 2017).
Decline ofAyurveda (1000–1500 CE)
e rise of allopathic medicine and the influence of
foreign invaders led to a decline in the popularity of
Ayurveda. Allopathic medicine, with its emphasis on
scientific experimentation and modern drugs, gained
favor among the educated elite. Ayurveda was often
viewed as outdated and unscientific, and its practice
declined significantly (Li etal. 2022).
Fig. 2 A systematic depiction of tridosha theory in Ayurveda. Ayurvedic practitioners assess an individual’s unique dosha constitution and offer
treatment plans accordingly (Ibáñez et al. 2023; Kumar et al. 2021)
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Table 1 List of Indian medicinal plants and its applications
Botanical name English name Hindi name Application References
Adhatoda vasica Nees Malabar Nut Adusa/Vasaka Asthma, Bronchitis, Cough Gantait and Panigrahi (2018)
Ananas comosus Pineapple Ananas Heart Disease, Obesity, Sore Throat,
Diabetes Hossain (2015)
Acacia arabica Willd Indian Gum Babool Bleeding Gums and Oral Care Gupta et al. (2019)
Bacopa monniera Pennel Thyme leafed gratiola Brahmi Enhances Memory, Anxiety Choudhary et al. (2021b)
Coriandrum sativum Linn. Coriander Dhaniya Flatulence, Useful in Indigestion, Con-
trols Spasmodic Pain Thakur et al. (2021a, b)
Andrographis paniculata Kalmegh Kalmegh Acne, Diarrhea Sabharwal et al. (2021), Singh
et al. (2021), Singh and Agarwal
(2021)
Allium sativum Garlic Lashun Ringworm, Wounds Joshi et al. (2021)
Cyperus rotundus Linn. Nut Grass Nagarmotha , Diabetes, Solar Dermatitis Imam et al. (2014)
Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. Spreading Hogweed Punarnava Anemia, Liver Diseases, Wounds, Kidney
health Abbi et al. (2013)
Desmodium gangetium DC. Shal Leafed Bush Shalparni Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory Singh et al. (2015)
Ocimum sactum Linn. Holy Basil Tulsi Respiratory Diseases, Heart health
and Indigestion Cohen (2014)
Argyreia speciosa Sweet Elephant Creeper Vridhadaru Diabetes, Skin Diseases, Wounds Kareem et al. (2022)
Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. Eagle Wood Agarkasth Urinary Bladder incontinence and Bed-
Wetting Godaly et al. (2016)
Alangium salvifolium Sage leaf alangium Ankol Orthodoxly used in Dog Bite, Scorpion
Bite and Snakebite Yadav et al. (2023)
Amomum subulatum Pennel Greater Cardamom Badi Elaichi Digestant, Asthma, Appetizer and Bron-
chitis Korikanthimathm et al. (2001)
Achyranthes aspera Prickly chaff flower Chirchita Indigestion, Cough, Asthma, Liver
health Dwivedi et al. (2008)
Elettaria cardamomum Maton Lesser Cardamom Elaichi Dry Cough, Vomiting, Nausea Sarvade et al. (2018)
Abutilon indicum Country Mallow Kanghi Increases Strength, Joint Disorders
and Nervine tonic Ram et al. (2021a)
Celastrus paniculatus Willd Staff Tree Malakangini Hair care, Osteoarthritis and Muscle
Cramps Kalam et al. (2019)
Azadirachta indica A. Juss Margosa Tree Neem Intestinal Worms, Eye Disorders, Bloody
Nose and Skin health Reddy and Palagani (2022)
Allium cepa Linn. Onion Pyaj Prostate health, Digestive, Tripathi (2006)
Asparagus racemosus Willd Asparagus Shatavari Improves Lactation, Infertility, Uterine
health, Loss Of Libido Alok et al. (2013)
Abroma augustum a Devil’s Cotton Ulatkambal Irregularity In Periods, Gynecological
Problems Ahmad et al. (2021)
Alhagi camelorum Camel Thorn Yavasa Stomachache, Vomiting, Constipation
and Rheumatism, Srivastava et al. (2014)
Anacyclus pyrethrum Pellitory Akarkara Loss of libido, Dryness Of The Mouth,
Catarrh, Toothache Kimothi (2016)
Withania somnifera Dunal Winter Cherry Ashgandh Skin health, Joint Pains, Immunity
and Stress Tolerance, Paul et al. (2021)
Aegle marmelos Corr. Bengal Quince Bael Gut health, Coolant, Dysentery And Dia-
betes Choudhary et al. (2021a, b)
Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Leadwort Chitrak Menstrual Disorders, Skin Diseases,
Obesity and Arthritis Bhinde et al. (2020)
Aloe vera Tourn ex. Linn. Aloes Ghee Kunwar Women’s health, Jaundice, Burn Injuries,
Acne, Ulcers Krunal and Doshi (2015)
Costus speciosus (Koeing) Sm. Crepe Ginger Ketaki Obesity, Hyperlipidaemia, Diabetes Rangasamy and Roshy (2010)
Centella asiatica Urban Gotu Kola Mandukparni Hair care, Brain health, Improves
memory Gohil et al. (2010)
Butea monosperma Kuntze Flame of forest Palasha Roundworm, Worm Infestations,
and Complexion of Skin Deogade (2016)
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Revival ofAyurveda (1500–present)
In the nineteenth century, there was a renewed interest in
Ayurveda, thanks to the efforts of Indian nationalists and
scholars. Figures like Mahatma Gandhi and Swami Vive-
kananda advocated for the revival of Indian traditional
medicine. In the twentieth century, several Ayurvedic
colleges were established, and the government began to
promote Ayurvedic education and research. Today, Ayur-
veda is documented as a legitimate system of medicine in
India in addition to is widely practiced alongside allopathic
medicine. Ayurveda has an opulent and complex history
that spans several millennia. Despite facing challenges
and periods of decline, Ayurveda has survived and con-
tinues to thrive in India today. Its holistic methodology to
health, with its emphasis on natural therapies, has made it
an increasingly popular choice for those seeking alternative
or complementary healthcare options (Singh and Reddy
2020).
Table 1 (continued)
Botanical name English name Hindi name Application References
Abrus Precatorius Rosary Pea Ratti Alopecia, Fungal skin infections
and Joint Pains Taur and Patil (2011)
Albizia lebbeck (Linn) Benth Pennel Siris Tree Shirish Bronchial Asthma, Detoxification Shyamlal et al. (2012)
Acorus calamus Sweet Flag Bach Ulcers, Atonic Dyspepsia and Flatulent
Colic Singh et al. (2021)
Cassia fistula Linn. Indian Laburnum Amaltas Wounds, Ulcers and Mild laxative Madgundi et al. (2023)
Saraca indica Sorrowless tree Ashok Uterine Stimulant and Menstrual
Irregularities Nyeem (2017)
Clerodendron serratum Moon. Bharangi Bharangi Allergic Rhinitis, Chronic Sinusitis
and Common Cold Bagade et al. (2023)
Alstonia scholaris Dita Chitvan Increasing Lactation, Fever and Skin
Ulcers Joshi et al. (2019)
Commiphora mukul Engl. Indian Bdelium Guggulu Hypolipidaemic, Heart Diseases
and Joint Disorders Azharhusain et al. (2022)
Acacia catechu Willd Cutch Tree Kadirkasth Skin and Respiratory Problems, Oral
Hygiene, Astringent Ram et al. (2021b)
Aconitum ferox Monks hood Meetha Vish Arthritis, Diuretic Action and Arthritis Priyanka et al. (2023)
Cissampelos pareira Linn. Velvet Leaf Tree Patha Poisonous Bites, Sinuses, Skin Diseases,
Ulcers Thaker et al. (2023)
Cassia angustifolia Vahl. Indian Senna Senna Bowel Syndrome, Constipation, Irritable,
Laxative, Weight Loss Ansari et al. (2021)
Areca catechu Linn. Areca Nut/Betelnut Supari Irregular Menstruation, Hyperlipidae-
mia, Diabetes and Obesity Pathak et al. (2017)
Barleria prionitis Linn. Barleria Vajradanti Catarrh, Useful in Fever and Strength-
ens Teeth, Mirunalini and Krishnaveni (2010)
Emblica officinalis Linn. Indian Gooseberry Amla Constipation, Anti-stress, Fever
and Antioxidant Semwal et al. (2019)
Aconitum heterophyllum Wall Indian Ateech Atees Fever, Respiratory Joshi et al. (2019)
Betula utilis D. Don Himalayan Birch Bhojpatra Wounds, Obesity Jain (2016)
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyn. Bark Cinnamon Dalchini Antibacterial, Antiseptic Thakur t al. (2021b)
Amorphophallus campanulatus Elephant yam Jimikand Dysentery, Piles, Haemorrhoids Dey et al. (2012)
Alpinia galanga Greater Galangal Kulanjan Motion sickness, Dyspepsia, Vomiting
and Flatulence, Fahamiya et al. (2018)
Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. Liquorice Mulethi Digestive Disorders, Ulcers, Bronchitis,
Skin health Shakyawal and Mahobiya (2023)
Piper longum Linn. Long Pepper Pippali Asthma, Cough, Indigestion Pathak et al. (2010)
Boswellia serrata Roxb. Indian Olibanum Shalai Guggal Diabetes, Headache and Joint Pains Suneela (2019)
Cinnamomum tamala Nees Cinnamon Leaf Tamalpatra Diabetes, Digestion, Cold Thakur and Chaudhary (2021)
Crataeva nurvala Buch-Ham Three Leafed Caper Varun Prostate health, Bladder Stones and Kid-
ney Stones Agarwal et al. (2010)
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Ideologies ofAyurveda
Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, is
founded on the belief that health is a state of balance
between the mind, body, and spirit. According to Ayur-
veda, imbalances in these three elements can lead to
disease. e fundamental principles of Ayurveda are
listed in Table2.
ese principles form the foundation of Ayurvedic
medicine along with guide the diagnosis, treatment,
and prevention of disease. Ayurvedic practitioners
practice countless techniques, comprising herbal rem-
edies, diet, lifestyle changes, and yoga, to restore bal-
ance to the doshas and promote overall health and
well-being (Pandurangi etal. 2017).
Diagnosis inAyurveda
Ayurvedic diagnosis is a holistic process that aims to
understand the root cause of an individual’s imbalance
and disease. It involves a comprehensive assessment of
the patient’s physical, mental, and emotional state, over
and above their lifestyle and diet (Kataria etal. 2022).
e following are key components of Ayurvedic diag-
nosis shown in Table3.
Based on the information gathered from these
diagnostic techniques, the Ayurvedic practitioner
determines the patient’s prakruti and vikruti. is
information guides the appropriate selection of treat-
ment strategies, including herbal remedies, diet, life-
style changes, and yoga (Raynaud etal. 2021).
Treatment modalities
Ayurveda deals with an extensive range of treatment
modalities to address various imbalances and diseases.
ese modalities aim to restore balance to the doshas,
promote self-healing, and support the body’s natural
detoxification processes (Singh etal. 2024b). Here some
significant Ayurvedic treatment modalities are: Herbal
Remedies i.e., Ayurveda utilizes a vast array of herbs and
herbal formulations to treat various ailments (Singh etal.
2022a, b). ese herbs are believed to possess specific
medicinal properties that can balance the doshas, allevi-
ate symptoms, and promote healing. Ayurvedic herbal
remedies are typically prepared using whole herbs or
standardized extracts (Amegbor and Rosenberg 2020). A
few medications or chemicals that have been produced
from natural ingredients are included in Table4.
Diet andnutrition
Ayurveda places prodigious prominence on diet and
nutrition as a foundation for good health. Ayurvedic
practitioners vouch for a sattvic diet, which is predomi-
nantly vegetarian, fresh, and wholesome. e diet is
personalized to the individual’s unique constitution and
current state of imbalance. Specific foods and spices are
recommended to poise the doshas and promote healing.
Panchakarma
It is a comprehensive detoxification and rejuvena-
tion program that is considered the cornerstone of
Ayurvedic treatment. It involves five main proce-
dures: Nasya (nasal administration of herbal oils or
Table 2 Shows the fundamental principles of Ayurveda
Ideologies of Ayurveda Description
Panchamahabhuta (five elements) Ayurveda recognizes five basic elements that make up the universe and the human body: ether, fire, water, earth,
and air. These elements are assumed to be present in different combinations in each individual, determining their
unique constitution or prakruti
Tridosha (three humors) Ayurveda posits that the body’s functions are presided over by 3 doshas or humor: Kapha, pitta, and vata. Vata
is associated with space and air, pitta with fire and water, and kapha with earth and water. Each dosha has specific
qualities and functions; an imbalance in any of them can lead to disease
Prakruti and Vikruti Every individual has a unique constitution or prakruti, which is determined by the equilibrium of the 3 doshas
at the time of conception. When the doshas are in balance, a person is healthy. However, when the doshas become
imbalanced, a person’s vikruti, or current state of disparity, develops, leading to disease
Dhatus (body tissues) Ayurveda recognizes seven basic tissues or dhatus in the body: rasa (plasma), rakta (blood), mamsa (muscle), meda
(fat), asthi (bone), majja (bone marrow), and shukra (reproductive fluids). Each dhatu is formed from the previous
one through a process of transformation
Ojas Ojas are the essence of vitality and immunity in Ayurveda. It is produced through the appropriate food digestion
and the balanced functioning of the doshas. Ojas nourishes the body’s tissues, organs, and mind, promoting overall
health and well-being
Agni (digestive fire) Ayurveda places great importance on the digestive fire or Agni. Agni is responsible for the proper digestion
and assimilation of food, as well as the waste product elimination. A strong Agni is essential for good health,
while a weak Agni leads to indigestion, toxicity, and disease
Rasa (taste) Ayurveda recognizes six tastes: astringent, pungent, sweet, sour, salty and bitter. For each taste has specific qualities
and effects on the mind and body. Balancing the different tastes in one’s diet is essential for maintaining health
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powders), Vamana (therapeutic emesis), Basti (medi-
cated enemas), virechana (therapeutic purgation), and
raktamokshana (bloodletting). Panchakarma is typi-
cally conducted under the supervision of an authorized
Ayurvedic practitioner.
Yoga andmeditation
It’s an integral part of Ayurvedic treatment. Specific yoga
postures, breathing exercises, and meditation techniques
are recommended to poise the doshas, promote relaxa-
tion, and enhance overall well-being.
Table 3 List of the important components of Ayurvedic diagnosis
Components of Ayurvedic diagnosis Description
Nadi Pariksha (pulse diagnosis) Ayurvedic practitioners place great importance on pulse diagnosis. They assess the potentials
of the pulse, such as its strength, speed, and regularity, to determine the state of the doshas and the com-
plete balance of the body
Jihva Pariksha (tongue diagnosis) The tongue is considered a window to the digestive system and the overall health of the body. Ayurvedic
practitioners examine the tongue’s texture, coating and color to assess the state of the doshas as well
as the presence of imbalances
Mutra Pariksha (urine analysis) Urine analysis is used to assess the state of the urinary system and the overall balance of doshas. Ayurve-
dic practitioners examine the color, clarity, odor, and taste of the urine to determine imbalances
Mala Pariksha (stool analysis) Stool analysis is used to assess the state of the digestive system and the overall balance of the doshas.
Ayurvedic practitioners examine the color, consistency, and frequency of bowel movements to deter-
mine imbalances
Sharira Pariksha (physical examination) Ayurvedic practitioners conduct a thorough physical examination, including observation of the skin, eyes,
nails, and hair. They also palpate the abdomen, lymph nodes, and joints to assess the state of the doshas
as well as identify any abnormalities
Prashna (patient interview) The Ayurvedic practitioner engages in a detailed conversation with the patient to gather informa-
tion about their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, and diet. This information is used to understand
the patient’s unique constitution and the factors which may have impacted to their imbalance
Manasa Pariksha (psychological assessment) Ayurvedic practitioners also assess the patient’s mental and emotional state. They may ask questions
about the patient’s sleep patterns, dreams, fears, and anxieties. This information is used to understand
the impact of the imbalance on the patient’s emotional and mental well-being
Table 4 Lists several medications or substances that have been created or separated from natural materials
Compounds Botanical name/plant Therapeutic uses Mechanism References
Schisandrin C, bicyclol,
bifendate Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.)
Baill. Hepatoprotective, anti-
hepatitis B virus Apoptosis Induction, Glu-
cose Homeostasis Bao and Liu (2008), Li and Liu
(2004), Sun et al. (2012), Wani
and Horwitz (2014)
Taxol, docetaxel Taxus brevifolia Antitumor Microtubule Stabilization,
Disruption of Mitotic Spin-
dle Formation, Induction
of Apoptosis
Holmes et al. (1991), Kumar
et al. (2022b)
Lovastatin Aspergillus terreus Hyperlipoidemia Inhibition of HMG-CoA
Reductase
Camptothecin, irinotecan
and topotecan Camptotheca acuminata
Decne Antitumor Inhibition of Topoisomer-
ase I Kamal et al. (2022)
Ginkgolide B Gimkgo biloba L. Cerebral infarction Platelet-Activating Factor
(PAF) Antagonism
Stilbene glycoside Polygonum multiflorum
Thunb.
Vascular dementia Apoptosis Induction Liu et al. (2019)
Ternatolide Ranunculus ternatus Thunb.Anti-tuberculosis
Curcumin Curcuma longa L. Hypolipidemic inhibits the activity
of enzymes like cyclooxyge-
nase-2 (COX-2), lipoxyge-
nase (LOX), and inducible
nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)
Polysaccharide MDG-1 Ophiopogon japonicus (L.f.)
Ker-Gawl. Anti-myocardial cell injury Regulation of PPARα
and PPARγ
Romidepsin Chromobacterium violaceum Antitumor Histone Deacetylase (HDAC)
Inhibition Xiong et al. (2019), Singh
and Agarwal (2021)
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Ayurvedic massage
Ayurvedic massage, known as abhyanga, a therapeutic
massage technique that uses herbal oils or ghee. Abhy-
anga is believed to improve circulation, promote relax-
ation, as well as balance the doshas. It can also be used
to relieve muscle pain and stiffness.
Shirodhara
Shirodhara is a specialized Ayurvedic treatment that
includes pouring a continuous stream of warm oil
or medicated liquid onto the forehead. Shirodhara is
believed to relax the mind, relieve stress and anxiety,
and promote deep relaxation.
Ayurvedic facials andbody treatments
Ayurvedic facials and body treatments use herbal
pastes, oils, and powders to cleanse, nourish, and
rejuvenate the skin. ese treatments are believed to
improve skin health, promote relaxation, along with
balance the doshas (Evans etal. 2008; Ladas etal. 2015;
Misawa etal. 2019). It’s imperative to note that Ayur-
vedic treatment modalities should be administered by
qualified Ayurvedic practitioners who have undergone
proper training and education. Ayurveda is a complete
medicine system, and the selection of apposite treat-
ment modalities depends on the individual’s unique
constitution, current state of imbalance, and specific
health concerns (Nlooto and Naidoo 2016).
Contemporary relevance
Ayurveda, the ancient Indian medicine system, is gain-
ing increasing recognition and relevance in contempo-
rary healthcare due to its wide-ranging methodology
for health and well-being. Here are some vital aspects
highlighting the contemporary relevance of Ayurveda.
Focus onprevention andpersonalized care
Ayurveda emphasizes preventive healthcare and takes
a holistic approach to patient care. Ayurvedic practi-
tioners consider the individual’s unique constitution,
lifestyle, and environment when making treatment rec-
ommendations. is personalized approach can help
identify and address imbalances before they manifest as
full-blown diseases (Pushpa 2024).
Treatment forrheumatoid arthritis
Studies have demonstrated that by identifying par-
ticular Prakriti-based subgroups, Ayurvedic medicines
can aid in the treatment of complex diseases, includ-
ing rheumatoid arthritis. Personalized diets, lifestyle
modifications, and herbal therapies are prescribed by
Ayurvedic doctors based on each patient’s distinct
Prakriti (constitutional type) and symptoms.
Prakriti‑based stratication ofhealthy individuals
By combining contemporary genomics with Ayurveda’s
Prakriti stratification techniques, the molecular and
genomic underpinnings of the Dosha Prakriti idea have
been discovered. Researchers discovered that healthy
people with different Prakriti types (Pitta, Kapha, and
Vata) had unique molecular signatures. By utilizing
genomes and molecular phenotyping, this Ayurgenomics
method allows for the methodical investigation of Ayur-
vedic principles.
Integration withmodern medicine
Ayurveda is increasingly being integrated with modern
medicine to provide an inclusive approach to healthcare.
Ayurvedic principles and practices are being studied and
incorporated into mainstream medical care, particularly
in areas such as chronic diseases, stress management,
and mental health (Sharma and Prajapati 2020).
The conict betweenthetraditional way
ofAyurveda andthemodern medical practice
e ancient Ayurvedic approach and contemporary med-
ical treatment disagree on a number of important points:
Lack of Standardization: Ayurvedic medications are cre-
ated using natural components, which can vary in qual-
ity and potency, resulting to inconsistent effectiveness.
is is in contrast to modern medicine, where drugs
are synthesized in a lab under tight restrictions. Stand-
ard Operating Procedures (SOPs) versus Customization:
Ayurvedic clinical practice is centered around customi-
zation, whereas modern medicine requires standard
operating procedures (SOPs). A significant disagreement
arises between the two systems as a result (Singh etal.
2024c). Evidence-based Practice: e majority of Ayur-
vedic treatments lack rigorous scientific study and evi-
dence-based validation, which makes it challenging for
Ayurveda to be incorporated into mainstream medicine.
Integration Challenges: Lack of trust, technical incom-
patibilities, difficulties with operational coordination,
and regulatory obstacles are some of the obstacles that
stand in the way of integrating Ayurveda with contempo-
rary medicine. Reductionist Approach: Ayurveda treats
the patient holistically, whereas modern medicine takes
a reductionist approach. When creating an interface
between Ayurveda and modern medicine, caution must
be taken to avoid unduly reductionist treatment of Ayur-
veda. Safety Myths: People frequently believe that Ayur-
vedic medications are safe and have no adverse effects,
which can result in self-medication and even injury. It
is essential for the successful integration of Ayurveda
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Vermaetal. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77
and contemporary medicine to resolve these tensions
through standardization, evidence-based research, and a
cooperative approach in order to deliver safe and efficient
patient treatment (Chopra and Doiphode 2002).
Scientic research andvalidation
An emergent body of scientific research supports the
efficacy of Ayurvedic herbs, therapies, and formulations.
Clinical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness
of Ayurveda in managing various conditions, includ-
ing arthritis, diabetes, hypertension, and anxiety (Gupta
2024).
Integrative andcomplementary medicine
Ayurveda is gaining acceptance as a integrative and com-
plementary medicine system that can be used alongside
conventional medicine to enhance treatment outcomes
and improve overall well-being (Olbara et al. 2018).
Table 5 Ayurvedic therapies can help reduce the con-
ventional treatments’ side effects and promote a faster
recovery.
Lifestyle andwellness
Ayurvedic principles and practices, for instance, medi-
tation, yoga, and a sattvic diet, are becoming popular in
modern lifestyle and wellness trends. ese practices are
recognized for their ability to promote mental and physi-
cal well-being, diminish stress as well as enhance overall
quality of life (Palileo-Villanueva etal. 2022).
Herbal medicine andnutraceuticals
Ayurvedic herbs and formulations are increasingly being
used as nutraceuticals and dietary supplements to sup-
port complete health and well-being Table6. e demand
for standardized Ayurvedic herbal extracts and formula-
tions is growing globally.
An organized display of medicinal plants, their corre-
sponding products, potential interactions between drugs
and herbs, and an analysis of their effectiveness is shown
in Fig.3.
Ayurvedic spas andwellness retreats
Ayurvedic spas and wellness retreats are becoming pop-
ular destinations for individuals seeking rejuvenation,
relaxation, and healing. ese retreats offer a range of
Ayurvedic therapies, treatments, and lifestyle interven-
tions to promote mental, emotional, and physical well-
being (Peltzer and Pengpid 2019).
The challenge ofstandardizing Ayurvedic practice
Creating integrative treatment guidelines based on evi-
dence could be one way to solve the issue of standardi-
zation in Ayurveda. e integration of contemporary
scientific research methodology with Ayurvedic prin-
ciples may facilitate the development of standardized
yet customized treatment regimens that capitalize on
the advantages of both systems. is may entail locat-
ing essential Ayurvedic medicines, formulas, and tech-
niques that have shown effective in clinical trials and
incorporating them into all-encompassing, patient-
focused treatment plans. Furthermore, putting in place
regulatory frameworks and quality control procedures
for Ayurvedic treatments and products could help
guarantee consistency and safety, opening the door for
Ayurveda to be more widely accepted and integrated
into mainstream healthcare. Even though there are still
difficulties, this integrated method may offer more con-
crete answers that close the knowledge gap between
conventional medicine and Ayurvedic medicine.
Challenges associated withtheuse ofAYUSH
When applied to modern medicine, Ayurveda, Yoga,
Unani, Siddha, and Homoeopathy (AYUSH) presents
several challenges: Absence of Scientific Confirmation
Scientists haven’t looked into the effectiveness of many
AYUSH therapies in great detail, and the evidence
for this is weak. e marketing of Ayurvedic proce-
dures and items in the West has led to cultural appro-
priation and the loss of integrity and cultural identity.
Safety and Quality Control Issues: ere are concerns
regarding the safety and quality of Ayurvedic products
because they are not governed by many countries. Vari-
ous goods have been found to contain hazardous com-
pounds, such as heavy metals.
Integration with Modern Medicine: e primary bar-
riers to the integration of AYUSH with modern medi-
cation are a lack of solid scientific research and the
need for evidence-based validation. Misconceptions
and Self-Medication: e common misconception that
AYUSH drugs have no side effects may lead to self-
medication and potential harm. Challenges with Educa-
tion and Regulation: AYUSH practice and education are
not subject to the same stringent standards and regula-
tions as modern medicine, which makes it challenging
to ensure the efficacy as well as safety of AYUSH ther-
apies. e security and efficacy of herbal treatments
While Ayurvedic medicines have long been considered
safe, their effectiveness is sometimes only moderate,
thus further research is needed to find out how efficient
they are in treating certain conditions. ese problems
must be fixed in order to ensure the efficacy and safety
of AYUSH treatments and to facilitate the seamless
integration of AYUSH with modern medicine (Chan-
dola 2012; Ghate and Wele 2022).
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Table 5 Lists several significant herbal formulas that are commonly employed in India’s traditional Ayurvedic system
Disease Formulation Dose/method of use References
Botanical name Ratio (%) Part used
Asthma/bronchitis Solanum xanthocarpum 25 Whole plant The patient was given 4 g of mixed powder with water
twice a day, in the morning and at nighttime Bhinde et al. (2020), Taur and Patil (2011)
Piper longum 10 Fruit
Adhatoda vasica 25 Leaf
Zingiber officinale 10 Root
Curcuma zedoaria 10 Root
Ocimum sanctum 10 Leaf
Phyllanthus emblica 10 Fruit
Cancer Azadirachta indica 20 Bark Treatment of cancer, the patient should take 4 g of mixed
powder twice a day (in the morning and at night)
with lukewarm honey
Pandey et al. (2013), Samy et al. (2008)
Bauhinia variegata 15 Bark
Crataeva nurvala 15 Bark
Terminalia chebula 15 Fruit
T. bellerica 10 Fruit
Holarrhena antidysenterica 10 Bark
Tinospora cordifolia 15 Stem
Blood circulation Zingiber officinale 20 Root The patient receives 4 g of blended powder twice a day,
along with water Ahmad et al. (2021), Amalraj et al. (2022), Pandey et al. (2013),
Paul et al. (2021)
Piper longum 10 Root
Withania somnifera 10 Root
Phyllanthus emblica 10 Fruit
Curcuma longa 10 Root
Terminalia bellerica 10 Fruit
T. chebula 10 Fruit
Ocimum sanctum 10 Leaf
Tephrosia purpurea 10 Leaf
Anemia Asparagus racemosu 20 Root Twice a day, the patient receives 4 g of powder
along with water Baliga et al. (2019), Mathai et al. (2015),
Withania somnifera 20 Root
Phyllanthus emblica 15 Fruit
P. amarus 10 Leaf
Tephrosia purpurea 10 Leaf
Plumbago zeylanica 5 Root
Glycyrrhiza glabra 15 Root
Piper longum 5 Fruit
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Table 5 (continued)
Disease Formulation Dose/method of use References
Botanical name Ratio (%) Part used
Arthritis Piper longum 10 Fruit For rheumatic ailments, the patient should take 4 g
of mixed powder twice a day together with ginger juice Gupta et al. (2021), Shah (2019), Singh et al. (2022a)
S. xanthocarpum 15 Whole plant
Withania somnifera 10 Root
Terminalia chebula 10 Fruit
T. bellerica 10 Fruit
Curcuma zedoaria 15 Root
Phyllanthus emblica 15 Fruit
Ricinus communis 15 Root
Chronic fever Tinospora cordifolia 15 Stem The patient receives 4 g of blended powder twice a day,
along with water, before meals Nair et al. (2019)
Ocimum sanctum 15 Leaf
Adhatoda vasica 15 Leaf
Azadirachta indica 15 Leaf
Holarrhena antidysenterica 10 Bark
Piper longum 10 Fruit
Zingiber officinale 10 Root
Terminalia bellerica 10 Fruit
Cough Phyllanthus emblica 25 Fruit To treat a cold, the patient should take 3 g of mixed pow-
der twice a day in the morning and at night before bed.
The powder should be heated and combined with honey
Kumar et al. (2022b), Mishra et al. (2022)
Adhatoda vasica 20 Leaf
Ocimum sanctum 10 Leaf
Piper longum 10 Fruit
Zingiber officinale 10 Root
Glycyrrhiza glabra 15 Root
Solanum xanthocarpum 10 Whole plant
Chronic constipation Holarrhena antidysenterica 10 Bark Before going to bed at night, the patient receives 4 g
of mixed powder mixed with water Devendra and Vishnu (2021), Samy et al. (2008)
Plumbago ovata 20 Husk
Terminalia bellerica 10 Fruit
T. chebula 15 Fruit
Phyllanthus emblica 15 Fruit
Cassia angustifolia 20 Leaf
Glycyrrhiza glabra 10 Root
Page 13 of 28
Vermaetal. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77
Table 5 (continued)
Disease Formulation Dose/method of use References
Botanical name Ratio (%) Part used
Diarrhea Holarrhena antidysenterica 25 Bark For treatment of diarrhea and dysentery, the patient
is given three grams of mixed powder with curd thrice
a day
Singh and Agarwal (2023), Singh et al. 2022a, b, c, d, Chau-
han et al. (2023), Parmar et al. (2016)
Aegle marmelos 25 Fruit
Zingiber officinale 10 Root
Terminalia chebula 10 Fruit
Cyperus rotundus 10 Root
Syzygium cumini 10
Phyllanthus emblica 10 Fruit
Dislocation of bones Asparagus racemosus 15 Root For fractures and bone dislocation, the patient is given 3 g
of mixed powder two times a day with water Gao et al. (2016)
Withania somnifera 15 Root
Azadirachta arabica 20 Bark
Terminalia arjuna 20 Bark
T. chebula 10 Fruit
T. bellerica 10 Fruit
Phyllanthus emblica 10 Fruit
Dental diseases Azadirachta indica 15 Leaf Twice a day, the teeth and gums are treated with the pow-
der. Moreover, a gargle with the infusion (3 g of powder
in 150 ml of water)
Samy et al. (2008)
A. arabia 15 Bark
Areca catechu 15 Bark
Achyranthes aspera 10 Leaf
Ficus benghalensis 15 Bark
Quercus infectoria 15 Fruit
Symplocos racemosa 15 Bark
Cysts Terminalia chebula 20 Fruit The patient receives 4 g of blended powder (one tea-
spoonful) twice a day together with water Gupta et al. (2021), Pundarikakshudu et al. (2024)
Azadirachta indica 20 Bark
Holarrhena antidysenterica 10 Bark
Terminalia bellerica 10 Fruit
Withania somnifera 20 Root
Tinospora cordifolia 20 Stem
Page 14 of 28
Vermaetal. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77
Table 5 (continued)
Disease Formulation Dose/method of use References
Botanical name Ratio (%) Part used
Diabetes Gymnema sylvestre 30 Leaf The patient should receive 4 g of blended powder
with water twice a day Gaonkar and Hullatti (2020), Modak et al. (2007)
Tinospora cordifolia 15 Stem
Azadirachta indica 10 Leaf
Phyllanthus emblica 20 Fruit
Curcuma longa 10 Root
Aegle marmelos 15 Leaf
Female sterility Asparagus racemosus 20 Root Twice a day, thirty minutes before meals, the patient
receives three grams of mixed powder with milk
Withania somnifera 20 Root
Glycyrrhiza glabra 20 Root
Phyllanthus emblica 10 Fruit
Ficus glomerata 10 Bark
F. religiosa 10 Bark
Gastritis Zingiber officinale 10 Root The patient receives 4 g of mixed powder twice a day,
30 min before meals, along with water Amalraj et al. (2022), Tiwari et al. (2023)
Piper longum 10 Fruit
Mentha piperita 10 Leaf
Terminalia chebula 15 Fruit
T. bellerica 15 Fruit
Phyllanthus emblica 15 Fruit
Plumbago zeylanica 10 Root
Tinospora cordifolia 15 Stem
Fistula Glycyrrhiza glabra 20 Root To treat fistula, the patient should receive 3 g of mixed
powder two times a day with water Samy et al. (2008)
Terminalia chebula 20 Fruit
T. bellerica 15 Fruit
Tinospora cordifolia 15 Stem
Azadirachta indica 15 leaf
Withania somnifera 15 Root
Page 15 of 28
Vermaetal. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77
Table 5 (continued)
Disease Formulation Dose/method of use References
Botanical name Ratio (%) Part used
General health tonic Withania somnifera 20 Root The patient receives 4 g of powder with milk twice a day
in the morning and the evening Končić (2017)
Asparagus racemosus 10 Root
Glycyrrhiza glabra 10 Root
Tribulus terrestris 10 Fruit
Phyllanthus emblica 15 Fruit
Terminalia arjuna 15 Bark
Centella asiatica 10 Leaf
High blood pressure Terminalia arjuna 35 Bark The patient receives 4 g of powder with honey twice a day
in morning and evening
T. chebula 15 Fruit
Asparagus racemosus 15 Root
Zingiber officinale 10 Root
Withania somnifera 25 Root
Hair problems Eclipta alba 15 Leaf The patient receives 4 g of blended powder with honey
twice a day
Centella asiatica 15 Leaf
Terminalia chebula 10 Fruit
T. bellerica 10 Fruit
Phyllanthus emblica 15 Fruit
Glycyrrhiza glabra 15 Root
Tinospora cordifolia 10 Stem
Tribulus terrestris 10 Fruit
Epilepsy Centella asiatica 30 Leaf To cure hysteria, the patient is given 3 g of mixed powder
with fruit juice two times a day in morning and in evening Paul et al. (2021), Udayakumar et al. (2010)
Withania somnifera 20 Root
Tribulus terrestris 15 Fruit
Piper longum 10 Root
Achyranthes aspera 15 Leaf
Plumbago zeylanica 10 Root
Page 16 of 28
Vermaetal. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77
Table 5 (continued)
Disease Formulation Dose/method of use References
Botanical name Ratio (%) Part used
Heart tonic Withania somnifera 10 Root The patient receives 3 g of blended powder twice a day,
along with water Tiwari et al. (2023)
Terminalia arjuna 30 Bark
T. bellerica 10 Fruit
T. chebula 10 Fruit
Cyperus rotundus 10 Root
Phyllanthus emblica 10 Fruit
Ocimum sanctum 10 Leaf
Leucorrhoea Symplocos racemosa 35 Bark The patient receives 3 g of blended powder twice a day,
along with water Pundarikakshudu et al. (2024)
Asparagus racemosus 15 Root
Adhatoda vasica 10 Leaf
Aegle marmelos 10 Fruit
Phyllanthus emblica 10 Fruit
Azadirachta indica 10 Bark
Intestinal worms Holarrhena antidysenterica 10 Bark The patient receives 3 g of blended powder with water
two times a day in morning and in evening Baliga et al. (2019), De Santo et al. (1979)
Mentha piperita 10 Leaf
Tinospora cordifolia 20 Stem
Butea monosperma 20 Seed
Azadirachta indica 10 Leaf
Phyllanthus emblica 20 Fruit
Tribulus terrestris 10 Fruit
Liver tonic Holarrhena antidysenterica 10 Bark Twice a day, half an hour before meals, the patient has 4 g
of mixed powder with water
Eclipta alba 20 Leaf
Tephrosia purpurea 20 Leaf
Tinospora cordifolia 10 Stem
Azadirachta indica 10 Bark
Phyllanthus amarus 20 Whole plant
Plumbago zeylanica 10 Root
Page 17 of 28
Vermaetal. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77
Table 5 (continued)
Disease Formulation Dose/method of use References
Botanical name Ratio (%) Part used
Leucoderma Psoralea corylifolia 20 Seed The patient should receive 3 g of mixed powder with water
twice a day prior to meals Gao et al. (2016)
Terminalia chebula 10 Fruit
Phyllanthus emblica 20 Fruit
Azadirachta indica 20 Bark
Areca catechu 10 Bark
Tinospora cordifolia 10 Stem
Eclipta alba 10 leaf
Lack of appetite Zingiber officinale 10 Root For indigestion, the patient is given 4 g of mixed powder
twice a day, after meals, along with water Tiwari et al. (2023)
Piper longum 10 Fruit
Phyllanthus emblica 30 Fruit
Terminalia chebula 15 Fruit
Tinospora cordifolia 15 Stem
Cassia angustifolia 10 Leaf
Mentha piperita 10 Leaf
Migraine Curcuma longa 15 Root The patient is given 4 g of mixed powder twice a day,
along with honey Ashawat et al. (2007)
Glycyrrhiza glabra 15 Root
Azadirachta indica 15 Bark
Tinospora cordifolia 15 Stem
Terminalia chebula 10 Fruit
Ocimum sanctum 15 Leaf
Eclipta alba 15 Leaf
Urinary tract Tribulus terrestris 25 Fruit The patient receives 4 g of blended powder twice a day,
along with water Kataria et al. (2022)
Zingiber officinale 10 Root
Solanum xanthocarpum 10 Whole plant
Crataeva nurvala 25 Bark
Tinospora cordifolia 10 Stem
Asparagus racemosus 10 Root
Tephrosia purpurea 10 Leaf
Page 18 of 28
Vermaetal. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77
Table 5 (continued)
Disease Formulation Dose/method of use References
Botanical name Ratio (%) Part used
Male sterility Withania somnifera 15 Root The patient receives 4 g of blended powder with honey
twice a day Ayabe et al. (1990)
Mucuna pruriens 25 Seed
Tribulus terrestris 20 Fruit
Glycyrrhiza glabra 10 Root
Terminalia arjuna 10 Bark
Phyllanthus emblica 10 Fruit
Zingiber officinale 5 Root
Piper longum 5 Fruit
Obesity Terminalia chebula 15 Fruit two times a day in morning and in evening, the patient
receives 4 g of powder mixed with warm water Tiwari et al. (2023)
Terminalia bellerica 15 Fruit
Phyllanthus emblica 10 Fruit
Crataeva nurvala 25 Bark
Tribulus terrestris 25 Fruit
Zingiber officinale 10 Root
Piles Eclipta alba 35 Leaf The patient receives 4 g of blended powder with water
twice a day in the morning and the evening Mukherjee et al. (2002)
Terminalia chebula 15 Fruit
Terminalia bellerica 10 Fruit
Phyllanthus emblica 10 Fruit
Adhatoda vasica 10 Leaf
Plumbago zeylanica 5 Root
Piper longum 5 Fruit
Aegle marmelos 10 Fruit
Skin diseases Cyperus rotundus 10 Root To treat allergy issues, the patient is given 3 g of powder
twice a day, before meals, along with water Devendra (2021)
Tinospora cordifolia 20 Stem
Azadirachta indica 20 Bark
Terminalia chebula 10 Fruit
T. bellerica 10 Fruit
Curcuma longa 10 Root
Phyllanthus emblica 10 Fruit
Centella asiatica 10 Leaf
Page 19 of 28
Vermaetal. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77
Table 5 (continued)
Disease Formulation Dose/method of use References
Botanical name Ratio (%) Part used
Prostate enlargement Tinospora cordifolia 15 Stem The patient receives 4 g of mixed powder twice a day,
in the morning and the evening, along with water
before meals
Ayabe et al. (1990)
Tribulus terrestris 15 Fruit
Phyllanthus emblica 15 Fruit
Zingiber officinale 10 Root
Butea monosperma 10 Seed
Adhatoda vasica 5 Leaf
Terminalia chebula 10 Fruit
T. bellerica 10 Fruit
Glycyrrhiza glabra 10 Root
Sleeplessness Withania somnifera 20 Root Before bedtime, the patient receives 3 g of mixed powder
mixed with milk Paul et al. (2021)
Centella asiatica 30 Leaf
Piper longum 20 Root
Glycyrrhiza glabra 10 Root
Terminalia bellerica 10 Fruit
Thyroid problems Crataeva nurvala 20 Bark Twice a day, the patient receives 3 g of mixed powder
mixed with lukewarm water Kataria et al. (2022)
Bauhinia variegata 20 Bark
Sida cordifolia 15 Leaf
Terminalia chebula 10 Fruit
T. bellerica 10 Fruit
Glycyrrhiza glabra 15 Root
Zingiber officinale 10 Root
Sexual debility Withania somnifera 10 Root The patient should receive about 4 g of mixed pow-
der with milk twice a day, in the morning and at night
before bed
Kataria et al. (2022)
Mucuna pruriens 20 Seed
Asparagus racemosus 10 Root
Sida cordifolia 10 Seed
Tribulus terrestris 20 Fruit
Glycyrrhiza glabra 10 Root
Page 20 of 28
Vermaetal. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77
Table 5 (continued)
Disease Formulation Dose/method of use References
Botanical name Ratio (%) Part used
Throat diseases Glycyrrhiza glabra 30 Root The patient receives 4 g of mixed powder twice a day,
in the morning and before bed, along with honey Kataria et al. (2022)
Terminalia chebula 10 Fruit
T. bellerica 10 Fruit
Solanum xanthocarpum 20 Whole plant
Piper longum 10 Fruit
Sida cordifolia 10 Root
Phyllanthus emblica 10 Fruit
Paralysis Curcuma zedoaria 20 Root The patient receives three grams of blended powder
with honey three times a day Caldwell et al. (2007), Udayakumar et al. (2010)
Withania somnifera 20 Root
Tribulus terrestris 20 Fruit
Zingiber officinale 20 Root
Piper longum 5 Fruit
Crataeva nurvala 10 Leaf
Plumbago zeylanica 5 Root
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Vermaetal. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77
Table 6 Lists a few common medicinal plants with potential as nutraceuticals, along with their main application in conventional
medicine
Common name Botanical name Uses References
Sunthi, Ginger Zingiber officinale Rosc In numerous Ayurvedic formulae, gin-
ger is used as an adjuvant to improve
absorption and minimize gastroin-
testinal adverse effects. In Ayurvedic
medicine, this spice is frequently
used to enhance digestion and avoid
nausea. These characteristics ease
constipation and soothe the muscles
that govern the digestive tract
Amalraj et al. (2022), Singh et al. (2022a)
Pippali, Indian Long Pepper Piper longum L. Pippali can be used to rejuvenate
the lungs and is a potent stimulant
for both the respiratory and digestive
systems. The release of metabolic
heat energy is significantly influenced
by it. Thyroid hormone levels that are
elevated in the body cause this effect.
With the capacity to improve absorp-
tion and boost the bioavailability
of the other active substances, pippali
is a common supplemental agent
used in Ayurvedic medicine
Yashtimadhu, Licorice Glycyrrhiza glabra L. In China and India, it is a multipur-
pose medication for gastrointestinal
issues. It relaxes muscle spasms, calms
and tones mucous membranes,
and functions as a mild laxative. It
supports several immunological
processes, including the synthesis
of interferon, and is an antioxidant
that also protects against cancer. It
works as an antimutagen to stop
genetic material damage that can
lead to cancer in the long run
Ayabe et al. (1990)
Ashwagandha Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal As in the case of traditional Chinese
medicine, ginseng and ashwagan-
dha are important components
of Ayurvedic remedies. Some refer
to it as "Indian Ginseng." Since ancient
times, it has been a widely utilized
treatment for a variety of ailments
in Ayurvedic systems. When taken
as a remedy for general debility,
it is among the best health tonics
and restoratives
Udayakumar et al. (2010)
Jatamansi, Musk root Nardostachys jatamansi DC. Plant jatamansi is calming and benefi-
cial to mental health. It is a powerful
component in many Ayurvedic com-
positions. It has been demonstrated
to be helpful with numerous meno-
pausal symptoms as well as preserv-
ing a peaceful night’s sleep
Muskal et al. (2016)
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Vermaetal. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77
Table 6 (continued)
Common name Botanical name Uses References
Garcinia Garcinia cambogia Dr. Fruits are a source of physiologically
active chemicals, such as hydroxy cit-
ric acid, which has been shown to pre-
vent the formation of fats and lipids.
HCA inhibits the ATP-citrate lyase
enzyme, which lowers the synthesis
of acetyl CoA, an essential component
in the metabolism of fat and carbohy-
drates. As a result, relatively little LDL
and triglyceride are formed. Addition-
ally, it reduces hunger by encouraging
the synthesis of glycogen. In this man-
ner, the brain receives signals of hap-
piness and fullness earlier. Garcinia
is utilized as a heart tonic and has high
levels of vitamin C
Bourque et al. (1999), Singh et al.
(2024a, b, c)
Guduchi Tinospora cordifolia Miers Rich in natural vitamin C, guduchi
effectively suppresses bacterial devel-
opment, strengthens immunological
resilience, and has anti-inflammatory
properties. When this plant is used,
white blood cells—the immune cells
that fight against invaders—have
a higher capacity to kill macrophages
Kiwanch, Kapikachchhu, Cow-itch
plant Mucuna pruriens Baker It provides a good natural L. dopa sup-
ply. It is said to be a powerful nervous
system tonic in the Ayurvedic system.
Research has shown that it is helpful
in preserving the nervous system’s
peak functioning
Wichers et al. (1993)
Nagarmusta Cyperus scariosus Br. Both are hepatoprotective and benefi-
cial in promoting a healthy genitouri-
nary system
Amalraj et al. (2022)
Haritaki Terminalia chebula Retz. An excellent and safe expectorant,
tonic, and purgative is haritaki. Being
a blend of three fruits, it is a key
component of the traditional Ayur-
vedic recipe "Triphala." Tiphalpha
is a significant Ayurvedic treatment
that promotes health through several
processes of cleaning and detoxifi-
cation. Owing to its high vitamin C
concentration, it is well recognized
to have potent antimutagenic proper-
ties
Tiwari et al. (2023)
Nimba, Neem Melia azadirachta L. Strong health-improving properties
allow it to be used as an astringent
and tonic that encourages healing.
The extract exhibits antispasmodic
properties. Many millennia of use
in Ayurvedic medicine have attested
to its cleansing qualities. The digestive,
respiratory, urinary, and circulatory
systems have all benefited the most
from it
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Vermaetal. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77
Global acknowledgement andacceptance
Ayurveda’s growing recognition and acceptance world-
wide as a legitimate system of medicine. Several coun-
tries have incorporated Ayurveda into their national
healthcare systems, and Ayurvedic practitioners are
increasingly being recognized as healthcare profession-
als. Overall, Ayurveda’s contemporary relevance lies in
its holistic approach toward health, its focus on pre-
vention and personalized care, and its growing scien-
tific validation. e amalgamation of modern medicine
with Ayurveda and its increasing popularity in lifestyle
and wellness trends further contribute to its relevance
in the twenty-first century (Kumar etal. 2022a; Peltzer
etal. 2008; Ramakrishnan etal. 2014).
Conclusions
Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, has a
rich and complex history spanning over several millen-
nia. Its principles and practices are established on the
credence that health is a state of balance between the
mind, body, and spirit. Ayurveda emphasizes preven-
tion and personalized care, besides the natural therapies
use to promote healing and well-being. Despite its long
history and contributions to healthcare, Ayurveda faced
challenges and periods of decline, particularly during the
colonial era. However, in recent decades, there has been a
renewed interest in Ayurveda, both in India and globally.
is revival is driven by several factors. ere is growing
recognition of the limitations of conventional medicine
Table 6 (continued)
Common name Botanical name Uses References
Guggul Commiphora mukul Engl. A key component of joint and immu-
nocare products and recognized
as a treatment in Ayurvedic medicine,
it raises white blood cell counts
and has potent immunomodulatory
effects. In addition to being used
to treat a number of other ailments,
like lowering triglycerides and cho-
lesterol while preserving the HDL
to LDL ratio, it also offers protection
against the common cold
Babalola and Adedayo (2023)
Shatavari Asparagus racemosus Willd Powerful rejuvenating Ayurvedic rem-
edy. It is mostly advised for women
who have had hysterectomies
and provides a variety of female
hormones. Additionally, it boosts
immunity, maintains the urinary tract,
and purifies blood
Piermaria et al. (2009)
Pasanavheda Bergenia ligulata Wall It has a special quality that combines
the best urinary tract health with diu-
retic activity. This crucial medication
helps the bladder by maintaining
the calcium salts’ solution and affect-
ing the crystalloid-colloid balance
Godaly et al. (2016)
Gurmarar Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. Its name in Sanskrit directly translates
as “sugar destroyer. It acts as a glyco-
lytic and weakens a glucose solution.
It has been used for millennia in Ayur-
veda to control the metabolism
of sugar. It raises insulin production
as well as the site of insulin produc-
tion and pancreatic cell regeneration.
Gurmarar also has the ability to com-
pletely eliminate the taste of sugar,
which makes it useful for stifling
and neutralizing sugar cravings
Gholap and Kar (2003)
Maricha, Black pepper Piper nigrum L. One of the most significant spices,
black pepper, is frequently used
to facilitate the digestive process
and increase the body’s capacity
to absorb nutrients from food
Tiwari et al. (2023)
Page 24 of 28
Vermaetal. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77
in addressing chronic diseases and lifestyle-related dis-
orders—increased awareness of the holistic and preven-
tive approach of Ayurveda. Scientific research supporting
the safety and efficacy of Ayurvedic herbs and therapies.
Integration of Ayurveda with modern medicine and
healthcare systems. Ayurveda’s contemporary relevance
lies in its focus on personalized care, its emphasis on pre-
vention and lifestyle management, and its potential role
in addressing chronic diseases and promoting mental and
emotional well-being. e amalgamation of Ayurveda
with modern medicine and the growing body of scien-
tific research supporting its efficacy is further contribut-
ing to its acceptance and recognition worldwide. As we
move forward, it’s crucial to continue to study and vali-
date Ayurvedic principles and practices through rigorous
scientific research. is will help to establish Ayurveda as
a credible and evidence-based system of medicine, fur-
ther enhancing its relevance and integration into mod-
ern healthcare systems. In summary, Ayurveda, with its
rich history, holistic approach, and growing scientific
validation, is a valuable resource for promoting health
and well-being in the twenty-first century. Its principles
and practices can complement and enhance conventional
medicine, providing individuals with a wide-ranging and
personalized methodology for healthcare.
Abbreviations
AYUSH Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy
BCE Before the Common Era
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki (UP),
India, for continuous support and assistance during research work and scien-
tific writing. The authors also thank the in-house seed grant project [File No.
FY-2023-24/SMG/001, 24th Jan. 2024] and [File No. FY-2023-24/SMG/002, 24th
Jan. 2024] funded by Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Lucknow-Deva
Road, Barabanki-225003, U.P., India.
Author contributions
SKV and DS conceived the idea and wrote the manuscript, drew figures and
tables, and MP and AS read, edited, revise and proofread the manuscript. All
authors have read and approved the manuscript.
Funding
No funding was obtained for this study.
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Received: 18 June 2024 Accepted: 23 July 2024
Fig. 3 A systematic representation of medicinal plant, their available products, possible mechanism of drug-herbal interaction and their efficacy
analysis
Page 25 of 28
Vermaetal. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77
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