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An Approach for Industrial Designers to Accelerate Validation in Wearable Medical Devices Through Programmable Sensors
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User eXperience (UX) has been used to achieve improvements in digital information systems based on how people perceive them. In particular, this paper establishes a framework that employs methods for eye and mouse tracking, keyboard input, self-assessment questionnaire and artificial intelligence algorithms to evaluate user experience and categorize users in terms of performance profiles. The results obtained with this framework are artifacts that can be used to support customizations of the User Interface (UI) on the websites. Moreover, the established framework is generic and flexible and can be applied to any information system, such as the case study shown in the website of the Federal Revenue of Brazil (RFB). The main objectives of this paper are as follows: (i) to set out a powerful UX framework based on three tracking techniques – the AIT2-UX; (ii) to provide the T2-UXT to collect, collate, process and visualize data obtained from users’ interactions (iii) to use and compare machine learning algorithms with the classification of user performance profiles; (iv) to use the artifacts generated by the framework to manually customize the UI with the website.
Many software companies face challenges in their work with User eXperience (UX) and how to integrate UX practices into existing development processes. A better understanding of these challenges can help researchers and practitioners better address them. Existing research does not analyse UX challenges in relation to other software quality characteristics including usability. In this empirical study, we have interviewed 17 practitioners from eight software development companies. Their responses are coded and analysed with thematic analysis. We report 11 challenges that practitioners face in their work with UX. Some of these challenges partly overlap with those reported in existing literature about usability or software quality characteristics. In contrast to these overlaps, the participants of our study either view many of the challenges unique to UX, or more severe than for usability or other quality characteristics. Although at a superficial level challenges with UX and other quality characteristics overlap, we differentiate these challenges at a deeper level through two main aspects of UX: subjectivity and emergent nature. In particular, we identify at least five issues that are essential to the very nature of UX, and add at least seven extra difficulties to the work of practitioners. These difficulties can explain why practitioners perceive the challenges to be more severe than for other quality characteristics. Our findings can be useful for researchers in identifying industrially relevant research areas and for practitioners to learn from empirically investigated challenges and base their improvement efforts on such knowledge. Investigating the overlaps can help finding research areas not only for enhancing practice of UX but also software quality in general. It also makes it easier for practitioners to spot, better understand as well as find mitigation strategies for UX challenges.
CAD model quality in parametric design scenarios largely determines the level of flexibility and adaptability of a 3D model (how easy it is to alter the geometry) as well as its reusability (the ability to use existing geometry in other contexts and applications). In the context of mechanical CAD systems, the nature of the feature-based parametric modeling paradigm, which is based on parent-child interdependencies between features, allows a wide selection of approaches for creating a specific model. Despite the virtually unlimited range of possible strategies for modeling a part, only a small number of them can guarantee an appropriate internal structure which results in a truly reusable CAD model. In this paper, we present an analysis of formal CAD modeling strategies and best practices for history-based parametric design: Delphi’s horizontal modeling, explicit reference modeling, and resilient modeling. Aspects considered in our study include the rationale to avoid the creation of unnecessary feature interdependencies, the sequence and selection criteria for those features, and the effects of parent/child relations on model alteration. We provide a comparative evaluation of these strategies in the form of a series of experiments using three industrial CAD models with different levels of complexity. We analyze the internal structure of the models and compare their robustness and flexibility when the geometry is modified. The results reveal significant advantages of formal modeling methodologies, particularly resilient techniques, over non-structured approaches as well as the unexpected problems of the horizontal strategy in numerous modeling situations.
The importance of the information technology (IT) has increased in design work too. The usability and applicability of CAD (Computer Aided Design) to practical work is not in the level that could be expected. There is significant unutilised capacity in design studios who have acquired CAD applications. Most of the problems seem to be in the user interface (UI), but the abilities of designers vary as well. Rigidities and inconveniences in applications have caused negative attitudes towards IT. Usability is the quality measure of a user interface. Usability is the measure to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use. Usability means focusing on users. Usability heuristics is a set of rules of thumb in order to evaluate the usability of application. The main purpose of this paper is to point out problems in CAD UI by evaluating empirical results through certain usability heuristics in architectural context. Another purpose is to point out that in complex tasks the process of determining requirements specification is extremely critical.
Eye tracking research has been commonly used in human computer interaction study. Researcher can collect data on user's behavior through their eye movement by using eye tracking technique. Many company or individual has taken this technology for overcome usability issues in their website, application as well as games. It is not easy to design and develop educational game application. Many aspects must be considered in making a good game. Educational game needs to have good usability in order to be effective and easy to learn. In this paper, we analyze of eye tracking patterns (heat map and gaze plot) to evaluate user interface design in educational game. In addition, we proposed a user interface design guidelines to the issues that highlighted. We conducted experiments using Tobii T60 remote eye tracking system and ManGold software suite to capture and analyze the user's experience when playing educational game. The findings suggest eye-tracking patterns consist of a series of metrics, such as 'number of fixations' and 'heat map separation' correlating with the user interface design issues and ineffective presentation.
Usability does not exist in any absolute sense; it can only be defined with reference to particular contexts. This, in turn, means that there are no absolute measures of usability, since, if the usability of an artefact is defined by the context in which that artefact is used, measures of usability must of necessity be defined by that context too. Despite this, there is a need for broad general measures which can be used to compare usability across a range of contexts. In addition, there is a need for "quick and dirty" methods to allow low cost assessments of usability in industrial systems evaluation. This chapter describes the System Usability Scale (SUS) a reliable, low-cost usability scale that can be used for global assessments of systems usability.
Computer-based visualizations play a profoundly important role in chemistry instruction. In this chapter, we review the role of visualization tools and possible ways in which they may influence thinking about chemistry. There are now several visualization systems available that allow students to manipulate important variables in obtain a solution to a scientific problem. We discuss the fundamental differences between these tools, and we emphasize the use of each within the context of constructivist curricula and pedagogies. We also consider the impact such tools may have on visuo-spatial thinking. We suggest that although visuo-spatial ability may be important in visualization use, its role has at times been overemphasized. We argue for a more nuanced, richer understanding of the many ways in which visuo-spatial reasoning is used in solving chemistry problems. This discussion leads to a set of design principles for the use of visualization tools in teaching chemistry. Finally, we present our work on the Kinemage Authorship Project, a program designed to assist students in understanding spatial structures in complex, biochemical molecules. The Kinemage Authorship Project allows students to construct their own molecular visualizations, and we discuss how this may lead to greater understanding of the spatial properties of molecules. This constructivist program embodies many of the design principles that we present earlier in the chapter.
This research examines the impact of primitive affective reactions to information technology on subsequent cognitive reactions and behavioral intention on IT use, and the potential change of such impact over time. We ground our work in theories of psychology and information systems and propose a theoretical model in which the user's perceptions regarding the affective quality of an IT influences cognitive reactions and behavioral intention to use IT. The model was validated by surveys in two field studies of 226 and 196 college students, respectively, who were asked to evaluate a course management system, WebCT. The first study occurred during weeks 3 and 4 of the spring 2004 semester, when subjects were getting familiar with WebCT for their classes. The second study ran during weeks 11 and 12 of the same semester, when WebCT had been used quite intensively in the classes. The theoretical model is supported by both studies, indicating that the impact of perceived affective quality persists, even when subjects' familiarity with and use of the IT increases. Our research identifies perceived affective quality as another, more-fundamental, and sustained source of user intention of IT use that has not been widely recognized yet. From a theoretical perspective, this research breaks the conventional cognition-driven paradigm of studying user reactions to technology and calls for attention to affect and emotion in examining people's everyday, normal interactions with IT. Practically, the research provides empirical evidence for IT designers, trainers, and stakeholders to better strategize their resources and emphases.
This paper reviews how empirical research on User Experience (UX) is conducted. It integrates products, dimensions of experience, and methodologies across a systematically selected sample of 51 publications from 2005-2009, reporting a total of 66 empirical studies. Results show a shift in the products and use contexts that are studied, from work towards leisure, from controlled tasks towards open use situations, and from desktop computing towards consumer products and art. Context of use and anticipated use, often named key factors of UX, are rarely researched. Emotions, enjoyment and aesthetics are the most frequently assessed dimensions. The methodologies used are mostly qualitative, and known from traditional usability studies, though constructive methods with unclear validity are being developed and used. Many studies use self-developed questionnaires without providing items or statistical validations. We discuss underexplored research questions and potential improvements of UX research.
Despite experience, many users do not make efficient use of complex computer applications. We argue that this is caused by a lack of strategic knowledge that is difficult to acquire just by knowing how to use commands. To address this problem, we present efficient and general strategies for using computer applications, and identify the components of strategic knowledge required to use them. We propose a framework for teaching strategic knowledge, and show how we implemented it in a course for freshman students. In a controlled study, we compared our approach to the traditional approach of just teaching commands. The results show that efficient and general strategies can in fact be taught to students of diverse backgrounds in a limited time without harming command knowledge. The experiment also pinpointed those strategies that can be automatically learned just from learning commands, and those that require more practice than we provided. These results are important to universities and companies that wish to foster more efficient use of complex computer applications.
Whether you are a professional new to the user-centered design field, or an experienced designer who needs to learn the fundamentals of user interface design and evaluation, this book can lead the way. What will you get from this book? Based on a course from the Open University, UK which has been taught to over a thousand professionals and students, this book presents an overview of the field. It illustrates the benefits of a user-centered approach to the design of software, computer systems, and web sites, and provides a clear and practical discussion of requirements gathering; developing interaction design from user requirements; and user interface evaluation. The book's coverage includes established HCI topics-for example, visibility, affordance, feedback, metaphors, mental models, and the like-combined with practical guidelines for contemporary designs and current trends, which makes for a winning combination. You get a clear presentation of ideas, illustrations of concepts, using real-world applications. This book will help you develop all the skills necessary for iterative user-centered design, and provides a firm foundation for user interface design and evaluation on which to build. The readership for this book will include seasoned professionals in user interface design and usability engineering (looking for new tools with which to expand their knowledge), new people who enter the HCI field with no prior educational experience, and software developers, web application developers, and information appliance designers, who need to know more about interaction design and evaluation.
This essay contributes a meta-scientific account of human-computer interaction (HCI) research as problem-solving. We build on the philosophy of Larry Laudan, who develops problem and solution as the foundational concepts of science. We argue that most HCI research is about three main types of problem: empirical, conceptual, and constructive. We elaborate upon Laudan's concept of problem-solving capacity as a universal criterion for determining the progress of solutions (outcomes): Instead of asking whether research is 'valid' or follows the 'right' approach, it urges us to ask how its solutions advance our capacity to solve important problems in human use of computers. This offers a rich, generative, and 'discipline-free' view of HCI and resolves some existing debates about what HCI is or should be. It may also help unify efforts across nominally disparate traditions in empirical research, theory, design, and engineering.
Eye Tracking for User Experience Design explores the many applications of eye tracking to better understand how users view and interact with technology. Ten leading experts in eye tracking discuss how they have taken advantage of this new technology to understand, design, and evaluate user experience. Real-world stories are included from these experts who have used eye tracking during the design and development of products ranging from information websites to immersive games. They also explore recent advances in the technology which tracks how users interact with mobile devices, large-screen displays and video game consoles. Methods for combining eye tracking with other research techniques for a more holistic understanding of the user experience are discussed. This is an invaluable resource to those who want to learn how eye tracking can be used to better understand and design for their users.
Emotional experience has become an important topic in human-technology interaction research and design. Nevertheless, such research and design often lacks a proper explanatory basis and methodologically robust operationalisation. In this article, a conceptualisation of emotional user experience is formulated based on the appraisal theory of emotion, where the goal congruence of the interaction events and the task-independent individual traits are thought to underlie the user′s emotional response. A laboratory study with N=50 participants conducting ordinary computer tasks is reported. The results suggest that subjective emotional experience depends on a number of factors relating to individual differences in coping and task events. Emotional user experience, as analysed according to a competence-frustration model of emotion, is dependent on the user's technological problem-solving tendency, frustration tendency, pre-task self-confidence, and task performance.
In order to solve the problem that low automatic degree to the block assembly process design will negatively influence construction cycle time and construction quality in shipbuilding, this paper presents a newly developed determination system of assembly units for the hull structure. Firstly, the assembly information model of a hull block which includes the part information and the linkage information between parts is proposed following the structural features and assembly process of the hull structure. Secondly, the assembly relation matrix is established on the basis of the fuzzy assessment rule and then the fuzzy clustering method to analyze partition of assembly units is given out. Thirdly, through analyzing the assembly ability of hull structures, the set of evaluating indexes is founded whose weights are decided by an analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Meanwhile, the model for the assessment is provided by fuzzy synthetic evaluation (FSE) and the comprehensive assessment values of assembly partition schemes can be computed to judge the final optimization scheme. A block assembly is taken as an example to verify the proposed method, and the results show that it is an effective method for solving the partition problem of hull structures.
Recently, many individuals have been faced with a transfer of learning issue, surrounding the move from one 3-D CAD system to another. The purpose of this research was to test the hypothesis that, with mini- mal instruction, users can transfer their established high level modeling strategies between packages (thus preserving an important element of efficiency and effectiveness). This transfer will take place once they have mastered the basic syntax necessary to execute their strategies. The results of the study clearly showed the initial conflict when there were syntactic differences between the software tools in executing a specific modeling strategy. There was also clear evidence as to the dif- ferences in effective strategy transfer when the move was between two constraint-based modelers versus a modeler that did not use a constraint-based modeling process and one that did. This study demon- strated clear differences between the transfer of syntactic and semantic level knowledge from one 3-D modeling system to another. The results of this study also have implications for the design of training and educational programs, pointing to the importance of delineating between software package-dependent and independent skills and knowledge.
The author of this . . . text on the science of emotion examines each of the 4 major theoretical points of view representing most contemporary research on the subject: Darwinian, Jamesian, cognitive, and social constructivist. He describes the major premises of each tradition, compares them to one another, briefly details the major research defining each point of view, and concludes each chapter with recommendations for further reading.
Randolph R. Cornelius emphasizes the importance of the scientific and objective approach to the study of emotions and stresses the value of examining each perspective in its own terms as well as those of the other 3. He includes many examples from contemporary life and literature to help students identify with the topics covered.
An entire chapter is devoted to contrasting how each of the 4 traditions would explain 4 different emotions: fear, anger, love, and hope. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This study proposes usability principles for the user interfaces (UI) design of complex 3D parametric architectural design and engineering tools. Numerous usability principles have been developed for generic desktop or web applications. The authors tried to apply existing usability principles as guidelines for evaluating complex 3D design and engineering applications. However, the principles were too generic and high-level to be useful as design or evaluation guidelines. The authors, all with more than 10 or 30 years of experience with various CAD systems, selected and reviewed 10 state-of-the-art 3D parametric design and engineering applications and captured what they thought were best practices, as screenshots and videos. The collected best practices were reviewed through a series of discussion sessions. During the discussion sessions, UI design principles underlying the collected best practices were characterized in the line of existing UI principles. Based on the best practices and the derived common UI principles, a new set of refined and detailed UI principles were proposed for improving and evaluating 3D parametric engineering design tools in the future.
Recent advancements in rapid prototyping techniques such as 3D printing and laser cutting are changing the perception of physical 3D models in architecture and industrial design. Physical models are frequently created not only to finalize a project but also to demonstrate an idea in early design stages. For such tasks, models can easily be annotated to capture comments, edits, and other forms of feedback. Unfortunately, these annotations remain in the physical world and cannot easily be transferred back to the digital world. Our system, ModelCraft, addresses this problem by augmenting the surface of a model with a traceable pattern. Any sketch drawn on the surface of the model using a digital pen is recovered as part of a digital representation. Sketches can also be interpreted as edit marks that trigger the corresponding operations on the CAD model. ModelCraft supports a wide range of operations on complex models, from editing a model to assembling multiple models, and offers physical tools to capture free-space input. Several interviews and a formal study with the potential users of our system proved the ModelCraft system useful. Our system is inexpensive, requires no tracking infrastructure or per object calibration, and we show how it could be extended seamlessly to use current 3D printing technology.
Usability specialists were better than non-specialists at performing heuristic evaluation, and “double experts” with specific expertise in the kind of interface being evaluated performed even better. Major usability problems have a higher probability than minor problems of being found in a heuristic evaluation, but more minor problems are found in absolute numbers. Usability heuristics relating to exits and user errors were more difficult to apply than the rest, and additional measures should be taken to find problems relating to these heuristics. Usability problems that relate to missing interface elements that ought to be introduced were more difficult to find by heuristic evaluation in interfaces implemented as paper prototypes but were as easy as other problems to find in running systems.
A User Interface (UI) and User eXperience (UX) evaluation framework for cyberlearning environments in computer science and software engineering education
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