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Layers of Lexical Borrowing in Long-Term Contact Rooted among Ancient Crops from Mali’s Bandiagara Region

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In this research, the People and Plants method illuminates language interactions in Eastern Mali’s Bandiagara Region. Home to six linguistic groups, the Bandiagara Escarpment has sheltered two populations for at least 800 years, though their pre-cliff origins are unclear. Historical empires might have driven them to this defensible terrain, with fertile lands anchoring them. Notably, evidence points to early pearl millet domestication not far from here, a Sahelian staple, around 5,000 years ago. Examining current plant-related lexemes across local languages and contrasting with distant, unrelated languages offers insights into older forms. Merging these findings with external data depicts language contact layers. Modern Bandiagara residents, likely with pre-existing botanical knowledge, may have been influenced by the ‘Mande Expansion’ and its vast West African trade routes.
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       󰃊  󰂹󰆼󰆻󰂺 󰆼󰆼󰇁󰆾 󰃈󰆼󰇄󰇀 󰇀󰆽󰇁󰆽󰇄 󰄀󰆻󰆼󰇁󰆻󰆿󰆻 󰆻󰆾
󰅺  󰂶 󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆿 󰃊 󰂹 󰆼󰇃󰇂󰇂󰄀󰆿󰆻󰇄󰆼󰃍󰃎 󰆼󰇄󰇀󰇀󰄀󰆽󰇁󰆽󰇄󰃍󰃎
             󰆗󰂺󰆓 󰂺
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
󰂺󰃈
     󰄀 
     󰄘
 
  󰃊 󰂹 󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆽󰄀󰆼󰇄󰇂󰆻󰄀󰇃󰇂󰇂󰇁
󰂶    󰄘 󰃍󰂶  󰆛󰆔󰆖󰆘󰃎󰂶  
    󰃍󰃎󰂶 󰂶 
󰂐󰃖󰅎󰂐
 󰆚  󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔 󰃊  󰆕󰆜  󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖 󰃊
  󰆕󰆗  󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆗

  󰂶         
 󰄘  󰂺     󰂶  
        󰆛󰆓󰆓 󰂶   󰄀
  󰂺          󰄀
󰂶     󰂺 󰂶      
    󰂶  󰂶  󰆘󰂶󰆓󰆓󰆓  󰂺 󰄀
  󰄀        󰂶
      󰂺     󰄀
     󰂺   󰂶   󰄀
  󰂶       󰄖 󰄘 
     󰂺

  󰄍 󰄀   󰄍  󰄍  󰄍  
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     󰄀  󰆿󰇄󰇀
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
󰆔 
            
 󰂺         
 󰂶   󰂶      
         󰂶    
   󰂺        󰄀
         
󰂶        󰂺  󰄀
  󰂶  󰂶   󰂶   󰄀
   󰄍        
   󰄀    󰂶    
   󰄍      
  󰄀 󰂺      
          󰆔󰂺
          
󰂺 󰂶             󰂶
󰄖󰄘 󰃕󰄀󰃖         󰂶 󰄖
             󰄀
󰄘󰂺󰇟           
           
  󰂶       󰄀  
        󰂺
󰂶    󰂶        
    󰂶  󰃍  󰂶 󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆛󰃎󰂶
   󰄀         
  󰂶        󰄀
󰂺
        󰃍 
󰃎󰄘    󰄘       
           󰂺
          󰂶 
          
    󰂺
󰆞           󰄘   󰂹󰃈󰃈󰎦
󰂺󰃈󰂺            󰄀
  󰃍󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆛󰃈󰃎󰂺
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󰆿󰇄󰇁 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
 󰆼    󰃍󰃎
󰆕 
     󰂶     
       󰂺      
             󰄀
       󰂶    
           󰄀
            
󰂺
󰆕󰂺󰆔     
    󰄀       
  󰂶        
  󰆜󰆗󰆓󰆓   󰃍  󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰃎󰂺󰇠      󰄀
   󰄀 󰂺  󰂶    
           
     󰂺       󰄀
        󰃍 
󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆚󰃎󰂺
    󰂶   󰂶   󰄀
             
 󰂺    󰃍  
󰆟          󰂶  󰄀
 󰂶 󰂺    󰄀 󰄘   
    󰄀 󰃕󰃖       󰄖󰄘  
  󰂺
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     󰄀  󰆿󰇄󰇂
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
  
 

 


󰃍󰃎       󰄀
 󰄀󰆜󰆓󰆓󰆓 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆓󰄍󰆔󰆙󰆚󰆓 󰆔󰆛󰆓󰆓󰄍󰆛󰆓󰆓 󰆛󰆓󰆓󰄍󰆕󰆓󰆓 󰆖󰆘󰆓󰄍󰆕󰆘󰆓

 󰃍  󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰂷
  󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰃎
󰃍 
󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎
󰃍  󰂶
󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆔󰃎
  󰆼         
  󰃎   󰆕󰆘󰆚󰆜󰄍󰆕󰆗󰆓󰆜󰂶    󰄀
 󰆕󰆓󰆓            
     󰃍  󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰃎󰂺   󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂹 󰆖󰆘󰆜󰃎
           
 󰂷          
         
   󰂺
󰂶    󰂶   󰄀
  󰂶         
  󰂺        
             󰂺 
  󰄀  󰄀󰂶      󰄀
   󰂶  󰆕󰆓󰆓    󰂶   
       󰃍󰂶 󰂶  󰂶
󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆛󰃎󰂺         󰂶  
        󰂶 󰄘    
     󰃍  󰂶 󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆔󰃎   󰂺
           󰄘  
            
     󰃍󰂶 󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆗󰃎󰂺
         󰆔   󰆕
          󰆔󰂺
󰂶        󰂶      
         󰂺   󰄀
           
          󰂺     󰄀
          󰂺  
󰂶             
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󰆿󰇄󰇃 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
 󰆽          
 󰃍󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆛󰃈󰃎󰂺      󰄀
           󰂺
󰆕󰂺󰆕       
          󰂺  
 󰂶   󰂶  󰄀    
  󰆖󰆓󰆓  󰆗󰆓󰆓  󰆔󰆔󰆓󰆓 󰃍󰂶 󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆖󰂷 󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆗󰃎󰂺  󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆘󰆚󰃎
  󰄖󰄘   󰄖  󰄘       
  󰄀  󰆚󰆛󰆛󰄍󰆚󰆜󰆖󰂺     
󰂺
  󰂶        
 󰂶       󰄀  󰃍󰂶
󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰃎󰂺             󰄀
   󰂺    󰆔󰆕󰆗󰆓󰂶     󰂶 
  󰃍 󰃎       
  󰃍 󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆔󰂶     󰄀󰃎󰂺   󰄀
          󰂶
  󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰂹 󰆖󰆓󰃎 󰂶 󰄙      
    󰄛󰂶     󰂶
   󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆕󰂹 󰆔󰆛󰆛󰃎     󰄙 󰄛󰂺  󰄀
         
  󰃍         󰄀
󰃎󰂺            󰂶 󰃍
           
   󰃎         
   󰃍󰂶 󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆚󰃎󰂺
 󰂶           
           󰄀
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     󰄀  󰆿󰇄󰇄
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
  󰆽  
󰂺󰂺   󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰂶   󰂶 󰆽󰆻󰆻󰇄
 󰄀   󰃍󰂶   󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺 
     󰂷     
         󰂶  
  󰂺         󰂺
           
      󰂺   󰂶 󰂶
  󰄖   󰄘󰂶         󰄀
      󰂺
             
󰂺          󰄀󰆔󰆘
  󰆔󰆙  󰂶   󰂶 󰂶    󰄀
      󰆚  󰃍  󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰃎󰂺 󰄀
󰂶          󰄀
   󰄀  󰃍󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰂷 󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂷 󰄀
󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆓󰂷 󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆖󰃎󰂶         󰄀
 󰂺    󰄙󰄛 󰃍    󰃎  󰄀
         󰃍  󰄀
󰃎 󰄀      
  󰆘  󰆙   󰃍󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆓󰂹 󰆘󰆘󰃎󰂺
       󰂶 󰂶     󰄙󰄛 󰄍
󰄀        󰄀
     󰄍    󰆔󰆖  󰆔󰆘   󰃍󰂶
󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆚󰃎󰂺             󰂶  
 󰄀󰂺   󰄙 󰄛    
  󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆖󰃎       
󰄀        󰆔󰆔󰆓󰆓󰄍
󰆔󰆘󰆓󰆓󰂺 󰂶            
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󰇀󰆻󰆻 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
󰆡󰆝󰆝 󰆢󰆝󰆝 󰆣󰆝󰆝 󰆤󰆝󰆝 󰆥󰆝󰆝 󰆦󰆝󰆝 󰆞󰆝󰆝󰆝 󰆞󰆞󰆝󰆝 󰆞󰆟󰆝󰆝 󰆞󰆠󰆝󰆝 󰆞󰆡󰆝󰆝 󰆞󰆢󰆝󰆝 󰆞󰆣󰆝󰆝 󰆞󰆥󰆝󰆝
 󰃍󰃎  󰃍󰃎 
󰃍󰃎

  󰆾      
          
󰄀          󰂺󰇡 
         󰂶   󰄀
    󰂶 󰂶  󰄘    󰂶
󰂶 󰂶   󰆚󰆘   󰆔󰆚󰆕  󰃍 
󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎     󰆖󰆓  󰆗󰆓   󰃍󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰃎󰂺
          󰄘  󰄀
     󰂺       󰄀
        󰃍  󰂶 󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆕󰃎󰂺 󰂶
               󰂺
     󰂶  󰂶     
         󰄀 
󰂶    󰂺        
            
󰂺
 󰆖         
󰄘     󰂺     󰂺
            󰆖󰂺
    󰆖󰂶           
       󰂺    
 󰂶        
          
󰂺
󰆕󰂺󰆖   
             󰄀
       󰂶     󰄀
 󰂺        󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆖󰆛󰃎󰂶
󰆠   󰂶  󰂶          󰄖󰄀
󰄘  󰄖󰄘󰂺             
     󰂺
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     󰄀  󰇀󰆻󰆼
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
 󰆾        
            󰄀
       󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆓󰄘󰂺    
󰂶           󰄀
   󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆕󰃎󰂺        
 󰃯󰃱 󰂫󰂬         
     󰂶     
   󰂺󰇢
 󰂶       
         
         󰆖󰂶󰆓󰆓󰆓 
󰃍  󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰂷   󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰃎󰂺   󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰃎 
         󰄀
󰂶       󰂶 󰂶 
    󰄀 󰂶   
        󰆘󰆓󰆓󰄍󰆛󰆓󰆓 
󰂺 󰂶   󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎     󰂶 󰄀
  󰄍  󰄙󰄛 󰄍         
   󰂶  󰂶    󰂶    
      󰂺
    󰆗         󰄀
      󰂺    󰂶
        󰆔󰆕󰆖󰆓
 󰆔󰆗󰆖󰆓 󰃍  󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰃎󰂺
󰆡    󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎     󰄖 󰄘   󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰃎 󰄀
   󰄖   󰄘󰂶          
󰂷     󰂺
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󰇀󰆻󰆽 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
 󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆕󰃎
󰆖󰄍󰆕 󰂺  󰆔󰆔󰄍󰆔󰆙 󰂺  󰆔󰆙 󰂺 󰄍
  
  󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰃎
󰆚 󰂺  󰆔󰆔󰄍󰆔󰆕 󰂺  󰆔󰆖󰄍󰆔󰆘 󰂺 󰄍
󰄀   
  󰆿     
󰂹           󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃎  󰄀
   󰂺
      󰃍     󰃎
  󰃍 󰂶 󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆕󰃎         󰄀
 󰂺        
     󰆔󰆖  󰃍󰂶 󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆚󰃎󰂶    
          󰆔󰆚  
󰃍  󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰂹 󰆖󰆓󰃎󰂺 󰂶     󰂶  󰄀
  󰄀    󰂺  󰂶    
       󰃍  󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰂷
  󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰃎󰂺     󰂶   
          󰄀
󰂺
  󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰃎      󰆔󰆙 󰂶  󰄀
     󰂺    󰄀 
       󰂺󰇣  󰂶   
   󰂶         
       󰂺 󰂶 
    󰂶      
          󰄘 󰂺
        󰂶    
󰆕󰆓       󰆙󰆓󰆓󰂶󰆓󰆓󰆓 󰃍󰂶 󰂶
 󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺         
󰆢      󰄖 󰄘󰂶  󰄖  󰄘󰂶  󰂫󰂬 󰃬󰃮󰂶 
 󰂫󰂬 󰄖󰄘󰂺
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     󰄀  󰇀󰆻󰆾
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
  󰇀  
󰂹   󰄀       󰃍󰄀
  󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎          󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎
󰃍  󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰂷   󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰃎󰂶     
 󰃍󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂶        󰆘󰆓󰆓󰄍
󰆚󰆓󰆓  󰂺           󰄀
       󰂶   
        󰆕󰂶󰆓󰆓󰆓 󰂺   
           󰄀
       󰂺
  󰂶       󰂶 
   󰂷    󰂶   
 󰂶 󰂶 󰂶         
      󰂺     󰄀
          
    󰂶    󰂺    󰄀
󰂶        󰂶   
         󰂺
           
  󰂶   󰂶     
 󰂺        
           󰄀
         
   󰂶    󰂺
󰂶         󰂹
        󰂺  
          󰂺
󰂶       󰂺 󰂶 
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󰇀󰆻󰆿 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
      󰂺     󰄀
 󰂺        󰂺
          󰂶
   󰃍 󰃎    󰃍    
 󰃎   󰃍󰃎      
      󰂺
     󰂶      
         󰂺  
      󰄀    
          
   󰂺 󰂶       󰄀
     󰂶 󰂶  󰂶     
      󰂺     
          
         󰂺
        󰂶  󰄀
      󰄀    
󰂶 󰂶        
           
          󰂺    
 󰂶         
󰂺           
          󰂺 
         󰂶    
           
󰂺         󰂶   
          
           
󰂺
󰆖   
    󰄀  󰃍  󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰂷   󰂺󰂶
󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺            
  󰂶     󰄀 󰂷 
         󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺  
 󰂶     󰂶     
       󰃍󰂹󰃈󰃈
󰂺󰃈󰃎󰂶  󰄀 󰂶  󰃍  󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂶 
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     󰄀  󰇀󰆻󰇀
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
      󰂶   󰂺     󰄀
   󰂶          
           󰄀
󰂶 󰄀   󰂺󰇤
󰆖󰂺󰆔 
      󰂹     
  󰃍󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰃎   󰃍󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰎦
󰂺󰃈󰃎󰂺          󰃍󰂹󰃈󰃈󰎦
󰂺󰃈󰆛󰃈󰃎       󰂶     󰄘
󰂶 󰂶          󰂺
 󰆔        󰂶    
 󰆗󰂺󰆚 󰃍󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰂶   󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂶   󰄀
            
 󰂺 󰂶      󰂺
             󰄀
      󰃍󰂶 󰂶 󰃎󰂶   
         󰃍󰂶 󰃎󰂺
            
   󰂶  󰂶  
    󰂺󰇥     󰆔󰂶  
     󰂺     󰂶  
          
    󰂶 󰂶  
             
 󰂺󰇦
           󰄀
 󰆖󰆛      󰆖󰆗󰆛    󰄀
         󰂺󰇧 
󰆣 󰂶 󰂶   󰂶        
 󰆔󰆓     󰂺    󰂶     
             
     󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰄍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆓 󰃍󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰂶    
󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃎󰂺
󰆤    󰂶    󰂺       
   󰂺
󰆥               
󰂺
󰆦               󰄀
 󰃍  󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺
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󰇀󰆻󰇁 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
  󰆼          󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎
   
 󰄍 
󰃍󰄀󰃎

  󰂶  󰂶   󰃍 󰃎󰂶
 󰂶  
  󰂶  󰂶 
   󰂶  󰂶  
󰃍󰄀󰃎󰂶  
 󰂶 󰂶  󰂶 󰂶
 󰂶  
 󰂶 󰂶 󰂶 󰂶
 
󰃍󰄀󰃎

  
󰄀
󰄀

󰂶 
󰄀
󰄀
󰄀 
 

 
󰃍󰄀󰃎

  󰂶  󰂶 

           󰄘  
      󰃍  󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎  
 󰂺   󰃍   󰃎  
             
󰂺
         󰃍 󰃎󰂶󰇟󰇞
 󰃍 󰃎󰂶  󰃍 󰃎󰂶  󰃍 󰃎󰂶
󰆞󰆝 󰂶             
            
     󰂺
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     󰄀  󰇀󰆻󰇂
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
 󰃍 󰃎󰂶  󰃍 󰃎󰂶 󰃈󰃈 󰄀
 󰃍 󰂶 󰂶   󰃎󰂶  
󰃍󰄖 󰄘  󰃎󰂺      
           
  󰂺        󰂹 󰃎  
         󰃍 󰂶 󰂶 
 󰃎        󰃎   
         󰃍󰂶 󰃈󰂶 
󰃎󰂺
   󰂶        󰄀
  󰄀     󰃍  󰂶
󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎          󰂶
        󰂺  󰂶 󰆘󰆛󰆖 󰄀
        󰆔󰆙󰆔   󰂺
󰆖󰂺󰆕 
     󰂶       󰄀
       󰂶    󰄀󰂶   
       󰂺      󰄀
  󰄀   󰃍  󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰃎    
  󰂶 󰃍  󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺  󰆕    
      󰃍     󰄀
 󰃎             
   󰂺
󰂶            󰂺
 󰂶        
          
       󰂺 󰂶   
     󰂺      
     󰂶       󰄀
  󰂺         
              
      󰃍  󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺   
      󰄀   󰃍󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺
            
         󰄀
  󰂺 󰂶       
󰃍󰃎󰂶          
󰃍󰃎󰂶          󰃍󰃎󰂺
            󰂺
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󰇀󰆻󰇃 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
  󰆽          

  
    



󰄀󰆛󰆘󰆘󰅨󰄀󰆔
󰃍󰃎
 󰄀 󰅥  󰈴  󰆄  󰈴  󰆜󰆖󰆔  
󰄀󰆔󰆙󰆕󰅨󰄀󰆔
󰃍󰃎
  󰅥  󰆄   󰆜󰆖󰆔 
󰄀󰆔󰆙󰆕󰅨󰄀󰆔
󰃍󰃎
   󰅥  󰈴 󰆄   󰈴 󰆜󰆖󰆔  
󰄀󰆔󰆙󰆕󰅨󰄀󰆔
󰃍󰃎
  󰅥 󰆄  󰆜󰆖󰆔 

󰄀󰆙󰆓󰆗󰆙󰅨󰄀󰆔
󰂹  󰅥 󰂹 󰆄 󰃈 󰃈 󰆜󰆖󰆔  
 
󰄀󰆔󰆙󰆕󰅨󰄀󰆔
󰃍󰃎
  󰅥  󰆄 󰂹 󰆜󰆖󰆔 
󰄀󰆙󰆓󰆗󰆙󰅨󰄀󰆔
󰃍󰃎
󰂹 󰄀 󰅥 󰂹 󰄀 󰆄 󰃈 󰈴  󰃈 󰆜󰆖󰆔  
󰄀󰆙󰆓󰆗󰆙󰅨󰄀󰆔
󰃍󰃎
  󰅥 󰆄 󰃈 󰃈 󰆜󰆖󰆔  
     󰃍  󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎
  󰄘 󰄀 󰄖  󰄘 󰂺     
󰂶          
        󰂺    
          
     󰂺  󰂶        󰆕
  󰆙 󰂶 󰂶 󰂶       
        󰂺 󰂶 
     󰂺 󰂶   
            
     󰄘 󰂶     
      󰂺 󰂶 
            󰂶
󰂶   󰂶   󰂺   
           󰂺
             󰄀
 󰆚󰂺
         󰂶 
         󰄘  󰂺  󰂶  󰄀
           
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     󰄀  󰇀󰆻󰇄
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
  󰇁          
  󰇂   󰄖  󰄘          󰄀
  
            
󰂺 󰂶       󰂺
      󰆚      
         
󰂺          
         
󰃈   󰂺      󰆚    
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󰇀󰆼󰆻 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
     󰃻󰂶 󰃻󰂶  󰃻   󰃻  󰃻  󰂺
      󰂶    
     󰂺
          󰄀
         󰃍  
    󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆛󰃈   󰃎󰂺  
        󰃍󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰃎󰂶  
󰃍  󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺           
     󰂹   󰂺  
        
 󰂺    󰂶     󰄀
󰂶       󰂶  
          
 󰂺
 󰂶         󰄀
    󰂺  󰂶   󰄀
󰂺    󰄀󰄀      
  󰂶 󰂶       
           󰄀
 󰂺
󰆗 
   󰂶     
     󰂶       󰄀
 󰂶 󰂶        󰂺
󰂶     󰂶   󰂶  󰂶 󰂶  󰂶    󰄀
           
     󰄘 󰂺 󰂶    󰂶
          
   󰂺       󰄀
  󰂶      󰄖󰄘   󰄖󰄘
      󰂺
      󰂺 󰂶 
   󰂶   󰄀 󰂶  󰄀
   󰂺      󰂶   󰄀
         󰂺      
             
󰂺     󰄖󰄘 󰃍  󰆕     󰆖󰂺󰆔
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     󰄀  󰇀󰆼󰆼
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
 󰆿  
󰃎       󰃍 󰃎 󰂺
       󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆔  󰃬 󰃮  󰇟󰇟
      󰂶       
      󰂶   󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆔󰂺󰆔 
          󰂶   
 󰂶      󰄀 󰂶  
  󰂺          󰄀
󰂶    󰂶        󰂺 
󰆗        󰂺
     󰂶    󰄀
    󰃍󰃎      󰆖󰂺
󰂶          
       󰆗     󰄀
 󰃍󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆛󰃈󰃎          
      󰂶 󰂶     
          󰂺     
            󰄀
󰂺 󰂶      󰂶    
        󰂶       
          󰂺  
          󰂺
󰆞󰆞     󰂺
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󰇀󰆼󰆽 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
  󰆾         
   
󰄀  󰂷 󰃍 󰈺 󰂶 󰃎  
   󰄀
 󰂷 󰃍 󰈺 󰂶 󰃎  󰄀
    󰄀
   󰄀
  󰃍 󰃎󰂷 󰂶   󰄀
  󰂺 󰃈  󰂺  󰄀
 󰂶            
    󰂺󰇟󰇠         
   󰂺  󰂶       
          󰂶   
 󰄖 󰂺 󰃈  󰂺󰄘󰂺     󰃑  󰄀 󰄀
  󰄖󰂶 󰄘󰂶  󰂶        
      󰄀 󰂺 󰂶  󰄀
    󰂶  󰂶 󰂶   
󰄼 󰂶        󰄖󰃍󰃎 󰂶 󰂶 󰄘󰂺 
󰄀         󰄀
   󰄘   󰂶     󰂺
           
   󰃍󰃎    󰄖󰄀󰄘󰂺  
        󰂺
        󰂶 󰂶
   󰂶      
     󰂶    
   󰂶     󰄖 󰄘  󰄖󰃍󰃎 󰂶
󰂶 󰄘󰂺    󰆗       
      󰂺
󰆞󰆟       󰂶  󰃕󰃖󰃖󰂷     󰄀
󰂶        󰂺     󰂶
 󰂶   󰂶  󰂶 󰂶  󰂶  
 󰃕󰃖󰂷      󰃕󰄀󰃖󰂶  󰃕󰄀󰃖󰂺
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     󰄀  󰇀󰆼󰆾
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
  󰆿        󰂶 󰂶   
󰄖 󰄘 󰄖󰃍󰃎 󰂶 󰂶 󰄘  
󰄀 󰄀󰂶 󰄀󰈺   
󰄀    
󰄀    
󰄀    
󰄀 󰂶 󰄀    
    󰃍 󰂿󰃎
  󰃍󰄖󰄘󰃎  
󰃍󰃎    󰄀
   󰂶        󰄀
󰂺         
    󰄘     󰂺  
 󰂶          󰂶
󰂶             
     󰄀     󰂺
 󰂶    󰂶           
   󰂶          
     󰂺 󰂶      󰂶
           
      󰂶   
   󰄍   󰄍   󰄘   
 󰂺
       󰆗    󰂶
          󰂶 󰂶 
  󰂺        
         
󰃍󰂶 󰆔󰆜󰆘󰆜󰃎󰂺       󰆘󰂺
     󰂶      󰄀
      󰂶      
         󰂶 
  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎        
   󰃻 󰃍   󰆚    󰃎   
           󰄀
 󰂺
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󰇀󰆼󰆿 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
  󰇀      
   
󰄀   
󰄀   
󰄀   
   󰄀
    󰄀
󰂶   󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆘󰆜󰃎      
    󰂶       󰄀
     󰄀 󰂺 󰂶    
          󰄀
 󰂹         
         󰆙󰂺
            
            
          󰂺 󰂶 
 󰂶           
    󰂺 󰂶     
           
    󰂺  󰂶      
       󰂺   󰂶
 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎  󰃑     󰆔󰆗  
        󰆙󰂺     
    󰂺
        󰆗     
       󰂶   󰂶   
        󰆕󰂺󰆕 󰂺  
     󰂶        
 󰂶    󰂺     
        󰂶   
           󰂺 󰄀
           󰆚   
󰆘󰂺
        󰄍  󰄍   
    󰂺   󰂶   󰂶  
       󰆜 󰂺
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     󰄀  󰇀󰆼󰇀
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
  󰇁       
   
      
  󰃍󰃎   
  󰂶 
 󰃍󰃎
  
   󰃍󰄀󰃎  
  󰃈   
   
  󰇂        
       
   
󰃍󰃎  󰃍󰃎   󰄀
󰃍󰃎  󰃍󰃎   󰄀
  󰃍 󰃎  󰄀
     󰄀
     󰄀 
   
   
   
   
   󰄀
   
 󰆘           
   󰂶        󰄀
         󰂶   
           󰂶 
         󰂺     
           
 󰄘  󰂺
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󰇀󰆼󰇁 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
 󰇀       
 󰆘         
  󰂺     󰆚󰄍󰆜  󰂶 
         󰃕󰃖   󰃕󰃖  
  󰃕󰄀󰃖  󰃕󰃖󰂶        
󰃕󰈴󰃖  󰃕󰃖     󰃕󰃖 󰅦 󰃕󰃖 󰃍 󰃎 󰃕󰈴󰃈󰄀󰃖 󰄀
󰂺        󰂶 
    󰂶      󰄀
     󰂺
        󰂶  󰄀
    󰃍     󰄀
   󰃎󰂶    󰂶   󰂶   󰂺󰇟󰇡
      󰆛󰂺
󰂶          
     󰂺     
         
     󰂺 󰂶   󰂶
         󰄀
           
󰂺
           
         󰂶
󰂶   󰂶      󰄖 󰄘 
󰄀󰂶          󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆙󰃎󰂺  
󰆞󰆠 󰂶             󰂶
 󰄀      󰃑 󰃍󰂶 󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆜󰂹 󰆔󰆓󰆗󰃎󰂺
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     󰄀  󰇀󰆼󰇂
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
  󰇃          󰄀
      
   
󰄀     󰄀 
     󰄀
   󰄀
    󰄀
   
  󰇄           
    
   
  󰃍 󰂶  󰃎  󰄀
      
     
     
   
󰄀  󰂶  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰃎  󰃻󰂶   
          
       󰆚 󰂺     
  󰄀        󰄀
 󰂶           
          󰂺 󰂶
           󰂶 
    󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆔󰂺󰆕 󰄀
        
  󰄀   󰃍  󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎󰂺  
󰃍 󰂶     󰃎   
    󰂶       
  󰃍  󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰂷   󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰂷   󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺 󰄀
  󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰃎          
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󰇀󰆼󰇃 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
 󰇁         󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂷   󰄀
    󰃈 
 󰂶          󰆔   󰆙 󰂶 
   󰆗󰂶󰆘󰆓󰆓  󰂺
         
               󰄀
      󰃍  󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺   󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰃎
 󰄀         
              󰄀
   󰄘  󰂺     
󰂶          
       󰂺  󰆙  󰄀
            
   󰂺
  󰄀   󰂶      
            󰂶   󰄀
    󰃍  󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂺   󰂶  
           󰂺   󰄀
     󰄀 󰂶      
           󰄀
  󰂺   󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰃎      
       󰂶  󰆖󰆓󰆓󰆓  󰂶 
           
󰂺 󰂶    󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰃎      󰄀
      󰂶      
  󰆕󰆘󰆓󰆓  󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆓󰂶        
󰆔󰆚󰆘󰆓󰄍󰆔󰆘󰆓󰆓   󰆔󰆜󰆓󰆓󰄍󰆔󰆘󰆓󰆓 󰂶     
󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆓󰂺       󰄍   󰄍 
           󰂺
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     󰄀  󰇀󰆼󰇄
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
󰂶        󰂶     󰄀
             
   󰄘     󰂺    󰂶
   󰄘   󰂶     󰂺
          
     󰂶      󰂺 󰂶 󰄀
           󰆔󰆗󰆓󰆓  󰂺
 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰃎       󰄀 󰄀
  󰂺 󰂶       
         
     󰄘    󰂶   󰂶  
       󰆖󰆓󰆓󰆓   󰃍  󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺
       󰂶    
  󰂶        󰄀 󰄀
      󰂺
     󰄀 󰂶  
      󰄀 󰃍󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆗󰃎  󰄀
󰃍󰂶 󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆙󰃎 󰂺  󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆙󰂹 󰆗󰆛󰃎 󰂶
          
           󰄀
   󰂺   󰄀    
  󰄀      
󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆓󰂺󰂺       󰃍󰄀󰄀 󰂿󰃎
  󰂺
  󰄀   󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰃎   󰄀
         󰆗   
    󰂶  󰄀󰄀   
     󰆕󰆔󰆓󰆓 󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰂹 󰆔󰆔󰆘󰃎      
            
     󰂺    󰂶 󰂶
       󰂺
           󰂶 󰃻 
 󰄀  󰂶          󰄀
   󰂺        
          
             
  󰂶      󰂺      󰆕󰂺󰆕 󰂶 
󰄀 󰄙 󰄛      󰄀
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󰇀󰆽󰆻 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
󰆗󰆓󰆓󰆓󰄍󰆖󰆓󰆓󰆓 󰆕󰆘󰆓󰆓󰄍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆓 󰆕󰆔󰆓󰆓󰄍󰆔󰆚󰆕󰆘 󰆔󰆔󰆘󰆓󰄍󰆔󰆔󰆓󰆓
󰄀  

󰄀

󰄀
 

   
󰄀  

  
 
  
 
  󰇃   󰄘     󰃍󰃎
        󰂺  
        󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰃎
    󰆛󰂺
  󰄘 󰂶 󰄀     󰄀
 󰂺 󰂶        󰄀
 󰂶          
󰄘    󰂺  󰂶   󰂶   
             
󰄘    󰂺     󰂶   
  󰂶      󰂶       
     󰂶         
󰄀󰂶          
󰂺 󰂶   󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆓󰃎      
  󰂶  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎   󰄀  
 󰂶    󰃍󰆙󰆓󰆓󰃎󰂺     
      󰂶    󰂶
 󰃍󰂶 󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆙󰃎󰂺 󰂶      
   󰄀 󰃍 󰄀󰃎  󰂶   󰄀
󰂶 󰂺
     󰂶      󰄀
      󰆔󰆚󰆕󰆘  󰂺  
       󰄙󰄀󰄛   
  󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰃎     󰄙󰄛   󰄀
 󰂺       󰃍 󰆔󰆔󰆘󰆓  󰆔󰆔󰆓󰆓 󰃎󰂶 
  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰂹 󰆔󰆔󰆘󰃎󰂶         󰄀
  󰂺         
          󰂶 󰄀
    󰂶    󰄘  󰂶  
    󰄍      
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     󰄀  󰇀󰆽󰆼
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
 󰄍            󰄀
           
   󰂺
     󰂶       
    󰂶         
        󰂺  
         
  󰂶        󰄀
  󰄘  󰂺  󰂶    
        󰂶    
  󰄀     󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆔󰂺󰆖 
            
            󰂶
         󰄀
 󰂺           󰄍
        󰄍  
    󰂺      
 󰂶          󰄀
 󰂺 󰄘       
    󰂺    󰂶 󰂶   󰄀
         󰂶   
󰂹         󰂺     
           󰂺  󰄀
           
         󰂺 
      󰄀   
     󰃈      
         󰂺
        󰄀 󰂶  
 󰄀        
   󰄀        󰄀
             
󰂺
          
󰃈     󰄘  󰄘 
 󰂶    󰄘     󰂺
  󰄘        
      󰂶   
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󰇀󰆽󰆽 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
           
        󰂺
        󰂶    
             
            
  󰂶          󰄀
     󰄘    󰂺
       󰂶  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆚󰃎 
           
     󰂺      
  󰂶 󰂶      󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆕  󰃬󰃮  
     󰂶      
 󰂶         󰂺 
  󰂶  󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆘󰆜󰂹 󰆚󰆛󰃎     󰄖󰄘  
     󰄖󰄘    󰂶  󰄖󰄘  
   󰂺       󰄘 󰄀
           
     󰂶       
       󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆕󰂺󰆔 
 󰆚          
     󰂶  󰃍     
󰃎󰂶  󰂺
 󰆔󰆓           
     󰆚         
         
 󰂺
      󰂶        
        󰄘  󰂺
󰂶         󰂶 󰄀
            
        󰂣󰃎    
    󰂺
   󰄘     
  󰂶  󰂶   󰂶     󰂶 
        󰄼 󰂺 󰂶   󰄀
    󰄖  󰄘     󰂶 󰄖 󰂶
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     󰄀  󰇀󰆽󰆾
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
 󰇂   
  󰆼󰆻  󰂶 󰂶        󰃍󰃎
   
  󰃍󰃎  󰄀
     
     
󰄀    
󰄀   󰄀 
󰄀  󰂶    󰃍󰄀󰃎
  󰃊    
  󰃍 󰃎   
 󰂶 󰂶 󰂶    
   󰄀
󰂶 󰄘󰂺󰇟󰇢            
             
 󰂺  󰂶       󰃑󰃖
󰆞󰆡 󰂶       󰂶 󰂶     
  󰂺
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󰇀󰆽󰆿 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
  󰆼󰆼    󰂶 󰄀   
  󰃍󰃎
   
󰄀   
   󰄀
  󰂶 󰂶   󰄀
    
  󰃍 󰃎  󰄀
   󰄀
󰄀    󰃍󰄀󰃎
 󰄀          
󰂺󰇟󰇣  󰂶         󰂺
    󰄘       
   󰄘    󰂺
             
  󰂺       󰆚   󰄀
    󰆔󰆔        
  󰂶         󰂶
     󰂶 󰂺
 󰂶   󰆔󰆔󰂶        󰄘 
   󰄖󰄘  󰄖󰄘        󰂺
    󰃈      
 󰆗󰂺󰆔󰂺󰆔       󰆔󰆔󰂶      
  󰃍󰃎󰂺   󰂶  󰃍󰃎     󰂶
   󰂶       󰃈 
          󰂺
 󰂶  󰂶          
     󰂶 󰃕󰃖       󰂺
           󰄀
          󰃈󰃈  󰃕󰃖 
󰃕󰃖󰂺 󰂶          󰂶
󰆞󰆢  󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆘󰆜󰂹󰆖󰆓󰆛󰃎   󰃖     󰄖󰄘 󰃍 󰄀
      󰄖󰄘󰂶      󰄖󰄘󰃎󰂺
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     󰄀  󰇀󰆽󰇀
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
󰄀󰂶            󰂺  󰄀
 󰄀          
           󰃍
     󰃎󰂺       󰂶 󰄀
    󰂷   󰂶       
           󰄀
󰂺
            󰄀
    󰃍󰃎󰄀     
    󰄘   󰂺    
󰂶         󰃕󰃖     
    󰃕󰃖󰃖󰂶        
󰂺 󰂶        󰃕󰃖󰂶    
󰃍󰃎󰂶          󰂶    
          󰂺
󰂶         
             
           󰄀
    󰂺  󰂶 󰄀 󰃕󰃖   
󰂶      󰃕󰃖  󰂶       󰄀
    󰄀     󰂺 󰂶
              
     󰃕󰃖 󰄍   󰄼     
   󰄍         󰂺󰇟󰇤
    󰂶  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃎      
      󰆔󰆖󰄍󰆔󰆗   󰂶 󰂶   󰄀
          󰃻󰂶   
  󰂺        
  󰂶      󰂶   
  󰆔󰆓󰂶    󰂺   󰆔󰆓󰂶     󰄀
  󰃍󰃎󰂺  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰂹 󰆘󰃎       
   󰂶   󰄙󰄛  󰂺  󰂶  󰄀
      󰂶    󰃕󰄀󰃖 󰃕󰃖󰂶   
       󰂶   󰄀
  󰂺 󰂶    󰃈󰃈  󰃕󰃖  
󰆞󰆣       󰄖󰄘  󰃻󰂶  󰄀 
󰃍󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆛󰃎󰂺    󰄖󰄘 󰃍 󰃎  󰃻󰂐󰃖󰂺  󰄀
         󰂺
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󰇀󰆽󰇁 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
  󰆼󰆽    󰂶 󰄀   
  󰃍󰃎
   
   󰃍󰃎    
󰄀  󰃍 󰃎  
   
 󰃈       
󰃍󰃎      
             
 󰂺
󰂶     󰄘   
   󰃍󰃎  󰃍󰃎 󰂺 󰂶   
        󰂶   
           
   󰂶          󰄀
 󰂺           󰄀 
   󰂺 󰂶   󰆔󰆕󰂶       󰄀
         󰆚 󰂺
          󰄘
 󰂶 󰄀 󰅦 󰄀󰂶        󰃍
󰃎 󰂺             󰄀
          
󰂶   󰂶        
     󰂺
             󰆔󰆖󰂺 
          
    󰃍      󰄀
     󰄘      󰃎󰂺
   󰆔󰆖󰂶          
      󰂺
  󰂶         
 󰂶          󰄀
 󰂹 󰂶 󰂶  󰂺  󰂶      󰄀
         󰄘     
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     󰄀  󰇀󰆽󰇂
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
  󰆼󰆾        
   
    
   󰄀
  󰃍 󰃎    
     
󰃍 󰃎      󰂺   󰄘
 󰃍      󰃎󰂶      
     󰄀      
 󰂺
󰂶    󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃎      
 󰄙󰃈 󰄛󰂶         󰄀
         󰂶  
     󰄀      
󰂶    󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆕󰂺󰆕 󰄀
    󰄘 󰂶  󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆘󰃎    󰄀
      󰆘󰆓󰆓󰆓        
      󰂺       󰂺
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎       󰄍  󰆔󰆙󰆓󰆓󰄍󰆕󰆛󰆓󰆓  󰂺 
       󰂶   󰂶 󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂹 󰆖󰆙󰆙󰃎 󰄀
󰂶
 󰂶        󰂻  󰃍 󰃎 
 󰆗󰆓󰆓   󰃍󰂶 󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆘󰃎󰂶      
    󰆛󰆓󰆓  󰂺
    󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆗
   󰂶    󰄘   
        󰂶  󰂶
         󰂶   
    󰆔󰆓󰆓󰆓     󰂶  󰂶
  󰃍    󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰂷    
󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎    󰄘  
           󰂺
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󰇀󰆽󰇃 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
             
        󰄀 
     󰂺󰇟󰇥
󰆗󰂺󰆕󰂺󰆖 
       󰂶   
             
󰄘 󰂶     󰂺   
 󰃍󰂺 󰆗󰃎       󰂶  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆚󰃎 󰄀
          󰄀
󰂶             
           󰂺
󰂶     󰃍󰃎     
  󰂶      󰂶       󰂺
      󰃍󰃎     
    󰂶 󰂺󰂺 󰃻󰃖󰂺       󰄘
     󰂶     󰄀
  󰂶       󰂶    
 󰂺   󰄀       󰄀
       󰂶 󰂶  󰂶
  󰃍󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰂹 󰆕󰆕󰆚󰃎󰂺      󰂶  
             
󰂺
         󰄀
            
        󰂶     
     󰂺  󰂶   
            
 󰂶            
   󰂺   󰂶      
         
  󰂶   󰂶   󰂶 
     󰂶       󰄀
󰂺            
         
   󰂶        
󰆞󰆤 󰂶   󰂶 󰄙 󰃍 󰃎      
              
󰄛 󰃍    󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰂹 󰆚󰃎󰂺
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     󰄀  󰇀󰆽󰇄
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
 󰇃  
          󰂶
   󰂶 󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆖  󰃬󰃮  
      󰄘   󰂺  
             
         
 󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆖󰂺󰆔 
        󰂶    󰄀
         󰂶  󰃍
󰃎        󰂺  󰆛  
          󰄀
   󰂷       
       󰂺   
       󰂺   
            
       󰂺
            
      󰂺        
    󰄘        
       󰂺󰇟󰇦
󰆞󰆥             
            
    󰂺
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󰇀󰆾󰆻 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
  󰆼󰆿      󰂶 󰂶  
 
   
    
   󰄀
     
     
󰄀     
           
    󰂺 󰂶    
    󰂺      󰂶  
󰂶          
  󰂶  󰂶 󰂺     
  󰂶 󰂶         󰄀
  󰂺
      󰂶 󰂶  
          󰆛   󰄀
  󰆔󰆗 󰂺 󰂶       
  󰂶  󰂶       󰂶     
      󰂺
 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰃎         
 󰆒         󰂺  󰄀
     󰃻 󰃍󰂶 󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆙󰃎󰂺 
             󰂶  
        󰂺  󰂶  
     󰆛󰂶         
         󰂶 󰃖 󰄖 󰄙󰄛 
  󰄘   󰂶 󰂶 󰄖  
󰄘󰂺  󰂶       
󰂶     󰄖  󰄘󰂶    󰄀
    󰃍    󰃎   
     󰂶       
      󰂺
     󰆒     󰂶
󰄙          󰄀
    󰄛 󰃍󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰂹 󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂺      
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     󰄀  󰇀󰆾󰆼
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
  󰆼󰇀       
   
     󰄀
   
 
    
󰄀    󰄀
    
     
    
󰄀     
       󰄘 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰃎   󰄀
   󰂺     󰆔󰆘 󰂶   
          
     󰂺
        󰂶     
      󰂺     󰆔󰆘 
        󰆛󰂺    
    󰃕󰃖  󰃕󰃖󰂷       󰂺
    󰃕󰈷󰃖    󰄀  󰃕󰃖  󰃕󰃖󰂺 󰄀
󰂶         󰂶 
   󰃕󰚣󰃖󰂶       󰃕󰃖
   󰂺
       󰂶    
           
󰂺 󰂶         
     󰄍    󰄍   
           
          󰂺 
        󰄀
         󰂺    󰄀
 󰂺
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󰇀󰆾󰆽 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
󰆗󰂺󰆖󰂺󰆕 󰄀
󰂶     󰂶      
󰂶        󰄀 󰂶    
 󰆖󰆘󰆓󰆓󰄍󰆖󰆓󰆓󰆓 󰃍  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰂷   󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰃎󰂺 󰄀
󰂶  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆚󰃎      󰄀 
  󰄖 󰄘 󰃻       󰄘
  󰂺 󰂶         
  󰃍󰃎󰂶      󰂶     
    󰄘 󰂺 󰂶    
           
            
   󰂺 󰂶       
       󰂶     󰂺
       󰂶   󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎    
              󰆔 󰄀
 󰂺        󰄀 󰂶  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰂹
󰆖󰆖󰆛󰃎 󰂶
      󰃕    󰃍
󰃖󰃎󰃖       󰃕    󰄀
  󰃍 󰃎󰃖󰂶     󰂶  
   󰂺
  󰂶         
    󰂺
󰂶          󰄀
      󰂶    
       󰂺 󰂶   
  󰂶        󰄀
󰂶         󰂺   󰂶 
  󰂶         󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆖󰂺󰆖 
     󰂶         
 󰄀      󰂶 󰂶   
 󰂺 󰂶        󰄀
         󰂶
            
     󰄍       󰂺
  󰂶         
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     󰄀  󰇀󰆾󰆾
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
󰂷            󰄀
󰂺 󰂶         
            
     󰂺        
     󰂺
           
     󰂶 󰂶    
            
      󰆛󰆓󰆓  󰂺   󰂶   󰄀
           
     󰂶     
        󰂺
           
󰂶       󰄘  󰂶 
        󰂺    
 󰂶        󰄀
   󰂶 󰂶  󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆗  󰃬󰃮  
󰂶  󰂶 󰃍 󰃎         
  󰄍          󰆔󰆚 
󰃍󰂶 󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆘󰃎 󰄍 󰂶 󰄀   󰂺 󰂶   
  󰄀󰂶         
          
      󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆗󰂺󰆔 
           
   󰂺         
   󰂶     󰂺 󰂶  
  󰆜󰂶          
 󰂺
           
      󰂶 󰂶    
󰂺         
  󰂺       
    󰂶󰇟󰇧       
     󰂶󰇠󰇞     󰂺
󰆞󰆦            󰄖󰄘󰂺
󰆟󰆝             󰂺
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󰇀󰆾󰆿 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
 󰇄  
  󰆼󰇁      
   
    
 󰄀 󰂶     
 󰄀 󰂶     
  󰂶    
  󰂶    
  󰂶     
 󰄀 󰂶    
  󰄘 󰂶       󰃖
󰂶     󰄘      
 󰄖󰂶 󰄘󰂺    󰂶 󰂣󰂤󰂶  
󰂶           
  󰂣󰂤 󰃍     󰃎   
    󰂺 󰂶     
󰂶            󰂶  󰄀
     󰃍 󰄀󰄀      󰃎󰂹
󰃖󰃖󰂺          󰃖󰃖 
     󰂶  󰄖 󰃍󰃎󰄘󰂶    󰄀
     󰃍  󰃎  󰂺
󰂶           
          󰄀   󰂺 
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of the CC BY 4.0 license.
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     󰄀  󰇀󰆾󰇀
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
  󰆼󰇂    󰄖 󰄘  󰄖󰄘
     
       
  󰄍     
        
       
       
 󰄀 󰄀     
 󰄀 󰄀     
       
      
        
 󰄀      
 󰄀     
      
     
 󰄀   
       
 󰄀       
󰂶       󰂶      
     󰄀          
        󰄀󰂺    󰂶 
             
       󰄘   󰂺
           󰄀
     󰂶     
      󰂺
   󰄖󰄘      󰄖 
󰄘 󰃍 󰃎     󰆖󰂺󰆔   
   󰂶         
 󰂺
󰂶     󰄍    󰄍   󰄀
          
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󰇀󰆾󰇁 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
  󰆼󰇃    󰄖󰄘   
   
   󰄀
    󰄀
    󰄀
     󰄀
  󰄀 󰃍  󰃎  󰄀
  󰄀 󰃍  󰃎  󰄀
     󰄀
  󰂺          
          󰂺
   󰂶      󰄀
    󰂺  󰂶     󰂺
 󰂶            
      󰂶    󰂺   
  󰆔󰆛󰂺
󰂶             
    󰂶 󰂶   󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆕󰂹 󰆚󰃎󰂶    󰄀
    󰂶       
󰂶 󰄖 󰂶       󰄘󰂺    
              󰄀
 󰂺   󰂶            
      󰂶      
  󰂺
 󰄀       
         󰃖
   󰂶       󰄘  
󰂺  󰄘       
 󰄀    󰄀     󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆕󰂺󰆕 󰄀
        󰆜󰆓󰆓󰆓    
 󰃍  󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆕󰂷   󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰃎󰂺 󰂶   
            
   󰆔󰆙 󰂺 󰂶  󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆔󰃎 󰂶   󰄀
   󰂶         󰆔󰆕 
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     󰄀  󰇀󰆾󰇂
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
   󰂺        
 󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆕󰂺󰆖 
    󰂶        
      󰂺     
󰂶           
   󰂺 󰂶    󰄀
  󰃍  󰃎   󰄀    
           󰂶 
󰂶       󰂺
   󰂶        
    󰂶       󰄘 
        󰂺   󰂶
           󰂶 󰂶 
     󰂶 󰂶   
          󰂺 
󰂶        󰂶     
           
  󰃍  󰆛󰆓󰆓  󰃎󰂺  
   󰄀     󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆘  󰃬󰃮  
     󰂶        
    󰂺 󰂶     
          
      󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆘󰂺󰆔 
            
  󰂶     󰂶   
    󰄀    󰄀󰂺 󰄀
      󰆔󰆓󰂺
  󰂶          󰂷
       󰂶  
         󰂺 
           
 󰃕󰃖            
󰂺 󰂶      󰂶     
   󰂺
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󰇀󰆾󰇃 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
 󰆼󰆻   
  󰆼󰇄      󰂶  󰂶 󰂶 󰂶  
   
   
    
     
    󰄀 
  󰃍󰃎
󰃍   󰃎  󰃍󰃎   
    󰄀
   󰄀
   
 󰃊     
 󰃊     
   󰄀
 󰂶    󰄀
   󰄀
  󰄖󰄘 󰂶    󰄖 󰄘
󰃖            󰂺
 󰂶   󰄖 󰄘       
        󰂺
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     󰄀  󰇀󰆾󰇄
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
   󰂶   󰃕󰃖  󰃕󰃖   
      󰄀   󰃕󰃖  󰂺 
󰂶             
        󰂺 󰄀  
     󰃍 󰃎󰂶     
       󰂺
󰂶           
              
  󰂺 󰄀󰄀  󰄖󰄘  󰃻󰂶󰇠󰇟  
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎   󰄀󰄀   󰄖󰄘    󰂺  
              
   󰄀  󰂺
 󰄀          
          󰃍 
󰂶      󰃖 󰃎󰂺  
  󰄀    󰂶  󰃖   
 󰂶       󰄖 󰄘󰂺 󰂶  󰄀
󰂶             
 󰂶     󰂺     
          
 󰂺
  󰂶         
     󰂺   󰂶   
    󰂶       
󰆔󰆓     󰆕󰆓󰂶        
  󰂺
        󰂶    
    󰂺      
 󰆔󰆓󰂶        
  󰂺
󰂶           
     󰂶      󰃕󰃖 
󰃕󰃖      󰂶      
   󰂺 󰂶      
  󰄀  󰃕󰂶 󰂶 󰃖󰂶  󰃕󰃖󰂶  󰄀 󰃕󰃖 
          󰄀  󰃕󰃖󰂺
󰂶  󰂶      󰂺
󰆟󰆞              󰂶 
    󰂺
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󰇀󰆿󰆻 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
  󰆽󰆻      
   
     
    
󰄀     
   
 󰂶    󰄀
  󰃊    
    󰃍󰃎
   󰄀
   󰃍󰃎 
   
󰆗󰂺󰆘󰂺󰆔 󰄀
        󰂺    
        󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆜󰃎    󰂶
           
󰃍  󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂺         
     󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰃎   󰃍 󰃎 󰆕󰆙󰆓󰆓  󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆘󰂺󰆕 
            
󰂶  󰂶         
 󰂶      󰂺   󰄖󰄘󰂶  󰄀
     󰄖󰄘    󰄖󰄘   
󰂶 󰂶          
 󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆙  󰃬 󰃮  
             
  󰂶          
󰂺
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     󰄀  󰇀󰆿󰆼
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
 󰆼󰆼   
  󰆽󰆼     
   
    
󰄀     
     
     
     
    󰄀 
󰆗󰂺󰆙󰂺󰆔 
  󰂶 󰄖 󰄘  󰂶     
    󰂺      
      󰆔󰆔 󰂶 󰂶    
  󰂺
󰂶      󰂶     󰄀
   󰂶       
    󰂺        󰂶 
             
󰂶 󰄖   󰄘󰂺
    󰆔󰆔      󰆕󰆔󰂶   
            󰄀
               
    󰂺           
   󰂶       󰂺  
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󰇀󰆿󰆽 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
  󰆽󰆽      
   
   󰄀 
   
   
     󰃕󰃖     
󰄀    󰂺
 󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆘󰆜󰃎         
  󰂶          󰂺
      󰄘   󰄖󰂶 󰄘 
 󰂺
           󰄀
        󰂶      
      󰂺   
              
󰂺  󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆓󰂹 󰆔󰆙󰆕󰃎        
             
     󰂺       
      󰆕󰆕󰂺
           
  󰂶  󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆘󰆜󰃎     
 󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆕󰆓󰃎     󰂶     󰄀 󰄀
    󰂶     󰂶   
   󰂶   󰂺     
       󰆕󰆖󰂺
 󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆘󰆜󰃎        󰂶  
         󰂹 󰂶
󰂶  󰂺        󰂶   
     󰂶      󰄀 󰄀
󰂺          󰂶  
    󰂺          󰄀
   󰂹 󰄙󰄛   󰄀 󰃍   󰄀
            
 󰃎     󰄙󰄛    󰂶
󰂶  󰄖󰄘 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰃎󰂺
           󰄀
󰂶    󰆙        
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     󰄀  󰇀󰆿󰆾
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
  󰆽󰆾    
   
     
  󰂺   
󰃍 󰄘 󰃎 
   󰄀
     
    
   󰄀
      
󰄀    󰄀
  󰃍󰃎   󰃍󰃎  
  󰃍 󰃎 󰃈  󰃍󰃎  󰄀
     
   󰃍󰃎  
  󰃍󰃎   
   󰄀
  󰃍󰃎  󰄀
   󰄀
     󰄀
󰄀󰂶           󰄖󰄘  󰄀
    󰂺       󰄙󰄛  
     󰂶        
    󰂺 󰂶     󰂶  󰄀
󰂶       󰄖󰄘 󰃍      
 󰆕󰆕 󰃎   󰄖 󰂷 󰂷 󰄘󰂺
            
󰂺   󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆘󰆜󰃎   󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰃎  󰂶 
          󰆕󰆗󰂶  
         󰆕󰆖󰂺
            
       󰂶   
         󰂺  
           󰆕󰆘󰄍󰆕󰆙󰂶
     󰂺
        󰂶  
   󰂺        󰄍
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󰇀󰆿󰆿 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
  󰆽󰆿    
   
    
    
     
   󰃍󰄀󰃎  
    
    
            󰄍
           󰃍󰂶
󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰂷 󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛      󰃎󰂶  
󰄀 󰃍󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆕󰃎󰂺        
  󰂶  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰂹 󰆕󰆔󰆜󰃎 󰂶
             
   󰄀       󰄀
          󰂺
   󰄀       
    󰂶         󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆙󰂺󰆕 󰄀
  󰃍 󰃎     󰆖󰆓󰆓󰆓  
󰃍  󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎󰂺        
     󰃍󰂶 󰂶  󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺  󰄀
   󰂺        󰂷
      󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆕󰃎    󰂺  
          󰂶   󰄀
      󰄍       󰄀
 󰃍  󰂶 󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆔󰃎 󰄍     
  󰂺       
  󰃍󰂶  󰂶  󰂶 󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆙󰃎󰂺
   󰃍  󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂷   󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎 
󰄘 󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆕󰃎          
    󰂶      
󰂶    󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎       󰂶
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     󰄀  󰇀󰆿󰇀
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
 󰂶   󰂺     
      󰂹    
      󰄀  󰂺
  󰂶 󰄀        󰆘󰆓󰆓󰆓
          󰃍󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰃎󰂺   
󰆖󰆓󰆓󰆓  󰂶 󰄀󰄀      
     󰂺  󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆗󰃎    󰂶  
   󰄀        
  󰃍         󰆕󰃎󰂶
             󰂺  
    󰃍 󰃎   󰃍󰃎  
         󰂺
          
󰄀          
  󰆔󰆘  󰃍󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆕󰃎󰂺   󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆕󰃎   󰂶
            
   󰂐       󰂶  
  󰂶    󰆔󰆙 󰂶    
            󰄀
      󰂺
 󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆕󰂹 󰆖󰆙󰆔󰂺
 󰂶          
󰄀      󰆔󰆘  󰆔󰆙 󰂶  
   󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆙󰂺󰆖 
             
           
󰂺          󰂶 󰄀
  󰂶      󰂺  󰂶  󰂶
          󰃕󰃖󰂺 󰂶   
 󰂶         󰄀
   󰂺       󰃕󰃖  
󰂶           
    󰂺
          
   󰂺       
   󰂺 󰂶       󰄀
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󰇀󰆿󰇁 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
 󰆼󰆽     
         󰂶    󰂶  
   󰂶 󰄀     
           
       󰂺     󰄀
     󰄘 󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆚 󰂌 󰂌    󰃬󰃮  󰂌
󰃬󰃮  󰂌  󰃬 󰃮  
    󰂶       
          󰂺  󰂶 
󰂶  󰂶    󰂺 󰂶      
 󰂶           
        󰂺 󰂶   
󰂶            
󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆚󰂺󰆔 
    󰆔󰆕󰂶   󰂶 󰂶     
         󰂶    󰂺
      󰂶  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰂹 󰆔󰆖󰆓󰃎 󰂶 󰄙 
󰄀          󰆒󰄀󰄛󰂶 
 󰂶 󰄙          
      󰂶     
   󰄛 󰃍󰆔󰆖󰆔󰃎󰂺
           󰆕󰆘  󰄀
        󰃍󰂶   󰂶 
           󰃎󰂷  
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     󰄀  󰇀󰆿󰇂
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
  󰆽󰇀    
   
   
     
     
    󰄀 
     
      
   󰄀
    
   
     󰂺     󰄖
󰂺 󰄘     󰄀  󰃻   
󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆙󰃎    󰃻󰂞  󰄀󰂺
          󰂺 󰂶 
            󰂶
       󰂺    
         󰂶  󰄀
󰂶  󰂺           
        󰂶 
             
            󰄀
󰄀 󰂺
          
            
      󰆕󰆙󰂺
             
 󰂺         
          󰂶     
 󰂶       󰂺    
         󰄖󰄘   
      󰄖 󰄘   󰂺
          
            󰄀
            
     󰃍󰂺   󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰂹 󰆔󰆖󰆘󰃎󰂺 󰆕󰆚
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󰇀󰆿󰇃 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
  󰆽󰇁    󰂶 󰂶    
   
  󰂶   
    󰄀
  󰂶    
  󰂶     
      
    󰄀
    
       
     󰄀
      
     󰄀
       
        
      󰄀
      
    
          
         󰂺
          
            
    󰃍󰃈 󰃎 󰂺   󰄀
             
   󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆚󰂺󰆖 󰄀
  󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰃎     󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰃎     󰄀
        󰂶    
  󰂶    󰃍󰃎  󰂶  󰂶 󰄀
           
   󰂺  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰂹 󰆕󰆖󰃎     
   󰄖 󰄘  󰂶     
   󰆖󰆓󰆓󰆓󰄍󰆗󰆓󰆓󰆓  󰂶     
 󰃍󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰃎󰂺
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     󰄀  󰇀󰆿󰇄
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
  󰆽󰇂        
  
  
  
  
 󰂶   󰃍󰃎 
  
  
             󰃖
󰂶 󰂶     󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰂹 󰆔󰆖󰆓󰃎󰂶     
   󰂺  󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆙󰃎     󰄀
       󰂶   󰆖󰆓󰆓󰆓
 󰂺   󰂺󰄘 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎      
        󰂺
 󰂶    󰂶       
󰂶       󰄍    󰃍
 󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰃎 󰄍   󰃍 󰆘󰆓󰆓  󰃎󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆚󰂺󰆖 
           
         󰄀  
󰂶       󰄀  󰄀
󰂶    󰂺  󰂶    󰂶  
        󰃈  󰄀
󰂶         󰂺
          
   󰂶      󰂺   
              󰄀
     󰂺     
           
     󰂶          
          
          󰂺 
   󰂶       
           
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󰇀󰇀󰆻 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
 󰆼󰆾   
 󰂶         
        󰂶  
   󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆛  󰂣󰂤 󰃬 󰃮  
          󰂶  
 󰃍󰃎       󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆛󰂺󰆕 
       󰂶     
   󰆔󰆖󰂶           
  󰂺         
   󰂶        
   󰂺
          
        󰆔󰆖 󰃍     󰄀
 󰃎  󰂶        
 󰆕󰆛󰂺
  󰂶        
 󰃍󰃎   󰂶      
   󰂺  󰂶       
           󰄀
         󰂺  
󰂶     󰂶        󰄀
    󰂺    󰂶    
   󰃖 󰃍      󰂷
 󰃖 󰄖󰄘󰃎󰂺   󰂶       
󰂶      󰂺
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     󰄀  󰇀󰇀󰆼
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
  󰆽󰇃        
   
  󰂶

 󰄀
   󰄀
    
    
󰄀   󰄀
󰄀   󰃍 󰃎 󰄀
󰄀  󰂶

 󰄀
      󰄀
     
             󰆔󰆖
      󰄀     󰄘
󰂶 󰂶 󰂶     󰂺  󰄀
        󰆕󰆜󰂺
     󰄀  
 󰂶          
 󰂺󰇠󰇠  󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆓󰂹 󰆔󰆙󰆔󰃎       
󰄙  󰄛         󰂺
          󰂺  󰄀
󰄘 󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆚󰃎       󰂶  
  󰂶       󰂺    
   󰂶  󰂶    󰃖 
󰄖 󰄀󰄘  󰂺      󰂶  
     󰂶      󰄀
           
    󰆕󰆛󰂺
         󰂺
       󰂶    
󰆟󰆟       󰂶  󰄼     
  󰂺
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󰇀󰇀󰆽 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
  󰆽󰇄        
   
    
󰄀    
󰄀    󰃍󰄀󰃎
󰄀    󰃍󰄀󰃎
󰄀    󰃍󰄀󰃎
      󰄀 
       
      
      
    󰄀  
󰄀     󰄀 
        
 󰆖󰆓󰂶  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰂹 󰆕󰆓󰆙󰃎       󰃍  
󰃎     󰂶     󰄖󰄘󰂺  
󰄘 󰃍󰆔󰆛󰆘󰆗󰃎 󰂶         
      󰂺
󰂶   󰂶      
           
󰂺          󰄀
  󰂺 󰂶         󰄀
       󰂶  
           󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆛󰂺󰆖 󰄀
     󰂶   󰄖 󰄘   󰄀
    󰄖󰄘  󰂷    
 󰂶           󰂺
   󰂶    󰄖 󰄘  
    󰂶       
          󰄀
󰂶      󰃍󰂶 󰂶  󰂶
󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺    󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰃎        
   󰂺          󰂶
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     󰄀  󰇀󰇀󰆾
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
  󰆾󰆻       

  
󰄀    
󰄀   
󰄀   
 󰄀   
  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰂹 󰆕󰆘󰃎       
   󰂺 󰆔󰆛󰆓󰆓󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆛󰂺󰆗 
          󰂶     
󰂶      󰂶   
   󰂶   󰂺  󰂶   
      󰂶     󰂶 
 󰄀  󰂶      
    󰂺      
󰄘          
             
    󰂺
󰆘 
         󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆚󰃎   
       󰂶    󰄀
    󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎        
    󰂺  󰄘   
          
           󰂶  󰄀
    󰄘   󰂶 󰄀
󰂶         󰄀
󰂶 󰂶  󰂺 󰂶    
󰂶 󰂶   󰂶     
         󰂶  󰄀
    󰂺  󰄀    
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󰇀󰇀󰆿 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
           
       󰄍 󰂶   󰂶  󰄘 󰄍
   󰂺
            󰃍󰂶 󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆔󰃎󰂶 
          󰄍  󰄀
󰂶 󰂶  󰂶     󰄍     󰂺
   󰂶    󰄀     
    󰄀 󰂺   󰂶
      󰂶      
  󰂶 󰂶       
󰂺
         
       󰂶  
    󰂺       󰃍󰃎󰂶
󰂶   󰄀      󰄀
      󰂺 󰂶 󰂶  
            󰄀
        
      󰂶  󰂶   
   󰂶            
 󰂺
             
         󰂺 󰂶
             
󰂺          󰂺  󰄀
     󰂶   󰄀
         󰂺   
      󰂶    
          󰂺   󰄍   󰄍
 󰄘  󰂶    󰂶 󰂶    
󰂶     󰂺
   󰂶        
  󰂶         󰄘
󰂺   󰂶  󰂶    
     󰂶    
          󰄘 
  󰂺   󰂶            
    󰄀 󰃍󰃎   󰄀
      󰂶       
        󰂺 
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     󰄀  󰇀󰇀󰇀
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
󰄀 󰂶          
 󰂺 󰂶            
      󰂺      
󰂶         
          󰄀 󰃍󰃎
󰂶          
     󰂶 󰂶      
󰂺   󰂶        
󰄀          
     󰄀 󰂺
  󰄘 󰂶          
 󰄀    󰄀   
    󰂺        󰄀
           
     󰄘     
 󰄘         󰄀
      󰂺
󰂶         
          󰂶 
          
           
 󰂺
󰆙 
             
    󰂹      󰂶 
    󰂺       
  󰂶 󰂶         󰄀
   󰂶   󰄀  󰂺 󰂶 
           
  󰄍  󰄍   󰄀   󰂶 
󰂶         
󰂺 󰂶         
         󰂶     
󰂶     󰂶       󰂶  
        󰂺 󰂶 
    󰄀     
󰂶 󰂶  󰂶          
 󰂺
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󰇀󰇀󰇁 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰂹 󰆚󰆓󰃎  󰂶
          
       󰄀  
    󰂶      
 󰂺
󰂶             
     󰂶      󰄀
   󰂶         󰄀
 󰂺
󰂶       󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆚󰃎  
 󰂶      󰂶  󰂶   
       󰂺 
          󰄀
          
󰄘    󰂺     󰄀
  󰄀󰄀 󰄀 󰂺      
           󰄀
 󰂺
  󰂶        
          󰂶    󰄀
      󰂶   󰂶   
      󰂺

           󰄀
 󰃍󰃎    󰄘    
󰃍󰃎   󰆔󰆓󰆔󰆓󰆗󰆘󰆔󰆜󰆘󰂺
         
        
  󰂺           󰄀
       󰂺 󰂶
           
         󰄘 󰂺 
            
              
   󰂺
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     󰄀  󰇀󰇀󰇂
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿

󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰂺    󰂌        󰃣 󰃖
 󰂌     󰂺  󰂶  
   󰂺
󰂶    󰂶 󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆕󰂺 󰃮   󰂌 󰅪󰅱󰅪󰅱󰃣󰅪󰅱󰅮󰅬
󰃍  󰃎󰂺   󰂺
󰂶  󰂺󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆕󰂺 󰂶   󰄘  
󰄘   󰄀󰂹  󰂺    
  󰆗󰆕󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂹 󰆔󰆓󰆖󰄍󰆔󰆛󰆘󰂺
󰄀󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆓󰂺 󰄀󰂺  󰂶 󰂺  󰂶 󰂺 󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂶 
󰂌  󰂶 󰆗󰆖󰄍󰆚󰆖󰂺 󰂹   󰂺
󰂶 󰂺  󰂺 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰂺     󰂹 󰄀
   󰂶  󰂶  󰂺    󰃖
 󰃍    󰂹     󰃎
󰆖󰂹 󰆔󰆜󰄍󰆙󰆘󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰂺 󰂌 󰂌    󰂺 󰂶 󰂹 󰄀
 󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰂺       󰂺  󰄀
󰂶   󰂶  󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂶 󰂌    󰃍󰄀
  󰃎󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆔󰂺 󰂶 󰂹  󰂺
󰂶  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰂺         
     󰂺   
 󰆛󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂹 󰆔󰄍󰆛󰂺 󰂹󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆓󰆚󰃈󰆔󰆕󰆘󰆕󰆓󰄀󰆓󰆔󰆕󰄀󰆓󰆔󰆓󰆗󰄀󰆘󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆚󰂺         󰂹
    󰂺    󰆛󰆜󰂹 󰆔󰆛󰆖󰄍󰆕󰆔󰆖󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆚󰂺         
    󰂺  󰂶  󰂺  󰂶  󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂶 
   󰅬󰅰     󰂶 󰆔󰆙󰄍󰆕󰆜󰂺 
 󰂺
󰂶  󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆙󰂺        
   󰃍󰂺 󰆜󰆓󰆓󰆓 󰂺󰂺   󰆔󰆜 󰃎󰂺  󰃮 󰂌
󰂌 󰂌  󰆕󰆙󰃍󰆔󰆓󰆔󰄍󰆔󰆓󰆕󰃎󰂹 󰆗󰆖󰄍󰆙󰆕󰂺
󰂶  󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆖󰂺   󰂏󰂌 󰂌   
󰂌 󰅪󰅩󰅩󰅩󰃣󰅪󰅯󰅬󰅩󰂐 󰂣     󰂐󰂤󰂺 󰂶 󰂹 󰄀
󰂺
󰂶 󰂺󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆚󰂺        󰂺   
  󰆗󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂹 󰆗󰆖󰄍󰆘󰆕󰂺
󰂶 󰂶  󰂶  󰂺󰂶 󰂶  󰂺 󰂶 
󰂶   󰂶   󰂶  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰂺     󰄀
     󰂺   󰂹 󰆔󰆖󰆚󰆚󰄍󰆔󰆖󰆛󰆓󰂺
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󰇀󰇀󰇃 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆓󰂺 󰂹   󰂺  󰂺 󰂹
󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆗󰆓󰆓󰆓󰃈󰂺 󰆙󰆓󰆘󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰂺   󰂌       
 󰂏      󰂺  󰂶 󰄀
  󰂺
󰂶 󰂶  󰂺 󰂶  󰂶  󰂶   󰂺
󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰂺     󰂹     
   󰃍 󰂶 󰃎󰂺    
󰆔󰆖󰃍󰆙󰆓󰃎󰂺 󰂹 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆓󰆚󰃈󰆔󰆕󰆘󰆕󰆓󰄃󰆓󰆕󰆔󰄃󰆓󰆔󰆕󰆜󰆖󰄃󰆘󰂺
󰂶 󰂶  󰂶  󰂺 󰂶  󰄀󰂶
  󰂺  󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰂺         󰂹 󰄀
     󰂶 󰂺    󰃖
󰂏  󰆖󰆜󰂺 󰆔󰆓󰆖󰄍󰆔󰆔󰆓󰂺 󰂹󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃈󰂺󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆖󰆔󰆔󰆓󰂺
󰂶  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆕󰂺        
 󰂺      󰆕󰆜󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂹 󰆛󰆔󰄍󰆔󰆕󰆓󰂺
󰂶 󰂶   󰂶  󰂶  󰂶  󰄀
󰂶    󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰂺    󰂹   
 󰂶 󰂶          󰄀
 󰂺     󰆔󰆔󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂹 󰆜󰄍󰆖󰆚 󰂹󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆖󰆕󰆔󰆖󰃈󰆕󰆔󰆜󰆔󰄀󰆘󰆚󰆛󰆗󰄀󰆔󰆓󰆕󰆖󰆖󰂺
󰂶 󰂶 󰂶 󰂶  󰂶 󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆕󰂺 󰃮  󰂏
      󰂺 󰂹 󰂺
󰂶  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂺 󰄀󰂺       󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂶
     󰂶 󰆘󰆜󰆔󰄍󰆙󰆓󰆛󰂺 󰂹  󰄀
 󰂺
󰂶  󰂺󰂶  󰂺 󰂶   󰂺  󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰂺 󰂏 󰃖
   󰂺 󰄀󰂺 󰂶 󰂹  󰂺 󰃍 󰂹
󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰂺󰃎 󰃍  󰆕󰆜󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺
󰂶   󰆔󰆜󰆘󰆚󰂺  󰂹    󰂺   
   󰂺     󰆖󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂹 󰆖󰄍󰆕󰆗󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆚󰂺     󰂹    󰄀
     󰃍󰃎󰂺  󰂺  󰂶  󰂺   󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂶  
󰂏     󰃍  󰃎 󰂹
󰂺
󰂶 󰂶 󰄀 󰂶  󰂺 󰂶  󰂶 
󰂶  󰂶  󰂶 󰂶  󰄀
󰂶   󰂺 󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰂺 󰄀  󰂶 
   󰄀   󰂺   󰆘󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂺 󰆔󰆛󰆓󰆕󰆓󰆘󰂺 󰂹
󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆖󰆛󰃈󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆘󰂺
󰂶  󰂺󰂶  󰂶  󰂶  󰂶  󰄀
󰂶  󰂶   󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰂺     󰄀
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     󰄀  󰇀󰇀󰇄
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
   󰃍 󰃎      
     󰂺    󰆖󰆛󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂹 󰆕󰆔󰆔󰄍
󰆕󰆖󰆓󰂺 󰂹󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆓󰆚󰃈󰆔󰆓󰆗󰆖󰆚󰄀󰆓󰆕󰆔󰄀󰆓󰆜󰆗󰆕󰆛󰄀󰆛󰂺
󰂶  󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆗󰂺   󰂺 󰂹 󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂺    󰃖 󰂐    
    󰃖 󰂌       󰃖
  󰂺  󰂶  󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆖󰆛󰂺  󰂺 󰂹  󰄘󰂺
󰂶 󰂶  󰂶  󰂶   󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰂺
󰂺 󰂶 󰂹      󰂺
󰃍󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃎 󰃍  󰆛󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺
󰂶   󰂺󰂺  󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆜󰂺     󰂺 
󰂺󰂺󰂺 󰂶 󰂺󰂺 󰂶 󰂺󰂺 󰂶  󰂺󰂺  󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂶    
 󰂶 󰆔󰆚󰆖󰄍󰆔󰆜󰆙󰂺 󰂶 󰂹   󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰂺    󰄀   
 󰄀 󰂺       󰃖
󰂺
󰂶   󰄀 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰂺 󰂹  󰂶 
󰂶   󰂿     󰆚󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰂺󰎦
󰂺󰃈󰃈󰃈󰃈󰆚󰆖󰆕󰆛󰂺
󰂶 󰂶 󰄀 󰂶   󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰂺    
     󰂹 󰄀󰂶 󰄀
󰂺    󰆕󰃍󰆔󰆓󰃎󰂺 󰂹󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆕󰆙󰆛󰆛󰃈󰂺󰆔󰆗󰆖󰆖󰆜󰂺󰆕󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰎦
󰄃󰄃󰂺󰂺󰂺󰃈󰃈󰆕󰄃󰆔󰆓󰂺
󰂶  󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆔󰂺  󰂹   󰂺 󰂺 󰆔󰆚󰆗󰃍󰆗󰆓󰆓󰆛󰃎󰂹
󰆗󰆙󰆛󰄍󰆗󰆚󰆗󰂺
󰂶 󰂶 󰂶  󰂶  󰂺 󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆙󰂺    
 󰂺     󰂶 󰆖󰄍󰆔󰆜󰂺   󰄀
󰂺
󰂶  󰂺󰂶  󰂺 󰂶    󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆛󰂺 󰃖
      󰂌 󰂺      
󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆚󰂺         󰃖
󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃍  󰆚󰂶
󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺
󰂶 󰂶 󰂺 󰂶  󰂶  󰂶  󰂶 󰄀
 󰂶  󰂶  󰂶  󰂶   󰄀
󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰂺            󰂹
    󰃍󰃎󰂺  󰆛󰆖󰂹 󰆜󰆓󰆘󰄍󰆜󰆔󰆚󰂺 󰂹󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆔󰆚󰃈󰆓󰆓󰆓󰆖󰆘󰆜󰆛
󰆓󰆓󰆓󰆜󰆜󰆕󰆗󰆘󰂺
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󰇀󰇁󰆻 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
󰂶    󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆔󰂺     󰂺  󰃖
 󰆔󰆕󰃍󰆖󰃎󰂹 󰆕󰆜󰆔󰄍󰆖󰆕󰆓󰂺
󰂶    󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆚󰂺     󰄀
  󰄀  󰂺   󰂶 󰂺 󰂶  󰂺  󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂶
 󰂏     󰃍
 󰃎󰂶 󰆖󰆕󰆓󰄍󰆖󰆗󰆙󰂺 󰂹 󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆙󰂺   󰃖 󰃣   󰃖
 󰃍    󰆕󰃎󰂺  󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆗󰂺   󰂹 󰄀    󰄀
  󰄀 󰃍󰆔󰆕󰆓󰆓󰃈󰆔󰆓󰆓󰆓󰂺󰂺󰄍󰆔󰆕󰆓󰆓󰃈󰆔󰆕󰆘󰆓 󰂺󰂺󰃎󰂺   󰃖
 󰃍󰆖󰃎󰂹 󰆚󰆕󰆖󰄍󰆛󰆔󰆙󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰂺       󰂺  
󰂺 󰂹󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆜󰆖󰃈󰃈󰆜󰆚󰆛󰆓󰆔󰆜󰆓󰆕󰆚󰆚󰆚󰆖󰆗󰂺󰆓󰆔󰆖󰂺󰆔󰆙󰆓󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰂺 󰂺  󰂺    󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂶  󰃖
  󰂶 󰆕󰆛󰆔󰄍󰆕󰆛󰆜󰂺 󰂹   󰂺 󰂹 󰂹󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆜󰆖󰃈󰎦
󰃈󰆜󰆚󰆛󰆓󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆙󰆓󰆜󰆛󰆜󰆘󰂺󰆓󰆔󰆖󰂺󰆖󰆚󰂺
󰂶  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆕󰂺   󰃍 󰃎󰂹    󰂺 󰃖
       󰆜󰆜󰃍󰆕󰆘󰃎󰂶 󰆔󰆙󰆖󰆙󰆓󰂺  󰂹󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆚󰆖󰃈󰂺󰆕󰆘󰆕󰆙󰆓󰆗
󰆘󰆜󰆜󰂺
󰂶 󰄀󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰂺   󰂐 󰃖      
 󰂺 󰂹      󰂺
󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰃈 󰃍  󰆗󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺
󰂶 󰄀󰂶  󰂶  󰂶  󰂶 
󰂺 󰂶  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰂺  󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰂺󰆙󰂺󰆓󰃎 󰃕 󰃖󰂺 󰂺
󰂹 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆘󰆕󰆛󰆔󰃈󰂺󰆙󰆘󰆙󰆓󰆖󰆜󰆛󰂺
󰂶 󰂺󰂶 󰂺 󰂶 󰂺 󰂶 󰂺 󰂶 󰂺 󰂶 󰂺 󰂶 󰂺 󰂶 󰂺 󰄀
󰂶 󰂺󰂶  󰂺 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰂺   󰄀 󰂺  󰂶 󰄀
   󰂶 󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂶  󰂺 󰆖󰆘󰆜󰂺󰄍󰆖󰆜󰆓󰂺 󰂹
 󰂺 󰂹󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆓󰆚󰃈󰆜󰆚󰆛󰄀󰆔󰄀󰆗󰆓󰆕󰆓󰄀󰆜󰆗󰆚󰆘󰄀󰆓󰅨󰆔󰆙󰂺
󰂶 󰂶  󰂶   󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂺   
󰃍󰂶     󰃎󰂹     󰄀
󰂺   󰂶  󰂶  󰂶     󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂶
  󰂏        󰃍󰄀
   󰃊    󰆖󰆘󰃎󰂺 󰂶 󰄀
󰂹 󰄀󰂺
󰂶  󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆙󰂺 󰄀    󰂹   󰄀
      󰂺       󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂶
   󰂏    󰅪󰅩     󰃖
     󰂶 󰆗󰆕󰆜󰄍󰆗󰆗󰆓󰂺 󰂹   
󰂺
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     󰄀  󰇀󰇁󰆼
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
󰂶  󰂺󰂶  󰂺    󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰂺  󰄀
 󰃍  󰃕󰂺󰃖 󰂺󰃎 󰂶    󰄀
  󰄀 󰂺  󰆔󰆔󰃍󰆚󰃎󰂺 󰂹󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆖󰆖󰆜󰆓󰃈󰆔󰆔󰆓󰆚󰆔󰆖󰆗󰆘󰂺
󰂶 󰂶  󰂶  󰂶 󰄀 󰂶   󰂺 󰄀
󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰂺 󰆗󰆘󰆓󰆓󰄀     󰃍 󰃎  
 󰂶 󰂹        󰂺
    󰆖󰆛󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂹 󰆖󰆔󰆕󰄍󰆖󰆕󰆕󰂺
󰂶 󰂶  󰂶  󰂺 󰂶   󰂺󰂶 
󰂶   󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆕󰂺       󰄀
  󰂺       󰂺
       󰆜󰆜󰃍󰆜󰃎󰂹 󰆙󰆓󰆛󰆓󰄍󰆙󰆓󰆛󰆗󰂺  󰂹󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆚󰆖󰃈
󰂺󰆓󰆘󰆕󰆔󰆕󰆘󰆔󰆜󰆜󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆔󰂺       󰂺  󰂺
  󰄀󰆛󰃍󰆖󰃎󰂹 󰆔󰆖󰆘󰄍󰆔󰆖󰆛󰂺 󰂹󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆔󰆚󰆚󰃈󰆓󰆓󰆜󰆔󰆛󰆕󰆜󰆙󰆙󰆔󰆓󰆓󰆛󰆓󰆓󰆖󰆓󰆚󰂺
󰂶 󰂺  󰂺 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰂺 󰄙󰄛󰂶 󰄙󰄛󰂶 󰄙󰄛󰂹    󰄘󰄀
      󰃍󰃎󰂺  󰂺 󰂶 󰂺  󰄀󰂶 
󰂺  󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂶    󰃮   󰂶 󰆖󰆖󰆖󰄍
󰆖󰆘󰆓󰂺 󰂹 󰂺
󰂶 󰂶  󰂶  󰂶  󰂶   󰂺
󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰂺        󰆖󰆓󰆓󰆓    
󰂶 󰂺     󰆕󰆗󰂹 󰆕󰆘󰄍󰆙󰆔󰂺
󰂶 󰂶  󰂶  󰂶   󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂺  
     󰃍󰃎       󰄀
 󰂺     󰆖󰆗󰂹 󰆔󰆚󰄍󰆗󰆔󰂺
󰂶  󰂺    󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆔󰂺     
   󰂹   󰄀󰂺     󰂺 󰄀
   󰆕󰆕󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂹 󰆔󰄍󰆕󰆕󰂺 󰂹󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆔󰆚󰃈󰆓󰆓󰆕󰆔󰆛󰆘󰆖󰆚󰆓󰆓󰆓󰆔󰆛󰆜󰆛󰆖󰂺
󰂶     󰂺  󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆛󰂺    󰂹  󰄀
       󰂺     󰆕󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂹
󰆛󰆜󰄍󰆔󰆖󰆖󰂺
󰂶  󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆘󰂺        󰂺   
 󰂺    󰆙󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂹 󰆖󰆜󰄍󰆘󰆘󰂺 󰂹󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆔󰆚󰃈󰆓󰆓󰆕󰆔󰆛󰆘󰆖󰆚󰆓󰆓󰆓󰆓
󰆘󰆖󰆕󰆙󰂺
󰂶 󰂶  󰂶    󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰂺   
󰂺 󰂹         󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰎦
󰂺󰃈󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂺 󰂏    󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰎦
󰂺󰄃󰂺󰃈󰈺󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆖󰂺      󰃮 󰃖󰂺 󰂹 
󰂺
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󰇀󰇁󰆽 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
󰂶    󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰂺 󰂹      
󰂺       󰆜󰆗󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂹 󰆕󰆓󰄍󰆖󰆙󰂺
󰂶 󰂶  󰂶  󰂶  󰂶  󰂶
 󰂶   󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂺   󰂹 󰄀 󰄀
         󰂺  
  󰆘󰆓󰂹 󰆖󰆘󰆜󰄍󰆖󰆙󰆛󰂺 󰂹󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃈󰂺󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂺󰆓󰆚󰂺󰆓󰆕󰆘󰂺
󰂶  󰂺󰂶  󰂺 󰂶  󰂶  󰂶   󰂺
󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰂺          󰂺󰂺 
     󰂶 󰂺     
 󰂺        󰆔󰆓󰆙󰃍󰆔󰆖󰃎󰂹 󰆘󰆓󰆔󰆜󰄍󰆘󰆓󰆕󰆗󰂺
󰂹󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆚󰆖󰃈󰂺󰆓󰆛󰆔󰆕󰆘󰆕󰆘󰆔󰆓󰆙󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆘󰆜󰂺       󰃍  󰃎󰂺 
󰃮      󰆙󰃍󰆙󰄍󰆚󰃎󰂹 󰆕󰆜󰆓󰄍󰆖󰆖󰆜󰂺 󰂹 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰎦
󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆖󰆗󰆓󰆙󰃈󰂺󰆔󰆜󰆘󰆜󰂺󰆕󰆘󰆘󰆙󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆘󰆜󰂺      󰂺 󰂺  󰂺 
󰃮      󰆙󰃍󰆗󰄍󰆘󰃎󰂹 󰆔󰆛󰆜󰄍󰆕󰆖󰆖󰂺 󰂹 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰎦
󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆖󰆗󰆓󰆙󰃈󰂺󰆔󰆜󰆘󰆜󰂺󰆕󰆘󰆗󰆛󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆕󰂺       󰂺 
   󰂺    󰆖󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂹 󰆔󰆜󰆘󰄍󰆕󰆔󰆓󰂺  󰂹󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆔󰆚󰃈󰆓󰆓
󰆕󰆔󰆛󰆘󰆖󰆚󰆓󰆓󰆓󰆓󰆖󰆓󰆖󰆓󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰂺 󰃖󰃖󰂏 󰂌 󰂌   
󰃍󰄀  󰃎󰂺 󰆖 󰂺 󰂶 󰂹  
󰂺
󰂶 󰂶  󰂶   󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰂺  󰂺  󰂶
󰂺
󰂶  󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆘󰂺  󰂺 󰂶 󰆔󰆗󰆕󰄍󰆔󰆗󰆗󰂺  󰂹
󰂺
 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰂺 󰂹      󰂺 󰂶
󰂹    󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰄃󰂺󰃈󰂺
󰂶 󰂶  󰂶  󰄀󰂶  󰂶 
 󰂶  󰂶   󰂶  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰂺   󰄀
           
 󰂺   󰆔󰆔󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂹 󰆘󰆕󰆚󰆗󰂺 󰂹󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆖󰆛󰃈󰆗󰆔󰆗󰆙󰆚󰄀󰆓󰆕󰆓󰄀
󰆔󰆜󰆓󰆙󰆙󰄀󰆗󰂺
󰂶 󰂶  󰂶  󰂶  󰂶  󰂶
󰄀󰂶  󰄀 󰂶  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰂺   
    󰂺  󰆘󰆜󰆜󰃍󰆚󰆛󰆛󰆙󰃎󰂹 󰆙󰆔󰆙󰄍󰆙󰆕󰆔󰂺 󰂹󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆖󰆛󰃈󰆗󰆔󰆘
󰆛󰆙󰄀󰆓󰆕󰆔󰄀󰆓󰆗󰆔󰆓󰆛󰄀󰆛󰂺
󰂶  󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆚󰂺 󰂌   󰂏      
    󰅪󰅰󰅩󰅩󰃣󰅪󰅲󰅪󰅭󰂺 󰂶 󰂹   󰂺
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     󰄀  󰇀󰇁󰆾
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
󰂶 󰂶  󰂶  󰂶 󰄀 󰂶  󰂶
 󰂺 󰂶  󰂶  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂺     
     󰂺   󰆘󰃍󰆘󰃎󰂹 󰆔󰆜󰆗󰆚󰂺 󰂹󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆔󰆕
󰆙󰃈󰂺󰆔󰆜󰆗󰆚󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆛󰂺     󰃖󰃖󰂏 
       󰃖
󰃍   󰃎󰂺 󰂺 󰆚󰂺 󰂹  󰂺
󰂶   󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰂺 󰂹    󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰃍󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰂺󰃈󰃎󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆓󰂺 󰃮    󰂐     
󰂣󰂌 󰂌 󰂤󰂺 󰂹   󰄘 󰄘󰄀󰂺
󰂶    󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰂺       
       󰂹     󰃍󰃎󰂺
    󰆔󰆓󰂹 󰆛󰆘󰄍󰆔󰆓󰆔󰂺 󰂹󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆖󰆕󰆔󰆖󰃈󰆕󰆔󰆜󰆔󰄀󰆘󰆚󰆛󰆗󰄀󰆔󰆓󰆕󰆔󰆕󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰂺        󰂺
      󰆖󰆖󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂹 󰆔󰆛󰆔󰄍󰆕󰆔󰆖󰂺 󰂹󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆘󰆔󰆘󰃈󰄀󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰄍
󰆓󰆓󰆓󰆛󰂺
 󰂶 󰂶  󰂶  󰂶  󰂶 󰄀
 󰂶    󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰂺     󰃖
  󰃍  󰃍󰂺󰃎󰃎 󰂹 󰂺 󰆕󰂺 󰂹󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆕󰆖󰆛󰆛󰆓󰃈󰄀
󰆔󰆙󰆓󰆓󰆓󰆔󰆗󰆓󰂺
 󰂶 󰂺󰂺󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆕󰂺     󰄙  󰂺󰄛  󰂺  
󰂺  󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂶   󰂶 󰆘󰆖󰄍󰆚󰆓󰂺  󰂺
󰂶  󰂺󰂶  󰂺 󰂶   󰂶  󰂺 󰂺
󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂺        󰃍 󰃎󰂺
 󰂺     󰆔󰆗󰃍󰆖󰃎󰂹 󰆓󰆕󰆓󰆖󰆘󰆓󰆛󰂺 󰂹󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆖󰆚󰆔󰃈󰂺󰂺󰆓󰆕󰆓󰆖
󰆘󰆓󰆛󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰂺      󰄀 󰂺   󰃖
  󰆔󰂹 󰆔󰆓󰆚󰄍󰆔󰆗󰆕󰂺
󰂶  󰂺󰂶 󰄀 󰂶   󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰂺 
     󰃍  󰃎 󰂺  󰆔󰆗󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂹
󰆙󰂺 󰂹󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆔󰆛󰆙󰃈󰆔󰆕󰆕󰆛󰆗󰄀󰆓󰆕󰆓󰄀󰆓󰆓󰆗󰆗󰆜󰄀󰆙󰂺
󰂶 󰂶  󰂶  󰂶   󰂶  󰂶 
 󰂶   󰂶  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂺     
 󰃍 󰃎     󰂺  󰃖
 󰆗󰆙󰃍󰆜󰃎󰂹 󰆜󰆛󰆕󰄍󰆜󰆛󰆛󰂹 󰂹󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆖󰆛󰃈󰂺󰆖󰆓󰆗󰆗󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰂺        󰂺
  󰆙󰆕󰂹 󰆔󰆚󰆓󰄍󰆔󰆛󰆖󰂺 󰂹󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃈󰂺󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰂺󰆓󰆗󰂺󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆕󰂺       󰂹   
 󰂺 󰂏       󰆖󰆕󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂹 󰆔󰄀󰆔󰄀󰆔󰆖󰂺
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󰇀󰇁󰆿 
    󰆼󰇁 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆿󰇄󰆿󰄍󰇀󰇁󰆿
󰂶 󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆓󰂺       󰂺  
  󰂺     󰆖󰆙󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂹 󰆔󰆘󰆙󰄍󰆔󰆙󰆚󰂺
󰂶 󰂶  󰂶  󰂶  󰂶  󰂶
 󰂶  󰂶   󰂺 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰂺    
          
󰂹          󰂺  󰃖
  󰆖󰆘󰃍󰆗󰃎󰂹 󰆗󰆛󰆖󰄍󰆘󰆓󰆘󰂺 󰂹󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆓󰆚󰃈󰆔󰆓󰆗󰆖󰆚󰄀󰆓󰆔󰆛󰄀󰆜󰆖󰆔󰆗󰄀󰆕󰂺
󰂶 󰂶  󰂺 󰂶  󰂶  󰂶  
󰂺 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂺         󰄀
 󰂹         󰂺
 󰂺      󰆘󰆛󰃍󰆘󰃎󰂹 󰆙󰆚󰆖󰄍󰆙󰆛󰆖󰂺 󰂹󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆛󰆙󰃈
󰆙󰆜󰆖󰆛󰆜󰆛󰂺
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Chapter
Language isolates provide unique insights into human history and linguistic diversity. Nevertheless, isolates have been studied less exhaustively than non-isolates. The eleven papers gathered in this volume provide new methodological tools in order to better understand isolates, including a detailed, in-depth, up-to-date discussion of what it means to be a language isolate and the criteria by which languages should be classified as isolate. The book also provides a series of techniques, some refined on the basis of former literature, and others new, in order to recover the histories of language isolates. In addition, the papers in this volume advance our knowledge about each of the individual languages studied here, which are, for the most part, endangered and under-documented. This book will appeal to a broad audience spanning typologists, historical linguists, descriptive linguists, and teachers of linguistics.
Article
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We report the results of a qualitative and quantitative lexical comparison between Bangime and neighboring languages. Our results indicate that the status of the language as an isolate remains viable, and that Bangime speakers have had different levels of language contact with other Malian populations at various points throughout their history. Bangime speakers, the Bangande, claim Dogon ancestry. The Bangande portray this connection to Dogon through the fact that the language has both recent borrowings from neighboring Dogon varieties and more rooted vocabulary from Dogon languages spoken to the east from whence the Bangande claim to have come. Evidence of multilayered long‐term contact is clear: lexical items have even permeated even core vocabulary. However, strikingly, the Bangande are seemingly unaware that their language is not intelligible with any Dogon variety. We hope that our fiindings will influence future studies on the reconstruction of the Dogon languages and other neighboring language varieties to shed light on the mysterious history of Bangime and its speakers.
Article
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The origin and early dispersal of speakers of Transeurasian languages—that is, Japanese, Korean, Tungusic, Mongolic and Turkic—is among the most disputed issues of Eurasian population history. A key problem is the relationship between linguistic dispersals, agricultural expansions and population movements4,5. Here we address this question by ‘triangulating’ genetics, archaeology and linguistics in a unified perspective. We report wide-ranging datasets from these disciplines, including a comprehensive Transeurasian agropastoral and basic vocabulary; an archaeological database of 255 Neolithic–Bronze Age sites from Northeast Asia; and a collection of ancient genomes from Korea, the Ryukyu islands and early cereal farmers in Japan, complementing previously published genomes from East Asia. Challenging the traditional ‘pastoralist hypothesis’6–8, we show that the common ancestry and primary dispersals of Transeurasian languages can be traced back to the first farmers moving across Northeast Asia from the Early Neolithic onwards, but that this shared heritage has been masked by extensive cultural interaction since the Bronze Age. As well as marking considerable progress in the three individual disciplines, by combining their converging evidence we show that the early spread of Transeurasian speakers was driven by agriculture.
Article
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Recent archaeobotanical analysis revealed that the botanical remains from the site of Tongo Maaré Diabal (Mali) are composed primarily of pearl millet remains (up to 85%). Contemporaneous West African sites (500–1200 Cal AD) usually display more diverse patterns, especially by the end of this period. Indeed, contemporary urban sites of the West African Sahel often comprise combined and diversified farming systems of millet (Pennisetum glaucum), African rice (Oryza glaberrima), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), Echinochloa sp. and fonio (Digitatia exilis). This article seeks to explain the near-exclusive focus of Tongo Maaré Diabal’s agricultural economy on millet, particularly with regard to the site’s status as a settlement of iron workers.
Article
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Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea [L.] Verdc.) is a nutritionally rich grain legume crop indigenous to Africa. It is tolerant to drought stress and has become adapted to grow under low input and marginal agricultural production systems in Africa and Asia. Bambara groundnut is an orphan crop, and represents a neglected and under researched plant genetic resource. Modern crop management, production technologies, and value chains are yet to be developed in Africa to achieve the potential economic gains from Bambara groundnut production and marketing. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) the production and productivity of Bambara groundnut is low and stagnant because of diverse abiotic and biotic stresses and socio-economic constraints. Improved crop management and post handling technologies, modern varieties with high yield and nutritional quality, value addition, and market access are among the key considerations in current and future Bambara groundnut research and development programs. This paper presents progress on Bambara groundnut production, utilization, and genetic improvement in SSA. It presents the key production constraints, genetic resources and analysis, breeding methods and genetic gains on yield, and nutritional quality and outlook. The information presented will guide the sustainable production and effective breeding of the crop in order to pursue food and nutrition security, and improve livelihoods through Bambara groundnut enterprises.
Article
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Imprints of domesticated pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) spikelets, observed as temper in ceramics dating to the third millennium BC, provide the earliest evidence for the cultivation and domestication process of this crop in northern Mali. Additional sherds from the same region dating to the fifth and fourth millennium BC were examined and found to have pearl millet chaff with wild morphologies. In addition to studying sherds by stereomicroscopy and subjecting surface casts to scanning electron microscopy (SEM), we also deployed X-ray microcomputed tomography (microCT) on eleven sherds. This significantly augmented the total dataset of archaeological pearl millet chaff remains from which to document the use of the wild pearl millet as ceramic temper and the evolution of its morphology over time. Grain sizes were also estimated from spikelets preserved in the ceramics. Altogether, we are now able to chart the evolution of domesticated pearl millet in western Africa using three characteristics: the evolution of nonshattering stalked involucres; the appearance of multiple spikelet involucres, usually paired spikelets; and the increase in grain size. By the fourth millennium BC, average grain breadth had increased by 28%, although spikelet features otherwise resemble the wild type. In the third millennium BC, the average width of seeds is 38% greater than that of wild seeds, while other qualitative features of domestication are indicated by the presence of paired spikelets and the appearance of nondehiscent, stalked involucres. Nonshattering spikelets had probably become fixed by around 2000 BC, while increases in average grain size continued into the second millennium BC. These data now provide a robust sequence for the morphological evolution of domesticated pearl millet, the first indigenous crop domesticated in western Africa. Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10437-021-09428-8.
Article
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While narratives of the spread of agriculture are central to interpretation of African history, hard evidence of past crops and cultivation practices are still few. This research aims at filling this gap and better understanding the evolution of agriculture and foodways in West Africa. It reports evidence from systematic flotation samples taken at the settlement mounds of Sadia (Mali), dating from 4 phases (phase 0=before first-third century AD; phase 1=mid eighth-tenth c. AD; phase 2=tenth-eleventh c. AD; phase 3=twelfth-late thirteenth c. AD). Flotation of 2200 l of soil provided plant macro-remains from 146 archaeological samples. As on most West African sites, the most dominant plant is pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum). But from the tenth century AD, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and African rice (Oryza glaberrima) appear in small quantities, and fonio (Digitaria exilis) and barnyard millet/hungry rice (Echinochloa sp.), sometimes considered weeds rather than staple crops, are found in large quantities. Some samples also show remains of tree fruits from savannah parklands, such as baobab (Adansonia digitata), marula (Sclerocarya birrea), jujube (Ziziphus sp.), shea butter (Vittelaria paradoxa) and African grapes (Lannea microcarpa). Fonio and Echinochloa sp. cultivation appears here to be a later addition that helped to diversify agriculture and buffer against failures that might affect the monoculture of pearl millet. This diversification at the end of the 1st millennium AD matches with other evidence found in West Africa.
Article
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African rice ( Oryza glaberrima Steud) is one of the two independently domesticated rice species, the other one being Asian rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Despite major progress being made in understanding the evolutionary and domestication history of African rice, key outstanding issues remain controversial. There appears to be an underlying difficulty in identifying the domestication centre and number of times the crop has been domesticated. Advances in genomics have provided unprecedented opportunities for understanding the genetic architecture of domestication related traits. For most of the domestication traits, the underlying genes and mutations have been identified. Comparative analysis of domestication genes between Asian and African rice has revealed that the two species went through an independent but convergent evolution process. The genetic and developmental basis of some of the domestic traits are conserved not only between Asian and African rice but also with other domesticated crop species. Analysis of genome data and its interpretation is emerging as a major challenge facing studies of domestication in African rice as key studies continue giving contradictory findings and conclusions. Insights obtained on the domestication of this species are vital for guiding crop improvement efforts.
Article
This handbook is intended as a companion volume to the Oxford Handbook of Compounding (OUP, 2009), aiming to provide a comprehensive and thorough overview of the study of derivational morphology. It examines theoretical and definitional matters, formal and semantic issues, interdisciplinary connections and detailed descriptions of derivational processes in a wide range of language families. It presents the reader with the current state of the art in the study of derivational morphology. The handbook begins with an overview and a consideration of definitional matters, distinguishing derivation from inflection on the one hand and compounding on the other. From a formal perspective, the handbook treats affixation (prefixation, suffixation, infixation, circumfixation, etc.), conversion, reduplication, root and pattern and other templatic processes, as well as prosodic and subtractive means of forming new words. From a semantic perspective, it looks at the processes that form various types of adjectives, adverbs, nouns, and verbs, as well as evaluatives and the rarer processes that form function words. Chapters are devoted to issues of theory, methodology, the historical development of derivation, and to child language acquistion, sociolinguistic, experimental and psycholinguistic approaches. The second half of the book surveys derivation in fifteen language families that are widely dispersed in terms of both geographical location and typological characteristics. It ends with a consideration of both areal tendencies in derivation and the issue of universals.
Article
Bangime is a language isolate, which has not been proven to be genealogically related to any other language family, spoken in Central-Eastern Mali. Its speakers, the Bangande, claim affiliation with the Dogon languages and speakers that surround them throughout a cliff range known as the Bandiagara Escarpment. However, recent genetic research has shown that the Bangande are genetically distant from the Dogon and other groups. Furthermore, the Bangande people represent a genetic isolate. Despite the geographic isolation of the Bangande people, evidence of language contact is apparent in the Bangime language. We find a plethora of shared vocabulary with neighboring Atlantic, Dogon, Mande, and Songhai language groups. To address the problem of when and whence this vocabulary emerged in the language, we use a computer-assisted, multidisciplinary approach to investigate layers of contact and inheritance in Bangime. We start from an automated comparison of lexical data from languages belonging to different language families in order to obtain a first account on potential loanword candidates in our sample. In a second step, we use specific interfaces to refine and correct the computational findings. The revised sample is then investigated quantitatively and qualitatively by focusing on vocabularies shared exclusively between specific languages. We couch our results within archeological and historical research from Central-Eastern Mali more generally and propose a scenario in which the Bangande formed part of the expansive Mali Empire that encompassed most of West Africa from the 13th to the 16th centuries. We consider our methods to represent a novel approach to the investigation of a language and population isolate from multiple perspectives using innovative computer-assisted technologies.
Chapter
Windé Koroji Ouest is an early agro-pastoral site situated at the eastern periphery of the Inland Niger Delta of Mali, north of the Gandamia and Bandiagara escarpments. This chapter is the first publication of all subsistence and environmental information available concerning this site which was excavated by the senior author in 1992/1993. The presence of domestic millet ca. 2100-1900 BCE is confirmed, as well as sheep during this same period, with cattle attested subsequently (post 1600 BCE). The role of the environment and potential environmental change in the economy of this site is reviewed. It is argued that Windé Koroji Ouest existed within wider, seasonally mobile settlement networks exhibiting a range of flexible subsistence adaptations.